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OBAT UNTUK ASMA  

 



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Asma memiliki ciri-ciri kondisi klinis yaitu batuk, sesak nafas, dada terikat, wheezing pada malam hari. Terjadi karena penyempitan bronchial Airways, naiknya responsivitas bronchial dengan stimuli. patologis lymphatic, inflammasi mucosa bronchial. Terjadi remodelling mukosa bronchial (reposisi kolagen, hiperplasia sel penyusun struktural. Treatment dilakukan untuk meringankan bronkokonstriksi ( short term reliever ) dan untuk mereduksi gejala dan mencegah terjadinya serangan ( long term controller ) Short term reliever adalah β adrenoreceptor stimulan ( relaksasi otot polos saluran pernapasan ), theophylline, methylxanthine, obat anti-muscarinic (pengurangan konstruksi dari jalan napas) Long term control adalah agen anti-inflammasi seperti inhaled corticosteroid, leukotriene pathway antagonist/inhibitor degranulasi sel mast contoh cromolyn atau nedocromil. Perkembangan clinical trial menemukan treatment efektif untuk asma yaitu dengan menggunakan humanized monoclonal antibody contoh Omalizumab yang memiliki target spesifik dengan Ig E (Antibody allergic sensitization). Salmeterol dan formoterol ( long acting β adrenoreceptor stimulant ) efektif menaikan kontrol pada asma ketika ditambahkan dengan kortikosteroid inhalasi Asthmatic bronchospasm dapat diatasi dan dicegah dengan obat yang cara kerjanya: o mengurangi jumlah dari IgE yang terikat pada sel mast (Anti Ig E antibody) o mencegah degranulasi dari sel mast ( cromolyn, nedocromil, sympathomimetic agen, Ca Channel Blocker ) o memblok aksi dari pelepasan produk ( anti histamin dan leukotriene reseptor antagonist) o menghambat efek dari asetilkolin yang dilepaskan oleh vagal motor nerves ( muscarinic antagonist ) o secara langsung merelaksasi otot polos pada saluran napas ( agen symphatomimetic, theophyline)

AGEN ANTIMUSCARINIC 

 

bekerja sebagai potent kompetitif inhibitor dari asetilkolin pada muscarinic reseptor pada saraf postganglion, memblok kontraksi dari otot-otot polos saluran pernapasan dan kenaikan sekresi mukus akibat adanya repon vagal, agen ini bekerja sebagai bronchodilator. Bisa diberikan dengan dosis tinggi dengan rute inflasi karena penyerapan yang buruk oleh sirkulasi dan tidak bisa masuk pada sistem saraf pusat. Agen antimuscarinic ini sangat baik untuk pasien yang intoleran dengan inhalasi agen β agonis.

SOAL Pirenzepine Pirenzepine (Gastrozepin), adalah M1 selective antagonist, digunakan untuk treatment peptic ulcer, karena dapat mereduksi sekresi asam lambung dan mereduksi spasme otot. dimasukkan dalam kelas obat antagonis reseptor muscarinic. Tidak memiliki efek pada otak dan medula finalis karena tidak dapat berdifusi melewati blood brain Barrier. Dari sumber yang saya dapat hubungan antara pirenzepine dan asma sangat lemah mendapati ranjing 381 dari 1079 obat untuk treatment asthma. dari sumber yang saya dapat, obat ini lebih sering digunakan untuk mengatasi masalah pada

