Grammar

` sh na?vvtu, sh naE? Éun´…, sh vIy¡? krvavhE, tejiSv navxI?tmStu ma iv?iÖ;avhEš?, ` zaiNt/> zaiNt/> zaiNt?>. (s> = he; h = indeed; naE = us two; Avtu = may protect; s> = he; h =verily; ; naE = us two; Éun´… = may nourish; sh = (we two) together; vIyRm! krvavhE = may acquire the capacity (to understand & study the scriptures); AxItm! = what is studied; tejiSv = (be) brilliant; naE = for us; AStu = let it be; ma iviÖ;avhE = may we not cavil at each other) May He protect us both (the teacher & the taught) together (by revealing knowledge). May He nourish us both (by vouchsafing the results of knowledge). May we (both) acquire the capacity (to understand the scriptures). May our study be brilliant (and invigorating). May we not cavil at each other. Oh Lord, may I have peace of the three types of obstacles – those centered around me, those arising from other living beings and those from natural forces.

yena]rsmaçaymixgMy mheñrat!, k«Tõm! Vyakr[< àae´< tSmE pai[nye nm>. vaKykar< vréic< Éa:ykar< ptÃilm!, pai[in< sUÇkar< c à[tae=iSm muinÇym!. ` zaiNt/> zaiNt/> zaiNt?>. (yen = by whom or by which, because, since; A]r = alphabet; smaçaym! = handing down by tradition or from memory, collection or compilation of sacred texts, the sacred texts in general; AixgMy = to study, to be desirous of studying or reading; mheñrat! = by Lord Maheshavara; k«Tõm! = absolutely complete; Vyakr[m! = grammar ; àae´m! = spoken of, addressed; tSmE = that; pai[nye = that Panini; nm> = salutations; vaKykarm! = the author of vaKysvRdœ ; vréicm! = a grammarian [also a poet , lexicographer , and writer on medicine], sometimes identified with kaTyayn, [the reputed author of the vaitRka or supplementary rules of pai[nI] - He is placed, by some, among the nine gems of the court of Vikramaditya, and by others, among the ornaments of the court of Bhoja - He was the author of the àak«t! grammar called àak«t!-àkaz, and is said to be the first grammarian who reduced the various dialects of àak«t! to a system pÂt!-kwa> ; Éa:ym! = commentary; ptÃilm! = a celebrated grammarian, author of the mhaÉa:ym! , also a philosopher (the propounder of the Yoga philosophy); pai[inm! = that Panini; sUÇkarm! = the composer of the sUÇ (a short sentence or aphoristic rule, and any work or manual consisting of strings of such rules hanging together like threads) - these sUÇ form manuals of teaching in ritual, philosophy, grammar etc.); à[m! = to bend or bow down before, make obeisance to, to cause a person to bow before; AiSm = I; muin> = a saint, sage, seer, ascetic, monk, devotee, hermit; Çym! = a triad).

Unto pai[in, by whom, having understood the A]r and by the grace of Bhagvan, the entire Vyakr[< zaôm! was told, my salutation unto pai[in.

The Legend The Vedas came with creation and were in Samskrit, hence the language is called dev va[I. Brahmaji himself taught the Vyakr[ to Lord Indra for a thousand years, word-by-word (pdm!-àit-pdm!). Panini, a student & scholar of Samskrit, prayed to Lord Shiva for a System by which this grammar could be presented to be understood and remembered easily. Lord Shiva came down playing his fmé. Sounding the fmé 14 times – gave the following maheñrai[ sUÇai[ A#%[!

\¤kœ

@Aae'œ

@AaEc!

hyrvqœ

aiuë

åÿk

eoì

eauc

hayaravaö

l~[!

|m'[nm!

HÉ|!

"fx;!

jbgfz!

laðë

ñamaìaëanam

jhabhañ

ghaòadhaña

jabagaòaś

o)DQwcqtv!

kpy!

z;sr!

hl!,

khaphachaöhathacaöatav

kapay

śañasar

hal

Taking the above as the basis and having gained the knowledge from Lord Shiva, Panini wrote the mUlm! which consisted of about 4000 sutras. Another scholar, kaTyayn! , who had also been working on a system of grammar, but could not ‘publish’ his work before Panini did, then ‘corrected’ Panini’s work by commenting on the errors of omission & commission by writing about 8000 %´m! & Êé´m! in his vaitRka. Jealous of Panini and hurt by not getting enough recognition for his works, kaTyayn! cursed Panini – that he would die within a day. Angered by this curse, Panini too cursed kaTyayn! that if the curse took effect, kaTyayn! should die within a day. Both curses took effect and this world lost two great scholars of Samskrit and there was none of equal caliber to spread the knowledge. Lord izv then approached Lord iv:[u to resolve this issue. Lord Vishnu then asked Aaid;ez to be born as a human being to write the Éa:ym! (Commentary) & spread the knowledge. Before being born, Aaid;ez wanted to introduce himself to his (would be) mother. So he dropped into the hands of gaei[ka, who herself was Samskrit scholar, in the water she held in her open palm (AÃil), while performing her morning prayers, in the form of a small snake. gaei[ka asked the little snake ‘kaeÉRvn’ (instead of ‘kaeÉvn’, adding a ‘r!’ – by mistake). Aaidze; replied ‘spaehm!’ (instead of ‘spaeRhm!’ – purposely dropping the ‘r!’). gaei[ka realized her mistake and asked ‘%that TVy re)a’ (where is your ‘re)a’). ‘Tvy Apùt’ (you have taken away), replied Aaid;ez, Then he took the permission and her blessings to be born as her son. Having fallen in the water held in her open palm, he was called - ptÃil, He mastered the Vedas and had 1000 disciples. In/near the present city of Chinambaram, before imparting the knowledge of Samskrit to them he laid down two conditions before them – No one should leave before the entire Éa:ym! is written down. He would impart the knowledge staying behind a curtain, which no one should lift till the entire Éa:ym! was written down. Aaidze; then hid behind a curtain and assumed his 1000 headed snake form and started teaching, non-stop. Towards the end, an impatient & curious student lifted the curtain, revealing the 1000 headed form of the guru. Exposed to the fire and venom of the 1000 hooded Aaidze; all the students & everything around was burnt and reduced to ashes. However, one student (cNÔ zmaR) who had broken the first rule and wandered away for a while – was saved from the tragedy. ptÃil was happy that at least one student of his had the knowledge. He was also angered for breaking the first rule and File : 8643412.doc

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turned him into a äü ra]s who would stay on a tree and feed on äaü[. The student fell at the feet of his guru begging forgiveness and asked for a way to get rid of the terrible curse. ptÃil softened up and said that whenever äü ra]s could successfully teach and make a student write all that he knew about the language, he would be free from the curse. He also assured that people having heard of his (Patanjali’s) name would come to the ähm ra]s, his disciple, seeking the knowledge, in spite of the fact that äü ra]s eat äaü[. As a test for selecting the student the äü ra]s should ask the following – Q. What is the inóa êpm! (past present participle) of ‘p
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Introduction Samskrit is a natural language and its grammar is descriptive (not prescriptive). Samskritam is formed by sMykœ (Well, good, proper) + k«tm! (Made) = well made. This is so called, as the grammar written for the language is so transparent that once one knows the grammar, every word can be broken-down to its level of the root. In the same way, starting from the roots, the words can be built-up. The Sa ms krit Alphabet The Samskrit alphabet is written in a script called devnagrI. It is written as below, (also the transliteration scheme - detailed) – A

a

Aa

ā

#

i

$

ī

%

u

^

ū

\

å

§

è

¤

ÿ

@

e

@e

ai

Aae

o

AaE

au

k-vgR

k

k

o

kh

g

g

"

gh

'

ì

c-vgR

c

c

D

ch

j

j

H

jh

|

ï

q-vgR

q

ö

Q

öh

f

ò

F

òh

[

ë

t-vgR

t

t

w

th

d

d

x

dh

n

n

p-vgR

p

p

)

ph

b

b

É

bh

m

m

y-vgR

y

y

r

r

l

l

v

v

z-vgR

z

ś

;

ñ

s

s

h

h

a<

à

a>

ù

Vowels

Vowels - Svr There are five simple vowels and four diphthongs in the Samskrit Language. They are Simple Vowels

A

#

%

\

¤

Diphthongs

@

@e

Aae

AaE

The vowels are the sounds, which can be pronounced independently. Based on the length of the pronunciation, they are classified as -

1. ÿSv> (short)- one maÇa 2. dI"R> (long)- two maÇa 3. Plut> - three maÇa The Plut> shall be ignored, for the time being only Of the simple vowels, first four have both the short & the long forms. The fifth one, ¤ does not have a long form. The diphthongs are all long. Therefore, for all practical purposes, there are 13 vowels in the Samskrit Language. They are – A l l Vo w e l s Simple Vowels

Diphthongs

A

Aa

#

$

%

^

\

§

¤

@

@e

Aae

AaE

a

ā

i

ī

u

ū

å

è

ÿ

e

ai

a

au

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Consonants – VyÃna> There are 33 consonants in the Samskrit alphabet. A consonant cannot be pronounced independently by itself. It can be pronounced only in combination with a vowel. The vowel A is added uniformly to all consonants to facilitate pronunciation. However, they can be represented by the consonant symbol with a nether stroke (called hlNt) as illustrated below – k – consonant followed by the vowel A kœ – consonant by itself – without the vowel A

Classification of the Sa mskrit Alphabet According to the point of articulation, the letters of the Samskrit alphabet are divided into five groups, as follows – 1

Throat

Guttural

k{Q(a>

2

Palate

Palatal

talVya>

3

Roof of the Mouth

Cerebral

mUxRNya>

4

Teeth

Dental

dNtya>

5

Lips

Labial

Aaeó(a>

They are further classified into groups based on the type of effort used. When we classify the consonants and vowels according to the effort, it again involves two types of classifications. The first one is based on how the articular surfaces come in contact with each other. This is called internal effort. Based on the internal effort the consonants and vowels are divided into five groups as follows – k, o, g, ", '. Sp&òa>

VyÃn

Hard & Soft Mutes (The 25 class consonants)

c, D, j, H, |. q, Q, f, F, [. t, w, d, x, n. p, ), b, É, m.

$;TSp&ò

ANtSwa

>

>

$;iÖv&t

^:ma[>

Semi-vowels

y, r, l, v.

Sibilants

;, z, s.

ivv&t>

Vowels

A, Aa, #, $, \, §, ¤, %, ^.

s

Short A **

>

** This A is s only for enunciation but for all grammatical purposes it is taken as ivv&ta>. The second kind of effort is called the external effort. Based on this the 25 mutes are divided into soft consonants and hard consonants. 

The First & Second of each class of mutes are the hard consonants – the surds.



The Third & Fourth are the soft consonants – the sonants.



The Fifth of the class are the nasals and are soft consonants.

