Final Grammar.pdf

GRAMMAR ‫ﻗواﻋد اﻟﻠﻐــــــــــﺔ اﻹﻧﺟﻠﯾزﯾﺔ‬

Prepared by: Dr. Tamer Hamed Junior professor of English May (2005) Reference: “Grammar For All Levels” By Adnan Naim http://www.star28.com

Main Menu       

English Alphabetic ‫اﻷﺑﺟدﯾﺔ اﻹﻧﺟﻠﯾزﯾﺔ‬ Parts of Speech ‫أﻗﺳﺎم اﻟﻛﻼم‬ Sentences ‫أﻧواع اﻟﺟُﻣل‬ Verb to BE “‫ﻓﻌل ”ﯾﻛون‬ Verb to DO “‫ﻓﻌل ”ﯾﻌﻣل‬ Verb to HAVE “‫ﻓﻌل ”ﯾﻣﻠك‬ Nouns ‫اﻷﺳﻣﺎء‬ – – – –

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Pronouns ‫اﻟﺿﻣﺎﺋر‬ – – –

    

Countable Nouns ‫اﻷﺳﻣﺎء اﻟﻣﻌدودة‬ Spelling Rules for Plurals ‫ﻗواﻋد إﻣﻼء اﻟﺟﻣﻊ‬ Uncountable Nouns ‫اﻷﺳﻣﺎء اﻟﻐﯾر اﻟﻣﻌدودة‬ Definite & Indefinite Articles ‫أدوات اﻟﺗﻌرﯾف و اﻟﻧﻛرة‬ Object Pronouns ‫ﺿﻣﺎﺋر اﻟﻣﻔﻌول ﺑﮫ‬ Reflexive Pronouns ‫ﺿﻣﺎﺋر اﻻﻧﻌﻛﺎﺳﯾﺔ‬ Relative Pronouns ‫ﺿﻣﺎﺋر اﻟوﺻل‬

Making Questions ‫ﺗﻛوﯾن اﻷﺳﺋﻠﺔ‬ ‫ اﺳﺗﻌﻣﺎﻻت‬How some/‫ ﺑﻌض‬any/‫أي‬ Making Negative ‫ﺗﻛوﯾن اﻟﻧﻔﻲ‬ TENSES ‫اﻷزﻣﻧﺔ‬ – – – –

Present Simple Tense ‫اﻟﻣﺿﺎرع اﻟﺑﺳﯾط‬ Past Simple Tense ‫اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ اﻟﺑﺳﯾط‬ Future Simple Tense ‫اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑل اﻟﺑﺳﯾط‬ Present Continuous Tense ‫اﻟﻣﺿﺎرع اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻣر‬

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‫اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬ – – – – – –      

    

Past Continuous Tense ‫اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻣر‬ Future Continuous Tense ‫اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑل اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻣر‬ Present Perfect Tense ‫اﻟﻣﺿﺎرع اﻟﺗﺎم‬ Past Perfect Tense ‫اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ اﻟﺗﺎم‬ Future Perfect Tense ‫اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑل اﻟﺗﺎم‬ Present Perfect Continuous ‫اﻟﻣﺿﺎرع اﻟﺗﺎم اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻣر‬

Imperatives ‫ﺻﯾﻐﺔ اﻷﻣر‬ Modals ‫اﻷﻓﻌﺎل اﻟﻧﺎﻗﺻﺔ‬ Comparing Adjectives ‫ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ اﻟﺻﻔﺎت‬ Adverbs ‫اﻟظروف اﻷﺣوال‬ Active & Passive ‫اﻟﻣﺑﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﻣﻌﻠوم و اﻟﻣﺑﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﻣﺟﮭول‬ Transitive & Intransitive Verbs ‫اﻷﻓﻌﺎل اﻟﻼزﻣﺔ و اﻷﻓﻌﺎل‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺗﻌدﯾﺔ‬... Prepositions ‫ﺣروف اﻟﺟر‬ Question-Tags ‫اﻷﺳﺋﻠﺔ اﻟﻣذﯾﻠﺔ‬ Conditional “if” ”‫ﻟو“ اﻟﺷرطﯾﺔ‬ Reported Speech ‫اﻟﻛﻼم اﻟﻣﻧﻘول‬ Countries and Nationalities ‫اﻟﺑﻠدان و اﻟﺟﻧﺳﯾﺎت‬

English Alphabetic ‫اﻷﺑﺟدﯾﺔ اﻹﻧﺟﻠﯾزﯾﺔ‬ 1.

2.

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Capital Letters ‫اﻷﺑﺟدﯾﺔ اﻹﻧﺟﻠﯾزﯾﺔ اﻟﻛﺑﯾرة‬ A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

Q

R

S

T

U

V

W

X

Y

Z

Small Letters ‫اﻷﺑﺟدﯾﺔ اﻹﻧﺟﻠﯾزﯾﺔ اﻟﺻﻐﯾرة‬ a

b

c

d

e

f

g

h

i

j

k

l

m

n

o

p

q

r

s

t

u

v

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x

y

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Consonant Letters ‫اﻟﺣروف اﻟﺳﺎﻛﻧﺔ‬ b



c

d

f

g

h

j

k

l

m

n

p

q

r

Vowels Letters ‫اﻟﺣروف اﻟﻣﺗﺣرﻛﺔ‬ a

e

i

o

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u

‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‬

‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

s

t

v

w

x

y

z

‫‪Parts of Speech‬‬ ‫أﻗﺳﺎم اﻟﻛﻼم‬ ‫ﺗﻌرﯾف‬

‫ﻣﺛﺎل‬ ‫‪Ahmed, book‬‬

‫‪Noun‬‬ ‫اﺳم‬

‫‪ I, he, she, it, etc. ……..‬ھو ﻣﺎ ﯾدل ﻋﻠﻰ اﺳم أو ﯾﺣل ﻣﺣﻠﮫ‬ ‫‪ Play, played, will play‬ھو ﻣﺎ ﯾدل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣدوث ﺷﻲء ﻓﻲ وﻗت ﻣﺎ‬ ‫رﺟل ﻏﻧﻲ ‪ rich man‬ھو ﻋﺑﺎرة ﻋن ﻛﻠﻣﺔ ﺗﺻف اﻻﺳم وﺗﻛون ﻗﺑﻠﮫ‬ ‫ﻻﺣظ أن اﻟﺻﻔﺔ ھﻧﺎ ﺳﺑﻘت اﻻﺳم اﻟﻣوﺻوف ﺑﻌﻛس‬ ‫اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻌرﺑﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻛون ﻓﯾﮭﺎ اﻟﺻﻔﺔ ﺑﻌد اﻻﺳم‬ ‫اﻟﻣوﺻوف‬

‫‪ Ahmed writes quickly.‬ھو ﻋﺑﺎرة ﻋن ﻛﻠﻣﺔ ﺗﺻف اﻟﻔﻌل أو ﺗزﯾد‬ ‫اﻟﺻﻔﺔ وﺿوﺣﺎ ً‬ ‫أﺣﻣد ﯾﻛﺗب ﺑﺳرﻋﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‬

‫ﺿﻣﯾر ‪Pronoun‬‬

‫‪Verb‬‬ ‫ﻓﻌل‬ ‫‪Adjective‬‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺔ‬

‫‪Adverb‬‬ ‫ﺣﺎل‬ ‫‪http://www.star28.com‬‬

‫‪Parts of Speech‬‬ ‫أﻗﺳﺎم اﻟﻛﻼم‬ ‫ﺗﻌرﯾف‬

‫ﻣﺛﺎل‬

‫‪ Ahmed goes to school‬ھو ﻛﻠﻣﺔ ﺗﺄﺗﻲ ﻣﻊ اﻻﺳم أو اﻟﺿﻣﯾر ﻟﺗﺑﯾن‬ ‫أﺣﻣد ﯾذھب إﻟﻰ اﻟﻣدرﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻗﺗﮫ ﺑﻛﻠﻣﺔ أﺧرى‬

‫‪Preposition‬‬ ‫ﺣرف اﻟﺟر‬

‫‪They traveled by plane‬‬ ‫ھم ﺳﺎﻓروا ﺑﺎﻟطﺎﺋرة‬

‫‪ Ali and Ahmad visited us yesterday.‬ھو ﻛﻠﻣﺔ ﺗﺻل ﻣﺎ ﺑﯾن ﻛﻠﻣﺔ و ﻛﻠﻣﺔ أو ﺟﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ و أﺣﻣد زاروﻧﺎ أﻣس‬ ‫وﺟﻣﻠﺔ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﺎ ﻟﻸﺳف ! ﻟﻘد ﻣﺎﺗت‪.‬‬

‫‪ Alas! She died.‬ھو ﻋﺑﺎرة ﻋن أﺻوات أو ﺻﯾﺣﺎت ﺗﻌﺑر ﻋن‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻌﺟب‬

‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‬

‫‪Conjunction‬‬ ‫ﺣرف اﻟﻌطف‬ ‫‪Interjection‬‬ ‫ﺣرف ﺗﻌﺟب‬

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‫‪Parts of Speech‬‬ ‫أﻗﺳﺎم اﻟﻛﻼم‬ ‫ﺗﻌرﯾف‬

‫ﻣﺛﺎل‬

‫ھﻧﺎك ﺛﻼث أدوات ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻹﻧﺟﻠﯾزﯾﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫‪a, an, the‬‬ ‫ھذا ﻛﺗﺎب‪.‬‬

‫‪ This is a book.‬ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم ‪ a‬ﻗﺑل اﻻﺳم اﻟﻧﻛرة اﻟﻣﻔرد‬ ‫اﻟذي ﯾﺑدأ ﺑﺣرف ﺳﺎﻛن‪.‬‬

‫ھذه ﺗﻔﺎﺣﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ This is an apple.‬ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم ‪ an‬ﻗﺑل اﻻﺳم اﻟﻧﻛرة ااﻟﻣﻔرد‬ ‫ﻟذي ﯾﺑدأ ﺑﺣرف ﻣﺗﺣرك‪.‬‬

‫‪ This is the book / books I bought‬ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم ‪the‬‬ ‫‪ yesterday.‬اﻟﻣﻔردة واﻟﺟﻣﻊ‪.‬‬

‫‪Article‬‬ ‫أداة‬

‫ﻟﻠﺗﻌرﯾف ﻣﻊ اﻷﺳﻣﺎء‬

‫ھذا ھو اﻟﻛﺗﺎب اﻟذي اﺷﺗرﯾﺗﮫ أﻣس‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‬

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‫ﻣﻼﺣظﺔ ‪:‬‬ ‫اﻟﺟدﯾر ﺑﺎﻟذﻛر أن اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ اﻹﻧﺟﻠﯾزﯾﺔ ﻻﺑد وأن ﺗﺣﺗوي ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻌل‬ ‫ﺧﻼف اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻌرﺑﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﻗد ﺗﻛون ﻓﯾﮭﺎ اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ اﺳﻣﯾﺔ أي ﺑدون‬ ‫ﻓﻌل ﻣﺛل ‪):‬ﻋﻠﻲ طﺑﯾب( وﻟو أردﻧﺎ ﺗرﺟﻣﺗﮭﺎ إﻟﻰ اﻹﻧﺟﻠﯾزﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺣرﻓﯾﺎ ﻧﻘول ‪:‬‬ ‫‪Ali doctor.‬‬ ‫وھذه ﺟﻣﻠﺔ إﻧﺟﻠﯾزﯾﺔ ﺧﺎطﺋﺔ ﻟﻌدم اﺣﺗواﺋﮭﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻌل واﻟﺻﺣﯾﺢ أن‬ ‫ﻧﺿﻊ ﻟﮭﺎ ﻓﻌل ﻓﺗﺻﺑﺢ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪Ali is a doctor‬‬ ‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‬

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Sentences ‫أﻧواع اﻟ ُﺟﻣل‬ 

Simple Sentences

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Compound Sentences

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Complex Sentences

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‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‬

‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫ﺟﻣل ﺑﺳﯾطﺔ‬ ‫ﺟﻣل ﻣرﻛﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺟﻣل ﻣﻌﻘدة‬

‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

‫‪Simple Sentences‬‬ ‫ﺟﻣل ﺑﺳﯾطﺔ‬ ‫ھﻲ اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺣﺗوي ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻌل واﺣد ﻓﻘط‪:‬‬ ‫ﻣﺛﺎل‪:‬‬ ‫‪I saw a boy.‬‬ ‫‪The boy was riding a bicycle.‬‬

‫)‪1‬‬ ‫)‪2‬‬

‫ﯾﻣﻛن رﺑط اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺗﯾن ﻟﺗﻛون ﺟﻣﻠﺔ واﺣدة ﺑﺳﯾطﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫‪I saw a boy riding a bicycle.‬‬ ‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‬

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‫‪Compound Sentences‬‬ ‫ﺟﻣل ﻣرﻛﺑﺔ‬ ‫ھﻲ اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺗرﻛب ﻣن ﺟﻣﻠﺗﯾن ﺑﺳﯾطﺗﯾن ﻟﮭﻣﺎ ﺻﻠﺔ ﺑﺑﻌﺿﮭﻣﺎ اﻟﺑﻌض وﻟﻛل‬ ‫ﻣﻧﮭﻣﺎ ﻣﻌﻧﻰ ﻣﺳﺗﻘل ﺣﯾث ﯾﺗم رﺑطﮭﻣﺎ ﺑﺣرف ﻋطف ﻣﺛل‪:‬‬ ‫‪and/ but /or‬‬

‫‪and:‬‬ ‫واو اﻟﻌطف ‪:‬ﺗرﺑط ﺟﻣﻠﺗﯾن ﻟﮭﻣﺎ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﯾن ﺑﻌﺿﮭﻣﺎ‬ ‫‪Ahmed did his homework. Anas helped him.‬‬ ‫ﯾﻣﻛن رﺑط اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺗﯾن ﻟﺗﻛون ﺟﻣﻠﺔ واﺣدة ‪:‬‬

‫‪Ahmed did his homework and Anas helped him.‬‬

‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‬

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‫‪Compound Sentences‬‬ ‫ﺟﻣل ﻣرﻛﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻛن ‪:‬ﺗرﺑط ﺟﻣﻠﺗﯾن ﻋن ﺷﯾﺋﯾن ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﯾن أو ﻣﺗﻧﺎﻗﺿﯾن‬ ‫‪but:‬‬ ‫‪Khaled is rich. He is unhappy.‬‬ ‫ﯾﻣﻛن رﺑط اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺗﯾن ﻟﺗﻛون ﺟﻣﻠﺔ واﺣدة‪:‬‬

‫‪Khaled is rich but he is unhappy.‬‬

‫أو ‪:‬ﺗرﺑط ﺟﻣﻠﺗﯾن ﯾﻛون ﻓﯾﮭﻣﺎ ﺧﯾﺎر‬ ‫‪or:‬‬ ‫‪We can play football. We can watch TV.‬‬ ‫ﯾﻣﻛن رﺑط اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺗﯾن ﻟﺗﻛون ﺟﻣﻠﺔ واﺣدة ‪:‬‬

‫‪We can play football or we can watch TV.‬‬ ‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‬

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‫‪Complex Sentences‬‬ ‫ﺟﻣل ﻣﻌﻘدة‬ ‫ھﻲ اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺣﺗوي ﻋﻠﻰ أﻛﺛر ﻣن ﻓﻌل واﺣد و ﻣرﻛﺑﺔ ﻣن ﺟﻣﻠﺗﯾن‪:‬‬ ‫ﺟﻣﻠﺔ أﺳﺎﺳﯾﺔ ‪Main Clause‬‬ ‫ﺟﻣﻠﺔ ﺛﺎﻧوﯾﺔ ‪ Subordinate Clause‬وھﻲ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ أﻧواع‪:‬‬ ‫‪Noun Clause‬‬ ‫ﺟﻣﻠﺔ أﺳﻣﯾﺔ‬ ‫‪Adjectival Clause‬‬ ‫ﺟﻣﻠﺔ وﺻﻔﯾﺔ‬ ‫‪Adverbial Clause‬‬ ‫ﺟﻣﻠﺔ ظرﻓﯾﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

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Clause & Phrase ‫اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ و ﺷﺑﮫ اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ‬ 

A clause is a combination of words containing a verb and has a complete meaning.

:‫ ﻣﺛﺎل‬.‫اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ ھﻲ ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ ﻛﻠﻣﺎت ﺗﺣﺗوي ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻌل و ﻟﮭﺎ ﻣﻌﻧﻰ ﺗﺎم‬ I saw the man who was carrying a stick.



A phrase is a combination of words forming part of the sentence but without a verb.

:‫ ﻣﺛﺎل‬.‫ﺷﺑﮫ اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ ﻋﺑﺎرة ﻋن ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ ﻛﻠﻣﺎت ﺗﻛون ﺟزءاً ﻣن اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ ﺑدون ﻓﻌل‬ I saw the man carrying a stick.

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‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‬

‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

Verb to BE “‫ﻓﻌل ”ﯾﻛون‬ 

It is used as a principal and a helping verb.

: ‫ﯾﺳﺗﺧدم ﻛﻔﻌل رﺋﯾﺳﻲ وﻣﺳﺎﻋد‬ Subject ‫ﻓﺎﻋل‬

Present ‫ﻣﺿﺎرع‬

Past ‫ﻣﺎﺿﻲ‬

Past participle ‫أﺳم اﻟﻣﻔﻌول‬

I

am

was

been

He, She, It

is

was

been

We, They, You

are

were

been

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‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

‫ﻓﻌل ”ﯾﻛون“ ‪Verb to BE‬‬ ‫ﻧﺳﺗﺧدم ﺻﯾﻐﺔ اﻟﻣﺿﺎرع ﻟﻠﺗﻌﺑﯾر ﻋن ﻋﺎدات أو ﺣﻘﺎﺋق ﺛﺎﺑﺗﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻧﺳﺗﺧدم ﺻﯾﻐﺔ اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﻟﻠﺗﻌﺑﯾر ﻋن ﺷﻲء ﺣدث واﻧﺗﮭﻰ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ‪.‬‬

‫أﻣﺛﻠﺔ‬

‫‪:Examples‬‬ ‫‪I am a pupil.‬‬ ‫‪They are boys.‬‬

‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‬

‫‪1.‬‬ ‫‪2.‬‬

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Negative Sentences with the verb to BE

“‫اﻟﺟﻣل اﻟﻣﻧﻔﯾﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌل ”ﯾﻛون‬ 

We make negative statements with the verb to BE by using the word not after the verb to be. ‫ﺗﻛون ﺟﻣل ﻣﻧﻔﯾﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻓﻌل )ﯾﻛون( ﺑوﺿﻊ ﻛﻠﻣﺔ‬ . ‫( ﺑﻌده‬not) Affirmative ‫إﺛﺑﺎت‬

Negative ‫ﻧﻔﻲ‬

I am at home.

I am not at home.

You are tall.

You are not tall.

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‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‬

‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

Making Questions with the verb to BE

“‫ﺗﻛوﯾن اﻟﺳؤال ﻣﻊ ﻓﻌل ”ﯾﻛون‬ 

“Yes” or “No” questions and short answers

:‫اﻷﺳﺋﻠﺔ ب)ﻧﻌم( و )ﻻ( و اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎت ﻣﺧﺗﺻرة‬ “Yes” or “No” questions

Short Answers

‫أﺳﺋﻠﺔ إﺟﺎﺑﺗﮭﺎ ﺑـ ﻧﻌم و ﻻ‬

‫إﺟﺎﺑﺎت ﻣﺧﺗﺻرة‬ Affirmative ‫إﺛﺑﺎت‬

Negative ‫ﻧﻔﻲ‬

Be

+Subject ‫ﻓﺎﻋل‬

+ Complement ‫ﺗﻛﻣﻠﺔ‬

Yes + Subject + Be

No + Subject + Be + not

Are

you

a teacher?

Yes, I am.

No, I am not.

Were

the boys

at school?

Yes, they were.

No, they were not.

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‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‬

‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫ﻓﻌل ”ﯾﻌﻣل“ ‪Verb to DO‬‬ ‫‪It is used as a principal and a helping verb.‬‬

‫‪‬‬

‫ﯾﺳﺗﺧدم ﻛﻔﻌل رﺋﯾﺳﻲ وﻓﻌل ﻣﺳﺎﻋد ‪:‬‬ ‫‪Past participle‬‬ ‫أﺳم اﻟﻣﻔﻌول‬

‫‪Past‬‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺿﻲ‬

‫‪Present‬‬ ‫ﻣﺿﺎرع‬

‫‪Subject‬‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻋل‬

‫‪done‬‬

‫‪did‬‬

‫‪do‬‬

‫‪I, you, we,‬‬ ‫‪they‬‬

‫‪done‬‬

‫‪did‬‬

‫‪does‬‬

‫‪He, She, It‬‬

‫ﻧﺳﺗﺧدم ﺻﯾﻐﺔ اﻟﻣﺿﺎرع ﻟﻠﺗﻌﺑﯾر ﻋن ﻋﺎدات أو ﺣﻘﺎﺋق ﺛﺎﺑﺗﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻧﺳﺗﺧدم ﺻﯾﻐﺔ اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﻟﻠﺗﻌﺑﯾر ﻋن ﺷﻲء ﺣدث واﻧﺗﮭﻰ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

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‫ﻓﻌل ”ﯾﻣﻠك“ ‪Verb to HAVE‬‬ ‫‪It is used as a principal and a helping verb.‬‬

‫‪‬‬

‫ﯾﺳﺗﺧدم ﻛﻔﻌل رﺋﯾﺳﻲ وﻓﻌل ﻣﺳﺎﻋد ‪:‬‬ ‫‪Past participle‬‬ ‫أﺳم اﻟﻣﻔﻌول‬

‫‪Past‬‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺿﻲ‬

‫‪Present‬‬ ‫ﻣﺿﺎرع‬

‫‪Subject‬‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻋل‬

‫‪had‬‬

‫‪had‬‬

‫‪have‬‬

‫‪I, you, we,‬‬ ‫‪they‬‬

‫‪had‬‬

‫‪had‬‬

‫‪has‬‬

‫‪He, She, It‬‬

‫ﻧﺳﺗﺧدم ﺻﯾﻐﺔ اﻟﻣﺿﺎرع ﻟﻠﺗﻌﺑﯾر ﻋن ﻋﺎدات أو ﺣﻘﺎﺋق ﺛﺎﺑﺗﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻧﺳﺗﺧدم ﺻﯾﻐﺔ اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﻟﻠﺗﻌﺑﯾر ﻋن ﺷﻲء ﺣدث واﻧﺗﮭﻰ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

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Negative Sentences with verb to HAVE as a main verb ‫اﻟﺟﻣل اﻟﻣﻧﻔﯾﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻓﻌل ”ﯾﻣﻠك“ ﻛﻔﻌل رﺋﯾﺳﻲ‬

Subject ‫ﻓﺎﻋل‬

+ do/does/did

+ not

+ have

+ Complement ‫ﺗﻛﻣﻠﺔ‬

I

do

not

have

a car.

He

does

not

have

A new watch.

They

did

not

have

breakfast this morning.

