G8 Preparation Guide
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“Forjando lideres hacia el logro de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio”
group of eight g8 Miss Berny Figuereo Neró, President Mr. Joshua Arriaga, Vice‐President ******* The group of the world’s most industrialized countries, known as “Group of Eight” or “G8” will be simulated in MINUSEE 2009. This forum will be chaired by Miss Berny Figuereo Neró, who has been working in the Model United Nations since 2006, performing as a delegate in the first MINUSEE and was the UnderSecretaryGeneral in MINUSEE 2008. Nowadays works as a volunteer in Unit Model United Nations of the SEE.
The vice President of the “G8” for MINUSEE 2009 will be Mr. Joshua Arriaga, volunteer of the UMNU of the SEE since 2007, and who has perfomed in many important events related to Model United Nations.
The chair of this comisión is at your service in anything is possible, feel free to contact us and send the position papers at [email protected].
We have big expectations regarding the performance in the forum, hoping the preparation will be the foundation for a successfull participation, reflected in a dinamic debate about the given topics, conducting to a sustainable resolution of those situations. This is the reason why the present preparation guide is given to the honorable delegates of the G8.
Unidad Modelo de Naciones Unidas de la Secretaría de Estado de Educación DIRECCIÓN: Av. Máximo Gómez #2, Distrito Nacional, R.D. | TELÉFONO: (809) 688‐9700 Ext. 2617‐18‐19 Correo Electrónico: [email protected] | Página Web: www.see.gov.do/sitesee.net/MNU/
“Forjando lideres hacia el logro de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio”
“GROUP OF EIGHT” –G8‐
The world’s most industrialized countries forum emerged in 1975 in Rambouillet, France after the oil crisis and global economic recession of the early 1970’s . Gathering in the White House Library in 1973, finance ministers of the US, West Germany, France and the United Kindom,‘ The Library Group’, met against a backdrop of economic crisis (unemployment, inflation & the first oil crisis) to discuss the need to bring stability to the world economy and preserve the ability of capital to function amidst increasing economic turbulence. This grew into a serie of regular meetings that became solidified as the G6 in 1975 with the inclusion of Italy and Japan. It became the G7 a year later after the U.S. insisted on the inclusion of Canada, because it was economically dependent on the U.S. and in order to counterbalance what it saw as growing European influence. It turned into the G8 in 1998 with the entry of Russia.
Even though the G8 was set up as a forum for economic and trade matters, politics crept onto the agenda. Recent summits have considered the world development, global security, middle east peace and reconstruction in Iraq.
The G8 aims to boost cooperation over trade and finance and strengthen the global economy. The leaders work to promote peace and democracy and to prevent and solve conflicts as well.
There are no formal criteria for membership, but member nations are expected to have highly developed economies and they need to be democracies.
Unidad Modelo de Naciones Unidas de la Secretaría de Estado de Educación DIRECCIÓN: Av. Máximo Gómez #2, Distrito Nacional, R.D. | TELÉFONO: (809) 688‐9700 Ext. 2617‐18‐19 Correo Electrónico: [email protected] | Página Web: www.see.gov.do/sitesee.net/MNU/
“Forjando lideres hacia el logro de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio”
The G8 is not an institution or organization and there isn’t formal charter or secretariat. The G8 members (France, Germany, Italy, United Kindom, Japan, United States, Canada, Russia and the European Union as a “nonenumerated ninth member) meet annually and the presidency rotates between its member nations. The country holding the presidency in a given year is responsible for hosting the annual summit and it has to handle the security arragements as well.
The G8 functions are based on the principle of consensus. Joint documents are, as a rule, adopted as a result of summits or ministerial meetings, and are distributed through the media. For particularly important international events, special statements of the G8 leaders or ministers are agreed upon without holding personal meetings.
The 2009’s Group of Eight summit will take place in Italy, on a mediterranean island called La Maddalena. The summit will be a "largescale" event enlarged to include other nonG8 members.
Unidad Modelo de Naciones Unidas de la Secretaría de Estado de Educación DIRECCIÓN: Av. Máximo Gómez #2, Distrito Nacional, R.D. | TELÉFONO: (809) 688‐9700 Ext. 2617‐18‐19 Correo Electrónico: [email protected] | Página Web: www.see.gov.do/sitesee.net/MNU/
“Forjando lideres hacia el logro de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio”
I. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN AFRICA Development is known as the act of improving by expanding, or enlarging or refining. 1 Defining sustainability, it is the ability to keep in existence or maintain. 2 When talking about sustainable development, it refers to this one that causes no damage to the environment and therefore is able to continue for a long time.
Progress in Africa has been undermined by conflict and insecurity. Hundreds of families have been displayed and the use of children as soldiers has robbed many individuals the opportunity to learn, while sowing uncountable seeds od longterm national disruption, inestability and poverty.