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The First & Third are non-aspirates – ALpàa[a, The Second & Fourth are aspirates – mhaàa[a, On the basis of the above, the following is a comprehensive classification of the Samskrit alphabet represented in devnagrI –

Internal Effort Aa_yNtr àyÆ

vowels

Mutes (not resonant sounds - consonants)

Svr

VyÃna>

i

i

vv

vv&

&t

t

vowel ANtSw> $;TSp&

Sp&òa>

òa>

ivvar-ñas-A"ae;

s
(hard)

(soft)

External Effort baý àyÆ

semi-

non-asp. ALpàa[

ÿSv dI"R

asp. mhaàa [

non-

asp.

asp.

m

ALpàa haàa [

[

sibilants ^:ma[>

$;iÖiv&ta>

surd

nasal ALpàa ALpàa[ [

class1

class2

class3

class4

class5

aspirate mhaàa[

Guttural k{Q(a>

A*

Aa

k

o

g

"

'

Palatal talVya>

#

$

c

D

j

H

|

y

z

\

§

q

Q

f

F

[

r

;

t

w

d

x

n

l

s

p

)

b

É

m

v **

Cerebral mUxRNya> Dental dNtya>

¤

Labial Aaeó(a>

%

^

Gutturo-palatal

@

k{Qtalu

@e

Gutturo-labial

Aae

k{Qaeóm!

AaE

sonant

>

h

* This A is s only for enunciation but for all grammatical purposes it is taken as ivv&ta> ** v is a dNtaeóm! (dento-labial) A-k…-h-ivsjRnIyana< k{Q, #-cu-y-zana< talu, \-qu-;a[a< mUxaR, ¤-tu-l-sana< dNta>, %-pu-%pXmanIyana< AaeóaE, |-m-'-[-nan< naiska c, @dEtae> k{Qtalu, AaedaEtae> k{Qaeóm!,vkarSy dNtaeóm!, ijþamUlIySy ijg!vamUlm!, naisk AnuSvarSy. - Swan AiÉVyÂk-s&UÇai[. A, Aa, k… (k-vgR) h! & ivsgR are uttered by the throat #, $, cu (c-vgR) y! & z! are uttered by the palate \, §, qu (q-vgR) r! & ;! are uttered by the cerebral ¤, tu (t-vgR) l! & s! are uttered by the dental %, ^, pu (p-vgR) & AxR-ivsgR, preceding the ;! or á , viz. %pxmanIy, are uttered by the labial |!, m!, 'œ, [!, & n! are uttered by the nasal, in addition to the above 5 points File : 8643412.doc

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@ & @e are uttered by both throat & palate [@t! + @et! --> @dEtae> (;óI / iÖcnm!)] Aae & AaE are uttered by both throat & labial [Aaet! + AaEt! --> AaedaEtae> (;óI / iÖcnm!)] v! is uttered by dental & labial AxR-ivsgR , preceding kœ or o! , viz. ijþamUlIy, is uttered by te mouth of tongue AnuSvar is uttered with the help of the nasal Other S ymbols a is the dot above the vowel and originates from a m! or a n!

AnuSvr

< This shall be discussed in detail in the siNx rules a is the aspirate sound that originates from a s! or r! at the end of the word

ivsgR

>

AxRivsg

is the modification of the ivsgR under certain conditions

R Av¢h

=

is not strictly a symbol of the Samskrit language. It is used to represent an elided/omitted A

Consonant followed b y Vowels – sSvrVyÃn ain The consonants when they join with vowels are represented as follows. The representation here is for the consonant k. For all other consonants the same convention should be followed – Consonant

Vowel

Symbol of the Vowel

kœ

+

A

=

k

kœ

+

Aa

=

ka

a

kœ

+

#

=

ik

i

kœ

+

$

=

kI

I

kœ

+

%

=

k…

u

kœ

+

^

=

kª

U

kœ

+

\

=

k«

&

kœ

+

§

=

k©

©

kœ

+

¤

=

„

¤

kœ

+

@

=

ke

ae

kœ

+

@e

=

kE

aE

kœ

+

Aae

=

kae

aae

kœ

+

AaE

=

kaE

aaE

the nether stroke is removed

Conjunct Consonants – s
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certain conventions are followed and one has to be familiar with them for a proper reading and writing of the language. Conjunct Consonants Detailed Rule 1 – In a conjunct consonant, the letter that corresponds to the last sound is generally represented in full, because it has a vowel, and the letters corresponding to the previous sound(s) are represented by their vertical half or a part of the whole. The exceptions to this rule are – ', D, q, f, F, r, h, The order of writing is the same as the order of pronunciation, barring a few exceptions Rule 2 – When in a conjunct consonant, the consonants – ', D, q, f, F, r, h come in any position other than the last, they are represented in full and the lower halves of the letters of the sound that follows is placed above the letters Rule 3 – When the sound corresponding to r! is part of a conjunct consonant, the following conventions are followed – 

If the consonant r! is preceded by a consonant, i.e. it is the second member of the conjunct, then it is represented as a stroke on the body of the preceding consonant. In case the preceding consonant is – ', D, q, f, F, it is represented as a double stroke below



If the consonant r! is followed by a consonant, i.e. it is the first member of the conjunct and is preceded by a vowel then it is represented as a hook on top of the next Svr-VyÃn , consonant that is followed by a vowel, crossing over the consonant(s) that may intervene

Sa mskrit Numerals The Samskrit numerals are written as follows0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

xatu – the verbal root The starting point i.e. the most fundamental unit of Samskrit is the xatu– the verbal root. There are approximately 2000 roots in the language. xatu = one who supports, hence the name. All xatu have ‘action’ as their inherent meaning i.e. every xatu denotes an action. Therefore a xatu is a i³ya vack>.

Factors Related to an Action ( kark ) 1. ktaR

2. kmR

3. kr[m!

4. sMàdanm!

5. Apadanm!

6. Aixkr[m!

ktaR (Doer of an action) – Every action will necessarily have a doer and Panini defines it as SvtÙ> ktaR, kmR (Object of an action) = This is a technical term used in grammar. kmR can also mean action. It can also mean kmR)l , but in grammar it refers to an object of an action. Question: What is an ‘object of an action’? Answer: Whenever the meaning of the root is understood, if an expectation is created in terms of ‘what’, then the thing that fulfils that expectation is the object = kmR e.g. when we say ‘it’ an expectation is raised in the mind of the listener ‘what?’ If one answers ‘fruit’, then the ‘fruit’ is the object of the verb ‘it’.

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Some roots have an object inherent in their meaning and some do not. Roots that have an object inherent in their meaning are called skmRk xatu – transitive verbs (designating a verb that requires a direct object to complete the meaning) - e.g. to touch, to look, to take, to pull etc. And those roots who do not have an object inherent to their meaning are called AkmRk xatu -intransitive verbs (designating a verb that does not require or cannot take a direct object) - e.g. to stand, to sit, to run, to grow, to laugh, to cry etc. Thus, kmR the kark is related to skmRk roots. kr[m! is the instrument (means) that is most useful in accomplishing an action e.g. ‘I write with a pen’ or ‘I eat with my hand’. Here ‘pen’ and ‘hand’ are the kr[m!, sMàdanm! Is the recipient of the act of giving. When the action is giving, the giver is ktaR, The given object is kmR, The hand which gives is the kr[m!, The receiver is the sMàdanm!, e.g. n&p> AacayaRy hSten xn< yCDit. The king gives the wealth to the teacher, with his hands. [ n&p> the king (ktaR), AacayaRy to the teacher (sMàdinm!), hSten with his hands (kr[m! ), xn< the wealth (kmR), yCDit gives (i³ya)] Apadanm! Is the point of origin of action. When the action involves movement, the point of origin of this movement is called Apadanm! e.g. pÇm! v&]at! ptit the leaf falls from the tree. The action is ‘falls’ as it involves movement, which originated at the tree. Hence the tree is considered to be Apadanm!, Aixkr[m! is the locus of action i.e. where the actions is located. Locus can be both in time and space e.g. ‘the children eat in the dining hall, at night’. Here – ‘in the dining hall’ is the Aixkr[m! of space and ‘at night’ is the Aixkr[m! of time. There is a third thing which can be Aixkr[m! – which is iv;y (subject or topic). Samskrit is a declensional language, unlike English, i.e. each noun has a declensional suffix. These declensional suffixes are known as ivÉi´ or sup!-àTyy. There are seven ivÉi´, each a set of three (singular, dual & plural). The ivÉi´ are known as ‘cases’ in English. The six will be assigned a particular ‘case’ as follows – 

the first case denotes the ktaR in ktRir-àyaeg (active voice) and also kmR in kmRi[-àyaeg,



the second case denotes the kmR in ktRir-àyaeg



the third case denotes the instrument – kr[m!



the fourth case denotes the recipient - sMàdanm!



the fifth case denotes the Apadanm!



the seventh case denotes the Aixkr[m!

Note: the above cases denote other things apart from the kark Note: The sixth case does not denote any kark but denotes sMbNx = connection.

siNx> = s
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When two sounds/letters come together extremely close i.e. without any gap while enunciation. This situation is called s . During the siNx> situation, certain euphoric changes take place and the rules representing these changes are called siNx> rules. dI"R siNx> dI"R siNx> When two similar vowels – long or short, come together, the preceding and the following are together replaced by a single long similar vowel A

or

Aa

+

A

or

Aa

→

Aa

⇒

iv*a

+

Aaly>

→

iv*aly>

#

or

$

+

#

or

$

→

$

⇒

Aix

+

$z>

→

AxIz>

%

or

^

+

%

or

^

→

^

⇒

Éanu

+

%dy>

→

ÉanUdy>

\

or

§

+

\

or

§

→

§

⇒

ipt&

+

\[m!

→

ipt¨[m!

Note 

When ‘A’ of one ‘maÇa’ and ‘Aa’ of two maÇa come together, the replacement is dI"R i.e. two maÇa NEVER three maÇa,



dI"R siNx applies only for simple vowels i.e. A, Aa, #, $, %, ^, \,

Exception When short ‘A’, not at the end of a pdm! , is followed by a gu[ letter, then the preceding and the following are together replaced by the following letter. Sūtra - Atae gu[e 6.1.97. e.g.

Év + AiNt → ÉviNt .

gu[ siNx> gu[ is the name Panini gives to the three vowels – A, @, Aae. This is just a name given, perhaps it is a name which comes in the tradition. The name is given so that these letters can be referred to, in the sutras by the name. [Ade'œ gu[> 1.1.2 ] gu[ siNx> When A or Aa are followed by #, $, %, ^, \, §, ¤ the preceding and the following are together replaced by a gu[ letter i.e. A or @ or Aae . e.g. sur + $z> ⇒ surez> . Here the A is followed by $. By the gu[ siNx rule the A and $ should be replaced by a single gu[ letter (A, @ , Aae). We have to choose the one that would be the closest match. If we analyze the criteria of closeness, in order of importance, they are – 

Swanm! or AaSym!



Aa_yNtr-àyÆm! = internal effort



baý-àyÆm!