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‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‬

‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

Making Questions with the verb to HAVE as a main verb ‫ﺗﻛوﯾن اﻟﺳؤال ﻣﻊ ﻓﻌل ”ﯾﻣﻠك“ ﻛﻔﻌل رﺋﯾﺳﻲ‬ “Yes” or “No” questions

Short Answers

‫أﺳﺋﻠﺔ إﺟﺎﺑﺗﮭﺎ ﺑـ ﻧﻌم و ﻻ‬

‫إﺟﺎﺑﺎت ﻣﺧﺗﺻرة‬ Affirmative ‫إﺛﺑﺎت‬

Negative ‫ﻧﻔﻲ‬

Do/Does/Did

+Subject ‫ﻓﺎﻋل‬

+have

+ Complement ‫ﺗﻛﻣﻠﺔ‬

Yes + Subject + do/does/did

No + Subject + do/does/did +not

Do

you

have

a car?

Yes, I do.

No, I do not.

Does

he

have

a new watch?

Yes, he does.

No, he does not

Did

they

have

Breakfast this morning?

Yes, they did.

No, they did not.

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‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‬

‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

Verb to HAVE as a helping verb ‫ﻓﻌل ”ﯾﻣﻠك “ ﻛﻔﻌل ﻣﺳﺎﻋد‬ 

Verb to have is used as a helping verb to form the perfect tense. .‫ﯾﺳﺗﺧدم ﻓﻌل ﯾﻣﻠك ﻛﻔﻌل ﻣﺳﺎﻋد ﻟﯾﻛون زﻣن اﻟﻣﺿﺎرع اﻟﺗﺎم‬

:‫أﻣﺛﻠﺔ‬  

They have lived here for two years. Adel has just finished his work.

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‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‬

‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

Negative Sentences with verb to HAVE as a helping verb ‫اﻟﺟﻣل اﻟﻣﻧﻔﯾﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻓﻌل ”ﯾﻣﻠك“ ﻛﻔﻌل ﻣﺳﺎﻋد‬ .‫ ﺑﻌد ھذا اﻟﻔﻌل‬not ‫ﻟﺗﻛوﯾن ﻧﻔﻲ ﻣﻊ ﻓﻌل ﯾﻣﻠك ﻧﺿﻊ‬ :‫أﻣﺛﻠﺔ‬ I have lived here for a long time. I have not lived here for a long time.

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‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‬

‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

Making Questions with verb to HAVE as a helping verb ‫ﺗﻛوﯾن اﻟﺳؤال ﻣﻊ ﻓﻌل ”ﯾﻣﻠك“ ﻛﻔﻌل ﻣﺳﺎﻋد‬ 

  

“Yes” or “No” questions and short answers

:‫اﻷﺳﺋﻠﺔ ﺑـ ﻧﻌم و ﻻ و اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎت ﻣﺧﺗﺻرة‬ ‫ﻟﺗﻛوﯾن ﺳؤال ﻣﻊ ﻓﻌل ﯾﻣﻠك ﻛﻔﻌل ﻣﺳﺎﻋد ﻧﻘدم ھذا اﻟﻔﻌل ﻋﻠﻰ‬ .‫اﻟﻔﺎﻋل‬ :‫ﻣﺛﺎل‬ They have lived here for a long time. Have they lived here for a long time? Yes, they have. No, they have not.

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‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‬

‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

Other Uses of Verb to HAVE

“‫اﺳﺗﺧداﻣﺎت أﺧرى ﻣﻊ ﻓﻌل ”ﯾﻣﻠك‬ 

To express necessity in the present and past have to, has to,

had to. :‫ ﻣﺛﺎل‬.‫ﻟﯾﻌﺑر ﻋن اﻟﺿرورة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺿﺎرع و اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ‬ I have to leave now. ____________________________________________________  With some model auxiliaries. :‫ ﻣﺛﺎل‬.‫ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌض اﻷﻓﻌﺎل اﻟﻧﺎﻗﺻﺔ‬ You would better see a doctor. ____________________________________________________  To show that something is caused by another person. :‫ ﻣﺛﺎل‬.‫ﻟﯾﺑﯾن أن ﺷﯾﺋﺎ ً ﻣﺎ ﺣدث ﺑواﺳطﺔ ﺷﺧص اﺧر‬ I have my shoes cleaned every week. http://www.star28.com

‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‬

‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

Nouns ‫اﻷﺳﻣﺎء‬ Nouns are words we use to name: : ‫اﻷﺳﻣﺎء ھﻲ اﻟﻛﻠﻣﺎت اﻟﺗﻲ ﻧﺳﺗﺧدﻣﮭﺎ ﻟذﻛر‬ .‫ ﺷﻌور‬، ‫ أﻓﻛﺎر‬، ‫ ﻣﻛﺎن‬، ‫ ﺷﻲء‬، ‫ ﺷﺧص‬، ‫ ﻋﻠم‬، ‫اﺳم‬ ‫أﺷﺧﺎص‬

People

man, father, teacher, neighbor, …

‫أﺷﯾﺎء‬

Things

book, table, sugar, fruit, …

‫أﻣﺎﻛن‬

Places

school, street, city, house, …..

‫أﻓﻛﺎر‬

Ideas

freedom, honesty, truth, ….

‫ﺷﻌور‬

Feelings

happiness, anger, boredom, joy, ….

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‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

‫‪Countable & Uncountable Nouns‬‬ ‫اﻷﺳﻣﺎء اﻟﻣﻌدودة و ﻏﯾر اﻟﻣﻌدودة‬ ‫‪Countable Nouns: are things that be‬‬ ‫‪counted as one, two, three, and so on.‬‬

‫‪‬‬

‫اﻷﺳﻣﺎء اﻟﻣﻌدودة‪ :‬ھﻲ اﻷﺷﯾﺎء اﻟﺗﻲ ﯾﻣﻛن ﻋدھﺎ ﺑـ واﺣد ‪ ،‬اﺛﻧﺎن ‪ ،‬ﺛﻼﺛﺔ وھﻛذا‪.‬‬

‫‪Uncountable Nouns: cannot be counted.‬‬

‫‪‬‬

‫اﻷﺳﻣﺎء اﻟﻐﯾر ﻣﻌدودة‪ :‬ھﻲ اﻟﺗﻲ ﻻ ﯾﻣﻛن ﻋدھﺎ أي ﻻ ﯾﻣﻛن وﺿﻊ رﻗم ﻗﺑﻠﮭﺎ‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‬

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Countable Nouns ‫اﻷﺳﻣﺎء اﻟﻣﻌدودة‬ 

These nouns have singular and plural forms. .‫ھذه اﻷﺳﻣﺎء ﻟﮭﺎ ﺻﯾﻎ ﻣﻔردة و ﺟﻣﻊ‬



Before singular countable nouns you can use a/an. . ‫ﻗﺑل اﻷﺳﻣﺎء اﻟﻣﻔردة اﻟﻣﻌدودة ﺗﺳﺗطﯾﻊ اﺳﺗﺧدام‬ (a/an)



You cannot use singular countable nouns alone without words such as: a, an, one, my, your, his, etc. .‫ﻻ ﻧﺳﺗطﯾﻊ اﺳﺗﺧدام أﺳﻣﺎء ﻣﻔردة ﻣﻌدودة ﺑﻣﻔردھﺎ ﺑدون اﻟﻛﻠﻣﺎت اﻟﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ‬

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‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‬

‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

Spelling Rules for Plurals ‫ﻗواﻋد إﻣﻼء اﻟﺟﻣﻊ‬ We form plurals of most nouns by adding “s” to the singular noun. ‫ﻧﻛوّ ن اﻟﺟﻣﻊ ﻣن ﻣﻌظم اﻷﺳﻣﺎء ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬ .‫“ ﻟﻼﺳم اﻟﻣﻔرد‬s” Singular

Plural

one book

two books

one horse

many horses

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‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‬

‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

‫‪Spelling Rules for Plurals‬‬ ‫ﻗواﻋد إﻣﻼء اﻟﺟﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺣـــــــــﺎﻻت ﺧﺎﺻــــــــــــــﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﺳﻣﺎء اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻧﺗﮭﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﺣروف ‪ sh, ch, z, x, s‬ﻧﺿﯾف ﻟﮭﺎ ‪es‬‬

‫‪Plural‬‬

‫‪Singular‬‬

‫‪matches‬‬

‫‪match‬‬

‫‪buses‬‬ ‫‪dishes‬‬ ‫‪boxes‬‬

‫‪bus‬‬ ‫‪dish‬‬ ‫‪box‬‬

‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‬

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‫‪Spelling Rules for Plurals‬‬ ‫ﻗواﻋد إﻣﻼء اﻟﺟﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺣـــــــــﺎﻻت ﺧﺎﺻــــــــــــــﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﺳﻣﺎء اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻧﺗﮭﻲ ﺑﺣرف‬

‫‪y‬‬

‫وﺳﺑﻘﮫ ﺣرف ﺳﺎﻛن‪ ،‬ﺗﺣذف‬

‫‪y‬‬

‫وﻧﺿﯾف‬

‫‪Plural‬‬ ‫‪cities‬‬ ‫‪babies‬‬ ‫اﻷﺳﻣﺎء اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻧﺗﮭﻲ ﺑﺣرف‬

‫‪y‬‬

‫وﺳﺑﻘﮫ ﺣرف ﻣﺗﺣرك‪ ،‬ﻧﺿﯾف‬

‫‪Singular‬‬ ‫‪city‬‬ ‫‪baby‬‬ ‫‪s‬‬

‫‪Plural‬‬ ‫‪boys‬‬ ‫‪keys‬‬ ‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫‪ies‬‬

‫ﻓﻘط‪.‬‬

‫‪Singular‬‬ ‫‪boy‬‬ ‫‪key‬‬ ‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‬

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‫‪Spelling Rules for Plurals‬‬ ‫ﻗواﻋد إﻣﻼء اﻟﺟﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺣـــــــــﺎﻻت ﺧﺎﺻــــــــــــــﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﺳﻣﺎء اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻧﺗﮭﻲ ﺑﺣرف‬

‫‪o‬‬

‫وﺳﺑﻘﮫ ﺣرف ﺳﺎﻛن‪ ،‬ﻧﺿﯾف‬

‫‪es‬‬

‫‪Plural‬‬ ‫‪potatoes‬‬ ‫‪tomatoes‬‬ ‫اﻷﺳﻣﺎء اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻧﺗﮭﻲ ﺑﺣرف‬

‫‪o‬‬

‫وﺳﺑﻘﮫ ﺣرف ﻣﺗﺣرك‪ ،‬ﻧﺿﯾف‬

‫‪Singular‬‬ ‫‪potato‬‬ ‫‪tomato‬‬

‫‪s‬‬

‫‪Plural‬‬ ‫‪radios‬‬ ‫‪zoos‬‬ ‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫ﻓﻘط‪.‬‬

‫‪Singular‬‬ ‫‪radio‬‬ ‫‪zoo‬‬ ‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‬

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‫‪Spelling Rules for Plurals‬‬ ‫ﻗواﻋد إﻣﻼء اﻟﺟﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺣـــــــــﺎﻻت ﺧﺎﺻــــــــــــــﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﺳﻣﺎء اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻧﺗﮭﻲ ﺑﺣرف‬

‫‪ f‬أو ‪ fe‬ﻧﺣوﻟﮭﺎ إﻟﻰ ﺣرف ‪v‬‬

‫وﻧﺿﯾف‬

‫‪،‬‬

‫‪Plural‬‬ ‫‪knives‬‬ ‫‪shelves‬‬ ‫اﻷﺳﻣﺎء اﻟﻣرﻛﺑﺔ ﺗﺟﻣﻊ ﺣﺳب اﻻﺳم اﻷﺧﯾر‬

‫‪Singular‬‬ ‫‪knife‬‬ ‫‪shelf‬‬

‫‪:‬‬

‫‪Plural‬‬ ‫‪classrooms‬‬ ‫‪policemen‬‬ ‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

‫‪es‬‬

‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫‪Singular‬‬ ‫‪classroom‬‬ ‫‪policeman‬‬ ‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‬

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Spelling Rules for Plurals ‫ﻗواﻋد إﻣﻼء اﻟﺟﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺣـــــــــﺎﻻت ﺧﺎﺻــــــــــــــﺔ‬ :‫ھﻧﺎك ﺑﻌض اﻷﺳﻣﺎء اﻟﺷﺎذة‬ Singular

Plural

man

men

woman

women

child

children

person

people

foot

feet

tooth

teeth

goose

geese

mouse

mice

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‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‬

‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫‪Uncountable Nouns‬‬ ‫اﻷﺳﻣﺎء اﻟﻐﯾر اﻟﻣﻌدودة‬ ‫‪Uncountable nouns cannot be counted.‬‬ ‫ھﻲ اﻟﺗﻲ ﻻ ﺟﻣﻊ ﻟﮭﺎ ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫‪es , s‬‬ ‫أﻣﺛﻠــــــﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫‪salt, coffee, tea, food, meat, gold, music, blood.‬‬

‫ﻻ ﺗﺳﺗطﯾﻊ اﺳﺗﺧدام‬

‫‪a‬‬

‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

‫أو ‪an‬‬

‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫‪‬‬

‫‪‬‬

‫ﻗﺑل اﻷﺳﻣﺎء اﻟﻐﯾر اﻟﻣﻌدودة‬

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‫‪Uncountable Nouns‬‬ ‫اﻷﺳﻣﺎء اﻟﻐﯾر اﻟﻣﻌدودة‬ ‫ﻣزﯾداً ﻣن اﻷﺳﻣﺎء اﻟﻐﯾر اﻟﻣﻌدودة‬ ‫ﻟﺣم‬ ‫ﻣﻌرﻓﺔ‬

‫‪ salt‬دﻗﯾق‬

‫‪ meat‬ﻣﻠﺢ‬

‫‪ coffee‬ﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت‬

‫‪ knowledge‬ﻗﮭوة‬

‫‪information‬‬

‫‪ food‬زﺑد‬

‫‪butter‬‬

‫‪ blood‬ذھب‬

‫‪ gold‬ﺳﻛر‬

‫‪sugar‬‬

‫ﺟﺑن‬

‫‪ cheese‬زﺟﺎج‬

‫‪ glass‬أﺧﺑﺎر‬

‫‪news‬‬

‫ﺧﺑز‬

‫‪ bread‬ورق‬

‫‪ paper‬ﺣﻠﯾب‬

‫‪milk‬‬

‫‪ wood‬رز‬

‫‪rice‬‬

‫ﺷﺎي‬ ‫دم‬

‫ﻣﻔروﺷﺎت‬

‫‪ tea‬طﻌﺎم‬

‫‪flour‬‬

‫‪ furniture‬ﺧﺷب‬

‫ﻋﺷب‬

‫‪ grass‬ﺣدﯾد‬

‫‪ steel‬ﻣطر‬

‫‪rain‬‬

‫رﺧﺎم‬

‫‪ marble‬ﻣوﺳﯾﻘﻰ‬

‫‪ music‬ﻗﻣﺎش‬

‫‪cloth‬‬

‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‬

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Uncountable Nouns ‫اﻷﺳﻣﺎء اﻟﻐﯾر اﻟﻣﻌدودة‬ .‫ﺟﻣﯾﻊ اﻷﺳﻣﺎء اﻟﻐﯾر اﻟﻣﻌدودة ﺗﻌﺎﻣل ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ اﻟﻣﻔرد‬ :‫أﻣﺛﻠﺔ‬  

Coffee is a traditional drink in Saudi Arabia. Milk has many minerals.

‫و ﻟﻛن ﻟو وﺿﻌت ﻛﻠﻣﺎت ﺗدل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻛﻣﯾﺔ ﻗﺑل اﻻﺳم اﻟﻐﯾر ﻣﻌدود ﻓﺄﻧﮫ ﯾﻌﺎﻣل‬ .‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ اﻟﺟﻣﻊ‬  Two cups of tea are not enough for me.  Five liters of oil do not operate this machine. http://www.star28.com

‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‬

‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

Definite & Indefinite Articles ‫أدوات اﻟﺗﻌرﯾف و اﻟﻧﻛرة‬ a/an are used as indefinite articles. .‫ﺗﺳﺗﺧدﻣﺎن ﻛﺄدوات ﻧﻛرة‬

The is used as definite articles. .‫ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم ﻛﺄداة ﻟﻠﺗﻌرﯾف‬



We put “a” before a noun starting with a constant sound. .‫ ﻗﺑل اﻷﺳﻣﺎء اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺑدأ ﺑﺣرف ﺳﺎﻛن‬a ‫ﻧﺿﻊ‬



We put “an” before a noun starting with a vowel sound. .‫ﻗﺑل اﻷﺳﻣﺎء اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺑدأ ﺑﺣرف ﻣﺗﺣرك‬an ‫ﻧﺿﻊ‬

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‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

Indefinite Articles “a” & “an” ‫أدوات اﻟﻧﻛرة‬ 

We put “a” before a noun starting with a constant sound. .‫ ﻗﺑل اﻷﺳﻣﺎء اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺑدأ ﺑﺣرف ﺳﺎﻛن‬a ‫ﻧﺿﻊ‬



We put “an” before a noun starting with a vowel sound. .‫ ﻗﺑل اﻷﺳﻣﺎء اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺑدأ ﺑﺣرف ﻣﺗﺣرك‬an ‫ﻧﺿﻊ‬ : ‫ اﻟﺣروف اﻟﻣﺗﺣرﻛﺔ‬Vowels

a–e–i–o-u http://www.star28.com

‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‬

‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

Indefinite Articles “a” & “an” ‫أدوات اﻟﻧﻛرة‬ We use a/an: ‫ ﻗﺑل اﻷﺳﻣﺎء اﻟﻣﻔردة‬a table .‫ اﻟﻣﻌدودة‬an egg

Before a singular countable noun. Before a job, a particular group of people or a nationality. With numbers that mean every.

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‫ ﻗﺑل اﻟوظﯾﻔﺔ أو ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ‬Saleh is a doctor .‫ ﻣﻌﯾﻧﺔ ﻣن اﻟﻧﺎس أو اﻟﺟﻧﺳﯾﺔ‬He is an engineer. She is an English women. “‫ ﻣﻊ اﻷرﻗﺎم اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻌﻧﻲ ”ﻛل‬He washes his hands ten times a day. (means every day).

‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‬

‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

Indefinite Articles “a” & “an” ‫أدوات اﻟﻧﻛرة‬ We DO NOT use a/an: No article is used with abstract nouns and the names of metals. No article is used before plural or uncountable nouns.

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‫ ﻻ ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم أي أداة ﻣﻊ‬Love, beauty, ‫ اﻷﺳﻣﺎء اﻟﻣﻌﻧوﯾﺔ و أﺳﻣﺎء‬hatred, wood, silver, .‫اﻟﻣﻌﺎدن‬ gold ‫ ﻻ ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم أي أداة ﻗﺑل اﻟﺟﻣﻊ‬There are books on .‫ أو اﻷﺳﻣﺎء اﻟﻐﯾر ﻣﻌدودة‬the table. Milk is good for you.

‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‬

‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

The Definite Article “The” “‫أدوات اﻟﺗﻌرﯾف ”أل‬ The is used before: A noun that is the only one of its kind.

:‫ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم أداة اﻟﺗﻌرﯾف ”أل“ ﻗﺑل‬

‫ اﻻﺳم اﻟذي ﻻ ﯾوﺟد ﻣن ﻧوﻋﮫ ﺳوى‬The river Nile .‫ واﺣد ﻓﻘط‬The Ka’aba

Names of rivers, seas, oceans, etc….

.‫اﻟﺦ‬........‫ أﺳﻣﺎء اﻷﻧﮭﺎر و اﻟﺑﺣﺎر‬The Arabian Gulf The Red Sea

A noun which is the object of a sentence.

.‫ اﻻﺳم اﻟذي ﯾﻛون ﻣﻔﻌول ﺑﮫ ﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ‬Umar answered the question.

The names of musical instruments.

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.‫ أﺳﻣﺎء اﻵﻻت اﻟﻣوﺳﯾﻘﯾﺔ‬Can you play the duff?

‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‬

‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

The Definite Article “The” “‫أدوات اﻟﺗﻌرﯾف ”أل‬ The is used before:

:‫ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم أداة اﻟﺗﻌرﯾف ”أل“ ﻗﺑل‬

Names of some countries.

.‫ أﺳﻣﺎء ﺑﻌض اﻟﺑﻠدان‬The United Kingdom The U.S.A.

With some time expressions.

‫ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌض اﻟﺗﻌﺎﺑﯾر اﻟداﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬at the weekend .‫ اﻟوﻗت‬in the evening

With dates.

.‫ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺗوارﯾﺦ‬On the first day of every month.

With some general expressions.

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.‫ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌض اﻟﺗﻌﺑﯾرات اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬Listen to the radio/news. Go to the market/desert.

‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‬

‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

The Definite Article “The” “‫أدوات اﻟﺗﻌرﯾف ”أل‬ Use article with the name that is repeated.

‫ ﻧﺳﺗﺧدم أداة اﻟﺗﻌرﯾف أل ﻣﻊ اﻻﺳم‬I saw a man. The man .‫ اﻟذي ذﻛر ﻟﻠﻣرة اﻟﺛﺎﻧﯾﺔ‬was young.

No article is used with the names of studies of subjects.

‫ ﻻ ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم أي أداة ﻣﻊ أﺳﻣﺎء اﻟﻣواد‬I do not like science. My .‫ اﻟدراﺳﯾﺔ‬favorite subject is mathematics.

No article is used before such words as school, home, bed, work, etc.

‫ ﻻ ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم أي أداة ﻗﺑل أﺳﻣﺎء ﻣﻌﯾﻧﺔ‬I am going to school. ،‫ ﺳرﯾر‬،‫ ﻣﻧزل‬،‫ ﻣﺛل ﻣدرﺳﺔ‬I always go to bed early. ....‫ﻋﻣل‬

No article is used before such words such as day and month names.

‫ ﻻ ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم أي أداة ﻣﻊ أﺳﻣﺎء ﻣﻌﯾﻧﺔ‬on Monday, in June . ‫ ﻣﺛل اﻷﯾﺎم و اﻟﺷﮭور‬in summer (sometimes in the summer). before breakfast.

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‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‬

‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

Pronouns

‫اﻟﺿﻣﺎﺋر‬

A pronoun replaces a noun . Subject Pronouns ‫ﺿﻣﺎﺋر اﻟﻔﺎﻋل‬

‫ﺿﻣﺎﺋر اﻟﻣﻔﻌول ﺑﮫ‬

Possessive Adjectives ‫ﺻﻔﺎت اﻟﻣﻠﻛﯾﺔ‬

Possessive Pronouns ‫ﺿﻣﺎﺋر اﻟﻣﻠﻛﯾﺔ‬

‫ﺿﻣﺎﺋر اﻻﻧﻌﻛﺎس‬

I

me

my

mine

myself

you

you

your

yours

yourself

he

him

his

his

himself

she

her

her

hers

herself

it

it

its

its

itself

We

us

our

ours

ourselves

you

you

your

yours

yourselves

they

them

their

theirs

themselves

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Object Pronouns

‫اﻟﺿﻣﯾر ﯾﺣل ﻣﺣل اﻻﺳم‬

‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

Reflexive Pronouns

Pronouns •

‫اﻟﺿﻣﺎﺋر‬

We use a pronouns instead of a noun when it is clear who or what we are talking about . .‫ﻧﺳﺗﺧدم اﻟﺿﻣﯾر ﺑدﻻ ﻣن اﻻﺳم ﻋﻧدﻣﺎ ﻧﻛون ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻠم ﻣﻊ ﻣن أو ﻋن أي ﺷﻲء ﻧﺗﺣدث‬

Examples

‫أﻣﺛﻠﺔ‬

Ali is a good student. He passes all his tests.