lambung, dan duodenum. Dari sumber yang cari lebih banyak dosis untuk penyakit lambung dan duodenum. Tidak sesuai dan kurang efektif untuk pasien dengan kasus asma yang tercantum dalam skenario. Dicyclomine Hubungan obat ini dengan penyakit asma sangat lemah, dari sumber yang saya dapat yaitu ranking 746 dari 1079 treatment obat untuk asma lebih lemah lagi daripada pirenzepine. Obat ini lebih sering digunakan untuk mengurangi spasme pada otot polos saluran pencernaan seperti lambung dan usus. sehingga obat ini kurang efektif untuk pasien sesuai kasus yaitu menderita asma, dari sumber yang saya cari lebih banyak dosis untuk penyakit organ-organ digestive seperti irritable bowel sindrom . Ipratopium bromida Ipratropium bromide (memiliki nama dagang Atrovent, Apovent, Ipraxa, Aerovent and Rinatec) merupakan obat untuk mengurangi spasme dari bronchial. merupakan obat anticholinergic untuk treatment COPD dan asma akut. obat ini memblok reseptor asetilkolin muscarinic pada otot polos bronkus di paru, untuk membuka jalan napas di bronkus. Hubungan obat ini dengan penyakit asma adalah kuat menempati ranking 14 dari 1079 treatment obat untuk asma. Mekanisme Aksi Ipratropium bromida memblok aksi dari asetilkolin pada stimulus parasimpatis pada otot polos bronchial yang menyebabkan bronchodilatasi. Absorpsi: Sangat sedikit yang diabsorpsi oleh GIT tract. Distribusi: Sedikit yang terikat dengan protein plasma. Ekskresi: Melalui urine and faeces ( sebagai unchanged drug and metabolites). Nama dagang : Atrovent, Apovent, Ipraxa, Aerovent, Rinatec

Indikasi : Inhaler: Sebagai bronkodilator utk terapi pemeliharaan bronkospasme yg berhubungan dg PPOK, termasuk bronkitis kronik, emfisema. Lar inhalasi: Sebagai bronkodilator utk pencegahan & pengobatan gejala obstruksi sal nafas kronik dg bronkospasme reversibel, seperti asma bronkial & terutama bronkitis kronik dg atau tanpa emfisema. Dosis : Inhaler Dws & anak ≥12 thn 2 semprot 4 x/hr. Utk mempertahankan keadaan bebas dr gejala, lakukan inhalasi teratur dg interval 4 jam. Pemeliharaan: maks 12 semprot/hr. Lar inhalasi Dws termasuk usia lanjut, remaja >14 thn 0.4-2 mL (8-40 tetes/hr) 3-4 x/hr, anak 6-14 thn 0.4-1 mL (8-20 tetes/hr) 3-4 x/hr . Sediaan dipasaran : Atrovent inhalation soln 0.025 % 20 mL x 1's (Rp172,590/botol) Atrovent inhaler 20 mcg/puff

10 mL x 1's (Rp135,300/canister)

Berikut ini saya tampilkan informasi lengkap peresepan dari obat ini :

Manufacturer

Boehringer Ingelheim

Contents

Ipratropium bromide.

Indications

Metered-Dose Inhaler/Metered-Aerosol: Bronchodilator for maintenance treatment of bronchospasm associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, including chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Solution for Inhalation: Bronchodilator for the prevention and treatment of symptoms in chronic obstructive airway disorders with reversible bronchospasm eg, bronchial asthma an especially chronic bronchitis with or without emphysema.

Dosage & Administration

Metered-Dose Inhaler/Metered-Aerosol: The dosage should be adapted to the individual requirements. Unless otherwise prescribed, the following dosages are recommended: Adult and Children ≥12 years: 2 metered doses (puffs) 4 times daily. Since a requirement for increasing doses suggests that additional therapeutic modalities ma be needed, a total daily dose of 12 puffs should generally not be exceeded. If therapy does not produce a significant improvement or if the patient's condition gets worse, medical advice must be sought in order to determine a new plan of treatment. In the case of acute or rapidly worsening dyspnoea (difficulty in breathing), a doctor should be consulted immediately. For acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, treatment with Atrovent inhalation solution or unit dose vials may be indicated. Because of insufficient information in children, Atrovent metered-aerosol should only be used on medical advice and under the supervision of an adult. Inhalation Solution: The dosage should be adapted to the individual requirements of the patient. Patients should also be kept under medical supervision during treatment. Unless otherwise prescribed, the following doses are recommended: Adults (Including the Elderly) and Adolescents >14 years: 0.4-2 mL (8-40 drops=0.1-0.5 mg) 3-4 times daily. Children 6-14 years: 0.4-1 mL (8-20 drops=0.1-0.25 mg) 3-4 times daily. The recommended dose is to be diluted with physiological saline to a final volume of 3-4 mL and nebulised and inhaled until the solution is consumed. The solution should be rediluted each time before use; any residual diluted solution should be discarded. Dosage may be dependent upon the mode of inhalation and the quality of nebulisation. In the case of particle sizes up to 5 micrometer or with assisted ventilation, dose levels may be reduced to approximately 0.4 mL (8 drops=0.1 mg). The duration of inhalation can be controlled by the dilution volume. The dose may be repeated after intervals of at least 4 hrs, if required. Daily doses exceeding 2 mg should be given under medical supervision. Patients should be advised to consult a physician or the nearest hospital immediately in the case of acute or rapidly worsening dyspnoea (difficulty in breathing) if additional inhalations do not produce an adequate improvement. Where wall oxygen is available, the solution is best administered at a flow rate of 6-8 L/min. Atrovent inhalation solution is suitable for concurrent inhalation with secretomucolytics and Berotec inhalation solutions. Administration: The correct operation of the metered aerosol apparatus is essential for successful therapy. Depress the valve twice before the apparatus is used for the 1st time. Before each use, the following rules should be observed: Remove protective cap. Breathe ou