Any other

= point of articulation = external effort

In the example – sur + $z> → surez> for ‘A’ – k{Q is the Swanm! And for ‘$’ – talu is the Swanm!. Therefore, the perfect match would be the gu[ letter ‘@’ which is k{Qtalu. Thus we have - sur + $z> → surez>. In the situation of – File : 8643412.doc

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1. A or Aa + \ or § And A or Aa + ¤ when the preceding or the following have to be replaced by a gu[ letter as though there is a poor match, then we can choose only A. But when \ , § & ¤ are analyzed, it is observed that these are different from other vowels by having a (small) ‘r!’, ‘r!’ or ‘l!’ components, respectively, added to the component ‘V’ which is k{Q(. Then the A which is a k{Q( is the match. But because the consonant component cannot be ignored, Panini writes a special sutra (%r[! rpr>,1.1.51 ) and makes the gu[ replacement of \ & § as ‘Ar!’ and of ‘¤’ as ‘Al!’. A

or

Aa

+

#

or

$

A

or

Aa

+

%

or

^

A

or

Aa

+

\

or

§

A

or

Aa

+

¤

→

→

%peNÔ>

→

sUyaeRdy

@

%p

+

#NÔ>

Aae

sUyR

+

%dy>

→

Ar!

¢I:m

+

\tu>

→

¢I:mtuR>

→

Al!

tv

+

¤v[R>

→

tvLv[R>

→

>

v&iœ siNx> v&iœ siNx> When A or Aa is followed by a @ , Aae, @e or AaE then the preceding and the following vowels will be together replaced by a single v&iœ letter. v&iœ s<}a (s<}a = definition) the letters Aa , @e and AaE are called v&iœ letters (v&iœ radEc! 1.1.2). in the situation of v&iœ siNx for eg. k«:[ + @kTvm! = k«:[EkTvm! . Here A is k{Qy, @ is k{Qtalu. Therefore @e which is a k{Qtalu is the best match. g¼a + @eñyRm! = g¼EñyRm! .

e.g.

jl + Aaex> = jlaEx>. (Flow of water) k«:[ + AaETsuKym! = k«:[aEsuKym!. (Curiosity about Krishna) A

or

Aa

+

@

or

@e

→

@e

⇒

k«:[

+

@kTvm!

→

A

or

Aa

+

@

or

@e

→

@e

⇒

Éaeg

+

@eñyRm!

→

A

or

Aa

+

⇒

Év

+

AaE;xm!

→

ÉvaE;xm!

A

or

Aa

+

⇒

tv

+

AaEÚTym!

→

tvaEÚTym!

Aa e Aa e

or or

Aa E Aa E

→ →

Aa E Aa E

k«:[EkTvm! ÉaegEñyRm !

y[! siNx> y[! siNx> When #, $, %, ^, \ or §, (long or short), is followed by a dissimilar vowel, then the replacements are as follows #

or

% or \

or

+ any dissimilar vowel

→

y! +

^ + any dissimilar vowel

→

v! +

§

→

r! +

$

+ any dissimilar vowel File : 8643412.doc

that vowel that vowel that vowel

Page # 12 of 47

⇒ ⇒ ⇒

#it nn u i pt&

+

Aip

→

#Tyip

+

@v

→

nNvev

+

Aa}a

→

ipÇa}a

Updated On 14.Oct.2008 @ 06:03 Hrs.

¤

→

+ any dissimilar vowel

l!

that

+

vowel

⇒

Aak«it

¤

>

→

lak«it>

Here #

or

$

is replaced by

y!

%

or

^

is replaced by

v!

\

or

§

is replaced by

r!

is replaced by

l!

¤ Ayav siNx>

Ayav siNx> is so called because Ay! , Av! , Aay! and Aav! are the replacements. When @, Aae, @e, AaE are followed by any vowels i.e. – @ Aa e @ e Aa E

is replaced by

Ay!

is replaced by

Av!

is replaced by

Aay!

is replaced by

Aav!

@

+

any vowel

⇒

Ay!

eg

nI

+

Ait

→

ny + Ait

→

nyit

Aae

+

any vowel

⇒

Av!

eg

ÉU

+

Ait

→

Éae + Ait

→

Évit

@e

+

any vowel

⇒

Aay!

eg

nI

+

Ak

→

nE + Ak

→

nayk

AaE

+

any vowel

⇒

Aav!

eg

pU

+

Ak

→

paE + Ak

→

pavk

Exception #1 When @ or Aae at the end of a pdm! is followed by a A, then the preceding and the following are replaced by the preceding and the A, in effect is dropped and represented by the symbol ‘=’ – called Av¢h. e.g.

munye + AÚm! = munye=Úm!.

izvae + Ahm! = izvaee=hm! .

Exception #2 (Extension to the Ayav siNx) When y! or v! is followed by any vowel or a semi-vowel or a nasal or a h! or a soft consonant (i.e.by an Az! letter) then the y! or v! is dropped, optionally (opinion of AacayaR zakLy). Sutra laep> zakLySy 8.3.19. e.g.

tSmE + AyCDt!! (he gave) ⇒ tSmay! + AyCDt!! ⇒ tSmayyCDt! or tSma AyCDt!. (both are correct)

Note: Any siNx does not apply to the later as per the Sutra pUvRÇ-Aisœm! 8.2.1. it'Nt-àkr[m! - Conjugation of Roots to Form Verbs Conjugation is a process in which a xatu (root) is converted to the final form of the verb i.e. it'Nt àkr[m! Based on the changes that take place during the process of conjugation. There are approximately 2000 roots of the Samskrit Language that are listed in the xatu paQ>, These are divided into 10 groups, called File : 8643412.doc

Page # 13 of 47

Updated On 14.Oct.2008 @ 06:03 Hrs.

conjugations. In English we call them ‘’ Conjugation, for reference. In Samskrit they are called by the xatu (root) that is at the beginning of the group. These are – Conjugation #

Samskrit Name

Root

g[ivkr[m!

I

_vaidg[>

ÉU

zp!

II

Adaidg[>

Adœ

zp! *

III

juhaeTyaidg[>

÷

zp! *

IV

idvaidg[>

idv!

Zyn!

V

Svaidg[>

su

îu

VI

tudaidg[>

tudœ

z

VII

éxaidg[>

éx!

îm!

VIII

tnaeTyaidg[>

tn!

%

IX

³(aidg[>

³I

îa

X

curaidg[>

cur

zp!

Total # of Roots (approx.) 1200

50 50

450

* will be dropped later

File : 8643412.doc

Page # 14 of 47

Updated On 14.Oct.2008 @ 06:03 Hrs.

The roots can be conjugated in 10 + 1 = 11 modes called lkara>, They are – iqt! lkara> 1

Present Tense

vÄRman-kal>

l~qœ

2

Remote Past Perfect Tense

prae] ÉUtkal>

il~qœ

Periphrastic Future /

An*tn Éiv:yt!-

3

First Future Tense General / Second / Simple Future

4

Tense

5

Vedic Subjunctive Tense

6

Imperative Mood

kal> Éiv:yt!-kal>

Past tense not witnessed by the speaker

l~uqœ l&~qœ le ~qœ

Aa}awR>

lae ~qœ

i't! lkara> 7

Imperfect Past Tense

il'œ

8.a Potential Mood 8. b 9

An*tn ÉUtkal> ivXywR>

Past Tense - not of today

ivixil' œ AazIilR

Benedictive Mood Simple Past Tense

l~'œ

'œ samaNy ÉUtkal>

l~u'œ

General past tense

Conditional Past Mood 10

l&~'œ

General / Second / Simple Future Tense

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ktRir àyaeg> In Samskrit there are three types of àyaeg> = usage of a verb. The three àyaeg> are – 

ktRir àyaeg>

- active voice



kmRi[ àyaeg>

- passive voice



Éave àyaeg>

- passive impersonal

In ktRir àyaeg> The verb denotes the ktaR of the action. “Denotes the ktaR” means that the verb stands for the ktaR i.e it represents the ktaR i.e it is intrinsically connected to the ktaR. This is true in any language even though the terminology may differ. e.g. The boy eats ApUpa. Here the ‘boy’ is the ktaR = doer and the ‘ApUpa’ is the the kmR = object. The ‘eats’ is intrinsically connected to the ‘boy’. That is why if we change the number of the agent, the verb will also change. e.g. Two boys eat an ApUp.

balaE ApUpm! oadt>.

bala> ApUpm! oadiNt.

In the above it may be observed that when the number of the agent changes, the number of the verb also changes. Therefore the verb in ktRir àyaeg> denotes the ktaR. In kmRi[ àyaeg> the verb denotes the kmR (the object). This is true for any language e.g.

the ApUp is eaten by the boy.

Here the verb has changed to ‘is eaten’. This verb will change whenever the object changes and Not when the agent changes. e.g. Two ApUp are eaten by the boys. ApUp>

1/1

balen

ApUp>

1/1

bala_yam! oa*te1/1.

3/1

oa*te

III/1

Two ApUp are eaten by two boys

.

3/2

ApUp> balE>3/3 oa*teIII/1. ApUp>1/1 balen3/1 oa*te III/1 . ApUpaE1/2 balen3/1 oa*ete III/2. ApUpa>1/3 balen3/1 oa*Nte III/3 . In Éave àyaeg> the verb denotes the abstract sense (Éav) of the root (Not ktaR Nor kmR) e.g. Ahm! jIvaim - I live. (not Éave àyaeg) mya jIVyte - It is lived by me – this is Éave àyaeg> which means ‘I live’ _vaidg[> - lqœ lkar> - ktRiràyaeg> - prSmEpdm! ‘Word’ = pdm! - in Samskrit, is defined as that meaningful collection of letters which ends in a sup!-àTyy or it'œ-àTyy. [sup!-it'Ntm! pdm! 1.4.14] àTyy is a suffix i.e. that is affixed after a xatu (root) or a àaitpidkm! (nominal base) [àTyy 3.1.1 & prí 3.1.2] The àTyy that is affixed after a xatu is called it'œ-àTyy (personal termination). The àTyy that is affixed after a àaitpidkm! is called sup!-àTyy (declensional affix). Therefore – xatu + it'œ àTyy

it'Ntm! pdm!

àaitidpidkm! + sup! àTyy

subNtm! pdm!

= Finite form of verb = Fully formed noun

[àaitpidkm! (nominal base) to which a sup! àTyy (declensional affix) is added to make it into a File : 8643412.doc

Page # 16 of 47

Updated On 14.Oct.2008 @ 06:03 Hrs.

subNtm! pdm! (fully formed noun)] àwm pué;>

mXym pué;>

%Äm pué;>

(Third Person)

(Second Person)

(First Person)

S

D

P

S

D

P

S

D

P

prSmEpdm!

itp!

ts!

iH

isp!

ws!

w

imp!

vs!

ms!

AaTmnepdm!

t

Aatam!

H

was!

Aawam!

Xvm!

