Freudian Theory

Freudian theory The conscious mind is what you are aware of at any particular moment, your present perceptions, memories, thoughts, fantasies, feelings, what have you.  preconscious, what we might today call "available memory:" anything that can easily be made conscious, the memories you are not at the moment thinking about but can readily bring to mind. Now no-one has a problem with these two layers of mind  The largest part by far is the unconscious. It includes all the things that are not easily available to awareness, including many things that have their origins there, such as our drives or instincts, and things that are put there because we can't bear to look at them, such as the memories and emotions associated with trauma.  According to Freud, the unconscious is the source of our motivations, whether they be simple desires for food or sex, neurotic compulsions, or the motives of an artist or scientist 

The defense mechanisms 

The ego deals with the demands of reality, the id, and the superego as best as it can. But when the anxiety becomes overwhelming, the ego must defend itself. It does so by unconsciously blocking the impulses or distorting them into a more acceptable, less threatening form. The techniques are called the ego defense mechanisms,

Defense mechanism

Basic nature

Example

Repression

Forgetting” or pushing from conscious into unconsciousnessunacceptable thoughts Conjuringand up socially experiences. acceptable reasons

A woman fails to recognize her attraction to her handsome new son – in – law.

Rationalization

for thoughts or actions based on unacceptable moves. Displacement

Redirecting an emotional response from a dangerous object to a safe one.

A young woman explains that she ate an entire chocolate cake so that it would’nt spoil in the summer heat. A man redirects anger from his boss to his child.

Projection

Transferring unacceptable or motives or impulses to others

A man who feels strong hostility towards a neighbour perceives the neighbour as being hostile to him

Regression

Responding to a threatening situation in a way appropriate to an earlier age or level of development

A student asks a professor to raise his grade; when she refuses, the student throws a temper tantrum

Roger’s self theory 

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Human beings show many positive characteristics and move over the course of their lives, towards becoming fully functioning persons. Self concept: Our beliefs and knowledge about ourselves. Anxiety is generated when our life experiences are inconsistent with our ideas about ourselves .In short when a gap develops between our self concept and reality or our perceptions of it. One adopts psychological defenses to reduce it. Distortion in self concept are common because people may grow up in an atmosphere of conditional positive regard. Rogers suggested that therapists can help accomplish this goal by placing individuals in an atmosphere of unconditional positive regard.

Carl Jung’s Theory 

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Collective unconscious: This holds experiences shared by all human beingsexperiences that are in a sense part of our biological heritage. Jung labelled people as extroverts and introverts.

Bandura’s personality theory Observational learning, or modeling  All these variations allowed Bandura to establish that there were certain steps involved in the modeling process : 

1.  Attention  2.  Retention  3.  Reproduction 

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4.  Motivation