The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) identified the most important challenges facing Africa. Water stress and scarcity, and land degradation are major environmental issues in Africa, and the number of African countries facing these situations is rising. In addition the increasing costs of water treatment, food imports, medical treatment and soil conservation methods are not only having a negative impact on Africa’s people but are also draining African countries of their economic resources. Furthermore Climate change, the exploitation of natural resources, pollution, the expansion of agriculture into marginal areas, and the clearance of natural habitats such as forests and wetlands have been the major driving forces
1 2
Definition given by the wordnet dictionary. Pennsylvania Department of Education. Unidad Modelo de Naciones Unidas de la Secretaría de Estado de Educación DIRECCIÓN: Av. Máximo Gómez #2, Distrito Nacional, R.D. | TELÉFONO: (809) 688‐9700 Ext. 2617‐18‐19 Correo Electrónico: [email protected] | Página Web: www.see.gov.do/sitesee.net/MNU/
“Forjando lideres hacia el logro de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio”
behind land degradation. These lead to great pressure on Africa’s forests, savannahs, wetlands and marine habitats with a corresponding knockon effect on biodiversity and biological resources.
In order to overcome these challenges, the New Partnership for Africa’s Development – NEPAD stablished an action plan in which topics such as Economic and corporate governance; Money laundering; Agriculture and Market access; education and health are provided of a plan to reach a solution.
The United Nations have also discussed the situation in Africa and the “Political Declaration on Africa’s Development needs” is a result of the 63 rd period of the General Assembly, RES A/63/1, (Sept 19 th , 2008). In the same period this committee got a document containing the “New Partnerships for Africa’s Development Progress in Implementation and International Support. It was the Item 57 whose part b regarded about “Causes of conflict and the promotion of durable peace and sustainable development in Africa.
The Group of Eight has been concerned about the situation in Africa and its Sustainable Development, this topic has been in agenda item for many years. Sommet Kananaskis Summit, celebrated in Canada in 2002, got as a result the “G8 Action Plan”. In this document the G8 undertook to establish enhanced partnerships with african countries in support of the New Partnership for Africa’s Development –NEPAD
The action plan includes topics such as the promotion of peace and security in Africa, providing additional support to efforts to bring peace to the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Sudan, and to consolidate peace in Angola and Sierra Leone. Furthermore, aims Unidad Modelo de Naciones Unidas de la Secretaría de Estado de Educación DIRECCIÓN: Av. Máximo Gómez #2, Distrito Nacional, R.D. | TELÉFONO: (809) 688‐9700 Ext. 2617‐18‐19 Correo Electrónico: [email protected] | Página Web: www.see.gov.do/sitesee.net/MNU/
“Forjando lideres hacia el logro de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio”
to ensure that by 2010 African regional and subregional organizations are able to engage effectively to prevent and resolve violent conflict on the continent; Develop a framework for regulating and making more transparent the activities of international arms brokers and traffickers, and help to eliminate the flow of illicit weapons to Africa; Ensure better accountability and greater transparency with respect to those involved in the import or export of Africa's natural resources from areas of conflict, are important points in the plan as well as expanding capacitybuilding programmes related to political governance in Africa, including support for African efforts to ensure that electoral processes are credible and transparent, that elections are conducted in a manner that is free and fair in accordance with NEPAD's commitment to uphold and respect "global standards of democracy"; Intensify international efforts to facilitate the freezing of illicitly acquired financial assets and the return of the proceeds of crimes; Assist African countries in their efforts to combat money laundering and terrorist financing in African countries. Human resources represent an important issue on Africa’s development. That’s why the G8 aims to significantly increase the support provided by our bilateral aid agencies to basic education for African countries with a strong policy and financial commitment to education; Provide scholarships and other educational support for African girls and women; Work with the pharmaceutical industry to make lifesaving drugs more affordable in Africa, and with African countries and other stakeholders to ensure effective distribution, especially with respect to HIV/AIDS and other communicable diseases; Provide the resources needed to eliminate polio by 2005; and Continue funding and support for the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria; and help Africa enhance its capacity to participate in and benefit from the Fund.
Unidad Modelo de Naciones Unidas de la Secretaría de Estado de Educación DIRECCIÓN: Av. Máximo Gómez #2, Distrito Nacional, R.D. | TELÉFONO: (809) 688‐9700 Ext. 2617‐18‐19 Correo Electrónico: [email protected] | Página Web: www.see.gov.do/sitesee.net/MNU/
“Forjando lideres hacia el logro de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio”
The 34 th G8 Summit was scenary to discuss issues relating to African development. After discussions, the G8 leaders announced new decisions on improving education, health, water supplies and sanitation and increasing the number of doctors and nurses in Africa. The G8 leaders set a fiveyear deadline to commit $60billion in funding to help Africa fight disease, including pledging 100 million mosquito nets by 2010 which will prevent thousands of deaths from malaria. They also renewed a commitment made three years ago to double aid for Africa to $25billion by 2010 and to consider pledging further assistance after 2010.
Is really important to focus the attention on the principal problems Africa is facing in order to set effective plans and actions to solve the African situation. Issues such as Health, Education, Governance, peace and security need to be enhanced to reach a true sustainable development in this continent.