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‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‬

‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

Object Pronouns ‫ﺿﻣﺎﺋر اﻟﻣﻔﻌول ﺑﮫ‬ 

We use an object pronoun .

‫ﻧﺳﺗﺧدم ﺿﻣﯾر اﻟﻣﻔﻌول ﺑﮫ‬

– After a preposition. ‫ﺑﻌد ﺣروف اﻟﺟر‬ Do you live near them? Send the box directly to me.

– After to and for with verbs like make, give, send, lend, pass, take, show. The little boy made it for her.

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‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‬

‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

Reflexive Pronouns ‫ﺿﻣﺎﺋر اﻻﻧﻌﻛﺎﺳﯾﺔ‬ 

Reflexive pronouns are used:

.‫ﻧﺳﺗﺧدم ﺿﻣﺎﺋراﻹﻧﻌﻛﺎﺳﯾﺔ‬

– for emphasize ‫ﻟﻠﺗﺄﻛﯾد‬ Did you do the decorations yourself ? I did the painting myself.

– With some special expressions ‫ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌض اﻟﺗﻌﺎﺑﯾر اﻟﺧﺎﺻﺔ‬

Help yourself . Enjoy yourself. Behave yourself. I live by myself. (I live alone) http://www.star28.com

‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‬

‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

‫‪Relative Pronouns‬‬ ‫ﺿﻣﺎﺋر اﻟوﺻل‬ ‫‪The relative pronouns are used to join sentences together.‬‬

‫•‬

‫ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم ﺿﻣﺎﺋر اﻟوﺻل ﻟرﺑط اﻟﺟﻣل ﺑﻌﺿﮭﺎ ﺑﺑﻌض‪.‬‬ ‫و ﻟرﺑط اﻟﺟﻣل اﺗﺑﻊ اﻟﺧطوات اﻵﺗﯾﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ -١‬ﻧﺑﺣث ﻋن ﻛﻠﻣﺔ ﻣﺗﻛررة ﻓﻲ اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ اﻟﺛﺎﻧﯾﺔ ﺛم ﻧﺑﺣث ﻋن ﻣوﻗﻌﮭﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﺈذا ﻛﺎﻧت ﻓﺎﻋﻼً ﻋﺎﻗﻼً ﻧﺳﺗﻌﻣل ‪who‬‬ ‫وإذا ﻛﺎﻧت ﻣﻔﻌوﻻً ﺑﮫ ﻋﺎﻗﻼً ﻧﺳﺗﻌﻣل ‪ whom‬و ﻧﻌرف ذﻟك ﺑوﺟود اﻟﻛﻠﻣﺔ ﺑﻌد اﻟﻔﻌل‪ .‬و إذا ﻛﺎﻧت ﻏﯾر ﻋﺎﻗل‬ ‫ﻧﺳﺗﻌﻣل ‪. which‬‬ ‫أﻣﺎ ‪ that‬ﻓﺗﺳﺗﺧدم ﺑدل أي ﻛﻠﻣﺔ ﻣن اﻟﻛﻠﻣﺎت اﻟﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ إﻻ أﻧﻧﺎ ﻻ ﻧﻔﺿل اﺳﺗﻌﻣﺎﻟﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻣﯾﻊ اﻟﺟﻣل‪.‬‬ ‫و إذا ﻛﺎﻧت ﻟﻠﻣﻠﻛﯾﺔ ﻧﺳﺗﻌﻣل ﻛﻠﻣﺔ ‪. whose‬‬ ‫‪ -٢‬اﺣذف اﻟﻛﻠﻣﺔ اﻟﻣﺗﻛررة ﻣن اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ اﻟﺛﺎﻧﯾﺔ وﺿﻊ اﻻﺳم اﻟذي ﺣذﻓت ﻣﺛﻠﮫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‬

‫‪http://www.star28.com‬‬

‫‪Relative Pronouns‬‬ ‫ﺿﻣﺎﺋر اﻟوﺻل‬ ‫اﻟذي‪ ،‬اﻟﺗﻲ‬

‫]ﻟﻠﻔﺎﻋل اﻟﻌﺎﻗل[‬

‫‪Who‬‬

‫ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم ‪who‬‬ ‫ﻟﺗﺣل ﻣﺣل اﻟﻔﺎﻋل اﻟﻌﺎﻗل و طﺑﻌﺎ ً ﻧﻌرف اﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﺑوﺟوده أول اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﻻﺣظ اﻟﻣﺛﺎل اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫‪Here is the man. The man is a doctor.‬‬ ‫ﺛم ﻧﺿﻊ اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ اﻟﺛﺎﻧﯾﺔ ﺑﻌد اﻟﻛﻠﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻣن اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ اﻟﺛﺎﻧﯾﺔ و ﻧﺿﻊ ﺑدﻻً ﻣﻧﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﺣذف ﻛﻠﻣﺔ‬ ‫‪who‬‬ ‫‪The‬‬ ‫‪man‬‬ ‫اﻷوﻟﻰ ﻓﺗﺻﺑﺢ‪:‬‬ ‫اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻲ ﺣذﻓﻧﺎ ﻣﺛﻠﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫‪Here is the man who is a doctor.‬‬

‫أﻣﺛﻠﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫‪1) The man came here. The man was a doctor.‬‬ ‫‪The man who was here is a doctor‬‬ ‫‪2) My friend swims well. He lives here.‬‬ ‫‪My friend who lives here swims well.‬‬

‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‬

‫‪http://www.star28.com‬‬

‫‪Relative Pronouns‬‬ ‫ﺿﻣﺎﺋر اﻟوﺻل‬ ‫اﻟذي‪ ،‬اﻟﺗﻲ‬

‫]اﻟﻣﻔﻌول ﺑﮫ اﻟﻌﺎﻗل[‬

‫‪Whom‬‬

‫ﺗﺳﺗﻌﻣل ‪ whom‬ﻟﺗﺣل ﻣﺣل اﻟﻣﻔﻌول ﺑﮫ اﻟﻌﺎﻗل و طﺑﻌﺎ ً ﻧﻌرف اﻟﻣﻔﻌول ﺑﮫ ﺑوﺟوده ﺑﻌد اﻟﻔﻌل‪ .‬ﻻﺣظ اﻟﻣﺛﺎل‬ ‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫‪The man came here. I visited him.‬‬ ‫ﻧﺣذف ﻛﻠﻣﺔ ‪ him‬ﻣن اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ اﻟﺛﺎﻧﯾﺔ ﺛم ﻧﺿﻊ ‪ whom‬أول اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ اﻟﺛﺎﻧﯾﺔ‪ ،‬وﻧﺿﻊ اﻻﺳم اﻟﻣوﺻول و‬ ‫اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ اﻟﺛﺎﻧﯾﺔ ﺑﻌد اﻟﻛﻠﻣﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﺣذﻓﻧﺎ ﻣﺛﻠﮭﺎ )اﻟﺗﻲ ﯾﻌود إﻟﯾﮭﺎ اﻟﺿﻣﯾر( ﻓﺗﺻﺑﺢ‪:‬‬ ‫‪The man whom I visited came here.‬‬

‫أﻣﺛﻠﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫‪1) The man was working with me. I paid him.‬‬ ‫‪The man whom I paid was working with me.‬‬ ‫‪2) This is the girl. You gave her a flower.‬‬ ‫‪This is the girl whom you gave a flower.‬‬

‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‬

‫‪http://www.star28.com‬‬

‫‪Relative Pronouns‬‬ ‫ﺿﻣﺎﺋر اﻟوﺻل‬ ‫اﻟذي‪ ،‬اﻟﺗﻲ‬

‫]ﻟﻠﺟﻣﺎد اﻟﻔﺎﻋل أو اﻟﻣﻔﻌول ﺑﮫ[‬

‫‪Which‬‬

‫ﺗﺳﺗﻌﻣل ‪ which‬ﻟﺗﺣل ﻣﺣل اﻟﻔﺎﻋل أو اﻟﻣﻔﻌول اﻟﻐﯾر ﻋﺎﻗل و طﺑﻌﺎ ً ﻧﻌرف اﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﺑوﺟوده أول اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ أﻣﺎ اﻟﻣﻔﻌول ﺑﮫ‬ ‫ﻓﯾوﺟد ﺑﻌد اﻟﻔﻌل‪ .‬ﻻﺣظ اﻟﻣﺛﺎل اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫‪He found his book. He lost it yesterday.‬‬ ‫ﻧرى أن ﻛﻠﻣﺔ ‪ him‬ﺗﻌود ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻠﻣﺔ ‪ his book‬ﻓﻧﺣذﻓﮭﺎ و ﻧﺿﻊ ﺑدﻻً ﻣﻧﮭﺎ ‪ which‬ﻓﻲ أول اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ اﻟﺛﺎﻧﯾﺔ ﺛم ﻧﺿﻊ‬ ‫اﻻﺳم اﻟﻣوﺻول و اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ اﻟﺛﺎﻧﯾﺔ ﺑﻌد اﻟﻛﻠﻣﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﺣذﻓﻧﺎ ﻣﺛﻠﮭﺎ )اﻟﺗﻲ ﯾﻌود إﻟﯾﮭﺎ اﻟﺿﻣﯾر( ﻓﺗﺻﺑﺢ‪:‬‬ ‫‪He found his book which he lost yesterday.‬‬

‫أﻣﺛﻠﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫‪1) This is the house. I live in it.‬‬ ‫‪This is the house which I live in.‬‬ ‫‪2) This book is cheap. It is very useful.‬‬ ‫‪This book which is very useful is cheap.‬‬

‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‬

‫‪http://www.star28.com‬‬

‫‪Relative Pronouns‬‬ ‫ﺿﻣﺎﺋر اﻟوﺻل‬ ‫اﻟذي‪ ،‬اﻟﺗﻲ‬

‫‪That‬‬

‫]ﻟﻠﻌﺎﻗل و ﻏﯾر اﻟﻌﺎﻗل اﻟﻔﺎﻋل أو اﻟﻣﻔﻌول ﺑﮫ[‬

‫ﺗﺳﺗﻌﻣل ‪ that‬ﻟﺗﺣل ﻣﺣل اﻟﻔﺎﻋل أو اﻟﻣﻔﻌول ﺑﮫ اﻟﻌﺎﻗل و ﻏﯾر ﻋﺎﻗل أي ﺗﺣل‬ ‫ﻣﺣل أي أداة ﺳﺑق ﺷرﺣﮭﺎ‪ .‬ﻻﺣظ اﻷﻣﺛﻠﺔ اﻟﺗﺎﻟﯾﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫‪This is the boy. You met her.‬‬ ‫‪This is the boy that (whom) you met.‬‬ ‫‪I have a bird. It sings.‬‬ ‫‪I have a bird that (which) sings.‬‬

‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‬

‫‪http://www.star28.com‬‬

‫‪Relative Pronouns‬‬ ‫ﺿﻣﺎﺋر اﻟوﺻل‬ ‫اﻟذي‪ ،‬اﻟﺗﻲ‬

‫]ﻟﻠﻣﻠﻛﯾﺔ[‬

‫‪Whose‬‬

‫ﺗﺳﺗﻌﻣل ‪ whose‬ﻟﻠﻣﻠﻛﯾﺔ‪ .‬ﻻﺣظ اﻟﻣﺛﺎل اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪This is the man. His car hit the boy.‬‬ ‫‪This is the man whose his car hit the boy.‬‬ ‫ھﻧﺎ ﻧﺟد أن ﻛﻠﻣﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻣوﺻول‬

‫ﺿﻣﯾر اﻟﻣﻠﻛﯾﺔ و ﻧﺿﻊ ﺑدﻻً ﻣﻧﮫ اﻻﺳم‬ ‫ﻣﻣﻠوﻛﺔ ﻟـ‬ ‫ﻓﻧﺣذف‪the‬‬ ‫‪man‬‬ ‫‪car‬‬ ‫ﺛم ﻧﺿﻊ ﺑﻌدھﺎ ﻛﻠﻣﺔ‪.whose‬‬ ‫‪car‬‬

‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‬

‫‪http://www.star28.com‬‬

Making Questions

‫ﺗﻛوﯾن اﻷﺳﺋﻠﺔ‬ 

:‫ﻟﺗﺣوﯾل اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ اﻟﺧﺑرﯾﺔ إﻟﻰ ﺳؤال ﻧﺿﻊ اﻟﻔﻌل اﻟﻣﺳﺎﻋد ﻓﻲ اﻟﺑداﯾﺔ‬ :‫اﻷﻓﻌﺎل اﻟﻣﺳﺎﻋدة ھﻲ‬Helping Verbs am – is – are – was – were – have – has – had – will – would – shall – should – can – could – may – might – must – ought to :‫أﻣﺛﻠـــــــــﺔ‬

  

They are doctors. Are they doctors? She can help us? Can they help us? I will go to the market? Will you go to the market?

http://www.star28.com

‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

‫‪Making Questions‬‬

‫ﺗﻛوﯾن اﻷﺳﺋﻠﺔ‬ ‫إذا ﻟم ﯾﻛن ﺑﺎﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ ﻓﻌل ﻣﺳﺎﻋد‬ ‫‪ (١‬ﻣﻊ اﻟﻔﻌل اﻟﻣﺿﺎرع ﺑدون ‪ s‬ﻧﺳﺗﺧدم ‪do‬‬

‫‪:‬‬

‫أﻣﺛﻠـــــــــﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫?‪Do they play tennis‬‬ ‫?‪Do you write books‬‬

‫‪They play tennis.‬‬ ‫‪I write books.‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﻻﺣظ إﻋﺎدة اﻟﻔﻌل إﻟﻰ أﺻﻠﮫ )اﻟﺗﺻرﯾف اﻷول( و ذﻟك ﻟوﺟود اﻟﻔﻌل اﻟﻣﺳﺎﻋد‬ ‫‪ (٢‬ﻣﻊ اﻟﻔﻌل اﻟﻣﺿﺎرع اﻟذي ﺑﮫ ‪ s‬ﻧﺳﺗﺧدم ‪: does‬‬ ‫أﻣﺛﻠـــــــــﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫?‪ِ Ahmed plays tennis. Does Ahmed play tennis‬‬ ‫‪Huda watch TV.‬‬ ‫?‪Does Huda watch TV‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﻻﺣظ إﻋﺎدة اﻟﻔﻌل إﻟﻰ أﺻﻠﮫ )اﻟﺗﺻرﯾف اﻷول( و ذﻟك ﻟوﺟود اﻟﻔﻌل اﻟﻣﺳﺎﻋد‬ ‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‬

‫‪http://www.star28.com‬‬

‫‪Making Questions‬‬

‫ﺗﻛوﯾن اﻷﺳﺋﻠﺔ‬ ‫إذا ﻟم ﯾﻛن ﺑﺎﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ ﻓﻌل ﻣﺳﺎﻋد‬ ‫‪ (٣‬ﻣﻊ اﻟﻔﻌل اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﻧﺳﺗﺧدم‬ ‫أﻣﺛﻠـــــــــﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪: did‬‬ ‫‪They watched TV last night.‬‬ ‫?‪Did they watch TV last night‬‬

‫‪‬‬

‫‪I played football yesterday.‬‬ ‫?‪Did you play football yesterday‬‬

‫‪‬‬

‫ﻻﺣظ إﻋﺎدة اﻟﻔﻌل إﻟﻰ أﺻﻠﮫ )اﻟﺗﺻرﯾف اﻷول( و ذﻟك ﻟوﺟود اﻟﻔﻌل اﻟﻣﺳﺎﻋد‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣظــــــــﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺟﻣﯾﻊ اﻷﺳﺋﻠﺔ اﻟﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺗﻛون إﺟﺎﺑﺗﮭﺎ ﺑـ ‪ Yes‬أو ‪ No‬و ذﻟك ﻷﻧﮭﺎ ﻟم ﺗﺑدأ ﺑﺄداة ﺳؤال‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‬

‫‪http://www.star28.com‬‬

‫‪Making Questions‬‬

‫ﺗﻛوﯾن اﻷﺳﺋﻠﺔ‬ ‫إذا ﻛﺎن اﻟﮭدف ﻣن اﻟﺳؤال إﻋطﺎء ﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺔ ﻣﻌﯾﻧﺔ ﻓﯾﺟب أن ﯾﺑدأ ﺑﺈﺣدى أدوات اﻟﺳؤال اﻟﺗﺎﻟﯾﺔ و اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺳﻣﻰ‪:‬‬

‫‪Wh Questions‬‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺳؤال ﻋن اﻟﻣﻛﺎن‬

‫أﯾن‬

‫?‪Where‬‬

‫ﻟﻠﺳؤال ﻋن اﻟزﻣﺎن‬

‫ﻣﺗﻰ‬

‫?‪When‬‬

‫ﻟﻠﺳؤال ﻋن اﻟﺳﺑب‬

‫ﻟﻣﺎذا‬

‫?‪Why‬‬

‫ﻟﻠﺳؤال ﻋن ﺷﻲء‬

‫ﻣﺎ‪ /‬ﻣﺎذا‬

‫ﻟﻼﺧﺗﯾﺎر ﺑﯾن ﺷﯾﺋﯾن‬

‫أي‬

‫?‪Which‬‬

‫ﻟﻠﺳؤال ﻋن ﻓﺎﻋل ﻋﺎﻗل‬

‫ﻣن‬

‫?‪Who‬‬

‫ﻟﻠﺳؤال ﻋن ﻣﻔﻌول ﺑﮫ ﻋﺎﻗل‬

‫ﻣن‬

‫?‪Whom‬‬

‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‬

‫?‪What‬‬

‫‪http://www.star28.com‬‬

‫‪Making Questions‬‬

‫ﺗﻛوﯾن اﻷﺳﺋﻠﺔ‬ ‫)‪Wh Questions (Cont.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺳؤال ﻋن اﻟﻣﻠﻛﯾﺔ‬

‫ﻟﻣن‬

‫?‪Whose‬‬

‫ﻟﻠﺳؤال ﻋن اﻟﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬

‫ﻛﯾف‬

‫?‪How‬‬

‫ﻟﻠﺳؤال ﻋن اﻟﻌدد‬

‫ﻛم ﻋدد‬

‫?‪How many‬‬

‫ﻟﻠﺳؤال ﻋن اﻟﻛﻣﯾﺔ‬

‫ﻛم ﻛﻣﯾﺔ‬

‫?‪How much‬‬

‫ﻟﻠﺳؤال ﻋن اﻟطول‬

‫ﻛم طول‬

‫?‪How long‬‬

‫ﻟﻠﺳؤال ﻋن اﻟﻌﻣر‬

‫ﻛم ﻋﻣر‬

‫?‪How old‬‬

‫ﻟﻠﺳؤال ﻋن اﻟﻣﺳﺎﻓﺔ‬

‫ﻛم ﺑﻌد‬

‫?‪How far‬‬

‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‬

‫‪http://www.star28.com‬‬

‫‪Steps for Making a Question‬‬

‫ﺧطوات ﺗﻛوﯾن اﻟﺳؤال‬ ‫‪ (١‬اﺧﺗر أداة اﻟﺳؤال اﻟﻣﻧﺎﺳﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﺟزء اﻟﻣراد اﻟﺳؤال ﻋﻧﮫ‪ ،‬ﻣﺛل‪:‬‬ ‫‪When, Where, Why………..etc‬‬ ‫‪ (٢‬ﺿﻊ اﻟﻔﻌل اﻟﻣﺳﺎﻋد ‪) helping verb‬إن وﺟد( ﻗﺑل اﻟﻔﺎﻋل أي ﺑﻌد أداة اﻟﺳؤال ﻣﺑﺎﺷرة‪.‬‬ ‫‪ (٣‬إذا ﻟم ﯾﻛن ﺑﺎﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ ﻓﻌل ﻣﺳﺎﻋد اﺳﺗﺧدم‪:‬‬ ‫* ﻣﻊ اﻟﻔﻌل اﻟﻣﺿﺎرع ﺑدون ‪ s‬ﻧﺳﺗﺧدم ‪do‬‬ ‫‪does‬‬ ‫* ﻣﻊ اﻟﻔﻌل اﻟﻣﺿﺎرع اﻟذي ﺑﮫ ‪ s‬ﻧﺳﺗﺧدم‬ ‫* ﻣﻊ اﻟﻔﻌل اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﻧﺳﺗﺧدم ‪did‬‬ ‫‪ (٤‬ﺿﻊ اﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﺑﻌد اﻟﻔﻌل اﻟﻣﺳﺎﻋد ﺳواء اﻟﻣوﺟود ﺑﺎﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ أﺻﻼً أو اﻟﺗﻲ اﺳﺗﺧدﻣﻧﺎھﺎ ﻣن ﻋﻧدﻧﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ ﻣﻼﺣظﺔ إﻋﺎدة اﻟﻔﻌل إﻟﻰ أﺻﻠﮫ أي ﺗﺻرﯾﻔﮫ اﻷول‪.‬‬ ‫‪ (٥‬اﺣذف اﻟﺟزء اﻟﻣراد اﻟﺳؤال ﻋﻧﮫ ﻷﻧﮫ ﺟواب اﻟﺳؤال‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‬

‫‪http://www.star28.com‬‬

‫‪Steps for Making a Question‬‬

‫ﺧطوات ﺗﻛوﯾن اﻟﺳؤال‬ ‫أﻣﺛﻠــــــــــــــــــــــﺔ‬

‫‪:‬‬

‫‪They are going to eat meat.‬‬ ‫?‪What are they going to eat‬‬ ‫* ﻻﺣظ أﻧﻧﺎ ﻗدﻣﻧﺎ ‪ are‬ﻋﻠﻰ ‪they‬ﻷﻧﮭﺎ ھﻲ اﻟﻔﻌل اﻟﻣﺳﺎﻋد ﺛم ﺣذﻓﻧﺎ ﻛﻠﻣﺔ ‪ meat‬ﻷﻧﮭﺎ اﻟﺟواب ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺳؤال‪.‬‬

‫‪They played tennis at school.‬‬ ‫?‪Where did they play tennis‬‬ ‫* ﻻﺣظ أﻧﻧﺎ اﺳﺗﺧدﻣﻧﺎ ‪ did‬ﻟﻌدم وﺟود ﻓﻌل ﻣﺳﺎﻋد و ﻷن اﻟﻔﻌل ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ‪ .‬و ﻻﺣظ أﯾﺿﺎ ً ﺣذف‬ ‫ﻣن اﻟﻔﻌل ﻹﻋﺎدﺗﮫ أﻟﻰ أﺻﻠﮫ‪ .‬و ﻻﺣظ أﻧﻧﺎ ﺣذﻓﻧﺎ‬ ‫‪ ed‬ﻷﻧﮭﺎ اﻟﺟواب ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺳؤال‪at school .‬‬

‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‬

‫‪http://www.star28.com‬‬

‫‪Steps for Making a Question‬‬

‫ﺧطوات ﺗﻛوﯾن اﻟﺳؤال‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣظﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻻﺣظ ﺗﻐﯾﯾر ﺑﻌض اﻟﺿﻣﺎﺋر ﻟﻛﻲ ﺗﺗﻧﺎﺳب ﻣﻊ اﻟﻣﻌﻧﻰ ﻣﺛل‪:‬‬ ‫‪ you‬ﺗﺻﺑﺢ ‪I‬‬ ‫‪ I‬ﺗﺻﺑﺢ ‪you‬‬ ‫‪ my‬ﺗﺻﺑﺢ ‪your‬‬ ‫‪ we‬ﺗﺻﺑﺢ ‪you‬‬ ‫إذا ﻛﺎن اﻟﺳؤال ﻋن اﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﻻ ﻧﺳﺗﺧدم ﻓﻌﻼً ً ً ً ً ﻣﺳﺎﻋداً ﻣن ﻋﻧدﻧﺎ ﺑل ﻧﺿﻊ‬ ‫إذا ﻛﺎن اﻟﻔﻌل ﻏﯾر‬ ‫‪who‬ﻼً و‬ ‫إذا ﻛﺎن اﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﻋﺎﻗ‬ ‫أداة اﻟﺳؤال‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻗﻼً‪.‬‬ ‫‪what‬‬ ‫أﻣﺛﻠﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫?‪Who broke the window‬‬ ‫?‪What describes accidents‬‬

‫‪Ahmed broke the window.‬‬ ‫‪The book describes accidents.‬‬

‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‬

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‫اﺳﺗﻌﻣﺎﻻت‬ How He was very pleased to meet his friend. How was he to meet his friend?

