Gender Development & Planning

Gender Development and Planning

From:- RAHUL AGRAWAL (IP0108) Introduction CEPT UNIVERSITY | Evolution of theory & Planning

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Gender Development and Planning Throughout the Third World, especially during the last fifteen years, there has been a proifration programs, policies and projects targeting women assistlow income. Until recently, however, there has been no systematic classification or the classification of the various policy initiatives, except for information Buvinic (1983.1986). This concern for low-income women to the needs of history coincided with the recognition of their importantrole in development. Since the 1950s have been many interventions. These reflect changes in the macro-economic and social development in the Third World and the state policytowards women. Therefore, the change in policy approaches to women, from'welfare "and" equity "in the" fight against poverty ", as classified by Buvinic (1983),to two other approaches that classify as" efficiency "and "empowerment" reflected the general trends in the Third World development policies, modernization of policies to accelerate growth through the basic needs strategiesassociated with the redeployment, the latest measuresassociated ~ compensation structure adjustment policies. A large scale there is still confusion over the definition and employment of different policy approaches. Many institutions, both in the national government and international agencies are not clear about its policy approach women. Often, the omnipresent, "women in development", has mystified rather than clarify conceptual categories. This has served to legitimize a range of approaches to women, incorporating different underlying assumptions with regard to their practical and strategic gender needs. It is precisely because of this confusion is important to develop simple, but sufficiently rigorous tools to enable policy makers and planners to understand more clearly the consequences of their interventions in terms of their potential and help ThirdWorld restrictions on women. To determine the extent to which policy interventions have been appropriate gender needs of women, it is necessary to examine its underlying the planning of a gender perspective. Woman approaches to development are exarnilOed functions in terms of recognition, practical and strategic gender needs and the extent to whichparticipatory planning procedures are included .While policy interventions are described in chronological order, welfare through empowerment, recognizes thlllt the linear process that this implies is a simplification of reality. In pt'actice, many policieshave seems more or less simultaneously. Impliementing organizations attended a notnecessarily ordered chalOging logic in their approach, mostfrequently leap from welfare to efficiency without taking into account other approaches. Similarly, various policies have plarticular appeal to different types of institutions. Policy makers often combined approaches simultaneously meetthe rjeeds ofdifferent constituencies. Finally, changes in the political approach often occur not only during theformulation, but also in the process implefllentation (Buvinic 1986). With these caveats in mind, the following must be described policey considered an "ideal types"

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Gender Development and Planning

Welfare Approach The author says that the welfare system is the first political approach For women in developing countries. The main objective is to develop better bring woman mothers. Women are generally regarded as passive recipients of development. In general, the reproductive role of women is recognized, the policy aims at meeting the practical needs of women through this role from the top down for the distribution of food aid, measures against malnutritionand planning.If family is not stimulants, so a very popular. The welfare approach is the oldest and still the most popular social development of policies for the Third World in general, for women in the particular.It can be identified as pre-wid.Its the underlying logic womenreflects to its origin, which linked to the residual model of social protection, first introduced by the colonial authorities of the man of the third world countries before independence. Their main concern with law and order, maintaining a stable environment for trade, agriculture, minerals extension means that social welfare is a low priority. The international economic assistance in order of priority for the government that capital-intensive, industrial and agricultural productionin the formal sector, for the acceleration of growth-oriented increase production of the male labour. The welfare of the family was targeted womenh, which disabled and the sick have been identified as "vulnerable" groups, and remained under the responsibility of the ministries marginalized social protection.This approach is based on three principles: firstly, that womenpassive recipients of development instead of participants in the development process. Secondly, motherhood in society is the most important role. Thirdly, the education of children is the most effective role earn a livelihood. However, the equity process is also concerned with fundamental equality issues which are outside the field of development cooperation. The author Buvinic describes, is his main concern is the inequality between men and women in both the public and private sectors of the life and the overall socio-economic groups. It identifies the causes of the subordination of women not only in the context of the family, but also in relations between men and women in the market. Therefore, it is also aimed at economic empowerment, as a synonym for equity.