deeply. Hold the metered aerosol and close lips over the mouthpiece. The arrow and the base of the container should be pointing upwards. Breathe in as deeply as possible, pressing the base of the container firmly at the same time; this releases 1 metered dose. Hold breath for a few seconds, then remove mouthpiece from the mouth and breathe out. The same action should be repeated for a 2nd inhalation. Replace the protective cap after use. After not using the metered aerosol for 3 days, the valve has to be actuated once. The container is not transparent. It is not therefore possible to see when it is empty. The aerosol will deliver 200 doses. When these have all been used, the aerosol may still appear t contain a small amount of fluid. The aerosol should, however, be replaced in order to get th right amount of treatment. The amount of treatment in aerosol can be checked as follows: Remove the aerosol from th plastic mouthpiece and put the aerosol into a container of water. The contents of the aeros can be estimated by observing its position in the water. The mouthpiece should always be kept clean and can be washed with warm water. If soap o detergent is used, the mouthpiece should be thoroughly rinsed in clear water. Warning: The plastic mouthpiece has been specially designed for use with Atrovent metered aerosol to ensure that you get the right amount of medicine. The mouthpiece must never be used with any other metered aerosol nor must the Atrovent metered aerosol be used with any mouthpiece other than the one supplied with the product. The container is under pressure and should by no account be opened by force or exposed to temperatures above 50°C. Overdosage

No symptoms specific to overdosage have been encountered. In view of the wide therapeut range and topical administration of Atrovent metered-aerosol, no serious anticholinergic symptoms are to be expected. Minor systemic manifestations of anticholinergic action, including dry mouth, visual accommodation disturbances and increases of heart rate may occur.

Contraindications

Patients with known hypersensitivity to atropine or its derivative or to any component of Atrovent.

Special Precautions

Atrovent 0.025% inhalant solution contains the (antimicrobial) preservative benzalkonium chloride and the stabiliser disodium edetate. It has been shown that these components may cause bronchoconstriction in some patients. Atrovent should be used with caution in patients predisposed to narrow-angle glaucoma or with prostatic hyperplasia or bladder-neck obstruction. Patients with cystic fibrosis may be more prone to gastrointestinal motility disturbances. Immediate hypersensitivity reactions may occur after administration of Atrovent as demonstrated by rare cases of urticaria, angioedema, rash, bronchospasm, oropharyngeal oedema and anaphylaxis. Ocular Complications: There have been isolated reports of ocular complications (ie, mydrias increased intraocular pressure, narrow-angle glaucoma, eye pain) when aerosolised ipratropium bromide either alone or in combination with an adrenergic β2-agonist has com into contact with the eyes. Thus, patients must be instructed in the correct administration o Atrovent metered aerosol. Eye pain or discomfort, blurred vision, visual halos or colored images in association with red eyes from conjunctival congestion and corneal edema may be signs of acute narrow-angle glaucoma. Should any combination of these symptoms develop, treatment with miotic drop

should be initiated and specialist advice sought immediately. Patients must be instructed of the correct administration of Atrovent solution for inhalation Care must be taken not to allow the solution or mist to enter into the eyes. It is recommended that the nebulised solution is administered via a mouth piece. If this is not available and a nebuliser mask is used, it must fit properly. Patients who may be predispose to glaucoma should be warned specifically to protect their eyes. Use in pregnancy & lactation: The safety of Atrovent during human pregnancy has not been established. The benefits of using Atrovent during a confirmed or suspected pregnancy mus be weighed against possible hazards to the unborn child. Preclinical studies have shown no embryotoxic or teratogenic effects following inhalation or intranasal application at doses considerably higher than those recommended in man. It is not known whether Atrovent is excreted in breast milk. Although lipid-insoluble quaternary cations pass into breast milk, it is unlikely that Atrovent would reach the infant t an important extent, when administered by inhalation. However, because many drugs are excreted in breast milk, caution should be exercised when Atrovent is administered to nursing mothers. Use in children: Safety and effectiveness in children <12 years have not been established. Side Effects

The most frequent nonrespiratory adverse events reported in clinical trials were GI motility disorders (eg, constipation, diarrhea and vomiting), dryness of the mouth and headache. Further, the following side effects have been observed with Atrovent: Increased heart rate, palpitations, supraventricular tachycardia and atrial fibrillation, ocular accommodation disturbances, nausea and urinary retention. These side effects have been reversible. The ris of urinary retention may be increased in patients with preexisting outflow tract obstruction. Ocular side effects have been reported (see Precautions). As with other inhaled therapy including bronchodilators, cough, local irritation and inhalation-induced bronchoconstriction have been observed. Allergic-type reactions eg, skin rash, angioedema of the tongue, lips and face, urticaria (including giant urticaria), laryngospasm and anaphylactic reactions have been reported, wit positive rechallenge in some cases.

Drug Interactions

Beta-adrenergics and xanthine preparations may intensify the bronchodilatory effect of Atrovent. The risk of acute glaucoma in patients with a history of narrow-angle glaucoma (see Precautions) may be increased when nebulised ipratropium bromide and β-mimetics are administered simultaneously.

Pregnancy Category (US FDA)

Category B: Either animal-reproduction studies have not demonstrated a foetal risk but ther are no controlled studies in pregnant women or animal-reproduction studies have shown an adverse effect (other than a decrease in fertility) that was not confirmed in controlled studie in women in the 1sttrimester (and there is no evidence of a risk in later trimesters). Storage

Store below 30°C.

Description

Ipratropium bromide is (8r)-3α-hydroxy-8-isopropyl-1αH, 5αH-tropanium bromide (±)-tropa monohydrate.

Mechanism of Action

Atrovent is a quaternary ammonium compound with anticholinergic (parasympatholytic) properties. In preclinical studies, it appears to inhibit vagally mediated reflexes by antagonising the action of acetylcholine, the transmitter agent released from the vagus nerve. Anticholinergics prevent the increase in intracellular concentration of cyclic guanosin monophosphate (cyclic GMP) caused by interaction of acetylcholine with the muscarinic receptor on bronchial smooth muscle. The bronchodilation following inhalation of Atrovent is induced by a local drug concentratio sufficient for anticholinergic efficacy at the bronchial smooth muscle and not by systemic drug concentrations. In controlled 90-day studies in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (chronic bronchitis and emphysema), significant improvements in pulmonary function (FEV1 and FEF25-75% increases of ≥15%) occurred within 15 min, reached a peak in 1-2 hrs, and persisted in the majority of patients up to 6 hrs. Preclinical and clinical evidence suggest no deleterious effect of ipratropium bromide on airway mucous secretion, mucociliary clearance or gas exchange. The bronchodilator effect of ipratropium bromide in the treatment of acute bronchospasm associated with asthma has been shown in studies in adults and children >6 years. In most o these studies ipratropium bromide was administered in combination with an inhaled βagonist. Data are limited to show that ipratropium bromide has a therapeutic effect in the treatmen of bronchospasm associated with viral bronchiolitis and bronchopulmonary dysplasia in infants and very small children.

MIMS Class

Antiasthmatic & COPD Preparations

ATC Classification

R03BB01 - ipratropium bromide ; Belongs to the class of other inhalants used in the treatment of obstructive airway diseases, anticholinergics.