Unidad Modelo de Naciones Unidas de la Secretaría de Estado de Educación DIRECCIÓN: Av. Máximo Gómez #2, Distrito Nacional, R.D. | TELÉFONO: (809) 688‐9700 Ext. 2617‐18‐19 Correo Electrónico: [email protected] | Página Web: www.see.gov.do/sitesee.net/MNU/
“Forjando lideres hacia el logro de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio”
II. THE FIGHT AGAINST TERRORISM: DIAMOND AS FACTOR OF CONFLICTS
The diamond is native carbon in isometric crystals, often octahedrons with rounded edges. It is usually colorless, diamonds are known worldwide as symbols of love and affection. Conflict diamonds are those that originate from areas controlled by forces or factions opposed to legitimate and internationally recognized governments, and are used to fund military action. 3 Most diamonds are legitimately mined, and are accounted for during their often tortuous journey from the earth to the New York , Tel Aviv, or Amsterdam diamond markets, or wherever else they eventually appear, ready for a ring, broach, or investor's safe. A portion of world diamonds ends up funding genocidal wars and international terrorism. According to John Pickrell as reported in August 10 th , 2002 , Science News, during the 1990s the Angolan rebel army Unitas generated $3.7 billion over six years trading Conflict Diamonds. During 1999 worldwide diamond production was around $6.8 billion, so if one presumes that this is an average annual production, Unitas controlled nearly 10% of global diamond production and distribution. Rough diamond caches have often been used by rebel forces to finance arms purchases and other illegal activities. Neighbouring and other countries can be used as trading and transit grounds for illicit diamonds. Once
3
According to the UN, it happens in opposition to those governments, or in contravention of the decisions of the Security Council. Unidad Modelo de Naciones Unidas de la Secretaría de Estado de Educación DIRECCIÓN: Av. Máximo Gómez #2, Distrito Nacional, R.D. | TELÉFONO: (809) 688‐9700 Ext. 2617‐18‐19 Correo Electrónico: [email protected] | Página Web: www.see.gov.do/sitesee.net/MNU/
“Forjando lideres hacia el logro de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio”
diamonds are brought to market, their origin is difficult to trace and once polished, they can no longer be identified On December 1st, 2000, the United Nations General Assembly adopted, unanimously, a resolution on the role of diamonds in fuelling conflict, breaking the link between the illicit transaction of rough diamonds and armed conflict, as a contribution to prevention and settlement of conflicts (A/RES/55/56). In taking up this agenda item, the General Assembly recognized that conflict diamonds are a crucial factor in prolonging brutal wars in parts of Africa, and underscored that legitimate diamonds contribute to prosperity and development elsewhere on the continent. In Angola and Sierra Leone, conflict diamonds continue to fund the rebel groups, the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) and the Revolutionary United Front (RUF), both of which are acting in contravention of the international community's objectives of restoring peace in the two countries. Legitimate governments around the world are expressing an interest in discovering how to identify diamonds that originate in the four African nations most responsible for the Conflict Diamond trade: Sierra Leone, Liberia, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Angola. A wellstructured 'Certificate of Origin' regime can be an effective way of ensuring that only legitimate diamonds (that is, those from governmentcontrolled areas) reach market. A conference sponsored by the South African government, of diamond producers, officials from the region, and principal diamond consumer countries, reached agreement on a specific set of proposals. These included a global certification scheme for diamonds, a code
Unidad Modelo de Naciones Unidas de la Secretaría de Estado de Educación DIRECCIÓN: Av. Máximo Gómez #2, Distrito Nacional, R.D. | TELÉFONO: (809) 688‐9700 Ext. 2617‐18‐19 Correo Electrónico: [email protected] | Página Web: www.see.gov.do/sitesee.net/MNU/
“Forjando lideres hacia el logro de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio”
of conduct to govern practices in the industry, and an independent monitoring scheme. Additional controls by Member States and the diamond industry are needed to ensure that such a regime is effective. These measures might include the standardization of the certificate among diamond exporting countries, transparency, auditing and monitoring of the regime and new legislation against those who fail to comply. Governments, intergovernmental and nongovernmental organizations, diamond traders, financial institutions, arms manufacturers, social and educational institutions and other civil society players need to combine their efforts, demand the strict enforcement of sanctions and encourage real peace. The horrific atrocities in Sierra Leone and the long suffering of the people of Angola have heightened the international community's awareness of the need to cut off sources of funding for the rebels in order to promote lasting peace in those countries. The international diamond industry is already taking steps to respond, such as the adoption by the World Diamond Congress, Antwerp, July 19 th , 2000, of a resolution which, if fully implemented, stands to increase the diamond industry's ability to block conflict diamonds from reaching market. Other efforts include the launching, at the initiative of African diamondproducing countries, of an inclusive, worldwide consultation process of Governments, industry and civil society, referred to as the Kimberly Process, to devise an effective response to the problem of conflict diamonds. The tragic conflicts in Angola and Sierra Leone, fuelled by illicit diamond smuggling, have already led to action by the Security Council. Under
Unidad Modelo de Naciones Unidas de la Secretaría de Estado de Educación DIRECCIÓN: Av. Máximo Gómez #2, Distrito Nacional, R.D. | TELÉFONO: (809) 688‐9700 Ext. 2617‐18‐19 Correo Electrónico: [email protected] | Página Web: www.see.gov.do/sitesee.net/MNU/
“Forjando lideres hacia el logro de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio”
Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter, targeted sanctions have been applied against UNITA in Angola and the Sierra Leone rebels, including a ban on their main source of funding illicit diamonds. Diamond sanctions have also been applied against Liberia but are not yet in effect. G8 countries have a responsibility and a moral imperative to help curb the illegal sale of conflict diamonds. As influential and powerful states they can help apply leverage to the many points at which the illegal diamond trade is allowed to occur. G8 governments can in particular support a mandatory global diamond labelling system in which all sales must be well regulated.
