Fund.psih.- Golu

UNIVERSITATEA SPIRU HARET FACULTATEA DE PSIHOLOGIE-SOCIOLOGIE

Prof. univ. dr. Mihai Golu

FUNDAMENTELE PSIHOLOGIEI

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I. OBIECTUL PSIHOLOGIEI 3VLKRORJLDFDúWLLQ LQGHSHQGHQWV-a constituit relativ târziu, „certificatul ei GHQDúWHUH´ILLQGVHPQDWvQSULQvQILLQ DUHDOD/HLS]LJGHFWUHVDYDQWXOJHUPDQ Wilhelm Wundt, a primului laborator bazat pe utilizarea metodei experimentale. 3HQWUX SULPD GDW IHQRPHQHOH YLH LL SVLKLFH HUDX VFRDVH GLQ VIHUD simplelor GHVFULHUL úL VSHFXOD LL ILORVRILFH úL LQFOXVH vQ SURJUDPXO FHUFHWULL úWLLQ LILFH sistematice, aplicându-li-VHRSHUD LLOHPVXUULLFXDQWLILFULLúLFULWHULLOHRELHFWLYLW LL úLFDX]DOLW LL )RDUWH FXUkQG vQV DYHDX V DSDU GLYHUJHQ H vQ OHJWXU FX GHILQLUHD úL FLUFXPVFULHUHD RELHFWXOXL QRLL úWLLQ H 'HúL GHQXPLUHD SUHD V LPSXQ GH OD VLQH identitatea acestui obiect – psihe = psihic, logos = vorbire, deci: psihologia úWLLQ D despre psihic, s-D GRYHGLW F vQ UHDOLWDWH PRGXO GH vQ HOHJHUH D QDWXULL úL VWUXFWXULL LQWHUQHDSVLKLFXOXLXPDQQXDIRVWFkWXúLGHSX LQXQLWDU$VWIHOV-au configurat trei RULHQWULGLIHULWHúLvQPDUHPVXURSXVHúLDQXPH D RULHQWDUHDFDUHUHGXFHDSVLKLFXOXPDQODFRQúWLLQ úLFDUHVXV LQHDFRELHFWXO psLKRORJLHL vO UHSUH]LQW VWXGLXO FRQúWLLQ HL UHVSHFWLY DO SURFHVHORU SVLKLFH FRQúWLHQWH  E RULHQWDUHDFDUHVXV LQHDFHOHPHQWXOHVHQ LDOúLGHWHUPLQDQWDOYLH LLSVLKLFHD RPXOXLHVWHLQFRQúWLHQWXODFHVWDWUHEXLQGFKLSXULOHVUHSUH]LQWHSULQFLSDOXl domeniu GH SUHRFXSDUH DO SVLKRORJLHL SVLKRORJLD DELVDO VDX SVLKDQDOL]D HODERUDW GH S. Freud); F  RULHQWDUHD FDUH VXV LQHD F DGHYUDWD úL DXWHQWLFD UHDOLWDWH SVLKRORJLF R FRQVWLWXLH UHDF LLOH H[WHUQH GH UVSXQV VHFUHWRULL úL PRWRULL  OD DF LXQHD GLYHUúLORU VWLPXOL GLQ PHGLX úL FD DWDUH RELHFWXO SVLKRORJLHL WUHEXLH V ILH VWXGLXO comportamentului (behaviorismul, creat de savantul american J. B. Watson, în 1912/1913).  ÌQ SUH]HQW DX IRVW GHSúLWH OLPLWULOH úL DEVROXWL]ULOH SH FDUH se bazau RULHQWULOHPHQ LRQDWH$VWIHOVHDGPLWHFVIHUDQR LXQLLGHÄSVLKLFXPDQ´HVWHPDL ODUJ GHFkW VIHUD QR LXQLL GH ÄFRQúWLLQ ´ HD LQFOX]kQG vQWU-R UHOD LRQDUH GH WLS VLVWHPLFWUHLFRPSRQHQWHLQFRQúWLHQWXOVXEFRQúWLHQWXOúLFRQúWLHQWXOWRDWHvPSUHXQ formând domeniul de studiu al psihologiei. 