#qœ

vih

mih'œ

it'œ affixes that are enumerated by Panini in the sutra above are called àk«it àTyy> (primary affixes). The first nine are called prSmEpd-àTyy> and the second nine are called prSmEpd-àTyy>. Panini later derives a set of 18 each for each of the 10 modes of conjugation. They are called ivk«it(secondary affixes). prSmEpdI xatu are the xatu which take only prSmEpd àTyya>. AaTmnepdI xatu are the xatu which take only AaTmnepd àTyya>. %ÉypdI xatu are the xatu which take both prSmEpd and AaTmnepd - àTyya>. prSmEpdI it'œ àTyya> for the lqœ (present tense) are Singular Dual Plural àwm pué;> (Third Person) mXym pué;> (Second Person) %Äm pué;> (First Person)

it

t>

AiNt

is

w>

w

im

v>

m>

gu[ Rules - Process of Conjugation

1. Add the it'œ àTyy to the root. e.g. – 

ÉU to exist ⇒ ÉU + it [ ivkr[m! = separator, separator specific to a group g[ivkr[m! of the first conjugation is zp! = z! + A + p! [z! & p! are #t! letters -tag letters for information only, hence are dropped later]

2. Add g[ivkr[m! which is a àTyy, immediately after the roots i.e. between the roots and it'œ àTyy. Here zp! is the g[ivkr[m! for the First Conjugation ⇒ ÉU + zp! + it ⇒ ÉU + A + it ⇒ Éae + A + it Now Aae is followed by A therefore Ayav siNx will apply ⇒ Év! + A + it ⇒ Évit (he / she / it exists) We have seen earlier that – File : 8643412.doc

Page # 17 of 47

Updated On 14.Oct.2008 @ 06:03 Hrs.



àTyy is that which is added after a xatu



àTyy is always added after a xatu or after a àitpadkm! only

We can call the àTyy that are added to the roots (to come immediately after the roots) as xatu-àTyy, These xatu-àTyy are of two kinds -

1. savRxatuk-àTyy = izt!-àTyy - those having z! as #t! + it'œ àTyy (personal terminators) like it, t>, AiNt. Sutra - it'œ-izt! savRxatukm! 3.4.113

2. AaxRxatuk- àTyy are the rest of the xatu-àTyy. Sūtra AaxRxatuk ze;> 3.4.114. Only #, %, \, ¤ will take gu[ substitution. #, %, \, ¤ - long or short, at the final position of the root will take gu[ substitution when a saRvxatuk or AaxRxatuk àTyy follows immediately e.g.1

ÉU to exist

I.C. prSmEpd - III.P.S.

.

⇒ ÉU (É! + %) + it

.

⇒ ÉU + zp! (izt! – savRxatuk àTyy) + it

.

⇒ Éae + A + it (gu[ has taken place)

.

⇒ Év! + Ait (Ayav siNx has taken place)

.

⇒ Évit

e.g.2

in to lead

.

⇒ in (n! + #) + it

.

⇒ in + zp! (izt! – savRxatuk àTyy) + it

.

⇒ ne + A + it (gu[a has taken place)

.

⇒ ny! + Ait (Ayav siNx has taken place)

.

⇒ nyit

e.g.3

ij to conquer

.

⇒ ij (j! + #) + it

.

⇒ ij (j! + #) + zp! (izt! – savRxatuk àTyy) + it

.

⇒ je + A + it (gu[a has taken place)

.

⇒ jy! + Ait (Ayav siNx has taken place)

.

⇒ jyit

I.C. prSmEpd - III.P.S.

I.C. prSmEpd - III.P.S.

2.1. The %pxa = penultimate (last but one letter) short #, %, \, ¤ of a root will take gu[ substitution when savRxatuk àTyy follows – e.g.1

bux! to know I.C. prSmEpd - III.P.S.

.

⇒ bux! (b! + % + x!) + it

.

⇒ bux! + zp! (izt! – savRxatuk àTyy) + it

.

⇒ baex! + Ait (gu[ has taken place at the penultimate position) ⇒ baexit .

e.g.2

jIv! to live

.

⇒ jIv! (j! + $ + v! ) + it

.

⇒ jIv! + zp! (izt! – savRxatuk àTyy) + it

.

⇒ jIv! + Ait (gu[ rules do not apply here)

.

⇒ jIvit File : 8643412.doc

I.C. prSmEpd - III.P.S.

Page # 18 of 47

Updated On 14.Oct.2008 @ 06:03 Hrs.

e.g.3

inNdœ to blame

I.C. prSmEpd - III.P.S.

.

⇒ in (n! + # + n! + dœ ) + zp! (izt! – savRxatuk àTyy) + it

.

⇒ inNdœ + zp! (izt! – savRxatuk àTyy) + it

.

⇒ inNdœ + Ait (gu[ rules do not apply here)

.

⇒ inNdit

e.g.4

s& to more

.

⇒ s& (s!+ \) + it

.

⇒ s& + zp! (izt! – savRxatuk àTyy) + it

.

⇒ sr! + Ait (gu[ has taken place at the penultimate position)

.

⇒ srit

e.g.5

t¨ to swim

.

⇒ t¨ (t! + §) + it

.

⇒ tr! + zp! (izt! – savRxatuk àTyy) + it

.

⇒ tr! + Ait (gu[ has taken place at the penultimate position)

.

⇒ trit

e.g.6

k«;! to pull

.

⇒ k«;! (kœ + \ + ;!) + it

.

⇒ k«;! + zp! (izt! – savRxatuk àTyy) + it

.

⇒ k;R! + Ait (gu[ has taken place at the penultimate position)

.

⇒ k;Rit

I.C. prSmEpd - III.P.S.

I.C. prSmEpd - III.P.S.

I.C. prSmEpd - III.P.S.

3. When short ‘A’, not at the end of a pdm!, is followed by a gu[ letter, then the preceding and the following are together replaced by the following gu[ letter. Sutra Atae gu[e # 6.1.97. This is an exception to the dI"R siNx. Év + AiNt ⇒ ÉviNt .

e.g.

4. When an A¼ ending in a short A is followed by a savRxatuk àTyy beginning with m! or v! then the short A at the end of the A¼ is replaced by a dI"R. Sutra Atae dI"aeR yi|, # 7.3.101. e.g.1

ÉU to exist

I.C. prSmEpd - I. Person. Singular.

.

⇒ É (É! + %) + im

.

⇒ ÉU (A¼ ending in a short A) + im ( savRxatuk àTyy beginning with a m!)

.

⇒ Éae + A + im (gu[ has taken place)

.

⇒ Év! + Aim (Ayav siNx has taken place)

.

⇒ Évaim

The collection of letters that precede a àTyy is called A¼ for that àTyy e.g.

ÉU + it – here ÉU is the A¼ for it ÉU + zp! + it – here ÉU + zp! is the A¼ for it ram> + su ⇒ ram> - here ram is the A¼ for ‘su’ àTyy

Usage of ktRiràyaeg Samskrit is a declensional language. There are seven sets of declensional affixes (ivÉi´ i.e. sup!-àTyy) of three in each set standing for singular, dual and plural. We have seen that there are six kark i.e. factors related to action. The six kark are assigned six cases in all the àyaeg, For this the basic rules are – File : 8643412.doc

Page # 19 of 47

Updated On 14.Oct.2008 @ 06:03 Hrs.

1. A kark that is denoted by a àTyy always takes the first case. Action = eating. Root = oadœ (ICP) Agent (ktaR) = bal Object (kmR) = ApUp

e.g. .

oadœ + zp! + it ⇒ oadit - ‘it’ denotes the agent

.

The boy eats an ApUp.

.

bal>1/1 ApUpm! 2/1 oadit

.

balaE

.

bala>

. .

1/2 1/3

Ahm!

1/1

Tvm!

2/1

ApUpm!

2/1

III/1

oadt>

.

- The boy eats an ApUp .

- Two boys eat an ApUp

II/2

ApUpm!

2/1

oadiNt

ApUpm!

2/1

. - The boys eat an ApUp

oadim .

- I eat an ApUp

ApUpm!

2/1

oadis .

- You eat an ApUp

III/3 I/2

II/2

2. It is used to denote a àaitpidk, in general, i.e. as in a list. e.g. Aj>, gj>, "q>. Assignment of Cases for the kark kark

ktRiràyaeg

kmRi[àyaeg> , Éaveàyaeg

I case as it is denoted by the verb

ktaR

Third case, as it is understood by the verb

Therefore, the rule is that the un-denoted ktaR will go in third case First case because – 

kmR

is

denoted

by

the

verb

in

kmRi[àyaeg

II case as it is un-denoted by the verb

kmR

The



there is no kmR in Éave àyaeg

Therefore, the rule is that the un-denoted kmR takes the second case kr[m! sMàdan m! Apadan m!

III case because it is un-denoted

III case because it is undenoted

IV case because it is un-denoted

IV case because it is undenoted

V case because it is un-denoted

V case because it is undenoted

Aixkr[m! VII case because it is undenoted

VII case because it is undenoted

Note: The VI case represents a ‘connection’, hence it is un-denoted. Declension of – ‘dev’ = Masculine Noun ending with an ‘A’ Questions/Answers

Singular

Dual

dev>

devaE

I

ktaR

ne

Nominative

who (the doer)

II

kmR

kae

Accusative

whom, what (result of an action)

III

kr[m!

Instrumental

by / with what (action is done)

deven

Dative

to, for (given, purpose)

devay

IV

se, ke Öara

sMàdan

ke ilye,

m!

kae

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Page # 20 of 47

devm! devaE

Plural deva > deva n!

deva_

devE

yam!

>

deva_

deva

yam!

_y>

Updated On 14.Oct.2008 @ 06:03 Hrs.

V VI VII

VIII

Apadan m! sMbNx m! Aixkr[m ! sMbaex n

se

Ablative

the origin from, out of, due to

devat!

ka, ke, kI

Genitive

who's (relationship)

devSy

me<, pr

Locative

where (in, on), (place of action)

deve

he, Are

File : 8643412.doc

Vocative

(calling out)

Page # 21 of 47

he dev

deva_

deva

yam!

_y>

devya

deva

e>

nam!

devya deve; e> he devaE

Updated On 14.Oct.2008 @ 06:03 Hrs.

u he deva >

ivsgR siNx ivsgR is the result of siNx rules. A ‘r!’ or ‘s!’ at the end of a pdm! becomes a ivsgR under certain situations. But here we assume a ivsgR is already present and observe the modifications. A ivsgR depends upon a preceding vowel for its pronunciation and always has a vowel preceding it. It is pronounced as an aspirated sound. Therefore the following rules will consider the ivsgR and the vowel that precedes it. A>

A

+

1 izv> + A>

2

+

Ahm!

izvae

izvae=

Ahm!

Ahm!

dropped. (Ref. exception#1 of AyavsiNx)

except A #CDit

nm> +

naray[ay

nra> +

AqiNt

ram #CDit nm> naray[ay nra AqiNt

+

Avtu

g[pitrvtu

gué> +

äüa

guéäRüa

>

the A changes to Aae & the following A is

any vowel,

ram> +

g[pit

A>

AnuSvar siNx AnuSvar ( a~ ) is a product of a m! or n! under certain circumstances. It is a product of siNx rules. Rules of AnuSvar

1. The m! at the end of a pd will be replaced by an AnuSvar when followed by a consonant. ¢amm! + gCDit = ¢am< gCDit.

e.g.