Unidad Modelo de Naciones Unidas de la Secretaría de Estado de Educación DIRECCIÓN: Av. Máximo Gómez #2, Distrito Nacional, R.D. | TELÉFONO: (809) 688‐9700 Ext. 2617‐18‐19 Correo Electrónico: [email protected] | Página Web: www.see.gov.do/sitesee.net/MNU/
“Forjando lideres hacia el logro de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio” POINTS AND MOTIONS: Motions A motion to set the agenda is used to select the topic to discuss. A motion to set the speakers time sets or changes the amount of time each delegate has to speak. A motion to open the speakers list allows delegates to sign up to speak. At some conferences a motion to close the speakers list closes the list for the remainder of the session or topic. However, at most Model UN conferences the speakers list can be opened and closed multiple times. Delegates propose a motion to suspend the debate for the purpose of holding a regular caucus. If you move to suspend the meeting, be sure to specify the purpose and the amount of time. A motion to adjourn meeting ends the committee session until the next session, which might be the next year’s conference, or after lunch or dinner. A motion to adjourn the debate (also known as motion to table debate) is not the same as a motion to adjourn the meeting. Rather, it is used to table, or put on hold, all of the work that the committee has completed on a particular topic and move to the next one. At some Model UN conferences you can return to this topic later, while at others the topic cannot be discussed again. A delegate makes a motion to close the debate in order to move the committee to a vote, usually when the delegate has made his or her country's position clear and there are enough draft resolutions on the floor
Immediate Vote
Simple majority vote
2 For 2 Against
Simple majority vote
Immediate Vote
Simple majority vote
Immediate Vote
Simple majority vote
Immediate Vote
Simple majority vote
2 For 2 Against
Simple majority vote
2 For 2 Against
Simple majority vote
Unidad Modelo de Naciones Unidas de la Secretaría de Estado de Educación DIRECCIÓN: Av. Máximo Gómez #2, Distrito Nacional, R.D. | TELÉFONO: (809) 688‐9700 Ext. 2617‐18‐19 Correo Electrónico: [email protected] | Página Web: www.see.gov.do/sitesee.net/MNU/
“Forjando lideres hacia el logro de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio” Points and Rights
A point of order is used when a delegate believes that the chair has made an error in the running of the committee. The Delegate should only specify the errors they believe were made in the formal committee procedure and may not address the topic being discussed. A right to reply is used by a delegation to inform the chair of an offensive comment made by another delegation and wishes to reply to the offensive comment in a diplomatic way without offending the aggressor. This is always written to the chair and the delegation must wait for the chair to allow the reply.
A point of inquiry (point of parliamentary procedure) can be made when the floor is open (i.e. when no other delegate is speaking) in order to ask the chairperson a question regarding the rules of procedure.
Unidad Modelo de Naciones Unidas de la Secretaría de Estado de Educación DIRECCIÓN: Av. Máximo Gómez #2, Distrito Nacional, R.D. | TELÉFONO: (809) 688‐9700 Ext. 2617‐18‐19 Correo Electrónico: [email protected] | Página Web: www.see.gov.do/sitesee.net/MNU/
“Forjando lideres hacia el logro de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio” CONSULTED LINKS DIPLOMATIC BLUEBOOK, Situation in the Middle East and Africa, à http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/other/bluebook/1971/1971112.htm, 12/1 st /2008 Conflict Diamonds — Funding Terrorism, àhttp://www.argee.net/DefenseWatch/Conflict%20DiamondsFunding%20Terrorism.htm, 12/1st/2008 UNITED NATIONS GENERAL ASSEMBLY, Political declaration on Africa’s development needs, àhttp://www.un.org/ga/president/62/ThematicDebates/adn/A63L1.pdf, 01/05th/2009 THE NWE PARTNERSHIP FOR AFRICA’S DEVELOPMENT, Nepad Action Plans, à http://www.nepad.org/2005/files/documents/41.pdf, 01/05th/2009 THE WITHE HOUSE, àhttp://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2008/07/200807085.html, 11/09th/2008 G8 Africa Action Plan, àhttp://www.auswaertiges amt.de/diplo/en/Aussenpolitik/RegionaleSchwerpunkte/Afrika/G8AfrikaAktionsplan2002.pdf, 11/09 th /2008 GLOBAL WITNESS, Strong Leadership by G8 Countries Needed to Stop Diamonds from Funding International Terrorism à http://www.globalwitness.org/media_library_detail.php/300/en/strong_leadership_by_g8_countries _needed_to_stop_d, 01/2 nd /2009
CIVIL G8, The Group of Eight, àhttp://en.civilg8.ru/G8_Group/1648.php 11/05th/2008
STOCKHOLM INTERNATIONAL PEACE RESEARCH INSTITUTE, G8 summit documents, à http://www.sipri.org/contents/expcon/g8summitdocs.html, 12/1st/2008