‫ﻟﻠﺳؤال ﻋن‬ ‫اﻟﺣﺎﻟﺔ أو اﻟﻛﯾﻔﯾﺔ‬

How

Thirty boys are in this class. How many boys are in this class?

‫ﻟﻠﺳؤال ﻋن اﻟﻌدد‬

How many

I am twenty years old. How old are you?

‫ﻟﻠﺳؤال ﻋن‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻣر‬

How old

You paid five pounds for this coat. How much did you pay for this coat?

‫ﻟﻠﺳؤال ﻋن‬ ‫اﻟﻛﻣﯾﺔ‬

How much

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‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

‫اﺳﺗﻌﻣﺎﻻت‬ How It is 450 KM from Dammam to Riyadh. How far is it from Dammam to Riyadh?

‫ﻟﻠﺳؤال ﻋن‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺳﺎﻓﺎت‬

How far

This rope is two meters long. How long is this rope?

‫ﻟﻠﺳؤال ﻋن‬ ‫اﻷطوال‬

How long

This fence is four meters high. How high is this fence?

‫ﻟﻠﺳؤال ﻋن‬ ‫اﻹرﺗﻔﺎﻋﺎت‬

How high

Sami is meter and a half tall. How tall is Sami?

‫ﻟﻠﺳؤال ﻋن‬ ‫أطوال‬ ‫اﻷﺷﺧﺎص‬

How tall

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‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‬

‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

some/‫ﺑﻌض‬ any/‫أي‬ .‫أﺧواﺗﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺟﻣل اﻟﺧﺑرﯾﺔ و ﻟﯾﺳت اﻟﻣﻧﻔﯾﺔ أو اﻟﺳؤال‬ ‫و‬ some

‫ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم‬

1) We had some books. 2) Somebody was there. 3) He is somewhere. .‫أﺧواﺗﮭﺎ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺳؤال و اﻟﻧﻔﻲ‬any ‫و‬

‫وﺗﺳﺗﺧدم‬

:‫ﻣﻊ اﻟﺳؤال‬ 1) Do you have any books? 2) Is anybody at home? 3) Is he anywhere?

:‫ﻣﻊ اﻟﻧﻔﻲ‬ 1) We do not have any books. 2) I did not see anybody. 3) He is not anywhere. http://www.star28.com

‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

Making Negative ‫ﺗﻛوﯾن اﻟﻧﻔﻲ‬ :‫ ﺑﻌد اﻟﻔﻌل اﻟﻣﺳﺎﻋد‬not ‫ﻟﺗﺣوﯾل اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ اﻟﺧﺑرﯾﺔ إﻟﻰ ﻧﻔﻲ ﻧﺿﻊ ﻛﻠﻣﺔ‬ :‫اﻷﻓﻌﺎل اﻟﻣﺳﺎﻋدة ھﻲ‬Helping Verbs am – is – are – was – were – have – has – had – will – would – shall – should – can – could – may – might – must – ought to

 

They are happy. He can help us?

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:‫أﻣﺛﻠـــــــــﺔ‬ They are not happy? He can not help us?

‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

Making Negative ‫ﺗﻛوﯾن اﻟﻧﻔﻲ‬ Long forms & Short forms of Verb to be (Affirmative) ‫ﻓﻲ اﻹﺛﺑﺎت‬ (Negative) ‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻧﻔﻲ‬ Long Forms Short Forms

Long Forms Short Forms

I am

I’m

I am not

I’m not

He is

He’s

He is not

He’s not

She is

She’s

She is not

She’s not

It is

It’s

It is not

It’s not

You are

You’re

You are not

You’re not

We are

We’re

We are not

We’re not

They are

They’re

They are not

They’re not

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‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‬

‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

‫‪Making Negative‬‬ ‫ﺗﻛوﯾن اﻟﻧﻔﻲ‬ ‫إذا ﻟم ﯾﻛن ﻓﻲ اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ ﻓﻌل ﻣﺳﺎﻋد ﻓﻧﺄﺗﻲ ﺑﻔﻌل ﻣﺳﺎﻋد ﻣن ﻋﻧدﻧﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫)‪ (not‬ﺑﻌده ﻣﻊ ﻣﻼﺣظﺔ‬ ‫وھذه اﻷﻓﻌﺎل اﻟﻣﺳﺎﻋدة ھﻲ‪ (do, does, did) :‬ﺛم ﻧﺿﻊ‬ ‫إﻋﺎدة اﻟﻔﻌل إﻟﻰ أﺻﻠﮫ أي اﻟﺗﺻرﯾف اﻷول‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣظﺔ‪ :‬إذا ﻛﺎﻧت إﺣدى اﻟﻛﻠﻣﺎت اﻵﺗﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ ﻓﻧﻧﻔﻲ اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ ﺑﻧﻔﻲ اﻟﻛﻠﻣﺔ ﻛﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺟدول اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬

‫ﻧﻔﻲ‬

‫‪Negative‬‬ ‫‪no, any‬‬

‫اﺛﺑﺎت‬ ‫ﺑﻌض‬

‫‪Affirmative‬‬ ‫‪some‬‬

‫‪neither………….nor‬‬

‫ﻛل ﻣن‪....‬و‬

‫‪both……and‬‬

‫‪neither………….nor‬‬

‫إﻣﺎ‪......‬أو‬ ‫أﺣﯾﺎﻧﺎ ً‬

‫‪either…..or‬‬

‫‪never‬‬ ‫‪not so…………..as‬‬

‫ﻣﺛﻠﮫ‪.......‬ﻣﺛل‬

‫‪sometimes‬‬ ‫‪as………as‬‬

‫‪not all‬‬

‫ﻛل‬

‫‪all‬‬

‫‪no, not every‬‬

‫ﻛل‬

‫‪every‬‬

‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‬

‫‪http://www.star28.com‬‬

‫‪TENSES‬‬

‫اﻷزﻣﻧﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺿﺎرع اﻟﺑﺳﯾط‬

‫‪1. Present Simple Tense‬‬

‫ﯾﺳﺗﺧدم ھذا اﻟزﻣن ﻟﻠﺗﻌﺑﯾر ﻋن اﻟﻌﺎدات و اﻟﺗﻘﺎﻟﯾد و اﻟﻘدرات و اﻟﺣﻘﺎﺋق‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﺗﻛون ھذا اﻟزﻣن ﻣن اﻟﺗﺻرﯾف اﻷول ﻟﻠﻔﻌل أي اﻟﻔﻌل اﻟﻣﺟرد‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﺄﺗﻲ ھذا اﻟزﻣن ﻋﺎدة ﻣﻊ ﻛﻠﻣﺎت ﻣﺛل‪:‬‬ ‫ﻋﺎدة‬

‫داﺋﻣﺎ ً ‪always‬‬

‫‪usually‬‬

‫ﻛل‬

‫‪every‬‬

‫أﺣﯾﺎﻧﺎ ً ‪sometimes‬‬

‫ﻏﺎﻟﺑﺎ ً‬

‫‪often‬‬

‫ﻋﻣوﻣًﺎ ‪generally‬‬

‫‪from time to time‬‬ ‫ﻣن ﺣﯾن ﻵﺧر‬

‫أﺑداً‬

‫‪never‬‬

‫ﻧﺎدرا ‪rarely‬‬

‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

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TENSES 1. 1. Present PresentSimple Simple Tense Tense

‫اﻷزﻣﻧﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺑﺳﯾط‬ ‫اﻟﺑﺳﯾط‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺿﺎرع‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺿﺎرع‬

‫أﻣﺛﻠــــــــــــــــــــــﺔ‬ 1. 2. 3. 4.

1. 2.

I go to school everyday. They usually sleep at 11.00 p.m. We often drink coffee in the morning. She is never late to school. .‫ﻟﻠﻔﻌل‬ s ‫ إذا ﻛﺎن اﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﻣﻔرد ﻏﺎﺋب ﻧﺿﯾف زﯾﺎدة‬:‫ﻣﻼﺣظﺔ‬ Ali drinks milk every morning. A cow gives us milk.

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‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‬

‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

‫‪TENSES‬‬

‫اﻷزﻣﻧﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ اﻟﺑﺳﯾط‬

‫‪Past Simple Tense‬‬

‫‪2. Past Simple Tense‬‬

‫اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ اﻟﺑﺳﯾط‬

‫ﯾﺳﺗﺧدم ھذا اﻟزﻣن ﻟﻠﺗﻌﺑﯾر ﻋن ﺣدث وﻗﻊ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﺗﻛون ھذا اﻟزﻣن ﻣن اﻟﺗﺻرﯾف اﻟﺛﺎﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﻔﻌل أي إﺿﺎﻓﺔ ‪ ed‬ﻣﻊ ﻣﻼﺣظﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﻓﻌﺎل اﻟﺷﺎذة‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﺄﺗﻲ ھذا اﻟزﻣن ﻋﺎدة ﻣﻊ ﻛﻠﻣﺎت ﻣﺛل‪:‬‬ ‫ﻣﺿﻰ‬

‫‪ago‬‬

‫اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ‬

‫أو أي ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﻣﺛل‬

‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

‫‪last‬‬

‫أﻣس‬

‫‪yesterday‬‬

‫‪in 1988 AD, in 1415 AH:‬‬

‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‬

‫‪http://www.star28.com‬‬

TENSES 2. Past Simple Tense

I, He, She, it They, We, You

‫اﻷزﻣﻧﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ اﻟﺑﺳﯾط‬

was were

‫أﻣﺛﻠــــــــــــــــــــــﺔ‬ 1. 2. 3.

I watched television last night. They visited their uncle yesterday. We went to Makkah two months often.

http://www.star28.com

‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‬

‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

‫‪TENSES‬‬

‫اﻷزﻣﻧﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺑﺳﯾط‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑلاﻟﺑﺳﯾط‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑل‬

‫‪3. Future‬‬ ‫‪Simple‬‬ ‫‪Tense‬‬ ‫‪3. Future‬‬ ‫‪Simple‬‬ ‫‪Tense‬‬

‫ﯾﺳﺗﺧدم ھذا اﻟزﻣن ﻟﻠﺗﻌﺑﯾر ﻋن ﺣدث ﻣﺗوﻗﻊ ﺣدوﺛﮫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑل‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﺗﻛون ھذا اﻟزﻣن ﻣن ‪ will‬او ‪ shall‬ﺛم اﻟﺗﺻرﯾف اﻷول ﻟﻠﻔﻌل‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺗﻲ ‪ shall‬ﻣﻊ ﺿﻣﯾر اﻟﻣﺗﻛﻠم ‪ I‬و ‪ we‬أﻣﺎ ‪ will‬ﻓﺗﺄﺗﻲ ﻣﻊ ﺑﺎﻗﻲ اﻟﺿﻣﺎﺋر‪.‬‬ ‫وﻟﻛن ‪shall‬ﻧدر اﺳﺗﺧداﻣﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻹﻧﺟﻠﯾزﯾﺔ اﻟﺣدﯾﺛﺔ وﻗد ﺣﻠت ﻛﻠﻣﺔ ‪ will‬ﺑدﻟﮭﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺟﻣﯾﻊ اﻟﺿﻣﺎﺋر‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﺄﺗﻲ ھذا اﻟزﻣن ﻋﺎدة ﻣﻊ ﻛﻠﻣﺎت ﻣﺛل‪:‬‬

‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑل ‪in the future‬‬

‫اﻟﻘﺎدم‬

‫‪next‬‬

‫أو أي ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑل ﻣﺛل‬

‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

‫ﻏداً‬

‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫‪tomorrow‬‬

‫‪in 2010 AD, in 1425 AH:‬‬

‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‬

‫‪http://www.star28.com‬‬

TENSES 3. Future Simple Tense

‫اﻷزﻣﻧﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑل اﻟﺑﺳﯾط‬

‫أﻣﺛﻠــــــــــــــــــــــﺔ‬ I will go to school tomorrow. 2. They will play foot ball next Friday. 3. He will join the army in the future. :‫ھﻧﺎك ﺗﻛوﯾن أﺧر ﻟﻠﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑل اﻟﺑﺳﯾط ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺧدام‬ am , is , are going to 1.

http://www.star28.com

‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‬

‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

‫‪TENSES‬‬

‫اﻷزﻣﻧﺔ‬

‫‪4. Present‬‬ ‫‪Continuous‬‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺿﺎرع اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻣر ‪Tense‬‬ ‫‪4. Present‬‬ ‫‪Continuous‬‬ ‫‪Tense‬‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺿﺎرع اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻣر‬ ‫ﯾﺳﺗﺧدم ھذا اﻟزﻣن ﻟﻠﺗﻌﺑﯾر ﻋن ﺣدث ﯾﻘﻊ اﻵن ﻓﻘط ‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﺗﻛون ھذا اﻟزﻣن ﻣن ‪:‬‬

‫‪ + ing‬ﻓﻌل ‪am / is / are +‬‬

‫‪I‬‬ ‫‪am + verb + ing‬‬ ‫‪He, she, it‬‬ ‫‪is + verb + ing‬‬ ‫‪They, we, you‬‬ ‫‪are + verb + ing‬‬ ‫ﯾﺄﺗﻲ ھذا اﻟزﻣن ﻋﺎدة ﻣﻊ ﻛﻠﻣﺎت ﻣﺛل ‪:‬‬ ‫اﻧظر‬

‫‪look‬‬

‫ﻓﻲ ھذه اﻟﻠﺣظﺔ‬

‫ﻓﻲ اﻟوﻗت اﻟﺣﺎﺿر‬

‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

‫‪at the moment‬‬

‫اﻵن‬

‫‪now‬‬

‫‪at the present time‬‬

‫اﺳﺗﻣﻊ‬

‫‪listen‬‬

‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‬

‫‪http://www.star28.com‬‬

TENSES

‫اﻷزﻣﻧﺔ‬

4. Present Continuous Tense

‫اﻟﻣﺿﺎرع اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻣر‬

‫أﻣﺛﻠــــــــــــــــــــــﺔ‬ 1. 2. 3.

I am reading a story at the moment. They are watching television now. Look! the bus is coming.

http://www.star28.com

‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‬

‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

‫‪TENSES‬‬

‫اﻷزﻣﻧﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺿﺎرع اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻣر‬

‫‪4. Present Continuous Tense‬‬

‫ﺑﻌض اﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﻻ ﯾﻣﻛن أن ﺗﻘﻊ ﻓﻲ اﻻﺳﺗﻣرار ﺳواء اﻟﻣﺿﺎرع اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻣر أو اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻣر وھذه اﻷﻓﻌﺎل‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺑر ﻋن اﻟﺷﻌور واﻷذى واﻹﺣﺳﺎس وﻣن ھذه اﻷﻓﻌﺎل ‪:‬‬ ‫ﯾﻔﺿل‬

‫‪prefer‬‬

‫ﯾرﯾد‬

‫‪want‬‬

‫ﯾﺷﻌر‬ ‫ﯾﺑدو‬

‫ﯾﺣب‬

‫‪love‬‬

‫‪like‬‬

‫ﯾﺣب‬

‫‪feel‬‬

‫ﯾﻛره‬

‫‪dislike‬‬

‫ﯾﻛره‬

‫‪hate‬‬

‫ﯾﺗﻣﻧﻰ‬

‫‪wish‬‬

‫‪seem‬‬

‫ﯾﻌﺗﻘد‬

‫‪think‬‬

‫ﯾﺳﻣﻊ‬

‫‪hear‬‬

‫ﯾﺄﻣل‬

‫‪hope‬‬

‫‪consider‬‬

‫ﯾﺧﺷﻰ‬

‫‪fear‬‬

‫ﯾظﮭر‬

‫‪appear‬‬

‫ﯾﺛق‬

‫‪trust‬‬

‫ﯾﺻدق‬

‫‪believe‬‬

‫ﯾﻧﺎﺳب‬

‫‪fit‬‬ ‫ﯾﻔﮭم‬

‫ﯾﻌﺗﺑر‬

‫‪understand‬‬ ‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‬

‫‪http://www.star28.com‬‬

‫‪TENSES‬‬

‫اﻷزﻣﻧﺔ‬

‫‪4. Present‬‬ ‫‪Continuous‬‬ ‫‪٥. Past‬‬ ‫‪Continuous‬‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻣر‪TenseTense‬‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺿﺎرع اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻣر‬ ‫ﯾﺳﺗﺧدم ھذا اﻟزﻣن ﻟﻠﺗﻌﺑﯾر ﻋن ﻓﻌل وﻗﻊ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ أﺛﻧﺎء وﻗوع ﻓﻌل أﺧر ‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﺗﻛون ھذا اﻟزﻣن ﻣن ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ + ing‬ﻓﻌل‪was / were +‬‬ ‫ﯾﺄﺗﻲ ھذا اﻟزﻣن ﻋﺎدة ﻣﻊ ﻛﻠﻣﺎت ﻣﺛل ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻷن‬

‫‪because‬‬

‫‪as‬‬

‫ﺣﯾث أن‬

‫ﺑﯾﻧﻣﺎ‬

‫‪while‬‬

‫ﻋﻧدﻣﺎ‬

‫‪when‬‬

‫ﻣﻠﺣوظﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ھذا اﻟزﻣن ﻋﺎدة ﻣﺎ ﯾﺄﺗﻲ ﻣﻌﮫ زﻣن اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ اﻟﺑﺳﯾط و اﻟذي ﺗﺧﻠل اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻣر أي اﻟذي وﻗﻊ‬ ‫أﺛﻧﺎء ﺣدوﺛﮫ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‬

‫‪http://www.star28.com‬‬

‫اﻷزﻣﻧﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻣر‬

‫‪TENSES‬‬ ‫‪5. Past Continuous Tense‬‬

‫أﻣﺛﻠــــــــــــــــــــــﺔ‬ ‫‪While I was sleeping , a thief entered my room.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﺑﺳﯾط‬

‫ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﻣﺳﺗﻣر‬

‫)ﺑﯾﻧﻣﺎ ﻛﻧت ﻧﺎﺋﻣﺎ ً ‪ ،‬دﺧل ﻟص ﻏرﻓﺗﻲ( ھذه اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ ﺗﺣﺗوي ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣدﺛﯾن أﺣدھﻣﺎ ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﻣﺳﺗﻣر‬ ‫وھو اﻟﻧوم واﻵﺧر دﺧول اﻟﻠص اﻟﻐرﻓﺔ اﻟذي ﺣﺻل أﺛﻧﺎء اﻟﻧوم ‪.‬‬ ‫‪When we were eating , my father came .‬‬ ‫ﻣﺳﺗﻣر‬ ‫ﺗﺣﺗوي ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣدﺛﯾن أﺣدھﻣﺎﻣﺎﺿﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﺑﺳﯾط‬ ‫ﻣﺳﺗﻣر وھو اﻷﻛل‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺿﻲ‬ ‫) ﺑﯾﻧﻣﺎ ﻛﻧﺎ ﻧﺄﻛل ‪ ،‬ﺟﺎء واﻟدي( ھذه اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫واﻵﺧر ﻣﺟﻲء واﻟدي اﻟذي ﺣﺻل أﺛﻧﺎء اﻷﻛل ‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‬

‫‪http://www.star28.com‬‬

‫اﻷزﻣﻧﺔ‬

‫‪TENSES‬‬ ‫‪5. Past Continuous Tense‬‬

‫اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻣر‬

‫أﻣﺛﻠــــــــــــــــــــــﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣظﺔ‪ :‬ﯾﻣﻛن وﺿﻊ أداة اﻟرﺑط وﺳط اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ دون أن ﯾﺗﻐﯾر اﻟﻣﻌﻧﻰ ﻓﺗﺻﺑﺢ اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺗﺎن اﻟﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻛﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﯾﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪A thief entered my room while I was sleeping .‬‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﺑﺳﯾط‬

‫ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﻣﺳﺗﻣر‬

‫دﺧل ﻟص ﻏرﻓﺗﻲ ﺑﯾﻧﻣﺎ ﻛﻧت ﻧﺎﺋﻣﺎ ً‬ ‫‪My father came when we were eating .‬‬ ‫ﺟﺎء واﻟدي ﺑﯾﻧﻣﺎ ﻛﻧﺎ ﻧﺄﻛل‬

‫ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﺑﺳﯾط‬

‫ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﻣﺳﺗﻣر‬ ‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‬

‫‪http://www.star28.com‬‬

‫اﻷزﻣﻧﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻣر‬

‫‪TENSES‬‬ ‫‪5. Past Continuous Tense‬‬

‫ﻣﻼﺣظﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺗﻛﺗب اﻟﻔﺎﺻﻠﺔ إذا ﺑدأت اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ ﺑﻛﻠﻣﺔ ‪ while‬وﺗﺣذف إذا وﻗﻌت ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻧﺗﺻف اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗذﻛر داﺋﻣﺎ ً أن ﻗﺎﻋدة ‪ while‬ﺑﮭﺎ ﻓﻌﻼن اﻷول طوﯾل ﻣﺳﺗﻣر و اﻵﺧر‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺎﺟﺊ وھو ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﺑﺳﯾط‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‬

‫‪http://www.star28.com‬‬

‫‪TENSES‬‬

‫اﻷزﻣﻧﺔ‬

‫‪4. Present‬‬ ‫‪Continuous‬‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑل اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻣر‪Tense‬‬ ‫‪6. Future‬‬ ‫‪Continuous‬‬ ‫‪Tense‬‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺿﺎرع اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻣر‬ ‫ﯾﺳﺗﺧدم ھذا اﻟزﻣن ﻟﻠﺗﻌﺑﯾر ﻋن ﺷﻲء ﻣﺗوﻗﻊ ﺣدوﺛﮫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑل وﯾﺳﺗﻣر ﻟﻔﺗرة ‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﺗﻛون ھذا اﻟزﻣن ﻣن ‪:‬‬

‫) ‪ + ing‬ﻓﻌل‪( will + be +‬‬ ‫ﯾﺄﺗﻲ ھذا اﻟزﻣن ﻋﺎدة ﻣﻊ ﻛﻠﻣﺎت ﻣﺛل ‪:‬‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﻏﺿون‬ ‫ﺑﻌد‬

‫ﺑﺣﻠول‬

‫‪by‬‬

‫ﻋﻧد ﻟﻠزﻣن‬

‫‪in‬‬

‫‪ after‬ﻛل ‪،‬ﺟﻣﯾﻊ‬

‫‪all‬‬

‫ﻣن‪..‬إﻟﻰ‬

‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‬

‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

‫‪at‬‬ ‫‪from…to‬‬

‫‪http://www.star28.com‬‬

TENSES

‫اﻷزﻣﻧﺔ‬

6. Future Continuous Tense

‫اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑل اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻣر‬

‫أﻣﺛﻠــــــــــــــــــــــﺔ‬ 1. 2.