Why ‘when followed by a consonant’ ? 1. ¢amm! + gCDit = ¢amm! gCDit. - here m! is followed by a vowel, hence no AnuSvar 2. gCDit + ¢amm! = gCDit ¢amm! . - here no consonant follows, hence no AnuSvar

2. The m! or n! that is Not the end of a pdm! will Also be replaced by an AnuSvar when followed by a consonant, other than a nasal ('œ , |! , [! , n! , m!) or a semi-vowel (y! , r! , l! , v!) follows. e.g.

pyan!s! + # = pya
milks / waters nouns

Aa³m! + Sy + te = Aa³<Syte

3. The AnuSvar that is followed by any consonant, other than h! , z! , ;! , s! is replaced by the nasal belonging to the class of the following consonant. e.g. 1

¢amm! + gCDit = ¢am< gCDit ⇒ ¢am¼CDit ⇒ ¢am< gCDit .

e.g. 2

isNc + Ait ⇒ is
In the above e.g.1 the pronunciation will always be ¢am¼CDit i.e. the AnuSvar takes the phonetic corresponding to the consonant that follows it. File : 8643412.doc

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File : 8643412.doc

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4. The above rule #3 is optional when the AnuSvar is at the end of a pdm!. Note: All vowels have a nasal form. Even the following three semi-vowels have a nasal form as denoted below – Semi-Vowel

Nasal Form

Vowel

Nasal Form

y!

y~

A

A~

l!

l~

#

#~

v!

v~

%

%~

An AnuSvar followed by z! , ;! , s! , h! , r! is pronounced as ‘gm’ and written as ‘‡’ (the cNÔ ibNÊ denotes the vowel and the hlNt denotes that there is no consonant in that place) or ‘ ’. This is used mainly in the vedas – mainly in the k«:[ yjuveRd, only for Vedic Chanting. There is no rule by Panini for the same. An AnuSvar followed by z! , ;! , s! , h! , r! which is the first element of the conjunct consonant becomes a ‘Gg!’ (gg). This is also used in the Vedas for Vedic Chanting only. There is no rule by Panini for the same. idvaidg[> - lqœ - ktRir - prSmEpdm! (IV Conjugation – Present Tense – Active Voice – Parasmaipada) The g[ivkr[m! is Zyn!. z! & n! are #t! letters. e.g.

tu;! to please IV.C.P – III.P.S. ⇒ tu;! + Zyn! + it (here Zyn! does not cause gu[) ⇒ tu;! + y + it ⇒ tu:yit Singular àwm pué;> / Third

tu:yit

Person mXym pué;> / Second

tu:yis

Person

Dual

Plural

tu:yt

tu:yi

>

Nt

tu:y

tu:y

w>

w

%Äm pué;> / First

tu:yai

tu:y

tu:ya

Person

m

av>

m>

tudaidg[> - lqœ - ktRir - prSmEpdm! (VI Conjugation – Present Tense – Active Voice – Parasmaipada) The g[ivkr[m! is z e.g.

tudœ to hurt, to poke VI.C.P – III.P.S ⇒ tudœ + z + it (here z does not cause gu[) ⇒ tudœ + A + it ⇒ tudit

Hence – àwm pué;> / Third Person File : 8643412.doc

Singular

Dual

Plural

tudit

tudt>

tudiNt

Page # 24 of 47

Updated On 14.Oct.2008 @ 06:03 Hrs.

mXym pué;> / Second Person %Äm pué;> / First Person

tudis

tudw>

tudw

tudaim

tudav>

tudam>

Uses of the àwma ivÉi´>

1. To denote what is denoted by the verb (it'œ - àTyy) e.g.

ram>1/1 vn< 2/1 gCDitIII/1 - denotes the agent

.

maedk>1/1 balen1/1 oa*te1/1 - denotes the object

2. It is used to denote a àaitpidka, in general, i.e. as in a list. e.g. Aj>, gj>, "q>. Uses of the iÖtIya ivÉi´>

1. Used for an un-denoted object – kmR bal>1/1 ApUpm! 2/1 oadit

e.g.

III/1

.

- The boy eats an ApUp

2. To indicate the objective compliment ramm! vIrm! baexam> - We know Rama to be a hero. here ‘we’ is the agent.

e.g.

3. After indicating movement, “the place to be reached” of the roots that have a sense of movement, called gTywR xatu , is also called kmR. Basically gTywR xatu are AkmRk i.e. they do not have a kmR , but if there is a destination to be reached then that destination is called kmR. This kmR will take Second Case when un-denoted. e.g.1.

ram> vn< gCDit

- kark ivÉi´>

e.g.2.

bal> maedkm! oadit

- kark ivÉi´>

e.g.3.

bala> kªpm! Anu ³IfiNt

- %ppd-ivÉi´> - the second case is due to the %ppd (= to

connect) – hence the name. curaidg[ – X Conjugation The roots of the X conjugation get a àTyy ‘i[c!’ added to them as soon as they come out of any àTyy. This i[c!

is

e.g.

cur! to steal => cur! + i[c! – to steal

called

curaidg[

or

SvaweRi[c!

–

and

has

no

special

meaning.

i[c! Rules

1. A i[c! or i|t! àTyy is an AaxRxatuk as it is neither a izt! nor a it'œ àTyy 2. The actual àTyy is ‘#’ ; ‘[!’ & ‘c!’

are

#t!

letters.

A àTyy ending in a |! or [! will cause v&iœ because it is a i[t! i.e. it has an #t! letter. v&iœ Rules

1. A i[c! or i|t! àTyy causes v&iœ substitution of the final (ANTym!) vowel of the A¼. 2. A i[c! or i|t! àTyy causes v&iœ substitution of the penultimate short A of the A¼.  v&iœ substitution is an Apvad of the gu[! substitution. Therefore, i[c! being an AaxRxatuk àTyy can also cause gu[ substitution of the final #kœ vowel and penultimate short #kœ vowel, as seen earlier Because v&iœ is an Apvad of gu[ it will take precedence Therefore, i[c! will cause v&iœ where it can – over-riding the possibility of gu[, and when no v&iœ is File : 8643412.doc

Page # 25 of 47

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possible then the gu[ or penultimate short #kœ will take places Prototype of the X Conjugation (v&iœ Of Final Vowel) x& to owe ⇒ x& + i[c! Note: Specialty of X Conjugation is that the above results in a new root called snaid xatu. ⇒ xar! + # ⇒ xair + it

(xair is the new root)

⇒ xair! + zp! + it ⇒ xare + A + it ⇒ xary! + A + it

(Ayav siNx)

⇒ xaryit Process of the X Conjugation

1. i[c!

is

added

to

all

the

X

Conjugation

roots,

barring

a

few

exceptions.

x& + i[c!

e.g.

2. Consider the v&iœ 2.1. of the final vowel => x& + i[c! 2.2. of the penultimate short A.

3. If v&iœ is not possible consider gu[ of penultimate short #kœ (# , % , \ , ¤) 4. The final product of xatu + i[c! (e.g. xair) is given the status of a New Root 5. With the new root continue the conjugation process as for the first conjugation, as below-

5.1. + it 5.2. + zp! + it 5.3. gu[ 5.4.Ayav siNx

5.5. Rule for AiNt 5.6. Rule for im, v>, m> %TsgR>

All savRxatuk and AaxRxatuk cause gu[

Apvad>

Among the savRxatuk and AaxRxatuk only i[c! or i|t! cause v&iœ.

%TsgR>

When it'œ àTyy denoting the ktaR follows a root the àTyy ‘zp!’ is immediately added after

the root. Sutra ktRir zp! 3.1.68 Apvad>

When a it'œ àTyy denoting the ktaR follows a root of the idvaidg[ the àTyy ‘Zyn!’ is added

immediately after the root. Prototype of the X Conjugation (v&iœ Of Penultimate A ) Ddœ to cover File : 8643412.doc

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⇒ Ddœ + i[c!

(v&iœ Of Penultimate A )

⇒ Dadœ + #

⇒ Daid

- Status of new root

⇒ Daid + it (Daid is the new root) ⇒ Daid + zp! + it ⇒ Dade + A + it

(gu[ of final #kœ )

⇒ Dady! + A + it

(Ayav siNx)

⇒ Dadyit Prototype of the X Conjugation (gu[ of Penultimate #kœ ) kwaid group – a sub-group within the X conjugation, beginning with the root kw! belong to this prototype. Here the i[c! is unable to cause any v&iœ or gu[ kw! + i[c! => - to be completed

e.g.

More Facts About The X Conjugation 

Within the X Conjugation there is a group of roots which take the i[c! optionally. This is optional form then looks like the form of the I Conjugation root. e.g. AcRyit or AcRit.



Generally all the roots of the X Conjugation are %ÉypdI i.e. they take both the AaTmnepdI and prSmEpdI affixes



Some defined groups will be only AaTmnepdI

Irregular Roots of the First Conjugation Root

Meaning(s)

Becomes

When Rule

III P. S.

1

gm!

to go

gCD

when followed by a izt!

gCDit

2

ym!

to restrain

yCD

when followed by a izt!

yCDit

3

guh

to hide

gUh

when followed by a izt!

gUhit

to destroy, to sit, to loosen, to make one reach

sIdœ

when followed by a izt!

sIdit

sd

4

œ

5

¼a

to smell

ij¼

when followed by a izt!

ij¼it

6

pa

to drink

ipb!

when followed by a izt!

ipbit

7

Swa

to stay, to stand

itó!

when followed by a izt!

itóit

to bite (by a snake for e.g.)

dz!

when followed by a izt!

dzit

to blow

xm!

when followed by a izt!

xmit

8 9

d
10

†z

to see, to look

pZy!

when followed by a izt!

pZyit

11

da

to give

yCD

when followed by a izt!

yCDit

Regular Roots of the First Conjugation – AaTmnepd 1

bax!

2

nNdœ

3

ddœ

to give

4

Svadœ

to taste

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to bother, to negate to salute

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5

laekœ

to see, to look

6

sax!

to accomplish

7

ðax!

to praise Irregular Roots of the Fourth Conjugation

Root

Meaning(s)

Becomes

When Rule

III P. S.

1

idv!

to play

dIv!

when followed by a izt!

dIVyit

2

zm!

to cease

zam!

when followed by a izt!

zaMyit

3

tm!

to desire

tam!

when followed by a izt!

taMyit

4

dm!

to cease

dam!

when followed by a izt!

daMyit

5

ïm!

to be weary

ïam!

when followed by a izt!

ïaMyit

6

æm!

to roam

æam!

when followed by a izt!

æaMyit

7

]m!

to forgive, to endure

]am!

when followed by a izt!

]aMyit

8

¬m!

to be tired

¬am!

when followed by a izt!

¬aMyit

9

mdœ

madœ

when followed by a izt!

ma*it

10

Vyx!

to pierce

ivx!

due to sMàsar[m!

ivXyit

11

æ
to fall

æZyit

when followed by a Zyn!

æZyit

to rejoice, to be ecstatic, to be intoxicated

Irregular Roots of the Sixth Conjugation 1

Root

Meaning(s)

Becomes

When Rule

III P. S.