THE PLOUGHSHARES MONITOR, The G8 and conflict prevention: turning declarations into action, à http://74.125.113.132/search?q=cache:Qm1CThHetUQJ:www.ploughshares.ca/libraries/monitor/m onj00d.html+G8+and+conflict+diamonds&hl=es&ct=clnk&cd=2&gl=do, 02/11th/2009 UNITED NATIONS GENERAL ASSEMBLY, Conflict Diamonds: Sanctions and war, à http://www.un.org/peace/africa/Diamond.html, 02/11th/2009 Unidad Modelo de Naciones Unidas de la Secretaría de Estado de Educación DIRECCIÓN: Av. Máximo Gómez #2, Distrito Nacional, R.D. | TELÉFONO: (809) 688‐9700 Ext. 2617‐18‐19 Correo Electrónico: [email protected] | Página Web: www.see.gov.do/sitesee.net/MNU/
group of eight g8 Miss Berny Figuereo Neró, President Mr. Joshua Arriaga, Vice‐President ******* The group of the world’s most industrialized countries, known as “Group of Eight” or “G8” will be simulated in MINUSEE 2009. This forum will be chaired by Miss Berny Figuereo Neró, who has been working in the Model United Nations since 2006, performing as a delegate in the first MINUSEE and was the UnderSecretaryGeneral in MINUSEE 2008. Nowadays works as a volunteer in Unit Model United Nations of the SEE.
The vice President of the “G8” for MINUSEE 2009 will be Mr. Joshua Arriaga, volunteer of the UMNU of the SEE since 2007, and who has perfomed in many important events related to Model United Nations.
The chair of this comisión is at your service in anything is possible, feel free to contact us and send the position papers at [email protected].
We have big expectations regarding the performance in the forum, hoping the preparation will be the foundation for a successfull participation, reflected in a dinamic debate about the given topics, conducting to a sustainable resolution of those situations. This is the reason why the present preparation guide is given to the honorable delegates of the G8.
Unidad Modelo de Naciones Unidas de la Secretaría de Estado de Educación DIRECCIÓN: Av. Máximo Gómez #2, Distrito Nacional, R.D. | TELÉFONO: (809) 688‐9700 Ext. 2617‐18‐19 Correo Electrónico: [email protected] | Página Web: www.see.gov.do/sitesee.net/MNU/
“Forjando lideres hacia el logro de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio”
“GROUP OF EIGHT” –G8‐
The world’s most industrialized countries forum emerged in 1975 in Rambouillet, France after the oil crisis and global economic recession of the early 1970’s . Gathering in the White House Library in 1973, finance ministers of the US, West Germany, France and the United Kindom,‘ The Library Group’, met against a backdrop of economic crisis (unemployment, inflation & the first oil crisis) to discuss the need to bring stability to the world economy and preserve the ability of capital to function amidst increasing economic turbulence. This grew into a serie of regular meetings that became solidified as the G6 in 1975 with the inclusion of Italy and Japan. It became the G7 a year later after the U.S. insisted on the inclusion of Canada, because it was economically dependent on the U.S. and in order to counterbalance what it saw as growing European influence. It turned into the G8 in 1998 with the entry of Russia.
Even though the G8 was set up as a forum for economic and trade matters, politics crept onto the agenda. Recent summits have considered the world development, global security, middle east peace and reconstruction in Iraq.
The G8 aims to boost cooperation over trade and finance and strengthen the global economy. The leaders work to promote peace and democracy and to prevent and solve conflicts as well.
There are no formal criteria for membership, but member nations are expected to have highly developed economies and they need to be democracies.
Unidad Modelo de Naciones Unidas de la Secretaría de Estado de Educación DIRECCIÓN: Av. Máximo Gómez #2, Distrito Nacional, R.D. | TELÉFONO: (809) 688‐9700 Ext. 2617‐18‐19 Correo Electrónico: [email protected] | Página Web: www.see.gov.do/sitesee.net/MNU/
“Forjando lideres hacia el logro de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio”
The G8 is not an institution or organization and there isn’t formal charter or secretariat. The G8 members (France, Germany, Italy, United Kindom, Japan, United States, Canada, Russia and the European Union as a “nonenumerated ninth member) meet annually and the presidency rotates between its member nations. The country holding the presidency in a given year is responsible for hosting the annual summit and it has to handle the security arragements as well.
The G8 functions are based on the principle of consensus. Joint documents are, as a rule, adopted as a result of summits or ministerial meetings, and are distributed through the media. For particularly important international events, special statements of the G8 leaders or ministers are agreed upon without holding personal meetings.
The 2009’s Group of Eight summit will take place in Italy, on a mediterranean island called La Maddalena. The summit will be a "largescale" event enlarged to include other nonG8 members.