By 7.30 tomorrow, I will be flying to Cairo. They will be waiting for you at 5 o'clock .

http://www.star28.com

‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‬

‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

‫اﻷزﻣﻧﺔ‬

‫‪TENSES‬‬

‫‪4. Present‬‬ ‫‪Continuous‬‬ ‫‪7. Present‬‬ ‫‪Perfect‬‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺿﺎرع اﻟﺗﺎم ‪Tense Tense‬‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺿﺎرع اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻣر‬ ‫ﯾﺳﺗﺧدم ھذا اﻟزﻣن ﻟﻠﺗﻌﺑﯾر ﻋن ﺣدث ﺣﺻل ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ و اﻧﺗﮭﻰ ﻗﺑل ﻟﺣظﺎت أو اﻧﺗﮭﻰ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ و‬ ‫ﻻزاﻟت آﺛﺎره ﻣوﺟودة ﺣﺗﻰ اﻵن‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﺗﻛون ھذا اﻟزﻣن ﻣن‪:‬‬ ‫‪I‬‬

‫اﻟﺗﺻرﯾف اﻟﺛﺎﻟث ﻟﻠﻔﻌل‪has / have +‬‬

‫ﯾﺄﺗﻲ ھذا اﻟزﻣن ﻋﺎدة ﻣﻊ ﻛﻠﻣﺎت ﻣﺛل ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﺗو‬ ‫أﺑداً‬

‫‪just‬‬ ‫‪never‬‬

‫ﻟﻣدة‬ ‫ﻓﻲ اﻷﺑد‬ ‫ﺗﻣﺎﻣﺎ ً‬

‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

‫‪for‬‬ ‫‪ever‬‬ ‫‪already‬‬

‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫ﻣﻧذ‬ ‫ﺣﺗﻰ اﻵن‬ ‫ﺣدﯾﺛﺎ ً‬

‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‬

‫‪since‬‬ ‫‪yet‬‬ ‫‪recently‬‬

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TENSES 7. Present Perfect Tense

‫اﻷزﻣﻧﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺿﺎرع اﻟﺗﺎم‬

‫أﻣﺛﻠــــــــــــــــــــــﺔ‬ 1. 2. 3. 4.

I have lived in Riyadh for six years. I have not visited him since 1995. Ahmed has already finished his homework. She has written three letters just now.

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‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‬

‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

TENSES

‫اﻷزﻣﻧﺔ‬

Since & For •

Since means “from some definite point or period n the past up to now” .‫ﺗﻌﻧﻲ ﻛﻠﻣﺔ ”ﻣﻧذ“ اﻋﺗﺑﺎراً ﻣن ﻧﻘطﺔ أو ﻓﺗرة ﻣﺣددة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ و ﺣﺗﻰ اﻵن‬

•

For means “a definite period of time” .‫ﺗﻌﻧﻲ ﻛﻠﻣﺔ ”ﻟﻣدة“ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﺗرة زﻣﻧﯾﺔ‬ since

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For

‫ﻣﻧذ‬

‫ﻟﻣدة‬

2 o’clock

a moment

Monday

3 minutes

yesterday

an hour

last night

many hours

last week/ last month/ last year

3 days/ 5 weeks / 4 months

1996

a year

last century

10 years

he came…………

a century ‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‬

‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

‫‪TENSES‬‬

‫اﻷزﻣﻧﺔ‬

‫‪Present‬‬ ‫‪Continuous‬‬ ‫‪8.4.Past‬‬ ‫‪Perfect‬‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ اﻟﺗﺎم ‪Tense Tense‬‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺿﺎرع اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻣر‬ ‫ﯾﺳﺗﺧدم ھذا اﻟزﻣن ﻟﻠﺗﻌﺑﯾر ﻋن ﺣدث ﺣﺻل و اﻧﺗﮭﻰ ﻓﻲ ﻟﺣظﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ زﻣن اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﺗﻛون ھذا اﻟزﻣن ﻣن‪:‬‬ ‫‪I‬‬ ‫اﻟﺗﺻرﯾف اﻟﺛﺎﻟث ﻟﻠﻔﻌل‪had +‬‬ ‫ﯾﺄﺗﻲ ھذا اﻟزﻣن ﻋﺎدة ﻣﻊ ﻛﻠﻣﺎت ﻣﺛل ‪:‬‬

‫‪before‬‬

‫ﻟﻣدة‬ ‫ﻓﻲ اﻷﺑد‬

‫‪as soon as‬‬

‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

‫‪after‬‬

‫ﻣﻧذ‬

‫‪which‬‬

‫ﺣﺗﻰ اﻵن‬

‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‬

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TENSES 8. Past Perfect Tense

‫اﻷزﻣﻧﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ اﻟﺗﺎم‬

‫أﻣﺛﻠــــــــــــــــــــــﺔ‬ 1. 2. 3. 4.

I had washed before I prayed. They went home after they had finished their work. Ahmed had eaten the cake which he bought. As soon as they had bought a car, they drove to Makkah. ‫ﻻﺣظ أن ھذا اﻟزﻣن ﻏﺎﻟﺑﺎ ً ﻣﺎ ﯾﺄﺗﻲ ﻣﻌﮫ زﻣن اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ اﻟﺑﺳﯾط اﻟذي ﺣدث ﺑﻌد اﻧﺗﮭﺎء اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ‬ .‫اﻟﺗﺎم‬

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‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‬

‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

‫‪TENSES‬‬

‫اﻷزﻣﻧﺔ‬

‫‪4. Present‬‬ ‫‪Continuous‬‬ ‫‪9. Future‬‬ ‫‪Perfect‬‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑل اﻟﺗﺎم ‪Tense Tense‬‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺿﺎرع اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻣر‬ ‫ﯾﺳﺗﺧدم ھذا اﻟزﻣن ﻟﻠﺗﻌﺑﯾر ﻋن ﺣدث ﻣﺗوﻗﻊ ﺣدوﺛﮫ و اﻧﺗﮭﺎؤه ﻓﻲ زﻣن ﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑل‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﺗﻛون ھذا اﻟزﻣن ﻣن‪:‬‬ ‫‪I‬‬ ‫اﻟﺗﺻرﯾف اﻟﺛﺎﻟث ﻟﻠﻔﻌل‪will + have +‬‬ ‫ﯾﺄﺗﻲ ھذا اﻟزﻣن ﻋﺎدة ﻣﻊ ﻛﻠﻣﺎت ﻣﺛل ‪:‬‬

‫‪at‬‬

‫ﻋﻧد‬

‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫‪by‬‬

‫ﺑﺣﻠول‬

‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‬

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TENSES

‫اﻷزﻣﻧﺔ‬

9. Future Perfect Tense

‫اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑل اﻟﺗﺎم‬

‫أﻣﺛﻠــــــــــــــــــــــﺔ‬ 1.

2.

By 2.00 this afternoon, I will have finished my work. At 10.00 tonight, she will have written five letters.

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‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‬

‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

‫‪TENSES‬‬

‫اﻷزﻣﻧﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺿﺎرع اﻟﺗﺎم اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻣر‬

‫‪4. Present‬‬ ‫‪١٠. Present‬‬ ‫‪Perfect Continuous‬‬ ‫‪Continuous Tense‬‬ ‫‪Tense‬‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺿﺎرع اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻣر‬

‫ﯾﺳﺗﺧدم ھذا اﻟزﻣن ﻟﻠﺗﻌﺑﯾر ﻋن ﺣدث وﻗﻊ ﺟزء ﻣﻧﮫ و ﺗم ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ و ﻟﻛﻧﮫ ﻣﺳﺗﻣر ﺣﺗﻰ اﻵن‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﺗﻛون ھذا اﻟزﻣن ﻣن‪:‬‬ ‫‪I‬‬ ‫‪+ ing‬ﻓﻌل‪has / have + been +‬‬ ‫ﯾﺄﺗﻲ ھذا اﻟزﻣن ﻋﺎدة ﻣﻊ ﻛﻠﻣﺎت ﻣﺛل ‪:‬‬

‫‪since‬‬

‫ﻣﻧذ‬

‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫‪for‬‬

‫ﻟﻣدة‬

‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‬

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TENSES

‫اﻷزﻣﻧﺔ‬

١٠. Present Perfect Continuous Tense

‫اﻟﻣﺿﺎرع اﻟﺗﺎم اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻣر‬

‫أﻣﺛﻠــــــــــــــــــــــﺔ‬ 1. 2.

I have been studying English for six years. She has been sleeping since 2 o’clock.

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‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‬

‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

TENSES

‫اﻷزﻣﻧﺔ‬

١٠. Present Perfect Continuous Tense

‫اﻟﻣﺿﺎرع اﻟﺗﺎم اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻣر‬

‫ ﻻﺣظ اﻷﻣﺛﻠﺔ‬Present : Perfect ‫ﻟﻛﻲ ﻧﻔرق ﺑﯾن اﻟﻣﺿﺎرع اﻟﺗﺎم اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻣر و اﻟﻣﺿﺎرع اﻟﺗﺎم‬ :‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﯾﺔ‬ •

Maha started making cakes three hours ago. There are now one hundred cakes on the table. :‫ﻣن ھذه اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺗﯾن ﻧﻛوّ ن‬

Present Perfect Continuous Tense

•

She has been making cakes for three hours.

Present Perfect Tense

•

‫اﻟﻣﺿﺎرع اﻟﺗﺎم اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻣر‬

‫اﻟﻣﺿﺎرع اﻟﺗﺎم‬

She has made 100 cakes.

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‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‬

‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

Imperatives

‫ﺻﯾﻐﺔ اﻷﻣر‬

•

Imperatives are verbs used at the beginning of sentences either in the affirmative or negative to indicate instructions, invitations, signs and notices or telling someone what to do. ،‫ﺻﯾﻐﺔ اﻷﻣر ھﻲ أﻓﻌﺎل ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم ﻓﻲ ﺑداﯾﺔ اﻟﺟﻣل أﻣﺎ ﺗﻛون ﻓﻲ اﻹﺛﺑﺎت ﻟﺗﻌﺑر ﻋن اﻟﺗﻌﻠﯾﻣﺎت‬ .‫ اﻹﺷﺎرات و اﻟﻣﻼﺣظﺎت أو إﺧﺑﺎر ﺷﺧص ﻣﺎذا ﯾﻔﻌل‬،‫اﻟدﻋوى‬

•

The Imperatives uses the simple form of the verb such as: walk, read, open,….etc. .‫ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم ﺻﯾﻐﺔ اﻷﻣر اﻟﺻﯾﻐﺔ اﻟﺑﺳﯾطﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﻌل أي اﻟﺗﺻرﯾف اﻷول‬

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‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

Imperatives

‫ﺻﯾﻐﺔ اﻷﻣر‬

‫أﻣﺛﻠــــــــــــــــــــــﺔ‬ Give Instructions ‫إﻋطﺎء ﺗﻌﻠﯾﻣﺎت‬ Mix the flour and the sugar. • Take two tablets every four hours. •

(Affirmative ‫)إﺛﺑﺎت‬

Make Invitations ‫ﺻﯾﻐﺔ اﻟدﻋوى‬ • Come in; make yourselves at home. • Please start; do not wait for me.

(Affirmative ‫)إﺛﺑﺎت‬

(Affirmative ‫)إﺛﺑﺎت‬

(Negative ‫)ﻧﻔﻲ‬

Tell someone what to do ‫إﺧﺑﺎر ﺷﺧص ﻣﺎ ﺳﯾﻔﻌﻠﮫ‬ (Affirmative ‫)إﺛﺑﺎت‬ Open your book. • • Do not forget to post the letter. (Negative ‫)ﻧﻔﻲ‬ http://www.star28.com

‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‬

‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

Imperatives

‫ﺻﯾﻐﺔ اﻷﻣر‬

‫أﻣﺛﻠــــــــــــــــــــــﺔ‬ Give Warnings Keep out. Danger. • Make Signs & Notices Push. • • Insert 2 X 50 SR. • Keep off the grass.

‫إﻋطﺎء ﺗﺣذﯾرات‬ (Affirmative ‫)إﺛﺑﺎت‬

‫ﺗﻛوﯾن إﺷﺎرات و ﻣﻼﺣظﺎت‬ (Affirmative ‫)إﺛﺑﺎت‬ (Affirmative ‫)إﺛﺑﺎت‬ (Affirmative ‫)إﺛﺑﺎت‬

Make Requests Please open the door. •

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‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‬

‫ﺗﻛوﯾن اﻟطﻠب‬ (Affirmative ‫)إﺛﺑﺎت‬

‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

Modals 

‫اﻷﻓﻌﺎل اﻟﻧﺎﻗﺻﺔ‬

A modal has only one form of the verb for all persons, but it can have several meanings and time frames, depending on the context in which it is used. ‫اﻟﻔﻌل اﻟﻧﺎﻗص ﻟﮫ ﺻﯾﻐﺔ واﺣدة ﻣﻊ ﺟﻣﯾﻊ اﻷﺷﺧﺎص وﻟﻛن ﻟﮫ ﻋدة ﻣﻌﺎﻧﻲ و أﺷﻛﺎل زﻣﻧﯾﺔ ﺣﺳب‬ .‫اﻟﻣﺣﺗوى اﻟذي ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم ﻓﯾﮫ‬

Form ‫اﻟﺻﯾﻐﺔ‬ shall, should, will would, may, might, can, could, must, ought to + (‫)اﻟﺗﺻرﯾف اﻷول ﻟﻠﻔﻌل‬





Modals have no infinitives or past participles. .‫ﻟﯾس ﻟﻠﻔﻌل اﻟﻧﺎﻗص ﻣﺻدر أو ﺗﺻرﯾف ﺛﺎﻟث‬

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‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

Modals Modals

Expresses:

‫اﻷﻓﻌﺎل اﻟﻧﺎﻗﺻﺔ‬

shall

should will http://www.star28.com

‫اﻷﻓﻌﺎل اﻟﻧﺎﻗﺻﺔ‬ Example ‫ﻣﺛﺎل‬

:‫ﺗﻌﺑر ﻋن‬ Promise ‫وﻋد‬

You shall take a reward.

Determination ‫ﺗﺻﻣﯾم‬

He does not want to obey me: but he shall.

Threat ‫ﺗﮭدﯾد‬

You shall be punished if you come late.

Duty ‫اﻟواﺟب‬

You should obey your teachers.

Advice or opinion ‫اﻟﻧﺻﯾﺣﺔ أو اﻟرأي‬

You should stop smoking.

The simple future tense. ‫ﺻﯾﻐﺔ اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑل اﻟﺑﺳﯾط‬

He will visit us tomorrow.

Determination or promise ‫اﻟﺗﺻﻣﯾم أو اﻟوﻋد‬

I will travel when I like. We will do as you wish.

‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‬

‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

Modals Modals

‫اﻷﻓﻌﺎل اﻟﻧﺎﻗﺻﺔ‬

Expresses:

‫اﻷﻓﻌﺎل اﻟﻧﺎﻗﺻﺔ‬

Example ‫ﻣﺛﺎل‬

:‫ﺗﻌﺑر ﻋن‬

might

Possibility ‫اﻹﻣﻛﺎﻧﯾﺔ‬

I hoped that I might succeed. I thought that the weather might change

can, am/is/are able to

Ability ‫اﻟﻣﻘدرة‬

He can do it carefully. He is able to solve the problem.

shall be able, will be able

Ability in the future ‫اﻟﻣﻘدرة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑل‬

I shall be able to help you.

could

Past, present or future possibility ‫ اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑل‬/ ‫ اﻟﻣﺿﺎرع‬/‫اﻹﻣﻛﺎﻧﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ‬

Fahad could drive his car a year ago. Ali is not in class today. He could be sick. Do not leave now. It could rain now.

must

Necessity ‫اﻟﺿرورة‬

You must listen to your teachers.

had to

The past form of must :past necessity ‫اﻟﺿرورة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ‬

Faisal could not come to our dinner party. He had to stay home to study.

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‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‬

‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

Modals Modals

‫اﻷﻓﻌﺎل اﻟﻧﺎﻗﺻﺔ‬

Expresses:

‫اﻷﻓﻌﺎل اﻟﻧﺎﻗﺻﺔ‬

Example ‫ﻣﺛﺎل‬

:‫ﺗﻌﺑر ﻋن‬

ought to

Advice ‫اﻟﻧﺻﯾﺣﺔ‬

You ought to help the poor.

ought to have

Actions that were advisable in the past ‫أﺣداث ﻛﺎن ﻣن اﻟﻣﺳﺗﺣﺳن ﻋﻣﻠﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ‬

You ought to have studied. (You did not. That was a mistake)

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‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‬

‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

Modals Affirmative ‫إﺛﺑﺎت‬

Negative ‫ﻧﻔﻲ‬

‫اﻷﻓﻌﺎل اﻟﻧﺎﻗﺻﺔ‬ Question ‫إﺛﺑﺎت‬

Short Answers ‫إﺟﺎﺑﺎت ﻣﺧﺗﺻرة‬ Affirmative

Negative

They should eat now.

They should not eat now.

Should they eat now?

Yes, they should.

No, they should not.

He will leave.

He will not leave.

Will he leave?

Yes, he will.

No, he will not.

He would succeed.

He would not succeed.

Would he leave?

Yes, he would.

No, he would not.

I might succeed.

I might not succeed.

Might I succeed?

I may sleep.

I may not sleep.

May I sleep?

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‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‬

‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

Modals Affirmative ‫إﺛﺑﺎت‬

Negative ‫ﻧﻔﻲ‬

‫اﻷﻓﻌﺎل اﻟﻧﺎﻗﺻﺔ‬ Question ‫إﺛﺑﺎت‬

Short Answers ‫إﺟﺎﺑﺎت ﻣﺧﺗﺻرة‬ Affirmative

Negative

I can do it.

I can not do it.

Can I do it?

Yes, you can.

No, you can not.

He could talk.

He could not talk.

Could he talk?

Yes, he could.

No, he could not.

We could have a test tomorrow.

We could not have a test tomorrow.

Could we have a test tomorrow?

Yes, you could.

No, he could not.

You must go now.

You must not go now.

Must you go now?

Yes, I must.

No, I must not.

You ought to help them.

You ought not to help them.

Ought you to help them?

Yes, I ought to.

No, I ought not.

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‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‬

‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫‪Comparing Adjectives‬‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ اﻟﺻﻔﺎت‬ ‫‪4. Present‬‬ ‫‪Continuous‬‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ اﻟﺻﻔﺎت اﻟﻘﺻﯾرة ‪Tense‬‬ ‫‪1. Comparing‬‬ ‫‪Short‬‬ ‫‪Adjectives‬‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺿﺎرع اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻣر‬ ‫‪ .١‬اﻟﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺑﯾن ﺷﯾﺋﯾن أو ﺷﺧﺻﯾن‪:‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ھذا اﻟﻧوع ﻣن اﻟﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﻧﻼﺣظ إﺿﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻼﺣﻘﺔ‬

‫‪er‬‬

‫ﻷﻏﻠب اﻟﺻﻔﺎت اﻟﻘﺻﯾرة ﺛم ﻛﻠﻣﺔ‬

‫‪than‬‬

‫‪Ali is older than Ahmed.‬‬ ‫‪My Car is faster than yours.‬‬

‫إذا اﻧﺗﮭت اﻟﺻﻔﺔ ﺑﺣرف ‪e‬‬

‫ﻓﺄﻧﻧﺎ ﻧﺿﯾف‬

‫‪r‬‬

‫إذا اﻧﺗﮭت اﻟﺻﻔﺔ ﺑﺣرف‬

‫‪y‬‬

‫•‬

‫ﻓﻘط‪.‬‬ ‫‪safer than‬‬ ‫‪simpler than‬‬

‫ﻓﺄﻧﻧﺎ ﻧﻘﻠب ال‬

‫•‬

‫‪y‬‬

‫إﻟﻰ‬

‫‪i‬‬

‫ﺛم ﻧﺿﯾف‬

‫‪er‬‬

‫‪easier than‬‬ ‫‪heavier than‬‬ ‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫‪safe‬‬ ‫‪simple‬‬

‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫ﻛﺎﻟﻌﺎدة‪.‬‬ ‫‪easy‬‬ ‫‪heavy‬‬

‫•‬ ‫•‬

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‫‪Comparing Adjectives‬‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ اﻟﺻﻔﺎت‬ ‫‪4. Present‬‬ ‫‪Continuous‬‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ اﻟﺻﻔﺎت اﻟﻘﺻﯾرة ‪Tense‬‬ ‫‪1. Comparing‬‬ ‫‪Short‬‬ ‫‪Adjectives‬‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺿﺎرع اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻣر‬ ‫‪ .٢‬اﻟﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺑﯾن أﻛﺛر ﻣن ﺷﯾﺋﯾن أو ﺷﺧﺻﯾن‪:‬‬ ‫ﻧﻼﺣظ ھﻧﺎ أھﻣﯾﺔ ﻛﻠﻣﺔ‬

‫‪the‬‬

‫اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺳﺑق اﻟﺻﻔﺔ اﻟﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ و ﯾﻼﺣظ إﺿﺎﻓﺔ ‪ est‬ھذه اﻟﻣرة‪.‬‬ ‫‪Everest is the highest mountain.‬‬ ‫‪This is the biggest building in Riyadh.‬‬

‫إذا اﻧﺗﮭت اﻟﺻﻔﺔ ﺑﺣرف‬

‫‪e‬‬

‫ﻓﺄﻧﻧﺎ ﻻ ﻧﺿﯾف‬

‫‪e‬‬

‫ﺟدﯾدة‪.‬‬

‫إذا اﻧﺗﮭت اﻟﺻﻔﺔ ﺑﺣرف‬

‫‪y‬‬

‫ﻓﺄﻧﻧﺎ ﻧﻘﻠب ال‬

‫‪y‬‬

‫إﻟﻰ‬

‫‪the safest‬‬

‫‪i‬‬

‫ﺛم ﻧﺿﯾف‬

‫‪est‬‬

‫‪the easiest‬‬

‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‬

‫‪safe‬‬

‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫•‬

‫ﻛﺎﻟﻌﺎدة‪.‬‬ ‫‪easy‬‬

‫•‬

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‫‪Comparing Adjectives‬‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ اﻟﺻﻔﺎت‬ ‫‪2. Comparing Long Adjectives‬‬