#;!

to wish

#CD!

when followed by a izt!

#CDit

to ask

p&CDœ

when followed by a izt!

p&CDit

2 àCD!

mucaid Group of Irregular Roots of the Sixth Conjugation 3 muc!

to free, to release, to liberate

muí

when followed by a izt!

muíit

4

k«t

to cut

k«Nt!

when followed by a izt!

k«Ntit

5

lup

to break

luMp!

when followed by a izt!

luMpit

6 ilMp!

to anoint

ilMp!

when followed by a izt!

ilMpit

7 ivdœ

to find

ivNdœ

when followed by a izt!

ivNdit

to sprinkle

isÂ!

when followed by a izt!

isÂit

to be sad

ioNdœ

when followed by a izt!

ioNdit

8

isc!

9 iodœ Uses of t&tIya ivÉi´>

1. kr[e t&tIy - To indicate an instrument e.g.

devdÄ> m&gm! pZyit

Devadatta sees (an) animal

Here – Q. What is seen ? Ans. An animal. Hence m&g> devdÄen †Zyte

2. ktRir t&tIya – To indicate an un-denoted object e.g.

m&g> devdÄen neÇa_yam! †Zyte

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Devadatta sees (an) animal with his eyes.

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3. sh t&tIya – A noun connected to sh and words meaning sh are used (e.g.sakm! , saxRm!), or the meaning of sh will take the third case i.e. ‘sh’ may or may not be present but its meaning is evident; then too the related word will take the third case. e.g.

ram> l]m[en sh vn< gCDit

Rama goes to the forest with Lakshmana

ipta puÇe[ (sh) Aap[< gCDit

Father goes to the store with the son

4. hetaE t&tIya – The hetu (cause for an action) is put in the third case 5. With ivna - When the AVyy ‘ivna’ (without) is used, the related word takes the third case. 6. With ‘Alm!’ & ‘k«tm!’ - When these two AVyy are used, the related word goes in the third case. Both are used to negate or stop an action. ‘Alm!’ = ‘k«tm!’ = enough. Alm! raednen . Enough of crying. Alm! ivvaden . Enough of argument.

e.g.

7. To translate expressions like ‘by name’, ‘by nature’, ‘by family’ ‘by birth’ etc.

8. When words that have the meaning of ‘equal to’, like – sm, tuLy, s†Zy, the related word goes in the third case. Uses of ctuwIR ivÉi´>

1. sMàdane ctuwIR - The recipient of the act of giving called sMàdanm! takes the fourth case e.g.

n&p> AacayaRy xnm! yCDit.

2. sMàdane ctuwIR – When the roots that have the meaning of ‘to be angry’, ‘to be jealous’, ‘to be envious’, ‘to betray’ are used, the recipient of these negative emotions is also called sMàdanm! and will take the fourth case. e.g.

jnk> puÇay k…Pyit The father is angry with the son ÊyaeRxn> yuixióray Ôuýit

Duryodhana betrays Yudhisthra

3. tadWyeR - When an action is done for the sake of someone or something – that someone or something is put in the fourth case. e.g.1

vIr> yuœay r[¼[< gCDit

He goes to the battlefield for (the sake of) battle

DaÇ> Éaejnay Éaejnaly< gCDit Students go to the dining hall for (the sake of) eating nr> puÇe_y> kªp< onit

Man digs well for (the sake of) his sons

4. With reference to the roots that have sense of movement, the destination which is called kmR can also take the fourth case, when physical/bodily movement is present. (The other option is the second case). e.g.

devdÄ> ¢am< gCDit optionally-> devdÄ> ¢amay gCDit

5. The fourth case is used for the related word when the following AVyy are used – nms! , SviSt , Svaha , Svxa , Alm! and v;qœ . e.g.1

nm> izvay

= bending down

e.g.2

n&pay SviSt

= let good be, hail!

e.g.3

A¶ey Svaha

= offering to the fire

e.g.4

ipt&_y> Svxa

e.g.5

m‘> m‘ay Alm!

= enough

e.g.6

A¶ye v;qœ

= nm> (vaE;qœ is also used in the zaô )

= offering to the father

Uses of pÂmI> ivÉi´>

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1. Apadane pÂmI - The point of origin of the action when movement is involved is called Apadanm! and takes the fifth case. e.g. pÇ< v&]at ptit

Leaves are falling from the trees

2. hetaE pÂmI - The Éyhetu = cause of fear, is called Apadanm! when the roots having the meaning of ‘to fear’, ‘to protect’ are used and takes the fifth case jn> caerat! ibÉeit

e.g.

People are afraid of thieves

n&p> jnan! caeran! r]it

The King protects the people from thieves

3. hetaE pÂmI - The cause for an action, is put in the fifth case. (We have already seen that the same is used in the third case too (inter-changeably) ³aexat! bal< tudit Out of anger he strikes the boy

e.g.

4. inxar[ye pÂmI - When one has to choose between one of two, the fifth case is used for the one that is left behind. There is a sense of separation involved here. xIr> àeys> ïeyae v&[Ite

e.g.

The fifth case is also used to indicate comparison to mean ‘greater than’, ‘better than’ etc. and also when separation is meant, like ‘other than’ devdÄ> y}dÄat! AaF(tr>

e.g.

Devadatta is richer than Yajnadatta

5. When the following AVyy are used, the related word will take the fifth case 5.1. àakœ = before, to the East (this is a directional word where the meaning ‘before can be in – time, space, place or direction) e.g.

Éaejnat! àakœ jl< ipbit

He drinks water

.

kªpat! àakœ mm g&hm! vtRte

Before my house there is a well

.

pvRtat! àakœ ndI vhit

River flows to the east of the mountain

5.2. ANtrm! = after e.g. Éaejnat! AnNtr< paQzala< gCDit

5.3. Aa = until, since, from, to (limit in both – time & space) [ myaRda = limit, inclusive limit. AiÉivix> = exclusive limit. Aa refers to either of them] e.g. Aa kªpat! ]eÇm! devdÄSy The well is within the area of Devadatta

5.4. àÉ&it = since (related to time & space), et cetra (normally used in a compound) e.g.

saemvarat! Ahm! AÇ vsaim

Since

.

ramaid or ram àÉ&ty>

Rama etc.

Monday,

I

am

staying

here

5.5. bih> = outside, out e.g. g&hat! bihgRCDit

He goes out of the house

5.6. \te = except, ivna = without e.g. lv[at! \te Éaejn< n éickrm!

Food is not tasty without salt

lv[at! ivna Éaejn< n éickrm!

Food is not tasty without salt

Uses of ;óI> ivÉi´> The sixth case is used to indicate a sMbNx> = relationship, between two nouns. Primarily the sixth case does viz.

not jNy

-

jnk

File : 8643412.doc

-

indicate sMbNx

=

produced Page # 30 of 47

karkm!.

any –

producer

(masculine)

–

relationship

Updated On 14.Oct.2008 @ 06:03 Hrs.

Svaim

Sv

-

.

jNy

-

e.g.

ram> vne neÇa_yam! m&g< pZyit

.

AacayRSy puÇ> n&pSy puÇI< pyR[yt! The son of the teacher married the daughter of the

jnnI

-

-

sMbNx>

=

.

sMbNx

=

produced

possessor –

–

producer

possessed (feminine)

relationship –

relationship

Rama sees an animal, with his eyes, in the forest

king Note : It is better to put the related nouns together – for better understanding.

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Uses of sÝmI ivÉi´> The seventh case is used to indicate the Aixkr[m! = locus, of the action. Aixkr[m! is of three types –

1. Indicating space - dez> bal> ÉUmaE %pivzit

e.g.

The boy sits on the ground

My house stands on the bank of the river Ganga

2. Indicating time – kal> e.g.

àÉate sUyR %deit

The sun rises in the morning

raÇaE cNÔ> àkazte

The moon shines at night

3. Indicating an object (subject matter) - iv;y> devdÄ> Vyakr[e inpu[>

e.g.

Devadatta is an expert in grammar

tÇ ivvekI ïey> v&[Ite l'œ lkar Imperfect Past Tense ktRir àyaeg

1. prSmEpdI it'œ àTyya> for the l'œ (Imperfect Past Tense) are àwm pué;> (Third Person) mXym pué;> (Second Person) %Äm pué;> (First Person)

Singular

Dual

Plural

t!

tam!

An!

s!

tm!

t

Am!

n

m

2. All the rules for conjugation, for the different conjugations, as seen earlier, will apply ÉU to exist

e.g.

⇒ ÉU + t! ⇒ ÉU + zp! (izt! – savRxatuk àTyy) + t! (g[ ivkr[m! ) ⇒ Éae + A + t! (gu[ has taken place) ⇒ Év! + A + t! (Ayav siNx has taken place) ⇒ Évt!

(here Év is the A¼ )

3. The A¼ of the l'œ lkar gets an augment Aaqœ which has ‘qœ’ as its #t letter. Therefore it is placed at the beginning of the A¼. .

⇒ Aqœ + Évt!

.

⇒ AÉvt!

(adding the Aqœ augment)

(here Év is the A¼ )

similarly – .

⇒ Aqœ + Évt!

.

⇒ AÉvt!

(adding the Aqœ augment)

(here Év is the A¼ )

4. Exception: All roots beginning with a vowel take the Aaqœ augment, instead of Aqœ . 5. When the Aaqœ augment is followed by any vowel, the preceding and the following are together replaced by a letter v&iœ letter. This is an exception to any other siNx rule possible. e.g. – File : 8643412.doc

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#;! to desire ⇒ #;!! + t! ⇒ #CD! + zp! (izt! – savRxatuk àTyy) + t! (g[ ivkr[m! ) ⇒ #CD! + A + t! ⇒ Aa + #CD + t! (Ayav siNx has taken place) ⇒ @eCDt!

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%psgaR> are AVyy that can be prefixed to a root and generally they will modify the meaning of the

root. They may – modify the meaning of the root (sometimes taking it far away from its original meaning) Or they enhance/emphasize the original meaning Or may do nothing. There are 20 %psgaR> belonging to the àaid group. Placement of %psgaR> All the conjugation processes are to be completed and the %psgaR should be added to, and if any siNx rules apply, they have to applied. e.g. – %psga

AwR

R>

xatu

AwR

lqœ

l'œ

à

much, forth

+

É

he originates

àÉvit

àaÉvt

pir

all around

+

in

to marry

pir[yit

pyR[yt!

%p

towards

+

ivz!

to sit

%pivzit

%pivzt!