Unidad Modelo de Naciones Unidas de la Secretaría de Estado de Educación DIRECCIÓN: Av. Máximo Gómez #2, Distrito Nacional, R.D. | TELÉFONO: (809) 688‐9700 Ext. 2617‐18‐19 Correo Electrónico: [email protected] | Página Web: www.see.gov.do/sitesee.net/MNU/
“Forjando lideres hacia el logro de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio”
I. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN AFRICA Development is known as the act of improving by expanding, or enlarging or refining. 1 Defining sustainability, it is the ability to keep in existence or maintain. 2 When talking about sustainable development, it refers to this one that causes no damage to the environment and therefore is able to continue for a long time.
Progress in Africa has been undermined by conflict and insecurity. Hundreds of families have been displayed and the use of children as soldiers has robbed many individuals the opportunity to learn, while sowing uncountable seeds od longterm national disruption, inestability and poverty.
The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) identified the most important challenges facing Africa. Water stress and scarcity, and land degradation are major environmental issues in Africa, and the number of African countries facing these situations is rising. In addition the increasing costs of water treatment, food imports, medical treatment and soil conservation methods are not only having a negative impact on Africa’s people but are also draining African countries of their economic resources. Furthermore Climate change, the exploitation of natural resources, pollution, the expansion of agriculture into marginal areas, and the clearance of natural habitats such as forests and wetlands have been the major driving forces
1 2
Definition given by the wordnet dictionary. Pennsylvania Department of Education. Unidad Modelo de Naciones Unidas de la Secretaría de Estado de Educación DIRECCIÓN: Av. Máximo Gómez #2, Distrito Nacional, R.D. | TELÉFONO: (809) 688‐9700 Ext. 2617‐18‐19 Correo Electrónico: [email protected] | Página Web: www.see.gov.do/sitesee.net/MNU/
“Forjando lideres hacia el logro de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio”
behind land degradation. These lead to great pressure on Africa’s forests, savannahs, wetlands and marine habitats with a corresponding knockon effect on biodiversity and biological resources.
In order to overcome these challenges, the New Partnership for Africa’s Development – NEPAD stablished an action plan in which topics such as Economic and corporate governance; Money laundering; Agriculture and Market access; education and health are provided of a plan to reach a solution.
The United Nations have also discussed the situation in Africa and the “Political Declaration on Africa’s Development needs” is a result of the 63 rd period of the General Assembly, RES A/63/1, (Sept 19 th , 2008). In the same period this committee got a document containing the “New Partnerships for Africa’s Development Progress in Implementation and International Support. It was the Item 57 whose part b regarded about “Causes of conflict and the promotion of durable peace and sustainable development in Africa.
The Group of Eight has been concerned about the situation in Africa and its Sustainable Development, this topic has been in agenda item for many years. Sommet Kananaskis Summit, celebrated in Canada in 2002, got as a result the “G8 Action Plan”. In this document the G8 undertook to establish enhanced partnerships with african countries in support of the New Partnership for Africa’s Development –NEPAD
The action plan includes topics such as the promotion of peace and security in Africa, providing additional support to efforts to bring peace to the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Sudan, and to consolidate peace in Angola and Sierra Leone. Furthermore, aims Unidad Modelo de Naciones Unidas de la Secretaría de Estado de Educación DIRECCIÓN: Av. Máximo Gómez #2, Distrito Nacional, R.D. | TELÉFONO: (809) 688‐9700 Ext. 2617‐18‐19 Correo Electrónico: [email protected] | Página Web: www.see.gov.do/sitesee.net/MNU/
“Forjando lideres hacia el logro de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio”
to ensure that by 2010 African regional and subregional organizations are able to engage effectively to prevent and resolve violent conflict on the continent; Develop a framework for regulating and making more transparent the activities of international arms brokers and traffickers, and help to eliminate the flow of illicit weapons to Africa; Ensure better accountability and greater transparency with respect to those involved in the import or export of Africa's natural resources from areas of conflict, are important points in the plan as well as expanding capacitybuilding programmes related to political governance in Africa, including support for African efforts to ensure that electoral processes are credible and transparent, that elections are conducted in a manner that is free and fair in accordance with NEPAD's commitment to uphold and respect "global standards of democracy"; Intensify international efforts to facilitate the freezing of illicitly acquired financial assets and the return of the proceeds of crimes; Assist African countries in their efforts to combat money laundering and terrorist financing in African countries. Human resources represent an important issue on Africa’s development. That’s why the G8 aims to significantly increase the support provided by our bilateral aid agencies to basic education for African countries with a strong policy and financial commitment to education; Provide scholarships and other educational support for African girls and women; Work with the pharmaceutical industry to make lifesaving drugs more affordable in Africa, and with African countries and other stakeholders to ensure effective distribution, especially with respect to HIV/AIDS and other communicable diseases; Provide the resources needed to eliminate polio by 2005; and Continue funding and support for the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria; and help Africa enhance its capacity to participate in and benefit from the Fund.