‫ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ اﻟﺻﻔﺎت اﻟطوﯾﻠﺔ‬ ‫‪ .١‬اﻟﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺑﯾن ﺷﯾﺋﯾن أو ﺷﺧﺻﯾن‪:‬‬

‫ھﻧﺎ ﺗﺗﻛون اﻟﺻﻔﺔ ﻣن أﻛﺛر ﻣن ﻣﻘطﻊ‪ ،‬ﻛل ﻣﻘطﻊ ﯾﺣﺗوي ﻋﻠﻰ أﻛﺛر ﻣن ﺣرﻓﯾن ﻣﺗﺣرﻛﯾن ﻣﺗﺑﺎﻋدﯾن‪.‬‬ ‫ﺻﻌب‬

‫‪difficult‬‬

‫ﺟﻣﯾل‬

‫‪beautiful‬‬

‫ﺻﺣﯾﺢ‬

‫‪correct‬‬

‫ﺧطر‬

‫‪dangerous‬‬

‫ﻓﺻﯾﺢ‬

‫‪Fluent‬‬

‫ﻣﮭم‬

‫‪Important‬‬

‫ھذا اﻟﻧوع ﻣن اﻟﺻﻔﺎت ﻻ ﯾﻘﺑل ‪ er‬و ﻻ ‪. est‬‬ ‫ﻓﻔﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺑﯾن ﺷﯾﺋﯾن ﺗﺳﺑق ھذه اﻟﺻﻔﺎت ﻛﻠﻣﺔ‬

‫‪ more‬ﺛم ﻛﻠﻣﺔ‬

‫‪than‬‬

‫‪Jeddah is more beautiful than Riyadh.‬‬ ‫‪French is more difficult than English.‬‬

‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‬

‫•‬ ‫•‬

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‫‪Comparing Adjectives‬‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ اﻟﺻﻔﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ اﻟﺻﻔﺎت اﻟطوﯾﻠﺔ‬

‫‪2. Comparing Long Adjectives‬‬

‫‪ .٢‬اﻟﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺑﯾن أﻛﺛر ﻣن ﺷﯾﺋﯾن أو ﺷﺧﺻﯾن‪:‬‬

‫‪the most‬‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺑﯾن أﻛﺛر ﻣن ﺷﯾﺋﯾن ﺗﺳﺑق ھذه اﻟﺻﻔﺎت ﻛﻠﻣﺔ‬

‫‪Amal is the most beautiful girl in her class.‬‬ ‫‪This is the most important subject in this book.‬‬

‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‬

‫•‬ ‫•‬

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Comparing Adjectives ‫ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ اﻟﺻﻔﺎت‬ 2. Comparing Long Adjectives

‫ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ اﻟﺻﻔﺎت اﻟطوﯾﻠﺔ‬ :‫ﻣﻼﺣظــــــــــــﺔ‬

‫اﻟﻣﻌﻧﻰ‬

‫اﻟﺻﻔﺔ‬

•

‫ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺑﯾن أﻛﺛر ﻣن أﺛﻧﯾن‬

‫ﺟﯾد‬

good

better than

the best

‫ﺳﯾﺊ‬

bad

worse than

the worst

(‫ﻛﺛﯾر )ﻟﻠﻣﻌدود‬ (‫ﻛﺛﯾر )ﻟﻐﯾر اﻟﻣﻌدود‬

many much

more than

the most

(‫ﻗﻠﯾل )ﻟﻐﯾر اﻟﻣﻌدود‬

little

less than

the least

far

farther than

the farthest

‫ﺑﻌﯾد‬

•

‫ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺑﯾن أﺛﻧﯾن‬

Adel is better than his brother at school. This girl is the worst one in her class.

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‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‬

‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

‫‪as……..as‬‬ ‫‪not as….as‬‬

‫ﻣﺛﻠﮫ ﻣﺛل )ﺑﺎﻟﺿﺑط(‬ ‫ﻟﯾس ﻣﺛﻠﮫ ﻣﺛل‬ ‫ﻣﺛﻠﮫ ﻣﺛل )ﺑﺎﻟﺿﺑط(‬

‫‪as……..as‬‬

‫ﯾﺳﺗﺧدم ھذا اﻻﺻطﻼح ﺣﯾن وﺟود ﻣﺳﺎواة ﺑﯾن ﺻﻔﺗﯾن‪.‬‬ ‫‪Ali is as tall as his brother.‬‬ ‫‪This bag is as big as my bag.‬‬ ‫ﻟﯾس ﻣﺛﻠﮫ ﻣﺛل‬

‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫‪not as……..as‬‬

‫ﯾﺳﺗﺧدم ھذا اﻻﺻطﻼح ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻋدم وﺟود ﻣﺳﺎواة ﺑﯾن ﺻﻔﺗﯾن‪.‬‬ ‫‪Ali is not as tall as his brother.‬‬ ‫‪This bag is not as big as my bag.‬‬

‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‬

‫•‬ ‫•‬

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Adverbs

[‫اﻟظروف ]اﻷﺣوال‬

•

An Adverb always modifies a verb. ً ‫اﻟظرف ﯾﺻف اﻟﻔﻌل داﺋﻣﺎ‬

•

Most adverbs are formed by adding .‫ﻟﻠﺻﻔﺔ‬

slow happy

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slowly happily

ly

to the adjectives.

ly

‫ﻣﻌظم اﻟظروف ﺗﻛوّ ن ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬

nice careful

‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

nicely carefully

‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

Adverbs

[‫اﻟظروف ]اﻷﺣوال‬

There are many kinds of adverbs: :‫ھﻧﺎك ﻋدة أﻧواع ﻣن اﻟظروف‬ ١. Adverbs of manner: express how an action was done. .‫اﻟظروف اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻌﺑر ﻋن ﻛﯾﻔﯾﺔ وﻗوع اﻟﺣدث‬: ‫اﻟظروف اﻟداﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺳﻠوك‬ • •

I closed the window carefully. The soldier fought bravely.

2. Adverbs of time: express the time when an action is or was done. .‫اﻟظروف اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻌﺑر ﻋن ﻛﯾﻔﯾﺔ زﻣن ﺣدوث اﻟﻔﻌل‬: ‫ظروف اﻟزﻣﺎن‬ • •

I’m going to leave for Cairo tomorrow. What’s going to happen next?

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‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‬

‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

Adverbs

[‫اﻟظروف ]اﻷﺣوال‬

3. Adverbs of place: express when an action is done. .‫اﻟظروف اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻌﺑر ﻋن ﻣﻛﺎن وﻗوع اﻟﺣدث‬: ‫ظروف اﻟﻣﻛﺎن‬ • •

I shall stand here. I’ve looked everywhere for my lost pen.

Some words that end in ly can be both adjectives or adverbs. Most of them refer to time. :‫ ﻣﺛل‬.‫ ﻣﻌظم ھذه اﻟﻛﻠﻣﺎت ﺗدل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟوﻗت‬.‫ ﻣن اﻟﻣﻣﻛن أن ﺗﻛون ظروف أو ﺻﻔﺎت‬ly ‫ﺑﻌض اﻟﻛﻠﻣﺎت اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻧﺗﮭﻲ ﺑـ‬

• •

daily

ً ‫ﯾوﻣﯾﺎ‬

weekly

monthly

ً ‫ﺷﮭرﯾﺎ‬

yearly

ً ‫أﺳﺑوﻋﯾﺎ‬ ً ‫ﺳﻧوﯾﺎ‬

A daily newspaper is published daily. We get up early to catch an early train.

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‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‬

‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

‫اﻟظروف ]اﻷﺣوال[‬

‫‪Adverbs‬‬

‫‪4. Adverbs of frequency: tell how often we do something.‬‬ ‫اﻟظروف اﻟداﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺗﻛرار ‪:‬اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺧﺑرﻧﺎ ﻋن ﻋدد ﻣرات ﺣدوث اﻟﺷﻲء‪ .‬وﻣن ھذه اﻟظروف‪:‬‬ ‫ﻏﺎﻟﺑﺎ ً‬

‫‪often‬‬

‫داﺋﻣﺎ ً‬

‫‪always‬‬

‫أﺣﯾﺎﻧﺎ ً‬

‫‪sometimes‬‬

‫ﻋﺎدة‬

‫‪usually‬‬

‫‪Rarely‬‬

‫ﻧﺎدراً‬

‫‪seldom‬‬

‫‪Occasionally‬‬

‫أﺑداً‬

‫‪Never‬‬

‫ﻧﺎدراً ﺟداً‬ ‫ﻣن ﺣﻲ ﻵﺧر‬

‫‪Verb to BE:‬‬ ‫ﻓﻌل ﯾﻛون‪ :‬ﯾﺄﺗﻲ ظرف اﻟﺗﻛرار ﺑﻌد اﻟﻔﻌل اﻟﻣﺳﺎﻋد‬ ‫‪Ali is always on time.‬‬ ‫‪Other Verbs:‬‬ ‫اﻷﻓﻌﺎل اﻷﺧرى‪ :‬ﯾﺄﺗﻲ ظرف اﻟﺗﻛرار ﻗﺑل اﻟﻔﻌل اﻟﻌﺎدي‬ ‫‪Ali sometimes reads a book.‬‬

‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‬

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Adverbial Clause of Time ‫اﻟﺟﻣل اﻟظرﻓﯾﺔ اﻟداﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟوﻗت‬ Conjunctions:

‫أدوات اﻟرﺑط‬

when, whenever, as, as soon as, while, after, before, until, since •

These words (conjunctions) link the adverbial clause of time with the main sentence.

.‫أدوات اﻟرﺑط ھذه ﺗرﺑط اﻟﺟﻣل اﻟظرﻓﯾﺔ اﻟداﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟوﻗت ﻣﻊ اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

:‫ﻣﺛﺎل‬ • •

I found a watch. I was walking in the street. I found a watch while I was walking in the street.

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‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‬

‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

Adverbial Clause of Place ‫اﻟﺟﻣل اﻟظرﻓﯾﺔ اﻟداﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻣﻛﺎن‬ Conjunctions:

‫أدوات اﻟرﺑط‬

where, wherever •

These words (conjunctions) link the adverbial clause of place with the main sentence. .‫أدوات اﻟرﺑط ھذه ﺗرﺑط اﻟﺟﻣل اﻟظرﻓﯾﺔ اﻟداﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻣﻛﺎن ﻣﻊ اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

:‫ﻣﺛﺎل‬ •

Wherever he goes his brother follows him.

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‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‬

‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

Adverbial Clause of Cause ‫اﻟﺟﻣل اﻟظرﻓﯾﺔ اﻟداﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺳﺑب‬ Conjunctions:

‫أدوات اﻟرﺑط‬

because, since, as •

These words (conjunctions) link the adverbial clause of cause with the main sentence. .‫أدوات اﻟرﺑط ھذه ﺗرﺑط اﻟﺟﻣل اﻟظرﻓﯾﺔ اﻟداﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺳﺑب ﻣﻊ اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

:‫ﻣﺛﺎل‬ •

I stayed at home yesterday because it was raining.

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‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‬

‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

‫‪Adverbial Clause of Manner‬‬ ‫اﻟﺟﻣل اﻟظرﻓﯾﺔ اﻟداﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺳﻠوك‬ ‫أدوات اﻟرﺑط‬

‫‪Conjunctions:‬‬

‫‪As, as if, as through‬‬ ‫‪These words (conjunctions) link the adverbial clause of manner with the‬‬ ‫‪main sentence.‬‬

‫•‬

‫أدوات اﻟرﺑط ھذه ﺗرﺑط اﻟﺟﻣل اﻟظرﻓﯾﺔ اﻟداﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺳﻠوك ﻣﻊ اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫داﺋﻣﺎ ً ﯾﺄﺗﻲ ﺑﻌد ‪ as if‬ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﻏﯾر ﺣﻘﯾﻘﻲ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺛﺎل‪:‬‬ ‫‪He speaks as if he were a king.‬‬ ‫ﻻﺣظ اﺳﺗﺧدام ‪ were‬ﺑدﻻً ﻣن‬ ‫ﻻﺣظ اﺳﺗﺧدام ‪ would‬ﺑدﻻً ﻣن‬

‫•‬

‫‪ was‬ﻷﻧﮭﺎ ﻏﯾر ﺣﻘﯾﻘﯾﺔ و ﻣﺟرد ﺧﯾﺎل‪.‬‬ ‫‪It looks as if it would rain.‬‬ ‫‪ will‬وھو ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﻏﯾر ﺣﻘﯾﻘﻲ و أﻧﮭﺎ ﻣﺟرد ﺗوﻗﻊ‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‬

‫•‬

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Adverbial Clause of Purpose ‫اﻟﺟﻣل اﻟظرﻓﯾﺔ اﻟداﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻐرض‬ Conjunctions:

‫أدوات اﻟرﺑط‬

that, so that, in order that These words (conjunctions) link the adverbial clause of purpose with the main sentence. .‫أدوات اﻟرﺑط ھذه ﺗرﺑط اﻟﺟﻣل اﻟظرﻓﯾﺔ اﻟداﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻐرض ﻣﻊ اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

a) We use (may + infinitive) when the main verb is in the present or future. .‫اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑل‬

‫اﻟﻣﺻدر( ﻋﻧدﻣﺎ ﯾﻛون اﻟﻔﻌل اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺿﺎرع أو‬+‫ﻧﺳﺗﺧدم )رﺑﻣﺎ‬

:‫ﻣﺛﺎل‬  

He works hard. He wishes to succeed. He works hard so that (that or in order that) he may succeed.

b) We use (might + infinitive) when the main verb is in the simple past. .‫اﻟﻣﺻدر( ﻋﻧدﻣﺎ ﯾﻛون اﻟﻔﻌل اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ اﻟﺑﺳﯾط‬+‫ﻧﺳﺗﺧدم )رﺑﻣﺎ‬

:‫ﻣﺛﺎل‬ 

He was walking quickly in order that he might not be late.

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‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‬

‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

Adverbial Clause of Result ‫اﻟﺟﻣل اﻟظرﻓﯾﺔ اﻟداﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻧﺗﯾﺟﺔ‬ We use:

so + adverb + that

such + noun+ that

to link the main sentence with the adverbial clause of result. .‫ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم ھذه اﻟﺻﯾﻐﺎت ﻟرﺑط اﻟﺟﻣل اﻟظرﻓﯾﺔ اﻟداﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻧﺗﯾﺟﺔ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

:‫ﻣﺛﺎل‬ • •

The man is so weak that he can not walk. He wrote such good answers that he got he marks.

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‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‬

‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

Adverbial Clause of Contrast ‫اﻟﺟﻣل اﻟظرﻓﯾﺔ اﻟداﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺗﻧﺎﻗض‬ Conjunctions:

‫أدوات اﻟرﺑط‬

though, although •

These words (conjunctions) link the adverbial clause of contrast with the main sentence. .‫أدوات اﻟرﺑط ھذه ﺗرﺑط اﻟﺟﻣل اﻟظرﻓﯾﺔ اﻟداﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺗﻧﺎﻗض ﻣﻊ اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

:‫ﻣﺛﺎل‬ • •

He is poor. He is happy. Although (though) he is poor, he is happy.

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‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‬

‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

Adverbial Clause of Contrast ‫اﻟﺟﻣل اﻟظرﻓﯾﺔ اﻟداﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ‬ Conjunctions:

‫أدوات اﻟرﺑط‬

as….as, so……as •

These words (conjunctions) link the adverbial clause of contrast with the main sentence. .‫أدوات اﻟرﺑط ھذه ﺗرﺑط اﻟﺟﻣل اﻟظرﻓﯾﺔ اﻟداﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

:‫ﻣﺛﺎل‬ • •

Nabeel is as clever as his father. Sami is not so strong as his brother.

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‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‬

‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

Adverbial Clause of Condition ‫اﻟﺟﻣل اﻟظرﻓﯾﺔ اﻟداﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ Conjunctions:

‫أدوات اﻟرﺑط‬

if, unless •

These words (conjunctions) link the adverbial clause of condition with the main sentence. .‫أدوات اﻟرﺑط ھذه ﺗرﺑط اﻟﺟﻣل اﻟظرﻓﯾﺔ اﻟداﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

:‫ﻣﺛﺎل‬ • • • • •

If we are ill, we go to bed. If we work hard, we will succeed. If we worked hard, we would succeed. If he had fallen, he would have hurt himself. Unless the rain falls, the crops will not grow.

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‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‬

‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

‫‪as……..as‬‬ ‫‪not as….as‬‬

‫ﻣﺛﻠﮫ ﻣﺛل ]ﺑﺎﻟﺿﺑط [‬ ‫ﻟﯾس ﻣﺛﻠﮫ ﻣﺛل‬ ‫ﻣﺛﻠﮫ ﻣﺛل ]ﺑﺎﻟﺿﺑط [‬

‫‪as……..as‬‬

‫ﯾﺳﺗﺧدم ھذا اﻻﺻطﻼح ﺣﯾن وﺟود ﻣﺳﺎواة ﺑﯾن ﺣﺎﻟﯾن‪.‬‬ ‫‪Ahmed drives as dangerously as his brother.‬‬ ‫ﻟﯾس ﻣﺛﻠﮫ ﻣﺛل‬

‫•‬

‫‪not as……..as‬‬

‫ﯾﺳﺗﺧدم ھذا اﻻﺻطﻼح ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻋدم وﺟود ﻣﺳﺎواة ﺑﯾن ﺣﺎﻟﯾن‪.‬‬ ‫‪Hamad does not drive as dangerously as his brother.‬‬

‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‬

‫•‬

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‫‪Active & Passive‬‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺑﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﻣﻌﻠوم و اﻟﻣﺑﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﻣﺟﮭول‬ ‫ﯾﻘﺻد ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺑﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﻣﻌﻠوم ھو اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﯾﻛون ﻓﺎﻋﻠﮭﺎ ﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎ ً‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﻘﺻد ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺑﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﻣﺟﮭول ھو اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﯾﻛون ﻓﺎﻋﻠﮭﺎ ﻏﯾر ﻣﻌﻠوم أو ﻗﻠﯾل اﻷھﻣﯾﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ھﻧﺎك ﻋدة أﻧواع ﻣن اﻟﻣﺑﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﻣﻌﻠوم و اﻟﻣﺑﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﻣﺟﮭول‪:‬‬ ‫اﻟﺟﻣل اﻟﺧﺑرﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﺳﺋﻠـــــــــــﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﻣـــــــــــــر‬

‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫‪Statements‬‬ ‫‪Questions‬‬ ‫‪Command‬‬

‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

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‫‪Active & Passive‬‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺑﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﻣﻌﻠوم و اﻟﻣﺑﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﻣﺟﮭول‬ ‫اﻟﺟﻣل اﻟﺧﺑرﯾﺔ‬

‫‪A. Statements‬‬

‫‪Ahmed broke the window yesterday.‬‬ ‫ھذه اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ ﻣﺑﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﻣﻌﻠوم ‪ Active‬وذﻟك ﻷن اﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﻓﯾﮭﺎ ﻣﻌﻠوم وھو ‪. Ahmed‬‬ ‫_____________________________________________________‬ ‫_‬ ‫‪The window was broken yesterday.‬‬ ‫‪The window was broken (by Ahmed) yesterday.‬‬ ‫ھذه اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ ﻣﺑﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﻣﺟﮭول ‪ Passive‬وذﻟك ﻷن اﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﻓﯾﮭﺎ ﻏﯾر ﻣﻌﻠوم وھو ‪ Ahmed‬ﻛﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ أو وﺿﻊ ﻣﻛﺎن اﻟﻣﻔﻌول ﺑﮫ ﻣﺳﺑوﻗﺎ ً ﺑــ ‪ by‬ﻛﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ اﻟﺛﺎﻧﯾﺔ‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‬

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‫‪Active & Passive‬‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺑﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﻣﻌﻠوم و اﻟﻣﺑﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﻣﺟﮭول‬ ‫اﻟﺟﻣل اﻟﺧﺑرﯾﺔ‬

‫‪A. Statements‬‬

‫ﻟﻠﺗﺣوﯾل ﻣن اﻟﻣﺑﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﻣﻌﻠوم ‪ Active‬إﻟﻰ اﻟﻣﺑﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﻣﺟﮭول ‪ Passive‬ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺟﻣل اﻟﺧﺑرﯾﺔ ﻧﺗﺑﻊ اﻟﺧطوات اﻟﺗﺎﻟﯾﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ .١‬اﻟﻣﻔﻌول ﺑﮫ ﯾﺻﺑﺢ ﻓﺎﻋﻼً‪) .‬ﯾﻌرف اﻟﻣﻔﻌول ﺑﮫ ﺑوﺟوده ﺑﻌد اﻟﻔﻌل ﻣﺑﺎﺷرة(‬ ‫‪ .٢‬ﻧﺿﻊ ﻓﻌل ‪ to be‬ﻓﻲ ﻧﻔس زﻣن اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ ﻣﻧﺎﺳﺑﺎ ً ﻟﻠﻣﻔﻌول ﺑﮫ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .٣‬ﺿﻊ اﻟﻔﻌل اﻷﺻﻠﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺗﺻرﯾف اﻟﺛﺎﻟث‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .٤‬ﻧﺿﻊ اﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﻣﺳﺑوﻗﺎ ً ﺑــ ‪ by‬وﻗد ﯾﺷطب إذا ﻛﺎن ﺿﻣﯾراً‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .٥‬أي زﯾﺎدة ﻓﻲ اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ ﯾوﺿﻊ ﻛﻣﺎ ھو ﻓﻲ ﻧﮭﺎﯾﺔ اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ دون ﺗﻐﯾﯾر‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‬

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Active & Passive ‫اﻟﻣﺑﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﻣﻌﻠوم و اﻟﻣﺑﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﻣﺟﮭول‬ A. Statements

‫اﻟﺟﻣل اﻟﺧﺑرﯾﺔ‬

:‫أﻣﺛﻠـــــــــــــــــــﺔ‬ Active

Passive

‫ﻣﺑﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﻣﻌﻠوم‬

‫ﻣﺑﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﻣﺟﮭول‬

Ali writes letters.

Letters are written (by Ali).

Huda wrote the lesson.

The lesson was written (by Huda).

Saleh will buy a car.

A car will be bought (by Saleh).

Khaled is helping Ahmed.

Ahmed is being helped (by Ali).

She has eaten the apple.

The apple has been eaten (by her).