The following are the 20 %psgaR> prefixed to the roots & their me anings – %psgaR>

Meaning of the %psgaR>

xatu

Meaning of the

Verbs with

Meaning of the

xatu

%psgaR>

Verb

Ait

beyond, over

³m

to go

Ait³amit

goes beyond

Aix

over, above

gm!

to go

AixgCDit

goes up

Anu

after, behind

k«

to do

Anukraeit

imitates

Ap

away from

nI

to lead

Apnyit

takes away

Aip / pI

war to

xa

to hold

Aipdxait

covers

AiÉ

towards

gm!

to go

AiÉgCDit

comes

Av

away, down

mn!

to think

AvmNyte

disrespects

Aa

up to

gm!

to go

AagCDit

comes

%t! / %dœ

upon

gm!

to go

%ÌDit

goes up

%p

towards

k«

to do

%pkaeit

obliges

cr!

to move

Êracrit

acts badly

idz!

to go

inidRzit

commands

gm!

to go

ingRCDit

goes out defeats

Ês / Êr

bad, hard to be done in, into, great

in

etc.

ins! / inr!

out of, away from

pra

opposed to

ij

to conquer

prajyte

pir

all around

xa

to hold

pirdxait

à

much, forth

ù

to take away

àhrit

strikes

àit

in opposition to

k«

to do

àitkraeit

acts in opposite

³I

to buy

iv³I[it

sells

ù

to take away

s
destroys

iv sm!

reverse to, separate from together with, full File : 8643412.doc

Page # 34 of 47

places all around

Updated On 14.Oct.2008 @ 06:03 Hrs.

su

k«

well

sukraeit

to do

does well

AaTmnepd - lqœ lkar (Present Tense) – affixes are àwm pué;> (Third Person) mXym pué;> (Second Person) %Äm pué;> (First Person)

Singular

Dual

Plural

te

$te

ANte

se

$we

Xve

@

vhe

mhe

Singular

Dual

Plural

t

#tam!

ANt

se

$we

Xve

@

vhe

mhe

e.g. < examples > AaTmnepd - l'œ lkar (Imperfect Past Tense) – affixes are àwm pué;> (Third Person) mXym pué;> (Second Person) %Äm pué;> (First Person) e.g. < examples > [Tvm! ‘n!’ is changed to ‘[’ when –

1. In the same word a ‘n!’ is immediately preceded by – 1.1. ‘r!’ e.g. v[R 1.2. ‘;!’ e.g. k«:[ 1.3. ‘\’ / ‘§’ e.g. ipt¨[am! 2. A ‘n!’ is immediately preceded by ‘r!’ ,‘;!’, ‘\’ or ‘§’, in the same word when the following letters intervene 2.1. All vowels

2.2. y! , r! , m! , h! , k-vgR , p-vgR and Aa'œ & num! augments 3. A n at the end of a pdm! will Not take [Tvm! , as stated in the rules above. sMàsar[m! (Vocalization) (sm! = well, properly àsar[m! = expansion. The replacement of a consonant by a vowel is vocalization)

1. The process in which y! , r! , l! , v! are replaced (only Sv will be the replacement) by # , % , \ , ¤ respectively, is called sMàsar[m!.

1.1. This is brought about by a ikt! or i't! àTyy 1.2. Only some specific roots will undergo sMàsar[m!. e.g.

àCD! to ask for

 àCD! (p! + r! + A + c! + D! + A) +it  àCD! + z + it  àCD! + A + it File : 8643412.doc

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 (p! + \ + A + c! + D! + A) + Ait  p&CDit ( y[ siNx ) 2. The #kœ vowel that has come by the process of sMàsar[m! is also sMàsar[m!. Only the short #, % , \ , ¤ will be the sMàsar[m! replacement. Vyx! to pierce – IV.C.A.

e.g.

 

Vyx! + it



ivx!

Vyx! + Zyn! +it

3. If a root can undergo sMàsar[m! has two y[! letters, then only the second will undergo sMàsar[m!. 4. The mucaid roots belonging to the IV Conjugation will get a n~um! (= n! + %~ + m!) augment when followed by z. While conjugating the n! (n~um!) will become AnuSvar and then the AnuSvar will be replaced by the nasal of the class of the letter, except in ip
g[ivkr[m!

gu[

I.C.

zp!

_vaid

(A)

IV.C

Zyn! (z!+y!+A!+n!)

idvaid

(y)

VI.C.

z

tudaid

(A)

Yes

gu[ Rule

A¼ Rule

Of the final #kœ , long or short A Penultimate short #kœ

No

- Not Applicable -

No

- Not Applicable -

The A¼ ends in a A The A¼ ends in a A The A¼ ends in a A

X Conjugation At A Glance – curaidg[ (g[ivkr[m! Of The New Root is zp! ) ProtoType

i[c!

#

v&iœ

v&iœ of

v&iœ of

no change even

gu[ of

of final

penultimate

penultimate

if possibility

final

vowel

short A

short #kœ

exists

#kœ

A¼ ends

Sample

in A

Root

I

Yes

Yes

No

No

No

Yes

Yes

II

Yes

No

Yes

No

No

Yes

Yes

III

Yes

No

No

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

IV.a.

Yes

No

was possible

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

x& to owe ]l to wash cur! to steal kw! Sp&h!

IV.b.

Yes

No

No

was possible

Yes

Yes

Yes

to long for

V.a.

Yes

Yes

any of these, if possibility exists

V.b.

No

No

Not Applicable

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Yes Yes, if possible

Yes, if possible Yes

Updated On 14.Oct.2008 @ 06:03 Hrs.

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Some Roots of the X Conjugation (IV Prototype) pd

Root Xvn g[ rh sUc ch Éam yu g¨ ÉU

prSmEp d prSmEp d prSmEp d prSmEp d prSmEp d prSmEp d AaTmne pd AaTmne pd AaTmne pd

Meaning

Remarks

to make sound to count ivrh abandonment, is derived from this root

to give up, to abandon to gossip, to complain in the ear

pEzne complaining in the ear, is derived from this root cah> = tea/coffee is derived from this root

to extract by boiling to be angry to have revulsion to know to gain

An Aadez-skar or a àTyy-skar that is not at the end of a pdm! will be replaced by a ;kar when it is preceded by an #[! letter or a k… letter. Aadez-skar is a skar that has come as a replacement. This replacement take place whenever a root beginning with a ;kar, as listed in the Paniniyan xatu-paQ, is taken for any ài³ya (procedure) a ;kar is first replaced with a skar and then any other procedure is done. This skar that has come in the place of a ;kar is called an Aadez-skar, e.g. óa to stay, to stand Anu + Swanm!

Anuóanm!

àTyy-skar is a skar that belongs to a àTyy. e.g.

ram + su (àTyy)  rame + su => rame;u ,

.

ndI + su => ndI;u,

Derivation of † † - IV.C.A. It is always preceded by the %psgR - “Aa”

  

Aa + † + te g[ivkr[m! → Aa + † + z + te Aa + † + z + te

here z does not cause any gu[

Whenever the affix z follows a \kar> the \ is replaced by ir (r! + #) File : 8643412.doc

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

Aa + iÔ + z + te

The # is replaced by #y'œ = #y! (Sutra #y~'œ Aadez>). This is an exception to y[ siNx.



Aa + iÔy! + A + te

→

Aa + iÔyte

→

AaiÔyte

laeqœ lkar (Imperative Mood) And ivixil'œ lkar (Potential Mood) Meaning of - laeqœ And ivixil'œ 

Three is a general underlying meaning in both of them i.e. “impelling” someone to do something.



There are varying grades / degrees of impelling starting from a very polite request to a direct order

ivixil'œ Sūtra - ivix-inmÙ[-AxIò-sMàî-àawRne;u-il'œ 3.3.161. The ivixil'œ lkar> is used when the following AwR i.e. moods / expressions / senses are meant –

1. ivix = direct order. e.g. – kq< k…yaRt! - he should make the mat Éaejnm! k…yaRt! - he should eat

2. inmÙ[ = appointing someone to a particular job. Here the appointment is also an invitation and not an order. Here the one being invited is a functionary in the process. For e.g. inviting someone to be the chief guest for a function. e.g. – #h Évan! ÉuÃIt - may your honor eat here (today) Note: One has to be explicit about this being a inmÙ[ in a separate sentence.

3. AamÙ[ = an invitation which is not compulsory. e.g. – #h Évan! ÉuÃIt - may your honor eat here (today) Note: One has to be explicit about this being a AamÙ[ in a separate sentence.

4. AxIò = special request that a father makes to a teacher requesting to accept his child as a student, or any such respectful request. e.g. – AxICDamae ÉvNt< ma[vk< Évan! %pnyet!. - we very respectfully wish of your honor that you should take this student with you (to teach) after doing his %pnynm!.

5. sMàî = a respectful request in the form of a question. e.g. ik< nu klu Vyakr[m! AxIyIy ? if it indeed pleases your honor, may I study grammar with you? (this is the same for ‘today’ or any particular day or at the beginning of a course)

6. àawRna = a very very respectful prayer e.g. Évit àawRna Vyakr[m! AxIyIy. – it is my prayer to His Honor that I should study grammar with you. sUÇ - laeqœ c 3.3.162 (ivix-inmÙ[-AxIò-sMàî-àawRne;u) laeqœ has additional two meanings, even though they have been given as three. àE;-AitsgR-àaÝkale;u k«Tya> c 3.3.163 File : 8643412.doc

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7. AitsgR = a request accompanied by the sense “Your Honor is free to do as he wishes” i.e. kamacar (to do as one pleases) – Anu}anm! (permission)

8. àaÝkal = a very respectful or mild request saying “it is time for Your Honor to do this – Please Do”. e.g. Éaejnm! àaÝkalm!. – it is time to eat.

9. Expressing Doubt. e.g. devdÄ> kdaivt! AagCDet! - Perhaps Devadatta could come 10. Expressing Future. e.g. ñ> devdÄ> AÇ AagCDet! - Tomorrow Devadatta would come. 11. Conditional Statements. e.g. n&p> AagCDet! cet! jna> AagCDeyu> - If the King comes, people would come OR yid n&p> AagCDet! cet! tihR jna> AagCDeyu> - If the King comes, then the people would come k«Tya>

1. 2. 3. 4.

k«t affixes are those that are added to the xatu to form nouns. k«Tya> are a sub-group of k«t! àTyy. The k«Ty-àTyy are – tVy, AnIy, y. They have the same meaning as the laeqœ i.e. àE; etc. They are always used in kmRi[ (i.e. passive) and Éave àyaeg.

5. They are called potential passive participles. Atae he> 6.4.105. The affix ih which is the affix for laeqœ – second person singular is dropped if the the A¼ that preceds this affix ends in a short A. Affixes for the First Group of Conjugations – I, IV, VI, X lkar

lqœ

l'œ

prSmEpd @k

iÖ

b÷

@k

iÖ

b÷

à

it

t>

AiNt

te

$te

ANte

m

is

w>

w

se

$we

Xve

%

im

v>

m

@

vhe

mhe

à

t!

tam!

An!

t

$tam!

ANt

m

s!

tm!

t

was!

$wam!

Xvm!

%

Am!

v

m!

#

vih

mih

tu

tam!

ANtu

tam!

$tam!

ih

tm!

t

Sv

$wam!

Ain

Aav

Aam

@e

AavhE

à laeqœ

AaTmnepd

m %

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ANtam ! Xvm! Aamh E

Updated On 14.Oct.2008 @ 06:03 Hrs.

à

ivixil'œ

m %

$t! $> $ yam!

File : 8643412.doc

$tam !

$yu>

$tm!

$t!

