Earth Science Reference Tables Pg. 1 To 7

The University of the State of New York • THE STATE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT • Albany, New York 12234 • www.nysed.gov

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Earth Science Reference Tables

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14

14

K

Uranium-238

U

Rubidium-87

Rb

40

Ar 40 Ca

40

3

5.7 × 10

Water

9

1.3 × 10

4.5 × 10

87

4.9 × 10

Pb

87

Sr

10

0.5 1.0 0.5 0.24 0.20 0.19 0.11 0.09 0.03

10

Properties of Water ............ ........

80 calories/gram

12

Energy gained during vaporization

11

Energy gained during melting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 calories/gram Energy released during freezing

9

Dry air Basalt Granite Iron Copper Lead

9

206

238

{

solid liquid gas

8

Potassium-40

N

SPECIFIC HEAT (calories/gram • C°)

7

C

MATERIAL

6

Carbon-14

HALF-LIFE (years)

5

DISINTEGRATION

4

Specific Heats of Common Materials

Radioactive Decay Data RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPE

3

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS

540 calories/gram

Energy released during condensation . . . . . 540 calories/gram

13

Density at 3.98°C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.00 gram/milliliter

14 15

EQUATIONS 16

Eccentricity of an ellipse

eccentricity = distance between foci length of major axis

Gradient

gradient =

Rate of change

rate of change =

Density of a substance

density =

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deviation (%) =

17

difference from accepted value × 100 accepted value

Percent deviation from accepted value

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change in field value distance

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change in field value time

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mass volume

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EURYPTERUS

24

New York State Fossil

25

(Revised November 2006)

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2001 EDITION This edition of the Earth Science Reference Tables should be used in the classroom beginning in the 2000–2001 school year. The first examination for which these tables will be used is the January 2001 Regents Examination in Earth Science.

LAKE ERIE

U EA T A PL KEY

) DS N A PL (U

TUG HILL PLATEAU

. ST

International Boundary

State Boundary

Landscape Region Boundary

THE CATSKILLS

ADIRONDACK MOUNTAINS

E NC E R W LA

Major Geographic Province Boundary

ALLEGHENY PLATEAU

ERIE–ONTARIO LOWLANDS (PLAINS)

LAKE ONTARIO

INTERIOR LOWLANDS

GRENVILLE PROVINCE (HIGHLANDS)

S ND A L W LO

D

HU

Generalized Landscape Regions of New York State

N

A P PA LA C HI A

N DS

EW N

E C N I V O R P S) D ND N A LA HL G G EN (HI

TA OAS CC

IN L PLA

S LAND H G I H SON NG HUD PRO N A T HAT MAN

I NT A L AT

SO N – MO HAW K LO N LO EWA W R L K A ND S

DS

AN CHAMPLAIN LOWL W LA TACON IC M O UNTAIN S

2

Earth Science Reference Tables — 2001 Edition (Revised November 2006)

N

} }

limestones, shales, sandstones, and dolostones

}

CAMBRIAN and EARLY ORDOVICIAN sandstones and dolostones Moderately to intensely metamorphosed east of the Hudson River. CAMBRIAN and ORDOVICIAN (undifferentiated) quartzites, dolostones, marbles, and schists Intensely metamorphosed; includes portions of the Taconic Sequence and Cortlandt Complex. TACONIC SEQUENCE sandstones, shales, and slates Slightly to intensely metamorphosed rocks of CAMBRIAN through MIDDLE ORDOVICIAN ages. MIDDLE PROTEROZOIC gneisses, quartzites, and marbles Lines are generalized structure trends. Intensely Metamorphosed Rocks (regional metamorphism about 1,000 m.y.a.) MIDDLE PROTEROZOIC anorthositic rocks

ORDOVICIAN CAMBRIAN

CRETACEOUS, TERTIARY, PLEISTOCENE (Epoch) weakly consolidated to unconsolidated gravels, sands, and clays LATE TRIASSIC and EARLY JURASSIC conglomerates, red sandstones, red shales, and diabase (in Palisades Sill) PENNSYLVANIAN and MISSISSIPPIAN conglomerates, sandstones, and shales DEVONIAN limestones, shales, sandstones, and conglomerates Silurian also contains salt, gypsum, and hematite. SILURIAN

GEOLOGICAL PERIODS AND ERAS IN NEW YORK

modified from GEOLOGICAL SURVEY NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 1989

Generalized Bedrock Geology of New York State

ara River g ia

N

Earth Science Reference Tables — 2001 Edition (Revised November 2006)

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}

}

Dominantly Metamorphosed Rocks

Dominantly Sedimentary Origin

NG LO

O UND AND S ISL

N

Surface Ocean Currents

4

Earth Science Reference Tables — 2001 Edition (Revised November 2006)

Earth Science Reference Tables — 2001 Edition (Revised November 2006)

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KEY:

Fiji Plate

Mid-Ocean Ridge

Divergent Plate Boundary (usually broken by transform faults along mid-ocean ridges)

Philippine Plate

Convergent Plate Boundary (Subduction Zone)

subducting plate

overriding plate

Transform Plate Boundary (Transform Fault)

Sandwich Plate

Tectonic Plates

Mid-Atlantic Ri dge

Relative Motion at Plate Boundary

Mantle Hot Spot

NOTE: Not all plates and boundaries are shown.