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‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‬

‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

‫‪Active & Passive‬‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺑﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﻣﻌﻠوم و اﻟﻣﺑﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﻣﺟﮭول‬ ‫اﻟﺟﻣل اﻟﺧﺑرﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﯾﺻرف ﻓﻌل‬

‫‪A. Statements‬‬

‫‪ to be‬ﻣﻊ اﻷزﻣﻧﺔ اﻟﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ ﻛﻣﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ‪:‬‬

‫اﻟﻣﺿﺎرع اﻟﺑﺳﯾط‬

‫‪am, is, are‬‬

‫اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ اﻟﺑﺳﯾط‬

‫‪was, were‬‬

‫اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑل اﻟﺑﺳﯾط‬

‫‪shall be, will be‬‬

‫اﻟﻣﺿﺎرع اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻣر‬

‫‪am being, is being, are being‬‬

‫اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻣر‬

‫‪was being, were being‬‬

‫اﻟﻣﺿﺎرع اﻟﺗﺎم‬

‫‪has been, have been‬‬

‫اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ اﻟﺗﺎم‬

‫‪had been‬‬

‫ﻛل ﻓﻌل ﻣﺳﺎﻋد‬

‫‪can be, could be, may be, might be, must be, ought‬‬ ‫‪to be‬‬ ‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‬

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‫‪Active & Passive‬‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺑﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﻣﻌﻠوم و اﻟﻣﺑﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﻣﺟﮭول‬ ‫اﻷﺳﺋﻠﺔ‬

‫‪B. Questions‬‬

‫ﻟﻠﺗﺣوﯾل ﻣن اﻟﻣﺑﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﻣﻌﻠوم ‪ Active‬إﻟﻰ اﻟﻣﺑﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﻣﺟﮭول ‪ Passive‬ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﺳﺋﻠﺔ ﻧﺗﺑﻊ اﻟﺧطوات اﻟﺗﺎﻟﯾﺔ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ .١‬اﻟﻣﻔﻌول ﺑﮫ ﯾﺻﺑﺢ ﻓﺎﻋﻼً‪) .‬ﯾﻌرف اﻟﻣﻔﻌول ﺑﮫ ﺑوﺟوده ﺑﻌد اﻟﻔﻌل ﻣﺑﺎﺷرة(‬ ‫‪ .٢‬ﻧﺿﻊ ﻓﻌل ‪ to be‬ﻓﻲ ﻧﻔس زﻣن اﻟﺳؤال‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .٣‬ﺿﻊ اﻟﻔﻌل اﻷﺻﻠﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺗﺻرﯾف اﻟﺛﺎﻟث‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .٤‬ﻧﺿﻊ اﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﻣﺳﺑوﻗﺎ ً ﺑــ ‪ by‬وﻗد ﯾﺷطب إذا ﻛﺎن ﺿﻣﯾراً‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .٥‬أي زﯾﺎدة ﻓﻲ اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ ﯾوﺿﻊ ﻛﻣﺎ ھو ﻓﻲ ﻧﮭﺎﯾﺔ اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ دون ﺗﻐﯾﯾر‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‬

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Active & Passive ‫اﻟﻣﺑﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﻣﻌﻠوم و اﻟﻣﺑﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﻣﺟﮭول‬ B. Questions

‫اﻷﺳﺋﻠﺔ‬

:‫أﻣﺛﻠـــــــــــــــــــﺔ‬ Active

Passive

‫ﻣﺑﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﻣﻌﻠوم‬

‫ﻣﺑﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﻣﺟﮭول‬

Does Ahmed write letters?

Are Letters written (by Ali)?

Did he eat the cake?.

Was the cake eaten (by him)?

Will Ali buy a new car?

Will a new car be bought (by Ali)?

Why is he using a pen?

Ahmed is being helped (by Ali).

Who broke the window?

By whom the window was broken?

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‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‬

‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

‫‪Active & Passive‬‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺑﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﻣﻌﻠوم و اﻟﻣﺑﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﻣﺟﮭول‬ ‫اﻷﻣر‬

‫‪C. Command‬‬

‫ﻟﻠﺗﺣوﯾل ﻣن اﻟﻣﺑﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﻣﻌﻠوم ‪ Active‬إﻟﻰ اﻟﻣﺑﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﻣﺟﮭول ‪ Passive‬ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﻣر ﻧﺗﺑﻊ اﻟﺧطوات اﻟﺗﺎﻟﯾﺔ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ .١‬ﺿﻊ ﻛﻠﻣﺔ ‪ let‬ﻓﻲ أول اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .٢‬اﻟﻣﻔﻌول ﺑﮫ ﯾﺻﺑﺢ ﻓﺎﻋﻼً‪) .‬ﯾﻌرف اﻟﻣﻔﻌول ﺑﮫ ﺑوﺟوده ﺑﻌد اﻟﻔﻌل ﻣﺑﺎﺷرة(‬ ‫‪ .٣‬ﺿﻊ ﻓﻌل ‪ to be‬ﻓﻲ ﻧﻔس اﻟزﻣن أي اﻷﻣر ﻓﯾﻛون ‪. be‬‬ ‫‪ .٤‬ﺿﻊ اﻟﻔﻌل اﻷﺻﻠﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺗﺻرﯾف اﻟﺛﺎﻟث‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‬

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Active & Passive ‫اﻟﻣﺑﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﻣﻌﻠوم و اﻟﻣﺑﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﻣﺟﮭول‬ C. Command

‫اﻷﻣر‬

:‫أﻣﺛﻠـــــــــــــــــــﺔ‬ Active

Passive

‫ﻣﺑﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﻣﻌﻠوم‬

‫ﻣﺑﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﻣﺟﮭول‬

Write the lesson.

Let the lesson be written.

Open the door.

Let the door be opened.

Send this letter to your friend.

Let this letter be sent to your friend.

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‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‬

‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

‫‪Active & Passive‬‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺑﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﻣﻌﻠوم و اﻟﻣﺑﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﻣﺟﮭول‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣظـــــــــــــــــــــــﺔ‬ ‫ﻗد ﺗﻛون اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ اﻟﻣراد ﺗﺣوﯾﻠﮭﺎ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻣﺑﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﻣﺟﮭول ﻣﻧﻔﯾﺔ أو ﺳؤاﻻً ﻣذﯾﻼً ﻟذا ﯾﺟب اﻟﻣﺣﺎﻓظﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﯾﻐﺔ ھذا اﻟﺳؤال أو‬ ‫اﻟﺗذﯾﯾل ﻋﻧد اﻟﺗﺣوﯾل إﻟﻰ اﻟﻣﺑﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﻣﺟﮭول‪.‬‬ ‫أﻣﺛﻠـــــــــــــــــــﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺑﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﻣﺟﮭول‬

‫‪Passive‬‬

‫ﻣﺑﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﻣﻌﻠوم‬

‫‪Active‬‬

‫‪Letters are not written (by Ali).‬‬

‫‪Ali does not write letters‬‬

‫‪Those novels were written by Dickens,‬‬ ‫?‪weren’t they‬‬

‫?‪Dickens wrote those novels, didn’t he‬‬

‫?‪That play wasn’t written by Dickens, was it‬‬

‫?‪Dickens didn’t write that play, did he‬‬

‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‬

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‫‪Transitive & Intransitive Verbs‬‬ ‫اﻷﻓﻌﺎل اﻟﻼزﻣﺔ و اﻷﻓﻌﺎل اﻟﻣﺗﻌدﯾﺔ‬ ‫)اﻷﻓﻌﺎل اﻟﻼزﻣﺔ( ‪:Intransitive Verbs‬‬ ‫ھﻲ اﻟﺗﻲ ﻻ ﺗﺄﺧذ ﻣﻔﻌوﻻً ﺑﮫ‪ .‬ﻣﺛل‪:‬‬

‫‪The sun rises.‬‬ ‫)اﻷﻓﻌﺎل اﻟﻼزﻣﺔ( ‪:Intransitive Verbs‬‬ ‫ھﻲ اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺄﺧذ ﻣﻔﻌوﻻً ﺑﮫ واﺣداً أو أﻛﺛر‪.‬‬

‫‪Ali raised his hand.‬‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻔﻌول ﺑﮫ‬

‫اﻟﻔﺎﻋل‬

‫اﻟﻔﻌل‬

‫*اﻷﻓﻌﺎل اﻟﻼزﻣﺔ ﻻ ﯾﻣﻛن ﺗﺣوﯾﻠﮭﺎ إﻟﻰ ﻣﺑﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﻣﺟﮭول ﻟﻌدم وﺟود ﻣﻔﻌول ﺑﮫ ﺑﮭﺎ‪ ،‬أﻣﺎ اﻟﺟﻣل اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺣوي أﻓﻌﺎل ﻣﺗﻌدﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﯾﻣﻛن ﺗﺣوﯾﻠﮭﺎ إﻟﻰ ﻣﺑﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﻣﺟﮭول‪.‬‬ ‫*ھﻧﺎك ﺑﻌض اﻷﻓﻌﺎل اﻟﻣﺗﻌدﯾﺔ ﻟﻣﻔﻌوﻟﯾن ﻟذا ﯾﻣﻛن ﺗﺣوﯾﻠﮭﺎ إﻟﻰ ﻣﺑﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﻣﺟﮭول‪ .‬ﻣﺛﺎل‪:‬‬ ‫ﺗﺑﻧﻰ ﺑطرﯾﻘﺗﯾن‪:‬‬

‫‪Ahmed gave Huda a flower .‬‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻌول ﺑﮫ‬

‫وﺿﻊ‬ ‫ﻻﺣظ ‪to‬‬

‫ﻟﻠﻣﻔﻌول ﺑﮫ اﻟﻌﺎﻗل ‪Huda‬ﺣﯾن ﺗﺄﺧﯾره‬

‫ﻣﻔﻌول ﺑﮫ‬

‫اﻟﻔﻌل‬

‫اﻟﻔﺎﻋل‬

‫‪a) Huda was given a flower (by Ahmed).‬‬ ‫‪b) A flower was given to Huda (by Ahmed).‬‬ ‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

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‫‪Prepositions‬‬ ‫ﺣروف اﻟﺟر‬ ‫ﺣروف اﻟﺟر ﻛﺛﯾرة و ﻣﺗﺷﺎﺑﻛﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘد ﯾﻛون ﻟﻠﺣرف اﻟواﺣد أﻛﺛر ﻣن ﻣﻌﻧﻰ وذﻟك‬ ‫ﺣﺳب ﻣوﻗﻌﮫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ‪ .‬و اﻟطرﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﻣﺛﻠﻰ ﻟﺗﻌﻠم ﺣروف اﻟﺟر ھﻲ اﻟﺗدرب‬ ‫ﻋﻠﯾﮭﺎ ﻣن ﺧﻼل ﺟﻣل و ﻟﯾﺳت ﻛﺣروف ﻣﻧﻔﺻﻠﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪A preposition shows the relation between the subject and the object.‬‬ ‫‪There are also prepositions of time and prepositions of place.‬‬ ‫ﺗدل ﺣروف اﻟﺟر ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﯾن اﻟﻔﺎﻋل و اﻟﻣﻔﻌول ﺑﮫ و ﯾوﺟد أﯾﺿﺎ ً ﺣروف ﺟر داﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟزﻣن و ﺣروف ﺟر داﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻣﻛﺎن‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

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Use of Prepositions ‫اﺳﺗﺧدام ﺣروف اﻟﺟر‬ Prepositions ‫ﺣروف اﻟﺟر‬

on

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Use ‫اﻻﺳﺗﺧدام‬ Day

Example ‫ﻣﺛﺎل‬ On Monday

‫اﻷﯾﺎم‬

Day + morning, night ‫ اﻟﻔﺗرة‬+ ‫اﻷﯾﺎم‬

On Friday morning

Afternoon, evening, date ‫اﻟﺗﺎرﯾﺦ‬

My birthday is on June 10.

Special days ‫أﯾﺎم ﺧﺎﺻﺔ‬

I will travel on National Day.

To mean above

The tea is on the table.

‫ﺑﻣﻌﻧﻰ ﻓوق‬

‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‬

‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

Use of Prepositions ‫اﺳﺗﺧدام ﺣروف اﻟﺟر‬ Prepositions ‫ﺣروف اﻟﺟر‬

in

Use ‫اﻻﺳﺗﺧدام‬ Season Year

The trees grow in spring.

‫ﻓﺻل‬

I was born in 1968.

‫ﺳﻧﺔ‬

Month ‫ﺷﮭر‬

The test is in May.

The morning ‫اﻟﺻﺑﺎح‬

I go to work in the morning.

The evening ‫اﻟﺳﻣﺎء‬

I go home in the evening

To mean above

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Example ‫ﻣﺛﺎل‬

‫ﻓﻲ اﻟداﺧل‬

‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‬

‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

He is in the mosque.

‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

Use of Prepositions ‫اﺳﺗﺧدام ﺣروف اﻟﺟر‬ Prepositions ‫ﺣروف اﻟﺟر‬

at

Use ‫اﻻﺳﺗﺧدام‬ Time

I will come back at 2 o’clock.

‫اﻟوﻗت‬

Festival ‫اﻷﻋﯾﺎد و اﻻﺣﺗﻔﺎﻻت‬

I will meat you at the school festival.

Meal times ‫أوﻗﺎت اﻟوﺟﺑﺎت‬

I will talk to my father at lunch.

The weekend ‫ﻧﮭﺎﯾﺔ اﻷﺳﺑوع‬

We will travel at the weekend.

Noon

We pray at noon everyday.

‫اﻟظﮭر‬

Night ‫اﻟﻠﯾل‬ To mean place

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Example ‫ﻣﺛﺎل‬

We sleep at night. He is at the grocer’s.

‫ﻟﻠﻣﻛﺎن‬

‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‬

‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

Use of Prepositions ‫اﺳﺗﺧدام ﺣروف اﻟﺟر‬ Prepositions of Place Prepositions ‫ﺣروف اﻟﺟر‬

at

‫ﺣروف اﻟﺟر اﻟداﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻣﻛﺎن‬

Use ‫اﻻﺳﺗﺧدام‬ at an exact place

‫ﻓﻲ ﻣﻛﺎن ﻣﺣدد‬

Example ‫ﻣﺛﺎل‬ He lives at number 5, King Fahad Street.

at work ‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻣل‬

Ahmed is at work.

at the table ‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟطﺎوﻟﺔ‬

They are standing at the dinner table

under

‫ﺑﻣﻌﻧﻰ ﺗﺣت‬

The cat is under the table.

in front of

‫ﺑﻣﻌﻧﻰ أﻣﺎم‬

The teacher is in front of the class.

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direction/place ‫اﺗﺟﺎه‬/‫ﻣﻛﺎن‬

‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‬

I go to school everyday.

‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

Use of Prepositions ‫اﺳﺗﺧدام ﺣروف اﻟﺟر‬ Prepositions of Place Prepositions ‫ﺣروف اﻟﺟر‬

in

‫ﺣروف اﻟﺟر اﻟداﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻣﻛﺎن‬

Use ‫اﻻﺳﺗﺧدام‬ To mean inside

Example ‫ﻣﺛﺎل‬ Put this book in the box.

‫ﺑﻣﻌﻧﻰ داﺧل‬

In a country ‫ﻓﻲ ﺑﻠد‬

I live in Saudi Arabia.

In a town./street ‫ﻓﻲ ﺷﺎرع‬/‫ﻓﻲ ﻣدﯾﻧﺔ‬

I live in Al-Madina.

in bed ‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔراش‬

The baby is in bed.

In a building or area‫ﻣﻧطﻘﺔ‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﻣﺑﻧﻰ أو‬

In a chair ‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻛرﺳﻲ‬

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‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‬

You were in the club last night. Ali is sitting in his chair.

‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

Use of Prepositions ‫اﺳﺗﺧدام ﺣروف اﻟﺟر‬ Prepositions of Place Prepositions ‫ﺣروف اﻟﺟر‬

‫ﺣروف اﻟﺟر اﻟداﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻣﻛﺎن‬

Use ‫اﻻﺳﺗﺧدام‬

Example ‫ﻣﺛﺎل‬

with from

‫ﺑﻣﻌﻧﻰ ﺑـ‬

I write with a pen.

‫ﺑﻣﻌﻧﻰ ﻣن‬

I am from Riyadh.

behind

‫ﺑﻣﻌﻧﻰ ﺧﻠف‬

The wall is behind the class.

between

‫ﺑﻣﻌﻧﻰ ﺑﯾن‬

Samah is sitting between Fatma and Salwa.

on http://www.star28.com

TV ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺎﺷﺔ اﻟﺗﻠﻔزﯾون‬

Ali watches football on TV every Saturday.

Time

He arrives on time.

‫اﻟوﻗت اﻟﻣﺣدد‬

‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‬

‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

Use of Prepositions ‫اﺳﺗﺧدام ﺣروف اﻟﺟر‬ More Examples Prepositions ‫ﺣروف اﻟﺟر‬

‫ﻣزﯾداً ﻣن اﻷﻣﺛﻠﺔ‬ Example ‫ﻣﺛﺎل‬

in ‫ﻓﻲ‬

The medicine is in the bottle.

on ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬

The knife is on the table.

at ‫ ﺑﺎﻟﻘرب‬،‫ﻋﻧد‬

Someone is at the door.

near ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻘرب ﻣن‬

Ahmed is sitting near the window.

between ‫ﺑﯾن‬

The house is between the school and the mosque.

opposite ‫ﻣﻘﺎﺑل‬

The bank is opposite to the post office.

into ‫ ﻓﻲ‬،‫داﺧل‬

The electrician is putting his hand into the TV.

onto ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬

The water is spilling onto the floor.

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‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‬

‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

Use of Prepositions ‫اﺳﺗﺧدام ﺣروف اﻟﺟر‬ More Examples Prepositions ‫ﺣروف اﻟﺟر‬

off

‫ﻣزﯾداً ﻣن اﻷﻣﺛﻠﺔ‬ Example ‫ﻣﺛﺎل‬

The man is falling off the chair.

‫ﻣن ﻋﻠﻰ‬

out of ‫ﻣن ﻓوق‬

The child is falling out of the window.

across

The carpenter cut across the wood.

‫ ﺧﻼل‬،‫ﻋﺑر‬

over/above

‫ أﻋﻠﻰ‬،‫ﻓوق‬

The light is over (above) the table.

under/below ‫ أﺳﻔل‬،‫ﺗﺣت‬

The fire is under (below) the stairs.

through

The ball is going through the window.

‫ ﺧﻼل‬،‫ﻋﺑر‬

among ‫وﺳط‬ http://www.star28.com

The teacher is sitting among the students.

‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‬

‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

Use of Prepositions ‫اﺳﺗﺧدام ﺣروف اﻟﺟر‬ More Examples Prepositions ‫ﺣروف اﻟﺟر‬

‫ﻣزﯾداً ﻣن اﻷﻣﺛﻠﺔ‬ Example ‫ﻣﺛﺎل‬

in ‫ﻓﻲ‬

The medicine is in the bottle.

on ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬

The knife is on the table.

at ‫ ﺑﺎﻟﻘرب‬،‫ﻋﻧد‬

Someone is at the door.

near ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻘرب ﻣن‬

Ahmed is sitting near the window.

between ‫ﺑﯾن‬

The house is between the school and the mosque.

opposite ‫ﻣﻘﺎﺑل‬

The bank is opposite to the post office.

into ‫ ﻓﻲ‬،‫داﺧل‬

The electrician is putting his hand into the TV.

onto ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬

The water is spilling onto the floor.

http://www.star28.com

‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‬

‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

Use of Prepositions ‫اﺳﺗﺧدام ﺣروف اﻟﺟر‬ More Examples Prepositions ‫ﺣروف اﻟﺟر‬

round

‫ﻣزﯾداً ﻣن اﻷﻣﺛﻠﺔ‬ Example ‫ﻣﺛﺎل‬

The car is going round the tree.

‫ﺣول‬

in front of ‫أﻣﺎم‬

The child is sitting in front of the TV.

behind

The headmaster is sitting behind the pupils.

‫ وراء‬،‫ﺧﻠف‬

on top of

‫ ﻋﻠﻰ‬،‫ﻓوق‬

The sweets are on top of the table.

at the side of ‫ﺑﺟﺎﻧب‬

The garage is at the side of the house.

along

The man is walking along the street.

‫ﻋﻠﻰ طول‬

next to ‫ﺑﺟوار‬ http://www.star28.com

The bank is next to the baker’s.

‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‬

‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫‪Question-Tags‬‬ ‫اﻷﺳﺋﻠﺔ اﻟﻣذﯾﻠﺔ‬ ‫ھذا اﻟﻧوع ﻣن اﻷﺳﺋﻠﺔ ﯾطﻠق ﻋﻠﯾﮭﺎ اﻷﺳﺋﻠﺔ اﻟﻣذﯾﻠﺔ وھﻲ ﺗﻌﺎدل ”أﻟﯾس ﻛذﻟك؟“ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻌرﺑﯾﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫وھو ﻋﺑﺎرة ﻋن ﺳؤال ﻣﺧﺗﺻر ﯾﺗﺑﻊ ﺟﻣﻠﺔ ﺧﺑرﯾﺔ ﺗﺳﺑﻘﮫ وھذا اﻟﺳؤال ﻋﺎدة ﻣﺎ ﯾﺧﺎﻟف ھذه‬ ‫اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ ﻣن ﺣﯾث اﻹﺛﺑﺎت أو أﻟﻧﻔﻲ‪ .‬ﻓﺈذا ﻛﺎﻧت اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺳﺑﻘﮫ ﻣﺛﺑﺗﺔ ﯾﻛون ھذا اﻟﺳؤال ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻧﻔﻲ و إذا ﻛﺎﻧت ﻣﻧﻔﯾﺔ ﯾﻛون اﻟﺳؤال ﻣﺛﺑﺗﺎ ً‪.‬‬ ‫* أﻣﺎ ﺟواب ھذا اﻟﺳؤال ﻓﯾﺗﺑﻊ اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ ﻣن ﺣﯾث اﻹﺛﺑﺎت أو اﻟﻧﻔﻲ أي ﯾﺧﺎﻟف اﻟﺳؤال‪.‬‬ ‫* ھذا اﻟﻧوع ﻣن اﻷﺳﺋﻠﺔ ﻣﺗداول ﻛﺛﯾراً ﻋﻧد اﻟﺗﺣدث ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻹﻧﺟﻠﯾزﯾﺔ إﻻ أﻧﮫ ﯾﻘل اﺳﺗﺧداﻣﮫ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻹﻧﺟﻠﯾزﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﻛﺗوﺑﺔ‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

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‫‪Question-Tags‬‬ ‫اﻷﺳﺋﻠﺔ اﻟﻣذﯾﻠﺔ‬ ‫”‪Questions that we expect the answer “Yes‬‬ ‫أﺳﺋﻠﺔ ﻧﺗوﻗﻊ اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﯾﮭﺎ ﺑـ“ﻧﻌم“‬ ‫اﻧظر ھذا اﻟﺳؤال و اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﯾﮫ‪:‬‬ ‫?‪* There’s a supermarket near here, isn’t there‬‬ ‫‪Yes , there is.‬‬ ‫*اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻘدﻣت ھذا اﻟﺳؤال ﺟﻣﻠﺔ ﻣﺛﺑﺗﺔ ﻟذا ﺟﺎء اﻟﺳؤال ﻋﻠﯾﮭﺎ )اﻟﺗذﯾﯾل( ﻣﻧﻔﯾﺎ ً‪ .‬أﻣﺎ اﻟﺟواب ﻓﯾﻛون ﺑﺎﻹﺛﺑﺎت‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫* وﻟﻛﻲ ﻧﻛون ﺳؤاﻻً ﻣن ھذا اﻟﻧوع ﻧﻘدم اﻟﻔﻌل اﻟﻣﺳﺎﻋد ﺛم ﻧﺿﻊ ‪ Yes‬ﺑﻌده وذﻟك ﻟﻠﻧﻔﻲ‪not .‬‬ ‫و اﻵن اﻧظر اﻟﻣﺛﺎل اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫?‪* You come from the United States, don’t you‬‬ ‫‪Yes, I do.‬‬ ‫*ﻓﻲ ھذا اﻟﻣﺛﺎل ﺗم ﺗذﯾﯾل اﻟﺳؤال ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺧدام ‪ do‬وذﻟك ﻟﻌدم وﺟود ﻓﻌل ﻣﺳﺎﻋد‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‬

‫‪http://www.star28.com‬‬

Question-Tags ‫اﻷﺳﺋﻠﺔ اﻟﻣذﯾﻠﺔ‬ Questions that we expect the answer “No” “‫أﺳﺋﻠﺔ ﻧﺗوﻗﻊ اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﯾﮭﺎ ﺑـ“ﻻ‬ 1) You don’t come from Saudi Arabia, do you? No, I don’t. 2) It doesn’t take long time be car, does it? No, it doesn’t. .‫ ﻛﻔﻌل ﻣﺳﺎﻋد‬do/does

‫*ﻻﺣظ ھﻧﺎ أن اﻟﺳؤال ﻓﻲ زﻣن اﻟﻣﺿﺎرع اﻟﺑﺳﯾط ﻟذا اﺳﺗﺧدﻣﻧﺎ‬

٣) You didn’t travel last year, did you? No, I didn’t. .‫ﻛﻔﻌل ﻣﺳﺎﻋد‬

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‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‬

did

‫*ﻻﺣظ ھﻧﺎ أن اﻟﺳؤال ﻓﻲ زﻣن اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ اﻟﺑﺳﯾط ﻟذا اﺳﺗﺧدﻣﻧﺎ‬

‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

Conditional “if” ‫”ﻟو“ اﻟﺷرطﯾﺔ‬ ١)

if + present ‫ﻣﺿﺎرع‬

will + ‫ﻣﺻدر اﻟﻔﻌل‬

.‫ھذا اﻟﺣدث ﻣﻣﻛن وﻗوﻋﮫ‬ If it rains tomorrow, I will stay at home. (‫ ﺳﺄﺑﻘﻰ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺑﯾت‬، ً‫)إن ﺗﻣطر ﻏدا‬ If you eat too much, you will become fat.