3H GH DOW SDUWH SODQXO VXELHFWLY SVLKLF  LQWHUQ úL SODQXO RELHFWLY FRPSRUWDPHQWDO H[WHUQQXVHPDLUXSDUWLILFLDOXQXOGHFHOODOWúLQXVHPDLRSXQFD HQWLW L DQWDJRQLFH LUHGXFWLELOH GLPSRWULY VH UHFXQRDúWH úL VH DILUP XQLWDWHD LQGLVRFLDELODORUVXEHJLGDSULQFLSLXOXLXQLW LLÄFRQúWLLQ -activitate”. )LQDOPHQWH SVLKRORJLD VH GHILQHúWH FD úWLLQ D FDUH VWXGLD] FX DMXWRUXO XQRU PHWRGH RELHFWLYH VSHFLILFH RUJDQL]DUHD SVLKRFRPSRUWDPHQWDO VXb aspectul GHWHUPLQLVPXOXLPHFDQLVPHORUúLOHJLORUGHYHQLULLúLIXQF LRQULLHLvQSODQDQLPDOúL XPDQ vQ XQLWDWHD FRQWUDGLFWRULH D LQGLYLGXDOXOXL SDUWLFXODUXOXL úL JHQHUDOXOXL universalului. $FHDVW GHILQL LH VWDELOHúWH vQ PRG UHDO VIHUD GH FXSULQGHUe a GRPHQLXOXL úL MXVWLILF GLIHUHQ LHULOH úL GHOLPLWULOH H[LVWHQWH vQ LQWHULRUXO OXL D SVLKRORJLDDQLPDOúLE SVLKRORJLDXPDQ 3VLKRORJLD XPDQ DUH OD UkQGXO HL R ODWXU JHQHUDO FDUH QH RIHU WDEORXO JOREDO DO RUJDQL]ULL SVLKRFRPSRUWDPHQWDOH D RPXOXL QRUPDO PHGLX  IFkQG DEVWUDF LH GH YkUVW VH[ FRQWH[W VRFLR-FXOWXUDO RFXSD LH SURIHVLH  HWF úL R ODWXU particular-GLIHUHQ LDOFDUHVHFHQWUHD]SHVWXGLXOúLH[SOLFDUHDLSRVWD]HORUFRQFUHWH în care se poate afla organizarea pVLKRFRPSRUWDPHQWDO vQ IXQF LH GH YkUVW VH[ mediu socio-FXOWXUDODFWLYLWDWHSURIHVLRQDOQLYHOGHGH]YROWDUHQDWXUDGHYLD LLORUúL WXOEXUULORU SDWRORJLFH SVLKRORJLD JHQHWLF úL D GH]YROWULL SVLKRORJLD YkUVWHORU

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SVLKRORJLD úFRODU SVLKRORJLD PXQFLL SVLKRORJLD PLOLWDU SVLKRORJLD FUHD LHL SVLKRORJLDDUWHLSVLKRORJLDVSRUWXOXLSVLKRORJLDFRPHUFLDOúLHFRQRPLFSVLKRORJLD VRFLDOSVLKRORJLDPHGLFDOSVLKRSDWRORJLDHWF ,,63(&,),&8/&812$ù7(5,,36,+2/2*,&( METODELE PSIHOLOGIEI 1. SpeciILFXO FXQRDúWHULL SVLKRORJLFH 0RGHOXO WUDGL LRQDO DO FXQRDúWHULL úWLLQ LILFH FRQVWLWXLW VXE DXWRULWDWHD PHFDQLFLL úL IL]LFLL FODVLFH IRUPXOD FHULQ D FD RULFHGRPHQLXOXDWFDRELHFWGHVWXGLXVSRVHGHSURSULHW LQHPLMORFLWREVHUYDELOHúL perceptibilHFDUHVSRDWILPVXUDWHúLFXDQWLILFDWH 