Gmo

Introduction

What are GMOs? Organisms to which

genes coding for specific, desirable traits from another (often unrelated) organism have been inserted.

Introduction a process whereby genes from one organism are

moved into the genome of another organism genes from bacteria or other plants or organisms are moved into foods such as soybeans, corn, potatoes, and rice to provide herbicide-tolerance and/or insect resistance to the plants (Environmental Commons, 2008). recombinant DNA technology (rDNA)- Combining genes from different organisms resulting organism is said to be "genetically modified," "genetically engineered," or "transgenic" GMO products

Introduction the most promising, precise and advanced

strategy available today for increasing global food production

Process

Process The Plasmid Method The Vector Method The Biolistic Method

Process The Plasmid Method first technique of genetic engineering  a small ring of DNA called a plasmid (generally found in bacteria) is placed in a container with special restriction enzymes  same enzyme is then used to treat the DNA sequence to be engineered into the bacteria  two separate cut-up DNA sequences are introduced into the same container, thus forming a ring of DNA with additional content  next step involves adding the newly formed plasmids to a culture of live bacteria with known genomes 

Process The Plasmid Method the DNA introduced into the plasmid will include not only instructions for making a protein, but also antibiotic-resistance genes  Allows the successfully altered bacteria to grow and reproduce  With natural selection, the bacteria produced after many generations will outperform the best of the early generations. 

Process The Vector Method its products are inserted directly into the genome via a viral vector  cut the viral DNA and the DNA to be inserted with the same enzyme  combine the two DNA sequences  separate those that fuse successfully  those that cause its virulence, must first be removed or the organism to be re-engineered would become ill  Viral genomes are allowed to synthesize protein coats and then reproduce 

Process The Vector Method virus infects the target cells  then begins to express the new sequence  This technique is also being studied as a possible way to cure genetic diseases. 

Process The Biolistic Method the gene-gun method  pellets of metal (usually tungsten) coated with the desirable DNA are fired at plant cells  allowed to grow into new plants, and may also be cloned to produce more genetically identical crop 

The Law

The Law The Genetically Modified Organisms

(Contained Use) Regulations 2000

require risk assessment of activities involving genetically modified micro-organisms  introduce a classification system  require notification of all premises to Health and Safety Executive (HSE)  require notification of individual activities to the Competent Authority  require fees payable for the notification of premises  require the maintenance of a public register of GM premises and certain activities 

The Law Section 108 (1) of the Environment Protection

Act 1990 The Genetically Modified Organisms (Risk assessment)(Records and Exemptions) Regulations 1996 The Genetically Modified Organisms (Deliberate Release and Risk AssessmentAmendment) Regulations 1997

Advantages and Disadvantages

Advantages and Disadvantages

Advantages and Disadvantages

Advantages and Disadvantages

Advantages and Disadvantages

Advantages and Disadvantages

Advantages and Disadvantages

Advantages and Disadvantages

Advantages and Disadvantages

Advantages and Disadvantages

Advantages and Disadvantages

Benefits to Crops Improved yields* Improved pest

resistence* Improved herbicide tolerance* * To a degree not possible using traditional methods

Organisms can be

manipulated to produce novel substances such as vaccines, medications, and precursors to plastics

Why Use GMOs? Food Crops Agronomic Traits: Increase yields by attacking the source of crop loss Insect resistance (corn, cotton) Herbicide resistance (soybeans, canola) Virus resistance (papaya, squash) Drought, salt tolerance (under development)

Why Use GMOs?  Food Crops

Consumer Traits:  Flavor, freshness 

Flavr Savr tomato

 Processing  Consistency 

Soy that is texturally more desirable for processed foods

 Nutrition   

“golden rice” Heart-healthy oils Reduced allergenicity

Possible Risks of GMOs Problems could occur in the following areas: Human health Environment Economics

Disadvantages/dangers Microorganisms

Plants (Food)

horizontal gene transfer

creation of new invasive species (super-weeds)

creation of contamination of dangerous novel organic/non-GM pathogens and crops/food with diseases which may transgenes escape containment