Complex or Uncertain Plate Boundary

Rock Cycle in Earth’s Crust

Relationship of Transported Particle Size to Water Velocity 100.0

SEDIMENTS (Uplift) Weathering & Erosion

Melting

Heat and/or Pressu

Metamorphism

(Up We lift) athe ring & Er osio

Erosion

SEDIMENTARY ROCK

n

/or Pressure t a nd Hea tamorphism Me

re

io n lift) os (Up & Er ring the Wea lting Me

Me ltin g

li d

PEBBLES 0.2 cm

0.1 SAND

0.01

0.006 cm

0.001

SILT 0.0004 cm

0.0001

0.00001

IGNEOUS ROCK

So

1.0

CLAY

0

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800

STREAM VELOCITY (cm/sec) *This generalized graph shows the water velocity needed to maintain, but not start, movement. Variations occur due to differences in particle density and shape.

if

ic

METAMORPHIC ROCK

BOULDERS 25.6 cm COBBLES 6.4 cm

10.0

MAGMA

Vesicular Basaltic Glass

Pumice Vesicular Rhyolite Rhyolite

Andesite

Basalt

Granite

Diorite

Gabbro

Scoria

Peridotite

Pegmatite

LIGHT

COLOR

LOW

DENSITY

TEXTURE

Glassy

Nonvesicular Vesicular (gas pockets)

Fine

Coarse

Nonvesicular

Very Coarse

DARK HIGH

COMPOSITION

MAFIC (Fe, Mg)

100%

100% Potassium feldspar (pink to white)

75%

Quartz (clear to white)

75% Plagioclase feldspar (white to gray)

50%

50%

Pyroxene (green) Biotite (black)

25% Amphibole (black)

0%

6

Vesicular Basalt

Vesicular Andesite

GRAIN SIZE

Noncrystalline

Basaltic Glass

Dunite

INTRUSIVE (Plutonic)

EXTRUSIVE (Volcanic)

Obsidian (usually appears black)

FELSIC (Al)

MINERAL COMPOSITION (Relative by Volume)

CHARACTERISTICS

IGNEOUS ROCKS

ENVIRONMENT OF FORMATION

Scheme for Igneous Rock Identification

10 mm 1 mm less than or to 1 mm larger 10 mm

ta

De po s it ion

PARTICLE DIAMETER (cm)

en

n tio

at ion

Ce m

Burial

Compaction

Olivine (green)

25%

0%

Earth Science Reference Tables — 2001 Edition (Revised November 2006)

Scheme for Sedimentary Rock Identification INORGANIC LAND-DERIVED SEDIMENTARY ROCKS TEXTURE

GRAIN SIZE

COMPOSITION

Pebbles, cobbles, and/or boulders embedded in sand, silt, and/or clay Clastic (fragmental)

Sand (0.2 to 0.006 cm) Silt (0.006 to 0.0004 cm) Clay (less than 0.0004 cm)

Mostly quartz, feldspar, and clay minerals; may contain fragments of other rocks and minerals

COMMENTS

ROCK NAME

Rounded fragments

Conglomerate

MAP SYMBOL

Breccia

Angular fragments Fine to coarse

Sandstone

Very fine grain

Siltstone

Compact; may split easily

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Shale

CHEMICALLY AND/OR ORGANICALLY FORMED SEDIMENTARY ROCKS TEXTURE

GRAIN SIZE

COMPOSITION

Varied

Halite

Varied

Gypsum

Varied

Dolomite

Microscopic to coarse

Calcite

Cemented shell fragments or precipitates of biologic origin

Limestone

Varied

Carbon

From plant remains

Coal

Crystalline

Bioclastic

COMMENTS

ROCK NAME

MAP SYMBOL

Rock Salt

Crystals from chemical precipitates and evaporites

Rock Gypsum Dolostone

Scheme for Metamorphic Rock Identification GRAIN SIZE

TYPE OF METAMORPHISM

Regional

Fine to medium

(Heat and pressure increase with depth)

Medium to coarse

AMPHIBOLE GARNET PYROXENE

Fine

Fine NONFOLIATED

COMPOSITION

MICA QUARTZ FELDSPAR

MINERAL ALIGNMENT BANDING

FOLIATED

TEXTURE

Variable

Contact (Heat)

Quartz Fine to coarse

Low-grade metamorphism of shale Foliation surfaces shiny from microscopic mica crystals

ROCK NAME

MAP SYMBOL

Slate

Phyllite

Platy mica crystals visible from metamorphism of clay or feldspars

Schist

High-grade metamorphism; some mica changed to feldspar; segregated by mineral type into bands

Gneiss

Various rocks changed by heat from nearby magma/lava

Hornfels

Metamorphism of quartz sandstone

Quartzite

Metamorphism of limestone or dolostone

Marble

Regional Calcite and/or dolomite

or Contact

Coarse

COMMENTS

Various minerals in particles and matrix

Earth Science Reference Tables — 2001 Edition (Revised November 2006)

Pebbles may be distorted or stretched

Metaconglomerate

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