3VLKLFXOFDDWDUHHVWHOLSVLWGHDVHPHQHDSURSULHW LHOQXDUHQLFLOXQJLPHQLFL grosime, nici volum, nici greutate, nici miros, nici gust. Singura dimensiune, care se UHFXQRúWHD SURFHVHORU úL WULULORU SVLKice era durata; dar, numai pe baza ei, nu era SRVLELO FRQVWUXLUHD XQXL VLVWHP FRPSOHW GH FRRUGRQDWH úL PVXUWRUL FDUH V ILH tratabil matematic. Acesta era principalul argument invocat de marele filosof german Immanuel Kant, pentru a respinge în mod categoric posibilitatea desprinderii psihologiei de ILORVRILHúLFRQVWLWXLUHDHLvQWU-RúWLLQ LQGHSHQGHQW ÌQ DFHVWH FRQGL LL FD XQLF PRGDOLWDWH GH RE LQHUH D GDWHORU QHFHVDUH GHVFULHULL FRQ LQXWXULORU úL VWULORU SVLKLFH LQWHUQH DOH FRQúWLLQ HL  HUD FRQVLGHUDW metoda LQWURVSHF LHL (privirea cu propriul ochi interior spre ceea ce se petrece în momentul GDW SH VFHQD FRQúWLLQ HL úL UHODWDUHD YHUEDO D FHORU FRQVWDWDWH  3VLKRORJLD ED]DW SH XWLOL]DUHDH[FOXVLYDDFHVWHLPHWRGHDSULPLWGHQXPLUHDGHLQWURVSHF LRQLVWúLHDV-a DILUPDWSXWHUQLFvQXOWLPHOHGRXGHFHQLLDOHVHFROXOXL;,;úLvQSULPHOHWUHLGHFHQLL DOHVHFROXOXL;;7K/LSSV1$FK2.&OSH0DUEH(G7LWFKHQHU  3HQWUX D VDWLVIDFH FHULQ D REVHUYDELOLW LL QHPLMORFLWH EHKDYLRULVPXO D DUXncat SHVWH ERUG OXPHD VXELHFWLY LQWHUQ D FRQúWLLQ HL UH LQkQG FD RELHFW DO FXQRDúWHULL SVLKRORJLFHUHDF LLOHGHUVSXQVDOHVXELHFWXOXLODVWLPXOLLRELHFWLYLGLQDIDU'DUDúD cum se va remarca ulterior, procedând astfel, behaviorismul a constituit o „psihologie IUVXIOHW´RSVLKRORJLHQXDÄRPXOXLVXELHFW´FLDÄRPXOXLURERW´,HúLUHDGLQDFHVW LPSDV PHWRGRORJLF HVWH SRVLELO QXPDL vQ PVXUD vQ FDUH VH DGPLWH F R FXQRDúWHUH úWLLQ LILFSRDWHVDLEQXQXPDLXQFDUDFWHUQHPLMORFLWFLúLXQXOPLMlocit, observarea obiectului realizându-VHLQGLUHFWSULQLQWHUPHGLXOXQRUHIHFWHúLIHQRPHQHSULQFDUHHO VHPDQLIHVWúLVHH[SULP &XQRDúWHUHDSVLKRORJLFGHYLQHSULQH[FHOHQ RFXQRDúWHUHPLMORFLWGDWHOHúL LQIRUPD LD RELHFWLY GHVSUH QDWXUD FRQ LQXWXO úL GLQDPLFD SURFHVHORU SVLKLFH SDUWLFXODUH VH RE LQ SH ED]D REVHUYULL vQUHJLVWUULL úL DQDOL]HL UVSXQVXULORU úL FRQGXLWHORUVXELHFWXOXLvQVLWXD LLRELHFWLYHFRQFUHWH 2. Metodele psihologiei &XQRDúWHUHD SVLKRORJLF VH UHDOL]HD] SULQ XWLOL]DUHD uQXL ODUJ UHSHUWRULX GH PHWRGH úL SURFHGHH 'XS SR]L LD SH FDUH R DX ID  GH IHQRPHQXOVWXGLDWPHWRGHOHSVLKRORJLHLOHvPSU LPvQGRXJUXSHSDVLYHúLDFWLYH Pasive VXQW FRQVLGHUDWH DFHOH PHWRGH FDUH VH DGUHVHD] IHQRPHQHORU D FURU GHFODQúDUH VH SURGXFH VSRQWDQ vQ VLWXD LD FRQFUHW vQ FDUH VH DIO VXELHFWXO vQ momentul dat. În rândul lor includem: PHWRGDREVHUYD LHLúLPHWRGDELRJUDILF. ActiveVXQWPHWRGHOHSULQFDUHFHUFHWWRUXODF LRQHD]GLUHFWDVXSUDVXELHFWXOXL úL SURYRDF PDQLIHVWDUHD SURFHVXOXL SVLKLF D WUVWXULL GH SHUVRQDOLWDWH VDX D FRPSRUWDPHQWXOXL SURSXV SHQWUX D IL VWXGLDW 'LQ DFHDVW FDWHJRULH IDF SDUWH experimentul de laborator, experimentul natural, ancheta, chestionarul, analiza SURGXVHORUDFWLYLW LLWHVWHOHsau probele psihometrice0HWRGDFHQWUDOvQFHUFHWDUHD

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SVLKRORJLFWUHEXLHFRQVLGHUDWexperimentul de laborator(OGHSúHúWHWRDWHFHOHODOWH PHWRGH vQ SUHFL]LH RELHFWLYLWDWH úL JUDG GH FRQWURODELOLWDWH D YDULDELOHORU 0HWRGD H[SHULPHQWDO SHUPLWH FHUFHWWRUXOXL V LQWHUYLQ DFWLY úL V SURYRDFH IHQRPHQXO VWXGLDWVL]ROH]HVGR]H]HúLVFRQWUROH]HYDULDELOHOH– independente, dependente úLLQWHUPHGLDUHVPRGLILFHúLVYDULH]HFRQGL LLOHGHPDQLIHVWDUHDIHQRPHQXOXLV compare rezultatele grupului experimental cu cele ale grupului de control, care nu a IRVWVXSXVUHJLPXOXLH[SHULPHQWDOVUHSHWHDFHODúLPRGHOH[SHULPHQWDOGHPDLPXOWH RUL SH DFHODúL VXELHFW VDX JUXS GH VXELHF L V UHOHYH FRQGL LRQDUHD UHFLSURF GLQWUH variabile. Ca limite ale experimentului de labRUDWRU VH PHQ LRQHD] FDUDFWHUXO UHODWLY DUWLILFLDODOVLWXD LHLvQFDUHHVWHSODVDWVXELHFWXOL]RODUHDDFHVWXLDGHFRQWH[WXOQDWXUDO DOH[LVWHQ HLúLDFWLYLW LLVDOHQXSRDWHILIRORVLWvQPRGXQLYHUVDOH[LVWkQGDQXPLWH fenomene psihocomportamentale care nu pot fi provocate sau nu se permite, din punct GHYHGHUHHWLFVVHSURYRDFHH[SHULPHQWDO 3. 