Drug Classification

G

Presentation/Packing

Aerosol 0.02 mg/dose x 200 dose (10 mL). Inhalation soln 0.025% x 20 mL x 1's

Salmeterol Salmeterol merupakan obat long-acting beta2-adrenergic receptor agonist yang diresepkan untuk treatment asthma dan COPD. Tersedia sebagai dry powder inhaler dan juga tersedia dalam metereddose inhaler. Hubungan obat ini dengan penyakit asma sangat kuat menempati peringkat 6 dari 1079 treatment obat untuk asma Mechanisme Aksi Salmeterol adalah obat direct-acting sympathomimetic yang berfungsi untuk merelaksasikan otot polos bronchial dengan bekerja pada reseptor β2 dengan sedikit efek pada denyut jantung Onset: inhalasi: 10-20 min. Durasi: 12 hr.

Absorpsi: konsentrasi plasma bisa ditiadakan setelah inhalasi. Distribusi: 96% terikat dengan protein plasma. Metabolisme: Hepatically hydroxylated. Eksresi: 25-60% dosis dieliminasi melalui urin dan faeces selama 7 hari Dipasaran salmeterol sering dikombinasikan dengan fluticasone Mechanism of Action Salmeterol, adalah long acting β2-agonist yang bekerja secara lokal pada paru untuk mediasi bronchodilatasi which acts locally in the lung to mediate bronchodilation. Fluticasone adalah corticosteroid dengan mayoritas aktivitas glukokortikoid mereduksi gejala dan eksaserbasi dari Onset: Bronchodilation: 10-20 minutes. Durasi: Bronchodilation: 12 hr Absorpsi: Salmeterol: Tidak diabsorbsi setelah diinhalasi. Fluticasone: Sedikit yang diabsorpsi oleh traktus digestivus; oral bioavailabilitas <1%; absolute bioavailabilitas of inhaled fluticasone: 5-11% Distribution: Salmeterol: Protein binding: 96%. Fluticasone: Protein binding: 91%. Metabolism: Salmeterol: Extensive hepatic metabolism by hydroxylation; terminal elimination halflives: 5.5 hr. Fluticasone: Extensive first-pass metabolism by cytochrome CYP3A4. Ekskresi: Salmeterol: dieliminasi terutama melalui faeces;. Fluticasone: terutama diekskresi melalui faeces sebagau metabolit dan unchanged drug; <5% ekskresi melalui urine. Merek dagang : Flutias dan Seretide Flutias Komposisi

Per Flutias 50 inhaler Salmeterol 25 mcg, fluticasone propionate 50 mcg. Per Flutias 125 inhalerSalmeterol 25 mcg, fluticasone propionate 125 mcg.

Indikasi

Terapi reguler utk asma jika diperlukan penggunaan kombinasi bronkodilator & kortikosteroid inhalasi.

Dosis

Hanya untuk inhalasi oral. Dws & anak ≥12 thn 2 inhalasi Flutias 50 atau Flutias 125 2 x/hr. Anak ≥4 thn 2 inhalasi Flutias 50 2 x/hr.

Kontra Indikasi

Hipersensitivitas.

Perhatian Khusus

Tdk utk pengobatan gejala asma akut atau penanganan awal asma. Jangan dihentikan secar mendadak. Pasien dg TB paru, ggn KV berat misalnya kelainan irama jantung, DM, hipokalemia yg tdk diterapi atau tirotoksikosis. Hentikan terapi jika timbul bronkospasme paradoksikal. Efek sistemik spt supresi adrenal, retardasi pertumbuhan, penurunan densitas mineral tulang, katarak, & glaukoma dpt terjadi pd penggunaan dosis tinggi dlm waktu lama Pantau tinggi badan anak secara berkala. Anak. Hamil & laktasi.

Reaksi Simpang Obat

Tremor, palpitasi, sakit kepala, aritmia jantung, artralgia, mialgia, kram otot, reaksi hipersensitivitas misalnya ruam, edema, angiodema; suara serak, sariawan, hipersensitivitas pd kulit. Lihat Formulir Pemantauan Reaksi Simpang Obat

Interaksi Obat

Penggunaan bersama dg obat yg mgd adrenergik memiliki efek aditif potensial. Substrat ata inhibitor CYP3A4.