$v

$m

Page # 41 of 47

$t

$yata m!

$

$yawa

wa>

m!

$y

$vih

$rn! $Xvm! $mih

Updated On 14.Oct.2008 @ 06:03 Hrs.

Adjective - ivze;[> Blue Flower. Here Blue is ivze;[ (adjective) & Flower is ivze:y (substantive). This existent object is the locus (Aixkr[m!) for the flower. If two words have the status of having the same locus, they are said to be in samanaixkr{ym!, Because they are in samanaixkr{ym! ivze:y and ivze;[ will agee in number, gender and in case endings – always. e.g. – ,1,1,

ram>

,6,1,

mm

imÇ<,1,1, gCDit,3,1, Rama, my friend, goes.



Every object is the Aixkr[m! for the namêp (name & form)



The purpose of a ivze;[ is to separate one member of a species from the other member of the same species



In English ivze;[ = Adjective ivze:y = Substantive

Gender - il¼ In the Samskrit language, gender is assigned primarily to words. As a general understanding in the world goes, surely animate beings have gender that is recognizable physically. That has representation in the language. e.g. puÇ (son), puÇI (daughter) But words have gender of their own, irrespective of the physical gender of the object they denote. e.g. imÇm! friend is always Neuter, irrespective of the friend being a male or female 

ram> mm imÇm! – Rama is my friend. Also sIta mm imÇm! – Sitaa is my friend



Wife = ÉayaR -,ôI,.

dara> -,pu0,.

klÇm! -,n0,.

Note: dara> (though plural means only one wife) and Aapa> (water/s) – decline only in plural. Some words have inyt-il¼ - fixed gender like – 

words ending in "|!-àTyy are always masculine



words ending in i´n!-àTyy are always feminine



words ending in Lyuqœ-àTyy are always neuter

Others are Ainyt-il¼ - words with no fixed gender. Among these the masculines and neuters will decline as such without any other being added to them. But most nouns when declined in feminine will get any one of the feminine affixes (ôI-àTyy) – or ('Ip!, 'I;!, 'In!) added to them, to make them feminine. \karNt-zBda> 

t&c!-àTyaNt zBda> - All agent nouns formed by adding the agent àTyy (ktRir-zp! ) t&c! which is a k«t-àTyy, to all the 2000 roots will take this t&c! and form agent nouns. for e.g.-ktaR, Éae´a, àmata etc. They will decline like net&. In feminine, these will add a feminine affix $ and will decline like ndI.e.g. net& - $

#kaey[ic 6.1.77



Derived from %[aid-àTyy .



By adding %[aid, t&c!, t&n!

neÇI.

List of \karNt-zBda> File : 8643412.doc

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#

zBd

1

zSt&

2

zaSt&

3

]Ä&

4

]aeÄ&

5

àzaSt&

6

Declines

AwR

Like

a particular \iTvg! , a poet who sings in praise of the king in his court one who rules, King, $ñr , \iTvg!

àTyy

ipt& ipt&

a charioteer, a doorkeeper, a man born of a Vaishya man & Shudra woman

net&

musl>, pestle (the big one used to pound grain etc.)

ipt&

a particular \iTvg! , King, $ñr

net&

%Úet&

a particular \iTvg!

ipt&

7

àithtR&

a particular \iTvg!

ipt&

8

%Ìat&

a particular \iTvg! who sings/recites samved in the ritual

net&

9

hNt&

a thief, bandit

ipt&

t&c!

10

mNt&

a learned man

ipt&

t&c!

The following words are inpaittm! (placed as such) 11

nÝ&

grandson

net&

12

neò&

a particular \iTvg!

net&

13

Tvò&

ivñkmaR

net&

14

haet&

a particular \iTvg!

net&

15

paet&

a particular \iTvg!

net&

16

æat&

brother

ipt&

17

jmat&

son-in-law

ipt&

18

mat&

mother

ipt&

19

ipt&

father

ipt&

20

Êiht&

daughter

ipt&

21

Svs&

sister

net&

22

yat&

the relationship between the wives of brothers

ipt&

a particular \iTvg!

ipt&

23

àitàSwat &

24

àStaet&

a particular \iTvg!

ipt&

25

z<St&

a particular \iTvg!

ipt&

26

nnaNÎ

sister of husband (both elder or younger)

ipt&

27

dev&

younger brother of husband

ipt&

28

sVyeò&

charioteer

ipt&

The following two have not been defined by Panini 29

dSt&

one who causes destruction

ipt&

30

AÝ&

a y} i.e. a vedic ritual

ipt&

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sup! àTyy Case

ivÉi´

First

@k vcnm!

iÖ vcnm!

b÷ vcnm!

With #t!

Less #t!

With #t!

àwma

su~

s!

AaE

Second

iÖtIya

Am!

Third

t&tIya

qa

Aa

_yam!

iÉs!

'e

@

_yam!

_ys!

ctuwI

Fourth

R

Less #t!

AaEqœ

AaE

With #t! js!

As!

zs!

As!

Fifth

pÂmI

'is~

As!

_yam!

_ys!

Sixth

;óI

's!

As!

Aaes!

Aam!

Seventh

sÝmI

i'

#

Aaes!

sup!

Indicate svRnam

All others are - AsvRnam

Swan*

Swan

Less #t!

su

sUÇ- Hla< jz> ANte 8.2.39 will apply

Cases of mét! Derivation (incomplete) Case I

II

III

IV

V

VI

#

Noun

Affix

Rule(s)

S

mét!

+

s!

→

D

mét!

+

AaE

→

P

mét!

+

As!

→

S

mét!

+

Am!

→

D

mét!

+

P

mét!

+

S

mét!

+

D

mét!

+

P

mét!

+

S

mét!

+

D

mét!

+

P

mét!

+

S

mét!

+

D

mét!

+

P

mét!

+

S

mét!

+

D P

Final Word →

mét!

→

métaE

méts! & then final s! becomes visgR

→

mét>

métm!

→

métm!

→

→

métaE

iÉs!

→

→

mét>

Aa

→

mét! + Aa

→

méta

→

mét!_yam! - Hla< jzae=Nte,8.2.39

→

_ys!

→

mét!_ys! - Hla< jzae=Nte,8.2.39

→

médœiÉ>

@

→

mét! + @

→

méte

→

mét!_yam! - Hla< jzae=Nte,8.2.39

→

_ys!

→

mét!_ys! - Hla< jzae=Nte,8.2.39

→

médœ_y>

As!

→

→

mét>

AaEq œ

_yam !

_yam !

_yam

drop s!

médœ_yam !

médœ_yam !

médœ_yam

→

mét!_yam! - Hla< jzae=Nte,8.2.39

→

_ys!

→

mét!_ys! - Hla< jzae=Nte,8.2.39

→

médœ_y>

As!

→

→

mét>

mét!

+ Aaes! →

→

métae>

mét!

+

→

→

métam!

File : 8643412.doc

!

Aam!

Page # 44 of 47

!

Updated On 14.Oct.2008 @ 06:03 Hrs.

VII

S

mét!

+

→

→

méit

D

mét!

+ Aaes! →

→

métae>

P

mét!

+

File : 8643412.doc

# sup!

→

mét!su → Hla< jzae=Nte,8.2.39 → médœsu → oir c, 8.4.55 →

Page # 45 of 47

méTsu

Updated On 14.Oct.2008 @ 06:03 Hrs.

Hence – Singular

Plural

I

ktaR

Nominative

II

kmR

Accusative métm! métaE mét> Instrumenta

kr[m!

III

l

sMàdan

IV

Dative

m! Apadan

V

Ablative

m! sMbNx

VI

m!

VII

Aixkr[m

VIII

! sMbaex n

mét!

Dual

méta

méte

mét>

Genitive

mét>

Locative

méit

Vocative

mét!

métaE mét>

médœ _yam! médœ _yam! médœ _yam!

m édœi É> m édœ_ y> m édœ_ y>

métae

méta

>

m!

métae

méTs

>

u

métaE mét>

Sūtra → Hla< jzae=Nte 8.2.39. (s
jz>,1,3, ANte,7,1, s
pdSy,6,1,

pdSy,6,1, ANte,7,1, (vtRmananam!) = Hlam!,6,3, (Swane) jz>,1,3, s ÉviNt) pdSy = at the end of the word

ANte = at the end (Swane) = that exits

(vtRmananam!)= Hlam! = in the place of Hl!

jz> (Aadeza ÉviNt) = jz!! (Panini’s àTyahar)

(Panini’s àTyahar)

are the substitutes

The Hl! letters at the end of a pdœ are replaced by jz! letters, as follows –



•

z! → j!

•

;! → 'œ

•

s! → dœ

•

h! → g! - However, this is not seen as h! has separate rules

oir c 8.4.55. (Hla< cr! s Évit) When any Hl! letter is followed by a or! letter it is replaced by a cr! letter. Cases of net& - Derivation (incomplete) Case I

#

Noun

Affix

S

net&

+

s!

→

D

net&

+

AaE

→

P

net&

+

As!

→

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Rule(s) net& AaE

Page # 46 of 47

Final Word →

neta

→

netaraE

→

netar>

Updated On 14.Oct.2008 @ 06:03 Hrs.

II

III

IV

V

VI

VII

S

net&

+

D

net&

+

P

net&

+

S

net&

+

D

net&

+

P

net&

+

S

net&

+

D

net&

+

P

net&

+

S

net&

+

D

net&

+

P

net&

+

S

net&

D

→

→

netarm!

→

→

netaraE

iÉs!

→

→

net¨n!

Aa

→

→

neÇa

Am! AaEq œ

_yam

#kaey[ic 6.1.77. → net!r! + Aa

net&_yam

→

→

_ys!

→

→

net&iÉ>

@

→

→

neÇe

!

_yam

#kaey[ic 6.1.77. → net!r! + @

!

net&_yam

→

→

_ys!

→

→

net&_y>

As!

→

→

netu>

!

_yam

\t> %t! 6.1.111. → netus!

!

net&_yam

→

→

_ys!

→

→

net&_y>

+

As!

→

\t> As! 6.1.111. → netus!

→

netu>

net&

+

Aaes!

→

#kaey[ic 6.1.77. → net!r! + Aaes!

→

neÇae>

P

net&

+

Aam!

→

→

net¨[am!

S

net&

+

#

→

→

netir

D

net&

+

Aaes!

→

→

neÇae>

P

net&

+

sup!

→

→

net&;u

!

#kaey[ic 6.1.77. → net!r! + Aaes!

!

\t> %t! 6.1.111. ('is-'sae Ait @k> pUvRpryae> s,7,1, %t!,6,1, 'is-'sae,6,2, Ait,7,1, @k>,7,1, pUvRpryae>,6,2, s,7,1, 'is-'sae,6,2, Aate,7,1, pUvRpryae>,6,2, (Swane) @k>,1,1, %t!,1,1, (Aadez> Évit) When \kar preceds Akar of 'is and 's! follows, then %kar is the single replacement in the place of the preceding and the following.

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Page # 47 of 47

Updated On 14.Oct.2008 @ 06:03 Hrs.