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“Forjando lideres hacia el logro de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio”
The 34 th G8 Summit was scenary to discuss issues relating to African development. After discussions, the G8 leaders announced new decisions on improving education, health, water supplies and sanitation and increasing the number of doctors and nurses in Africa. The G8 leaders set a fiveyear deadline to commit $60billion in funding to help Africa fight disease, including pledging 100 million mosquito nets by 2010 which will prevent thousands of deaths from malaria. They also renewed a commitment made three years ago to double aid for Africa to $25billion by 2010 and to consider pledging further assistance after 2010.
Is really important to focus the attention on the principal problems Africa is facing in order to set effective plans and actions to solve the African situation. Issues such as Health, Education, Governance, peace and security need to be enhanced to reach a true sustainable development in this continent.
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“Forjando lideres hacia el logro de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio”
II. THE FIGHT AGAINST TERRORISM: DIAMOND AS FACTOR OF CONFLICTS
The diamond is native carbon in isometric crystals, often octahedrons with rounded edges. It is usually colorless, diamonds are known worldwide as symbols of love and affection. Conflict diamonds are those that originate from areas controlled by forces or factions opposed to legitimate and internationally recognized governments, and are used to fund military action. 3 Most diamonds are legitimately mined, and are accounted for during their often tortuous journey from the earth to the New York , Tel Aviv, or Amsterdam diamond markets, or wherever else they eventually appear, ready for a ring, broach, or investor's safe. A portion of world diamonds ends up funding genocidal wars and international terrorism. According to John Pickrell as reported in August 10 th , 2002 , Science News, during the 1990s the Angolan rebel army Unitas generated $3.7 billion over six years trading Conflict Diamonds. During 1999 worldwide diamond production was around $6.8 billion, so if one presumes that this is an average annual production, Unitas controlled nearly 10% of global diamond production and distribution. Rough diamond caches have often been used by rebel forces to finance arms purchases and other illegal activities. Neighbouring and other countries can be used as trading and transit grounds for illicit diamonds. Once
3
According to the UN, it happens in opposition to those governments, or in contravention of the decisions of the Security Council. Unidad Modelo de Naciones Unidas de la Secretaría de Estado de Educación DIRECCIÓN: Av. Máximo Gómez #2, Distrito Nacional, R.D. | TELÉFONO: (809) 688‐9700 Ext. 2617‐18‐19 Correo Electrónico: [email protected] | Página Web: www.see.gov.do/sitesee.net/MNU/
“Forjando lideres hacia el logro de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio”
diamonds are brought to market, their origin is difficult to trace and once polished, they can no longer be identified On December 1st, 2000, the United Nations General Assembly adopted, unanimously, a resolution on the role of diamonds in fuelling conflict, breaking the link between the illicit transaction of rough diamonds and armed conflict, as a contribution to prevention and settlement of conflicts (A/RES/55/56). In taking up this agenda item, the General Assembly recognized that conflict diamonds are a crucial factor in prolonging brutal wars in parts of Africa, and underscored that legitimate diamonds contribute to prosperity and development elsewhere on the continent. In Angola and Sierra Leone, conflict diamonds continue to fund the rebel groups, the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) and the Revolutionary United Front (RUF), both of which are acting in contravention of the international community's objectives of restoring peace in the two countries. Legitimate governments around the world are expressing an interest in discovering how to identify diamonds that originate in the four African nations most responsible for the Conflict Diamond trade: Sierra Leone, Liberia, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Angola. A wellstructured 'Certificate of Origin' regime can be an effective way of ensuring that only legitimate diamonds (that is, those from governmentcontrolled areas) reach market. A conference sponsored by the South African government, of diamond producers, officials from the region, and principal diamond consumer countries, reached agreement on a specific set of proposals. These included a global certification scheme for diamonds, a code
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“Forjando lideres hacia el logro de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio”
of conduct to govern practices in the industry, and an independent monitoring scheme. Additional controls by Member States and the diamond industry are needed to ensure that such a regime is effective. These measures might include the standardization of the certificate among diamond exporting countries, transparency, auditing and monitoring of the regime and new legislation against those who fail to comply. Governments, intergovernmental and nongovernmental organizations, diamond traders, financial institutions, arms manufacturers, social and educational institutions and other civil society players need to combine their efforts, demand the strict enforcement of sanctions and encourage real peace. The horrific atrocities in Sierra Leone and the long suffering of the people of Angola have heightened the international community's awareness of the need to cut off sources of funding for the rebels in order to promote lasting peace in those countries. The international diamond industry is already taking steps to respond, such as the adoption by the World Diamond Congress, Antwerp, July 19 th , 2000, of a resolution which, if fully implemented, stands to increase the diamond industry's ability to block conflict diamonds from reaching market. Other efforts include the launching, at the initiative of African diamondproducing countries, of an inclusive, worldwide consultation process of Governments, industry and civil society, referred to as the Kimberly Process, to devise an effective response to the problem of conflict diamonds. The tragic conflicts in Angola and Sierra Leone, fuelled by illicit diamond smuggling, have already led to action by the Security Council. Under
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“Forjando lideres hacia el logro de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio”
Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter, targeted sanctions have been applied against UNITA in Angola and the Sierra Leone rebels, including a ban on their main source of funding illicit diamonds. Diamond sanctions have also been applied against Liberia but are not yet in effect. G8 countries have a responsibility and a moral imperative to help curb the illegal sale of conflict diamonds. As influential and powerful states they can help apply leverage to the many points at which the illegal diamond trade is allowed to occur. G8 governments can in particular support a mandatory global diamond labelling system in which all sales must be well regulated.
