Five Model Of Personality 2007

Personality Sum total of ways in which an individual reacts and interacts with others

What is Personality?

• Internal perspective: Processes within an individual that explain why he or she behaves in characteristic ways. – Attitudes, emotions, ways of thinking – Fairly stable across time and situations – Partly inherited

• External perspective: How the individual is perceived by others that he or she interacts with (reputation). – “She has a great personality!” – Shaped by two fundamental motives related to social interaction • Getting along with others (cooperation) • Getting ahead of others (competition)

Factors of personality Heredity Culture

Family Environment

Social

Situational

Personality

Personality “Characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling and acting.” Four major perspectives on Personality Psychoanalytic - unconscious motivations Trait - specific dimensions of personality Humanistic - inner capacity for growth Social-Cognitive - influence of environment

The Unconscious “the “the mind mind isis like like an an iceburg iceburg -- mostly mostly hidden” hidden” Conscious Awareness small part above surface (Preconscious)

Unconscious below the surface (thoughts, feelings, wishes, memories) Repression banishing unacceptable thoughts & passions to unconscious Dreams & Slips

Are There “Basic” Traits? What trait “dimensions” describe personality? Combination of 2 or 3 genetically determined dimensions

Expanded set of factors “The Big 5”

Extraversion/Introversion Emotional Stability/Instability

Myers –Briggs type indicator • • • •

Extrovert vs. Introvert Sensing vs. Intuitive Thinking vs. Feelings Judging vs. perceiving

• Basically a tool for increasing self awareness

Models of Personality • The “Big 5 Model” of Personality – One of the most extensively researched models of personality – Five dimensions that capture much of the variation in human personality – Useful for managers because of predictive validity – Sometimes called the “OCEAN” model (as an acronym)

Models of Personality •

Openness to Experience • • • • • • •

Broad range of interests Fascination with new things and ideas Daring and imaginative Change and challenge welcomed Creative Depth and complexity of mental and experiential life NOT conventional, satisfied by the familiar

Models of Personality •

Conscientiousness • • • • • • • •

Reliable Responsible Organized Careful Task and goal oriented Persistent Impulse control, think before acting NOT easily distracted, unreliable

Models of Personality 3. Extraversion • • • • • •

Comfortable with relationships Outgoing Sociable Uninhibited Assertive NOT reserved, quiet

Models of Personality •

Agreeableness • • • • • • •

Propensity to defer to others Cooperative Warm Trusting Modest Good natured NOT cold, disagreeable

Models of Personality 5. Neuroticism or “Emotional Stability” • • • • • •

Ability to withstand stress Calm Self-confident Secure Even tempered NOT anxious, nervous, depressed, insecure, irritable

Humanistic theory • Emphasizes on individual growth, improvement and the self concept to personality. • Potential for positive development, creativity and self realization.

Physique-temperament theory • Endomorphy – tendency towards plumpness, Built for comfort not for speed Mesomorphy – tendency towards muscularity,Hard , rectangular, strong, resistance to injury, suited for hard work Ectomorphy – tendency towards thickness, delicate, lean, large head compare to body, not suited for hard work

How Does Personality Affect Job Performance? • Theory and research show that Big Five factors impact motivation, which in turn affects performance. For example…

Self-efficacy Conscientiousness

Performance Goals

• Thus, personality’s effect on performance may be fully or partially (dotted line) mediated by motivation

Personality dimensions • • • • •

Authoritarianism Bureaucratic personality Machiavellianism Problem solving style Locus of control

Problem solving style • Sensation- feeling style-dependable, and social • Sensation-thinking style-practical and logical • Intuition-feeling style- enthusiastic, people oriented and helpful • Intuition- thinking style –creative, energetic and like challenging jobs

Defense Mechanisms • Repression - banishes certain thoughts/feelings from consciousness (underlies all other defense mechanisms) • Regression - retreating to earlier stage of fixated development • Reaction Formation - ego makes unacceptable impulses appear as their opposites • Projection - attributes threatening impulses to others

• Rationalization - generate self-justifying explanations to hide the real reasons for our actions • Displacement - divert impulses toward a more acceptable object • Sublimation - transform unacceptable impulse into something socially valued

Social-Cognitive Perspective Behavior learned through conditioning & observation

What we think about our situation affects our behavior

Interaction of Environment & Intellect

Reciprocal Determinism Personal/ Cognitive Factors

Environment Factors

Behavior

Internal Internal World World + + External External World World = = Us Us

Personal Control Internal Locus of Control You pretty much control your own destiny External Locus of Control Luck, fate and/or powerful others control your destiny Methods of Study • Correlate feelings of control with behavior • Experiment by raising/lowering people’s sense of control and noting effects

Self efficacy • Magnitude- related to self capability • Strength – • Generality • • • •

Effect on organizational implications Selection-decisions Training programme Goal-setting

Outcomes of Personal Control • Learned Helplessness Uncontrollable bad events

Perceived lack of control

Important Issue • Nursing Homes • Prisons

Generalized helpless behavior

Major personality attributes influencing OB • • • • • •

Locus of control Machiavellianism Self-esteem Self-monitoring Risk taking Proactive personality

Achieving personality fit • • • • • • •

The person organization fit The person job fit Realistic Investigative Social Conventional artistic

Measuring personality • Self report surveys • Observer rating survey • Projective techniques