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‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

:‫ﻣﺛﺎل‬

‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

‫”‪Conditional “if‬‬ ‫”ﻟو“ اﻟﺷرطﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺻدر اﻟﻔﻌل ‪would +‬‬

‫)‪2‬‬

‫ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ‪if + past‬‬

‫ھذا اﻟﺣدث ﻏﯾر ﻣﻣﻛن أو ﻣﺳﺗﺣﯾل وﻗوﻋﮫ‪.‬‬ ‫‪If Shakespeare lived today, he would use different English.‬‬ ‫ﻻﺣظ أن ﺷﻛﺳﺑﯾر ﻣﺳﺗﺣﯾل أن ﯾﻛون ﺣﯾﺎ ً اﻟﯾوم‪ .‬ﻻﺣظ أﯾﺿﺎ ً أﻧﻧﺎ اﺳﺗﺧدﻣﻧﺎ اﻟﻔﻌل اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ اﻟﺑﺳﯾط ﻣﻊ ﺟﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﯾدل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫و اﺳﺗﺧدﻣﻧﺎ )اﻟﻣﺻدر ‪ ( would +‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﺟزء اﻟﺛﺎﻧﻲ ﻣن اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ وھذه ھﻲ اﻟﻘﺎﻋدة‪:‬‬

‫ﻣﺻدر اﻟﻔﻌل ‪subject+ would +‬‬

‫ﻟﻛﻧﮫ ﻻ‬

‫‪if + subject + past‬‬

‫ﻻﺣظ أﯾﺿﺎ ً أن ‪ be‬ﺗﺗﺣول إﻟﻰ ‪ were‬ﻓﻲ ھذه اﻟﻘﺎﻋدة و ﻻ ﻧﺳﺗطﯾﻊ اﺳﺗﺧدام ‪ was‬ﺣﺗﻰ ﻟو ﻛﺎن اﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﻣﻔرداً‪.‬‬

‫‪If I were you, I would buy a new car.‬‬

‫ﻣﺛﺎل‪:‬‬

‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‬

‫‪http://www.star28.com‬‬

Conditional “if” ‫”ﻟو“ اﻟﺷرطﯾﺔ‬ 3)

if + had + ‫ﺗﺻرﯾف ﺛﺎﻟث‬

would have + ‫ﺗﺻرﯾف ﺛﺎﻟث‬

If he had lived in Taif, he would have been happy. If he had visited Makkah, he would have seen the Ka’aba.

http://www.star28.com

‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‬

‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

‫”‪Conditional “if‬‬ ‫”ﻟو“ اﻟﺷرطﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺿﺎرع ‪if + present‬‬

‫ﻣﺿﺎرع ‪present‬‬

‫)‪4‬‬

‫ﯾﺳﺗﺧدم ھذا اﻟﺗرﻛﯾب ﻓﻲ اﻟﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻛون ﻓﯾﮭﺎ ﻧﺗﯾﺟﺔ اﻟﻔﻌل ﺣﻘﯾﻘﺔ داﺋﻣﺔ و ﺛﺎﺑﺗﺔ‪.‬‬

‫)ﻟو أﻧﻧﺎ ﻏﻠﯾﻧﺎ اﻟﻣﺎء‪ ،‬ﻓﺄﻧﮫ ﯾﺻﺑﺢ ﺑﺧﺎراً(‬ ‫و ھذه ﺣﻘﯾﻘﺔ ﺛﺎﺑﺗﺔ و ﻟﯾﺳت ﻣﻘﯾدة ﺑوﻗت ﻣﻌﯾن ﻟذا ﺟﺎءت ﻛﻠﻣﺔ‬

‫ﺗﻌﻠﯾﻣﺎت ‪instructions‬‬

‫‪If you boil water, it becomes steam.‬‬ ‫ﻟﯾﺳت ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑل‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺿﺎرع و‬ ‫‪becomes‬‬

‫ﻣﺿﺎرع ‪if + present‬‬

‫‪Turn the radio off if it is too loud.‬‬ ‫‪Don’t drive a car if you are under 17.‬‬

‫‪Or‬‬

‫)‪٥‬‬

‫‪If the radio is too loud, turn it off.‬‬

‫‪If you are under 17, don’t drive a car. Or‬‬

‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‬

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‫‪Reported Speech‬‬ ‫اﻟﻛﻼم اﻟﻣﻧﻘول‬ ‫ھذا اﻟﻧوع ﻣن اﻟﺟﻣل ﯾﺳﻣﻰ أﯾﺿﺎ ً اﻟﻛﻼم اﻟﻐﯾر ﻣﺑﺎﺷر‪.‬‬ ‫‪Indirect Speech‬‬ ‫‪There are four kinds of direct and Indirect Speech.‬‬ ‫ھﻧﺎك أرﺑﻌﺔ أﻧواع ﻣن اﻟﻛﻼم اﻟﻣﺑﺎﺷر و ﻏﯾر اﻟﻣﺑﺎﺷر‪:‬‬

‫اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ اﻟﺧﺑرﯾﺔ ‪Statement‬‬ ‫‪Question‬‬ ‫اﻟﺳؤال‬ ‫‪Command‬‬ ‫اﻟطﻠب‬ ‫‪Exclamation‬‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻌﺟب‬

‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫)‪1‬‬ ‫)‪2‬‬ ‫)‪3‬‬ ‫)‪4‬‬

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‫‪Reported Speech‬‬ ‫اﻟﻛﻼم اﻟﻣﻧﻘول‬ ‫اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ اﻟﺧﺑرﯾﺔ‬

‫‪Statement‬‬ ‫‪Reported‬‬ ‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﯾﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻧﺗﺑﻊ اﻟﺧطوات‬

‫‪Direct‬‬ ‫ﻛﻼم ﻣﻧﻘول‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬

‫* ﻟﺗﺣوﯾل ﺟﻣﻠﺔ ﺧﺑرﯾﺔ ﻣن ﻣﺑﺎﺷر‬ ‫‪said‬‬ ‫‪ -١‬ﻧﺿﻊ اﻻﺳم أو اﻟﺿﻣﯾر ﺛم ﻓﻌل اﻟﻘول‬ ‫‪that‬ﯾﻣﻛﻧﻧﺎ اﻻﺳﺗﻐﻧﺎء ﻋﻧﮭﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫و‬ ‫‪ -٢‬ﻧﺿﻊ أداة اﻟرﺑط‬ ‫‪ -٣‬ﻧﺣول اﻟﺿﻣﺎﺋر ﺣﺳب اﻟﻣﻌﻧﻰ و أھم ھذه اﻟﺿﻣﺎﺋر‪:‬‬

‫‪we‬‬ ‫‪our‬‬

‫‪they‬‬ ‫‪their‬‬

‫‪he, she‬‬ ‫‪his, her‬‬

‫‪I‬‬ ‫‪My‬‬

‫‪ -٤‬ﻧﺣول اﻷزﻣﻧﺔ ﻛﻣﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ‪Past‬‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﺗﺎم ‪Past Perfect‬‬

‫ﻣﺿﺎرع ‪Present‬‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ‪Past‬‬

‫‪ -٥‬ﻧﺣول ﺑﻌض اﻟﻛﻠﻣﺎت إن وﺟدت ﻛﻣﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺣﯾﻧﺋذ ‪then‬‬ ‫ھﻧﺎك ‪there‬‬ ‫ھﻧﺎك ‪the night before‬‬ ‫ھﻧﺎك ‪that‬‬ ‫ھﻧﺎك ‪the day before‬‬ ‫ھﻧﺎك ‪the following day‬‬

‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‬

‫اﻵن ‪Now‬‬ ‫ھﻧﺎ ‪here‬‬ ‫ھﻧﺎ ‪Last night‬‬ ‫ھﻧﺎ ‪this‬‬ ‫ھﻧﺎ ‪yesterday‬‬ ‫ھﻧﺎ ‪tomorrow‬‬ ‫‪http://www.star28.com‬‬

Reported Speech ‫اﻟﻛﻼم اﻟﻣﻧﻘول‬ Statement

‫اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ اﻟﺧﺑرﯾﺔ‬

Direct ‫ﻣﺑﺎﺷر‬

Indirect ‫ﻏﯾر ﻣﺑﺎﺷر‬

“I live in Riyadh”

He said that he lived in Riyadh.

“We are happy”

They said that they were happy.

She said: "I have not been in the school library recently”.

She said that she had not been to the school library recently.

He said to me: "I shall see you tomorrow”.

He told me that he would see me the next day. :‫( ﺑﯾن ﺟﻣﻠﺗﯾن ﻟﺷﺧص ﻣﺗﻛﻠم واﺣد ﻧﺿﻊ ﺑدﻻً ﻣﻧﮭﺎ ﻋﺑﺎرة‬.) ‫إذا ﻛﺎن ھﻧﺎك‬

that :and ‫أﺿﺎف‬added ‫واﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻌﻧﻲ‬ They said to him: “We shall see you tomorrow. We shall visit Ahmed”.

They told him that they would see him the next day and added that they would visit Ahmed.

say, says :‫ﻣﺿﺎرع ﺣﯾﻧﺋذ ﻻ ﺗﻐﯾر أزﻣﻧﺔ اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ إﻧﻣﺎ اﻟﺗﻐﯾﯾر ﯾﻛون ﻓﻘط ﻓﻲ اﻟﺿﻣﺎﺋر‬

‫إذا ﻛﺎﻧت ﻛﻠﻣﺔ اﻟﻘول‬

She says: “I will cook the food tomorrow”.

She says that she will cook the food tomorrow.

We say: “We are playing football now”.

We say that we are playing football now.

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‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‬

‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

‫‪Reported Speech‬‬ ‫اﻟﻛﻼم اﻟﻣﻧﻘول‬ ‫اﻟﺳؤال‬

‫‪Question‬‬

‫* ﻟﺗﺣوﯾل ﺳؤال ﻣن ﻣﺑﺎﺷر ‪ Direct‬إﻟﻰ ﻛﻼم ﻣﻧﻘول ‪ Reported‬ﻧﺗﺑﻊ اﻟﺧطوات اﻟﺗﺎﻟﯾﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ -١‬اﻟﻔﻌل ‪ asked‬ﯾﺣدد زﻣن اﻟﺳؤال ‪ ،‬وھﻲ ﻛﻣﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ‪Past‬‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﺗﺎم ‪Past Perfect‬‬

‫ﻣﺿﺎرع ‪Present‬‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ‪Past‬‬

‫‪ -٢‬إذا ﻛﺎن اﻟﺳؤال ﯾﺣﺗوي ﻋﻠﻰ أداة ﺳؤال ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم ﻧﻔﺳﮭﺎ ﻛﺄداة رﺑط‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -٣‬ﯾﺗم ﺗﺣوﯾل اﻟﺳؤال إﻟﻰ ﺟﻣﻠﺔ ﺧﺑرﯾﺔ و ھو ﺑﺗﻘدﯾم اﻟﻔﺎﻋل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻔﻌل اﻟﻣﺳﺎﻋد‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -٤‬ﯾﻼﺣظ ﺗﻐﯾﯾر ﺑﻌض اﻟﺿﻣﺎﺋر ﺣﺳب ﻣﻌﻧﻰ اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‬

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Reported Speech ‫اﻟﻛﻼم اﻟﻣﻧﻘول‬ Question

‫اﻟﺳؤال‬

Direct ‫ﻣﺑﺎﺷر‬

Indirect ‫ﻏﯾر ﻣﺑﺎﺷر‬

“What is your name?”.

He asked me what my name was.

“Why are you late?”

The teacher asked me why I was late.

“Where is your book?”.

He asked me where my book was. :‫ﻛﺄداة رﺑط ﻟﻠﺳؤال اﻟذي ﻻ ﯾﺣﺗوي ﻋﻠﻰ أداة ﺳؤال‬ if

“Is your school very large?”.

‫ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم‬

He asked me if my school was very large. .‫ اﺣذﻓﮭﺎ و ﺣول اﻟﻔﻌل إﻟﻰ زﻣن اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ اﻟﺑﺳﯾط‬does ‫ أو‬do ‫إذا ﻛﺎن اﻟﺳؤال ﯾﺑدأ أو ﯾﺣﺗوي ﻋﻠﻰ‬

“Where do you live”.

He asked me where I lived.

“Does he go to school?”.

I asked him if he went to school.

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‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‬

‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

Reported Speech ‫اﻟﻛﻼم اﻟﻣﻧﻘول‬ Question

‫اﻟﺳؤال‬

Direct ‫ﻣﺑﺎﺷر‬ had

Indirect ‫ﻏﯾر ﻣﺑﺎﺷر‬

+ ‫ اﺣذﻓﮭﺎ و ﺣول اﻟﻔﻌل إﻟﻰ زﻣن اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ اﻟﺑﺳﯾط )ﺗﺻرﯾف ﺛﺎﻟث‬did

.(

‫إذا ﻛﺎن اﻟﺳؤال ﯾﺑدأ أو ﯾﺣﺗوي ﻋﻠﻰ‬

“Where did you go yesterday?”.

Sami asked me where I had gone the day before.

“Did Ahmed buy a new car?”.

Ali asked me if Ahmed had bought a new car. :‫ ﻣﺿﺎرع ﺣﯾﻧﺋذ ﻻ ﺗﻐﯾر أزﻣﻧﺔ اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ إﻧﻣﺎ اﻟﺗﻐﯾﯾر ﯾﻛون ﻓﻘط ﻓﻲ اﻟﺿﻣﺎﺋر‬ask, asks

‫إذا ﻛﺎﻧت ﻛﻠﻣﺔ اﻟﺳؤال‬

“Who is your English teacher?”.

They ask me who my English teacher is.

“What are your marks?”.

He asks me what my marks are.

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‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‬

‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

‫‪Reported Speech‬‬ ‫اﻟﻛﻼم اﻟﻣﻧﻘول‬ ‫اﻟطﻠب‬

‫‪Command‬‬

‫‪Reported‬‬ ‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﯾﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻧﺗﺑﻊ اﻟﺧطوات‬

‫‪Direct‬‬ ‫ﻛﻼم ﻣﻧﻘول‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫* ﻟﺗﺣوﯾل ﺟﻣﻠﺔ طﻠﺑﯾﺔ ﻣن ﻣﺑﺎﺷر‬ ‫‪ ( ordered‬إذا ﻛﺎن اﻟﻛﻼم ﯾﻘﺻد ﺑﮫ اﻷﻣر‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -١‬ﻧﺳﺗﺧدم ) أﻣر‬ ‫‪ ( begged‬إذا ﻛﺎن اﻟﻛﻼم ﯾﻘﺻد ﺑﮫ اﻟرﺟﺎء و اﻟﺗوﺳل‪.‬‬ ‫و ﻧﺳﺗﺧدم ) رﺟﺎء‬ ‫‪I‬‬ ‫‪ ( advised‬إذا ﻛﺎن اﻟﻛﻼم ﯾﻘﺻد ﺑﮫ اﻟﻧﺻﯾﺣﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫و ﻧﺳﺗﺧدم ) ﻧﺻﺢ‬ ‫‪ ( told‬إذا ﻛﺎن اﻟﻛﻼم ﻣوﺟﮫ ﻣن ﺷﺧص إﻟﻰ ﺷﺧص ﯾﺳﺎوﯾﮫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣرﺗﺑﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫و ﻧﺳﺗﺧدم ) أﺧﺑر‬ ‫ﻗﺑل اﻟﻔﻌل‬ ‫‪ -٢‬اﺣذف اﻷﻗواس اﻟﻣﻔﺗوﺣﺔ و ﺿﻊ ﻛﻠﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻣن اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ إن وﺟدﺗﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -٣‬اﺣذف ﻛﻠﻣﺗﻲ‬ ‫‪ -٤‬ﻏﯾر ﺑﻌض اﻟﻛﻠﻣﺎت و اﻟﺿﻣﺎﺋر ﺣﺳب اﻟﻣﻌﻧﻰ وﻛﻣﺎ‪to‬‬ ‫ﺳﺑق‪.‬‬ ‫‪Please, do‬‬

‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‬

‫‪http://www.star28.com‬‬

Reported Speech ‫اﻟﻛﻼم اﻟﻣﻧﻘول‬ Command Direct ‫ﻣﺑﺎﺷر‬

‫اﻟطﻠب‬ Indirect ‫ﻏﯾر ﻣﺑﺎﺷر‬

He said to the servant: “bring me a glass of water”.

He ordered the servant to bring him a glass of water.

The son said to his father: “please , give me some money”.

The son begged his father to give him some money.

The doctor said to me: “Drink a lot of water”.

The doctor advised me to drink a lot of water.

He said to me: “Do not go to the market tonight”.

He told me not to go to the market that night.

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‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‬

‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

‫‪Reported Speech‬‬ ‫اﻟﻛﻼم اﻟﻣﻧﻘول‬ ‫‪Exclamation‬‬

‫اﻟﺗﻌﺟب‬

‫‪Reported‬اﻟﺗﺎﻟﯾﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻧﺗﺑﻊ اﻟﺧطوات‬

‫‪Direct‬‬ ‫ﻛﻼم ﻣﻧﻘول‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫* ﻟﺗﺣوﯾل ﺟﻣﻠﺔ ﺗﻌﺟب ﻣن ﻣﺑﺎﺷر‬ ‫‪ -١‬اﺣذف ﻛﻠﻣﺔ اﻟﺗﻌﺟب وﺿﻊ ﺑدﻻً ﻣﻧﮭﺎ ﻛﻠﻣﺔ ﺗدل ﻋﻠﯾﮭﺎ ﻣﺛل‪:‬‬

‫ﺑﻐﺿب‬

‫‪With anger‬‬

‫ﺑﻧدم‬

‫‪With regret‬‬

‫ﺑﺈﻋﺟﺎب‬

‫‪With admiration‬‬

‫ﺑﻔرح‬

‫‪With joy‬‬

‫ﺑﺣزن‬

‫‪With sadness‬‬

‫‪ -٢‬اﺣذف اﻷﻗواس و ﺿﻊ ﻛﻠﻣﺔ ‪that‬‬ ‫‪ -٣‬ﻏﯾر اﻟﻛﻠﻣﺎت و اﻟﺿﻣﺎﺋر و اﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﺣﺳب اﻟﻣﻌﻧﻰ وﻛﻣﺎ ﺳﺑق ﻓﻲ اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ اﻟﺧﺑرﯾﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣظﺔ‪ :‬ﻛﻠﻣﺎت اﻟﺗﻌﺟب إﻣﺎ ﺣرف اﺳﺗﻔﮭﺎم اﺳﺗﻌﻣل ﻛﻛﻠﻣﺔ ﺗﻌﺟب ﻣﺛل‪ how, what :‬وﺗﻌرﻓﮭﺎ ﺑوﺟود ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺗﻌﺟب‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﻧﮭﺎﯾﺔ اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫أو ﻛﻠﻣﺔ ﺗﻌﺟب ﺑذاﺗﮭﺎ ﻣﺛل‪ Alas, Hurrah, Oh :‬و ﺗﻌرﻓﮭﺎ ﺑوﺟود ﻋﻼﻣﺔ اﻟﺗﻌﺟب !‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬

‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‬

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Reported Speech ‫اﻟﻛﻼم اﻟﻣﻧﻘول‬ Exclamation Direct ‫ﻣﺑﺎﺷر‬

‫اﻟﺗﻌﺟب‬ Indirect ‫ﻏﯾر ﻣﺑﺎﺷر‬

He said : “Alas! I will not find my money”.

He said with sorrow that he would not find his money.

He said : “How foolish I have been”.

He said with regret that he had been foolish.

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‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‬

‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬

Countries and Nationalities ‫اﻟﺑﻠدان و اﻟﺟﻧﺳﯾﺎت‬ :ً‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻌرﺑﯾﺔ ﻋﺎدة ﻣﺎ ﻧﺿﯾف ﺣرف ”ي“ ﻻﺳم اﻟﺑﻠد و ذﻟك ﻟﺗﻛوﯾن اﻟﺟﻧﺳﯾﺔ ﻓﻧﻘول ﻣﺛﻼ‬ ‫ﺳﻌودي‬ : ‫اﻟﺳﻌودﯾﺔ‬ :‫أﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻹﻧﺟﻠﯾزﯾﺔ ﻓﮭﻧﺎك ﺧﻣس ﺣروف ﻣﺣﺗﻣﻠﺔ ﻟﻺﺿﺎﻓﺔ و ھﻲ‬

i, n, ian, ish, ese :‫ وھذه ﺑﻌض اﻷﻣﺛﻠﺔ‬.‫و ﻟﯾس ھﻧﺎك ﻗﺎﻋدة ﺛﺎﺑﺗﺔ ﻟﮭذه اﻟﺣروف‬

Country

Nationality

Country

Nationality

Saudi Arabia

Saudi

Britain

British

Oman

Omani

Turkey

Turkish

Algeria

Algerian

China

Chinese

Libya

Libyan

Lebanon

Lebanese

Palestine

Palestinian

France

French

Syria

Syrian

Switzerland

Swiss

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‫ﻋودة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