Kategori Kehamilan (US FDA)

Kategori C: Studi pada binatang percobaan telah memperlihatkan adanya efek samping pad janin (teratogenik atau embroisidal atau lainnya) dan tidak ada studi terkontrol pada wanita atau studi pada wanita dan binatang percobaan tidak dapat dilakukan. Obat hanya boleh diberikan jika besarnya manfaat yang diharapkan melebihi besarnya risiko terhadap janin. Kelas MIMS

Preparat Antiasma & PPOK

Klasifikasi ATC

R03AK06 - salmeterol and fluticasone ; Belongs to the class of adrenergics and other inhalan used in the treatment of obstructive airway diseases.

Klasifikasi Obat

G

Seretide Komposisi

Per Seretide dosis 50 Salmeterol 25 mcg, fluticasone propionate 50 mcg. Per Seretide dosis 125Salmeterol 25 mcg, fluticasone propionate 125 mcg. Per Diskus Seretide 100 Salmeterol xinafoate 50 mcg, fluticasone propionate 100 mcg. Per Diskus Seretide 250 Salmeterol xinafoate 50 mcg, fluticasone propionate 250 mcg. Per Diskus Seretide 500 Salmeterol xinafoate 50 mcg, fluticasone propionate 500 mcg.

Indikasi

Terapi reguler utk peny obstruktif sal napas yg reversibel, mencakup asma pd dws & anak, serta terapi reguler utk PPOK termasuk bronkitis kronik & emfisema.

Dosis

Penyakit Obstruksi Sal Napas yg Reversibel Dws & anak ≥12 thn Dws & anak ≥12 thn 2 inhala Inhaler Seretide 50 atau 125 atau 1 inhalasi Diskus Seretide 100, 250, atau 500. Anak ≥4 thn inhalasi Inhaler Seretide 50 atau 1 inhalasi Diskus Seretide 100. PPOK Dws 2 inhalasi Inhaler Seretide 125 atau 1 inhalasi Diskus Seretide 250 atau 500. Semua dosis diberikan 2 x/hr.

Perhatian Khusus

Tdk utk meredakan gejala asma akut. TB paru, ggn KV berat, DM, hipokalemia yg tdk diterap tirotosikosis. Lakukan pengawasan berkala thd laju pertumbuhan pd anak yg mendapat tera jangka panjang. Hamil, laktasi.

Reaksi Simpang Obat

Serak atau disfonia, sakit kepala, kandidiasis mulut & tenggorokan, iritasi tenggorokan, palpitasi, tremor, bronkospasme paradoksikal, artralgia; kram otot. Lihat Formulir Pemantauan Reaksi Simpang Obat

Interaksi Obat

Penyekat β selektif & non selektif; penghambat CYP450 (ritonavir, eritromisin, ketokonazol) MAOI, antidepresan trisiklik, L-dopa, L-tiroksin, oksitosin, antiaritmia; xantin.

Kategori Kehamilan (US FDA)

Kategori C: Studi pada binatang percobaan telah memperlihatkan adanya efek samping pad janin (teratogenik atau embroisidal atau lainnya) dan tidak ada studi terkontrol pada wanita atau studi pada wanita dan binatang percobaan tidak dapat dilakukan. Obat hanya boleh diberikan jika besarnya manfaat yang diharapkan melebihi besarnya risiko terhadap janin. Kelas MIMS

Preparat Antiasma & PPOK

Klasifikasi ATC

R03AK06 - salmeterol and fluticasone ; Belongs to the class of adrenergics and other inhalan used in the treatment of obstructive airway diseases.

Klasifikasi Obat

G

Referensi : Katzung, BG, 2006, Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 10 edn, Lange Medical Books/McGraw-Hill, San Fransisco. n.d., viewed 27 Oktober 2014, < www.mims.com >. n.d., viewed 27 Oktober 2014, < www.drugs.com >. n.d., viewed 27 Oktober 2014, < wellpilot.com/conditions/asthma >.