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“Forjando lideres hacia el logro de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio” POINTS AND MOTIONS: Motions A motion to set the agenda is used to select the topic to discuss. A motion to set the speakers time sets or changes the amount of time each delegate has to speak. A motion to open the speakers list allows delegates to sign up to speak. At some conferences a motion to close the speakers list closes the list for the remainder of the session or topic. However, at most Model UN conferences the speakers list can be opened and closed multiple times. Delegates propose a motion to suspend the debate for the purpose of holding a regular caucus. If you move to suspend the meeting, be sure to specify the purpose and the amount of time. A motion to adjourn meeting ends the committee session until the next session, which might be the next year’s conference, or after lunch or dinner. A motion to adjourn the debate (also known as motion to table debate) is not the same as a motion to adjourn the meeting. Rather, it is used to table, or put on hold, all of the work that the committee has completed on a particular topic and move to the next one. At some Model UN conferences you can return to this topic later, while at others the topic cannot be discussed again. A delegate makes a motion to close the debate in order to move the committee to a vote, usually when the delegate has made his or her country's position clear and there are enough draft resolutions on the floor
Immediate Vote
Simple majority vote
2 For 2 Against
Simple majority vote
Immediate Vote
Simple majority vote
Immediate Vote
Simple majority vote
Immediate Vote
Simple majority vote
2 For 2 Against
Simple majority vote
2 For 2 Against
Simple majority vote
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“Forjando lideres hacia el logro de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio” Points and Rights
A point of order is used when a delegate believes that the chair has made an error in the running of the committee. The Delegate should only specify the errors they believe were made in the formal committee procedure and may not address the topic being discussed. A right to reply is used by a delegation to inform the chair of an offensive comment made by another delegation and wishes to reply to the offensive comment in a diplomatic way without offending the aggressor. This is always written to the chair and the delegation must wait for the chair to allow the reply.
A point of inquiry (point of parliamentary procedure) can be made when the floor is open (i.e. when no other delegate is speaking) in order to ask the chairperson a question regarding the rules of procedure.
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“Forjando lideres hacia el logro de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio” CONSULTED LINKS DIPLOMATIC BLUEBOOK, Situation in the Middle East and Africa, à http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/other/bluebook/1971/1971112.htm, 12/1 st /2008 Conflict Diamonds — Funding Terrorism, àhttp://www.argee.net/DefenseWatch/Conflict%20DiamondsFunding%20Terrorism.htm, 12/1st/2008 UNITED NATIONS GENERAL ASSEMBLY, Political declaration on Africa’s development needs, àhttp://www.un.org/ga/president/62/ThematicDebates/adn/A63L1.pdf, 01/05th/2009 THE NWE PARTNERSHIP FOR AFRICA’S DEVELOPMENT, Nepad Action Plans, à http://www.nepad.org/2005/files/documents/41.pdf, 01/05th/2009 THE WITHE HOUSE, àhttp://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2008/07/200807085.html, 11/09th/2008 G8 Africa Action Plan, àhttp://www.auswaertiges amt.de/diplo/en/Aussenpolitik/RegionaleSchwerpunkte/Afrika/G8AfrikaAktionsplan2002.pdf, 11/09 th /2008 GLOBAL WITNESS, Strong Leadership by G8 Countries Needed to Stop Diamonds from Funding International Terrorism à http://www.globalwitness.org/media_library_detail.php/300/en/strong_leadership_by_g8_countries _needed_to_stop_d, 01/2 nd /2009
CIVIL G8, The Group of Eight, àhttp://en.civilg8.ru/G8_Group/1648.php 11/05th/2008
STOCKHOLM INTERNATIONAL PEACE RESEARCH INSTITUTE, G8 summit documents, à http://www.sipri.org/contents/expcon/g8summitdocs.html, 12/1st/2008
THE PLOUGHSHARES MONITOR, The G8 and conflict prevention: turning declarations into action, à http://74.125.113.132/search?q=cache:Qm1CThHetUQJ:www.ploughshares.ca/libraries/monitor/m onj00d.html+G8+and+conflict+diamonds&hl=es&ct=clnk&cd=2&gl=do, 02/11th/2009 UNITED NATIONS GENERAL ASSEMBLY, Conflict Diamonds: Sanctions and war, à http://www.un.org/peace/africa/Diamond.html, 02/11th/2009 Unidad Modelo de Naciones Unidas de la Secretaría de Estado de Educación DIRECCIÓN: Av. Máximo Gómez #2, Distrito Nacional, R.D. | TELÉFONO: (809) 688‐9700 Ext. 2617‐18‐19 Correo Electrónico: [email protected] | Página Web: www.see.gov.do/sitesee.net/MNU/
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