THE EQUITY APPROACH CEPT UNIVERSITY | Evolution of theory & Planning

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Gender Development and Planning Equity is the original "women in development" approach, in which the UN women of the decade 1976-85. The aim is to achieve equity for women in development. Women are also seen as active participants in development. He acknowledges that the triple role of women and focus on the strategic needs of men and through the direct intervention of the state, the political and economic independence of women and reduce the inequality of men. He also challenged the subordinate position of women, which was criticized as Western feminism, is seen as a threat and not popular with governments. In the 1970s studies have shown that, although women are often the main sources of basic productivity of their communities, especially in agriculture, their contribution to the economy was returned or not national statistics in the planning and execution of development projects. Tinker, in his development projects which wideped the gap between men and women, argued that the development planners are unable to cope with the fact that women must fill two roles that society m of performing a man. "She blames the negative effects of development on women for three types of planning errors: first, errors of omission or failure to recognize and use women's role in production, secondly, the mistakes that the strengthening of values that limit women in the home situation of children involved in activities and the upbringing of children and the third error of incorrect application of Western values in relation to the work of women. This approach recognizes that women participate actively in the development process, which by their reproductive role procuctive and offer criticism, so often ignored in contributing to economic growth. The approach begins with the assumption that the economic strategies, often have a negative impact on women. He recognizes that it must be ", that" the development process through access to employment and the market. With particular focus on reducing the inequality between men and women in the gender division of labor, capital approach has a key strategic necessity between them . The underlying logic is that women have lost to men in development. Therefore, in the process of redistribution, men have to share a woman in implies allsocio-win economic and men of all socio-economic class or losing acquire through discrimination policies if needed. Although the approach emphasizes the "top-down legislative and other means to ensure equity, gerulered consultative and participatory planning procedures already implicitly assumed. This was especially the case since the introduction of equity approach itself was the result of a" bottom-up comparison of the existing procedures by the feminist women. In a climate of widespread antagonisman many of its underlying principles of development organizations and third world governments, the equity is actually reduced by the majority of the implementation angenices. Tinker and Jaquette noted that the objective of the legal equality of women he accepted as a minimal basis of consensus which began its investigation of controversial issues. This includes the rights of divorce, child custody, property, credit, voting and other rights of citizens. Ultimately, the approach of equity was built to meet the strategic needs of men and women through top-down legislative measures. The bottom-up mobilization of women in political pressure groups to ensure that political action is the result of the empowerment approach, developed by women in the Third World. CEPT UNIVERSITY | Evolution of theory & Planning

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Gender Development and Planning

The Anti-Poverty Approach According to the author, the weakened version of the equity, was introduced in the 1970s. The fundamental objective is to ensure that poor women to increase their productivity. Women's poverty is seen as the problem of underdevelopment, not of subordination. He recognizes the productive role of women and is designed to meet the practical needs of women making money, mainly through small income-generating projects. It is very popular with NGOs. The fight against poverty approaching women can be identified as the second WID approach, where economic inequalities between men and women is linked, but not subordination of poverty. The focus shifts and reducing the inequality between men and women, reducing income inequality. Women's issues are separated from equity issues related to the location and care for the majority of women in the Third World, as "poor reaches the poor." The low-income women are identified as a particular "target" to be assisted absolute deprivation: first, because the failure of "trickle-down was partially attributed to the fact that women are ignored in earlier plans and development. because the traditional importance of women in a large part of meeting the basic needs of the family. The fight against poverty in the political approach of women focuses on the productivity of their role on the hasis that alleyiation poverty and promoting balanced economic growth requires increasing the productivity of women in households with low incomes. The pre occupation of the basic needs of strategies for population control has also led to increasing recognition that education and employment programs can simultaneously increase women's contribution to the economy and reduction of fertility. The fight against the poverty of income-generating projects to provide jobs to women, and thus meet the practical needs of women, increasing their income, but unless the emp emloyment leads to greater autonomy, it is not strategic need.