6WUDWHJLL vQ FHUFHWDUHD SVLKRORJLF )LLQG VXERUGRQDW XQRU RELHFWLYH úL ILQDOLW L FX VHPQLILFD LH JHQHUDO FHUFHWDUHD SVLKRORJLF GREkQGHúWH XQ FDUDFWHr FRQWLQXXúLVLVWHPDWLF(DQXVHUHGXFHODVLPSOHH[SORUULVHFYHQ LDOHLQGHSHQGHQWH XQHOHGHDOWHOHFLVHUHDOL]HD]FDXQGHPHUVLQWHJUDWvQWHPHLDWSHDQXPLWHSULQFLSLLúL FRQVLGHUD LL PHWRGRORJLFH JHQHUDOH 8Q DVHPHQHD GHPHUV vO QXPLP VWUDWHJLH GH FHUFHWDUH&RPSOH[LWDWHDúLGLYHUVLWDWHDIHQRPHQHORUSVLKRFRPSRUWDPHQWDOHDXGXVOD VWUXFWXUDUHDPDLPXOWRUWLSXULGHVWUDWHJLLúLDQXPH a) strategii transversaleFDUHFRQVWDXvQVWXGLXOQLYHOXOXLGHGH]YROWDUHúLIXQF LRQDUH DRUJDQL]ULLSVLKRFRPSRUWDPHQWDOHODLQGLYL]LGHDFHHDúLYkUVW b) strategii longitudinale FDUH UH]LG vQ VWXGLXO RUJDQL]ULL SVLKRFRPSRUWDPHQWDOH D XQXL LQGLYLG VDX JUXS GH LQGLYL]L SH SDUFXUVXO PDL PXOWRU HWDSH GH YkUVW GH exemplu: la vârsta de 3 ani, la vârsta de 5 ani, la vârsta de 7 ani, la vârsta de 11 ani HWF IRORVLQG DVHPHQHD VWUDWHJLL VH SRW LGHQWLILFD úL VWDELOL SDUWLFXODULW LOH FXUEHL HYROX LHLSVLKLFHDPSOLWXGLQHDGLIHUHQ HORUGLQWUHHWDSHOHGHYkUVW c) strategii genetice SULQ FDUH VH XUPUHúWH FXQRDúWHUHD PHFDQLVPHORU OHJLW LORU úL IDFWRULORU IRUPULL úL GH]YROWULL SURFHVHORU SVLKLFH úL FRPSRUWDPHQWHORU – în plan LVWRULFILORJHQHWLFúLvQSODQLQGLYLGXDORQWRJHQHWLF d) VWUDWHJLLGLIHUHQ LDOHSULQFDUHVHHYLGHQ LD]úLVHHYDOXHD]GHRVHELULOHGHRUdin FDOLWDWLY vQ RUJDQL]DUHD SVLKRFRPSRUWDPHQWDO vQWUH RP úL DQLPDO FRSLO úL DGXOW EUEDW úL IHPHLH QRUPDO úL SDWRORJLF vQWUH SHUVRDQH GH DFHHDúL YkUVW úL DFHODúL VH[ HWFVWXGLXOGHRVHELULORULQWHULQGLYLGXDOHúLLQWHUJUXSDOHHVWHODIHOGHLPSRUWDnt pentru FXQRDúWHUHD SVLKLFXOXL vQ WRDW FRPSOH[LWDWHD VD FD úL VWXGLXO DVHPQULORU úL aspectelor comune; e) strategii clinice FDUH DX FD VFRS VWXGLXO úL H[SOLFDUHD DEDWHULORU úL WXOEXUULORU SDWRORJLFHvQVIHUDSVLKLFXOXLúLFRPSRUWDPHQWXOXLFDX]DWHGe focare organice sau de GHUHJOULIXQF LRQDOHDOHFUHLHUXOXL III. PRINCIPIILE METODOLOGICE ALE PSIHOLOGIEI &XQRDúWHUHD SVLKRORJLF VH FHUH D IL RULHQWDW úL FRRUGRQDW GH XQ VHW GH SULQFLSLLPHWRGRORJLFHJHQHUDOHFDUHVDVLJXUHFRRUGRQDWHOHGHUHIHULQ DOHDQDOL]HL úLLQWHUSUHWULLIHQRPHQHORUFRQFUHWH(VHQ LDOHVXQWXUPWRDUHOHSULQFLSLL a. determinismului (extern); b. UHOD LRQULLQHXUR-psihice; c. UHIOHFWULLúLPRGHOULLLQIRUPD LRQDOH d. DF LXQLLúLDOXQLW LLFRQúWLLQ -activitate;

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