(Tambahan pirenzepine) monggo mau dimasukkan gak nu, soalnya hubungan obat untuk yang pirenzepine dan dicyclomine ke asma sangat lemah, dan aku gak nemu dosis yang untuk asma, malah banyak dosis untuk penyakit digestive saranku gausah dimasukkin nu. sip suwun Nama dagang : Bisvanil dan gastrozepine sediaan obat : Injectable; Injection; Pirenzepine Hydrochloride 5 mg / ml Tablet; Oral; Pirenzepine Hydrochloride 25 mg Tablet; Oral; Pirenzepine Hydrochloride 50 mg Komposisi: Tiap tablet mengandung: 25 mg 5,11-dihydro-11-[(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)acetyl]-6H-pyrido[2,3,b] = [1,4]benzodiazepin-6onedihydrochloride monohydrate (= pirenzepine dihydrochloride). Cara kerja: Pirenzepine bekerja secara selektif dengan memblok reseptor muskarinik, sehingga menurunkan produksi asam lambung dan meningkatkan pH lambung. Pada dosis terapeutik pirenzepine tidak menembus sawar darah otak. Perhatian: Pirenzepine sebaiknya digunakan secara hati-hati pada pasien dengan: - galukoma - hipertrofi prostat. Masa Kehamilan dan Menyusui: Hasil uji preklinis menunjukkan tidak berbahaya, tetapi keamanan penggunaan selama kehamilan masih memerlukan p0enelitian lebih lanjut. Seperti pada semua obat, pemakaian pada triwulan pertama kehamilan harus diperhatikan. Pirenzepine masuk ke dalam air susu ibu, sehingga efek antikolinergik dapat terjadi pada bayi yang disusui. Interaksi Obat: Perangsangan sekresi asam lambung oleh makanan dan obat-obatan tertentu (misalnya alkohol, kafein, dan sebagainya) kadang-kadang dapat dikurangi. Pemakaian pirenzepine bersama-sama obat penghambat reseptor-H2 menimbulkan pengurangan sekresi asam lambung yang lebih jelas lagi, hal ini sangat berguna untuk pasien yang menderita simdrom Zollinger-Ellison. Efek obat antiimflamasi tidak terganggu kalau diberikan bersama-sama dengan pirenzepine. Bahkan toleransi gastrointestinal obat-obat ini diperbaiki. Dosis dan Cara Pemberian: Kecuali kalau ditentukan lain, 50 - 150 mg per hari dalam dosis terbagi. Pada umumnya berikanlah 50 mg dua kali sehari, pagi dan malam. Selama 2 - 3 hari pertama pengobatan, kadang-kadang pasien perlu diberikan dosis tambahan di siang hari.

Obat ini harus diminum 1/2 jam sebelum makan. Meskipun terjadi perbaikan subyektif yang cepat, bagaimanapun juga pasien seharusnya tidak mengurangi atau menghentikan terapi yang ditentukan dokter. Terapi dengan Gastrozepin seharusnya dilakukan 4 - 6 minggu. Kelebihan Dosis: Gejala-gejala: Sampai saat ini, gejala-gejala kelebihan dosis pada manusia belum pernah dilaporkan. Tetapi, dalam dosis besar pirenzepine dapat menimbulkan efek antikolinergik seperti: kulit terasa panas, kering dan kemerahan, mulut kering, midriasis, delirium, takikardia, ileus, retensi urin, gerakan mioklonus yang mendadak, choreo-athetosis. Terapi: Walaupun kejadian kelebihan dosis Gastrozepin sangat jarang, tetapi bila terjadi segera lakukan penanganan secara umum seperti: pemberian "activated charcoal", kuras lambung. Hemodialisa, hemoperfusi, diarisa pertonial dan pemberian charcoal berulang-ulang tidak efektif untuk menghilangkan efek antikolinergik. Pada kasus keracunan berat (misalnya hipertemia, delirium berat atau takikardia) dapat diberikan physotigmine secara intravena. Bila terjadi glaukoma akut berikan obat tetes miotik dan segera dibawa ke dokter spesialis. Penyimpanan: Simpan di tempat sejuk dan kering, di tempat aman, jauh dari jangkauan anak-anak. Jenis: Tablet

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