Efficiency Approach CEPT UNIVERSITY | Evolution of theory & Planning

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Gender Development and Planning Efficiency is the third. and is now predominant, especially since the 1980s debt crisis. Its aim is to ensure that development is more efficient and effective through women in the economy contributiolJ. Women's participation is treated as equity for women. The goal is to meet the practical needs of women, while relying on the three roles of women and elastic concept of women's time. Women are mainly based on their the ability to compensate for the reduction of social services by expanding its working day. It is very popular as an approach. The assumption that economic participation enhances the status of women and is associated with equityhas been criticized widely. Problems such as lack of education and production technologies have also been identified as constraints redominant that affect women's participation. With the increased efficiency and productivity as two key objectives Structural adjustment policies (SAP), it is no coincidence that the effectiveness is the focus of policies towards women which is now increasingly between international aid agencies and national governments. Once again, from the top down approach, without the kind of participatory planning processes, often, in fact, not simply a change in costs to be paid to the unpaid economy, particularly through the use of time does not of women Paid Disinvestment in human resources, in the name of greater Effieceny in the IMF and World Bank "conditionality" policies, have resulted in at lower income levels, severe cuts in government social spending programs, particularly health and education. and cuts in food subsidies. These reductions in many practical gender needs of women are considered to be relieved by the elasticity of women's work increasingly selfproduction food, and changes in buying habits and consumption pattern. Moreover, the issue not only concerns the elasticity of time, but also The balance of time. Evidence from a longitudinal study of low-income community in Guayaquil, Ecuador, revealed that the real problem is not length of time women work, but how. in a recession and the setting. were forced to change the balance of their time between activities at each of its three functions. During the last decade, these low-income women have always worked twelve to eighteen hours per day, depending on factors such as household composition, the period of the year and their skills. Therefore, work hours have not changed fundamentally. What has changed is the time to allocated different activities. The need for access to resources for women to allocate increasing more time to productive and community management activities, to the deteriment of reproductive activities, which in many cases have become a secondary Delegation of priority as far as possible to other girls or women from houshold members. The fact that paid work and unpaid work are competing for the time that women have a significant impact on children, women themselves and in the disintegration of the family.

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Gender Development and Planning

Empowerment Approach Empowerment is the latest approach, articulated by Third World women. His goal is to the position of women through greater autonomy. The subordination of women is regarded not only as the problem of men, but also of colonial and neo-colonial oppression. He acknowledges that women triple role, and is designed to meet the strategic needs of men and indirectly through a bottom-up mobilization around the practical needs of women. It is really difficult, even if they no criticism from the West inspired feminism. It is unpopular, with the exception of the third world women's NGOs and their supporters. This political approach is that women empowerment. It is neither widely recognized as an "approach" or documented as such, although the Origins are not recent. Superficially, it seems May synonymous with the approach of equity, with references often combined with a power / empowerment. In many respects, developed at the emancipation of dissatisfaction with the original approach WID as equity, because of the perception of co-option in the fight against poverty and efficiency approaches. However, empowerment approach also differs from the approach of equity. This concerns not only in the countries of origin, but also the causes, dynamics and structures of oppression of women, pointing out, in terms of strategies, which he intends to change the position of women in the Third World. The origins of the approach of empowerment, are derived from less search for the world premiere of women, and most of the new feminist written and organizational basis of the experiences of women in the Third World, then adds that feminism is not just a recent Western urban middle class import. The best known of the joint approach was empowermentmade by the Development Alternatives with Women for a new era. 0Their goal was not only to analyze the world women, but also to formulate a vision of an alternative society of tomorrow, they identify as follows: We want a world in which inequality based on class, gender and race is Absent from all countries and relations between the countries. We want a world where basic needs become basic rights and poverty and all forms of violence are eliminated. Each person will the opportunity to develop his or her full potential and creativity and women the values of education and human solidarity will characterize relations. In such a world women's reproductive role will be redefined: childcare will be shared by men, women and society as a whole ... Only by tightening the links between equality, development and peace, we can show that the "fundamental rights" of the poor and the transformation of institutions that subordinate women are inextricably linked. They can all be achieved through self-empowemient women.

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Gender Development and Planning The empowerment approach recognizes inequality between men and women, and the origin of the subordination of women in the family. But it also underlines the fact that the experience of the oppression of women differently on the basis of race, class, colonial history and current position in the international economic order. She argues that women owressive challenge to structures and situations simultaneously at different levels. Using the stage as a basic parameter for change, Dawn distinction between long term and short term strategies. Long-term strategies are needed to the structures of inequality between the sexes, classes and nations. Required for this important process of national liberation colonial and neo-colonial domination, and in agriculture more control over the activities of multinationals. Some short-term strategies as necessary to provide the means to respond to current crises. Measures to help women understand food production by promoting a diversified agricultural base, and in the formal and informal sector employment. The emancipation of the three-pronged approach recognizes the role of women and aims through a bottom-up women's associations to raise awareness of women to challenge their subordioation.It is clear that the "flexibility" is still limited, with the well-being, and,more recently, efficiency, policy approaches adopted prevail by most governments and international agencies. More and more political Ideological and control in many contexts, serious difficulties remain found in the change of policy towards the fight against poverty, equity or empowement approach. However, there are individuals and groups involved in evolution of policy approaches of governments and aid agencies personnel .They claim that "gender" approach to efficiency can also be the means, with a hidden agenda to empower women, the proliferation of sub-number, Small-scale women in the Third World in which women are becoming worse, not only to meet the practical needs of women, but also raise awareness of the struggle for the strategic gender needs.

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