Animals

Man

violation of a new tool for integrity of animal eugenicists (IVF, (crossing species diagnosis, selection) barriers) increased iatrogenic instrumentalisation death/illness from of animals gene therapy

potential for spread of antibiotic loss of biodiversity animal suffering creating a genetic resistance of farm wildlife underclass zoonoses (GM instrumentalisation viral recombination loss of crop genetic animal to human of the one of supposedly diversity increases disease transfer in individual by others crippled viruses famine risk xenotransplantation ('designer babies') )

Disadvantages/dangers Plants (Food)

Man

increase in herbicide use to control volunteers (weedy crop plants) horizontal gene transfer into soil and gut microorganisms

creation of GM human beings (embryos) to supply body parts iatrogenic illness from drugs made by genetic engineering, e.g. insulin risk of mutation from trans-species transfer of 'jumping genes' creation of superviruses by viral recombination in human cell culture cancer from gene therapy viral vectors recombining with endogenous viruses

spread of antibiotic resistance marker genes genomic instability allergenicity of foods novel toxicity of foods crossing 'species barriers' chemical/seed corporations control food supply toxins from GM plant debris affect soil flora/fauna genetic instability of transgenic lines increased risk of pesticide/herbicide resistance live recombinant (cancer) viruses from virusresistant GM plants genetic pollution multiplies unsustainable agriculture

 

Benefits

Microorganisms

Plants (Food)

Animals

GM animals can versatile tool for gene quicker, more generate manipulation in predictable way to pharmaceutical preparation for generate new proteins which cannot making other GMOs cultivars be made in any other way new agriculturally creation of new increased biodiversity useful GM breeds, e.g. pharmaceuticals which of weed populations which can tolerate cannot be made in any and hence farm factory farming other way wildlife without suffering

Man

treating genetic disorders and cancer

creating new types of human beings with advantageous traits

Benefits

Microorganisms

Plants (Food)

Man

ease of containment

overall herbicide and pesticide use lower

supplying body parts

bioremediation (cleaning up waste/pollution with living organisms)

cultivar properties better known than ever before

 

genes from different genera can be inserted helps food security gene flow (pollution) controllable (male sterility, terminator genes) sustainable agriculture

 

Current Researches

Current Researches Crop Case Study: GMO Golden Rice in Asia

with Enhanced Vitamin A Benefits for Consumers Genetically modified rice that contains betacarotene, widely known as Golden Rice (GR)  developed to address Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) in low-income rice consumers 

China approves transgenic species

development program The program aims to gain genes of great commercial value  develop high-quality, high-yield and pest-resistant genetically-modified new species 

Current Researches Happier cows = Better milk  





Newcastle University in the UK cows which are allowed to graze as nature intended produce better quality milk Quality Low Input Food (QLIF) project on animal health and welfare findings are giving weight to claims that organic food is more nutritious than non-organically grown produce

China approves big GMO budget 

huge budget for research of genetically modified crops amid growing concerns over food security

Due to rising food needs, transgenic wheat could

be on the rise worldwide

The Reality About 75% of the processed foods on the market in the U.S. today contain ingredients from GM crops. corn flour  high fructose corn syrup  corn oil  vitamin C  soy flour  soy oil  soy milk  lecithin 

Environmental Issues Ecological concerns:  “invasive species” – biodiversity  “biological pollution”  “superweeds”  impacts on nontarget organisms  pest resistance

Irreversibility *Comparators are important

Examples

Examples

Plants  Grapple  Potatoes, soybeans, cooton, squash, apples  corn, wheat



Animals

•Glowfish, and other fishes •Cows •Mice •Piig, sheep, goat, birds

Environmental Issues: 2 Opposing Views GM crops are safer for the environment because they reduce use of chemical pesticides

GM crops are safe because they can’t survive in the wild; gene flow happens

GM Bt crops have been tested for safety on non-target organisms

but

but

but

GM crops have increased the use of chemical herbicides

GM crops threaten biodiversity; once released, they cannot be recalled

Effects of constant exposure to Bt not well known

..End..

Jestine Faith Regudo Marifel Mangulabnan