Earth Science Reference Tables 10 To 16

Inferred Properties of Earth’s Interior

LAN AT

T IC

AN OCE

DENSITY (g/cm3) IC TLANT MID-AIDGE R

LE NT MA

?) ON (IR

N

RE CO KEL IC

12.7–13.0

IRO

IN N

ER

E

&

CO R O UT ER

9.9–12.1

N

E

3.3–5.5

LA (P

STI FF ER

SP HE R

AS

C A T S R C E A N D C E H S CR US T

PRESSURE (millions of atmospheres)

PACIFIC OCEAN

M R IG AN ID TH TL EN E O

NO RT H

AM ER I

CA

E ) ER H T LE SP AN O M IC TH LI ST

2.7 continental crust 3.0 oceanic crust MOHO

4

EARTH’S CENTER

3 2 1 0

?

6000

?

?

? ?

T POIN

5000

MEL TING

TEMPERATURE (°C)

MANTLE

? ? ? ?

4000

A TU AC

E LT

ER MP

U AT

NG TI L E M

RE

T IN PO

3000 2000 PARTIAL MELTING OF ULTRAMAFIC MANTLE

1000 0 0

1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 DEPTH (km)

10

Earth Science Reference Tables — 2001 Edition (Revised November 2006)

Average Chemical Composition of Earth’s Crust, Hydrosphere, and Troposphere CRUST

ELEMENT (symbol)

Oxygen (O) Silicon (Si) Aluminum (Al) Iron (Fe) Calcium (Ca) Sodium (Na) Magnesium (Mg) Potassium (K) Nitrogen (N) Hydrogen (H) Other

Percent by Mass

Percent by Volume

46.40 28.15 8.23 5.63 4.15 2.36 2.33 2.09

94.04 0.88 0.48 0.49 1.18 1.11 0.33 1.42

HYDROSPHERE TROPOSPHERE Percent by Percent by Volume Volume

21.0

33.0

78.0 0.66

0.07

66.0 1.0

1.0

Earthquake P-wave and S-wave Travel Time 24 23 22 21 20 19 18

S

17

TRAVEL TIME (minutes)

16 15 14 13 12 11 10

P

9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1

2

3 4 5 6 7 3 EPICENTER DISTANCE (×10 km)

Earth Science Reference Tables — 2001 Edition (Revised November 2006)

8

9

10

11

Dewpoint Temperatures (°C) Dry-Bulb Temperature (°C) – 20 –18 –16 –14 –12 –10 –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30

Difference Between Wet-Bulb and Dry-Bulb Temperatures (C°) 0 – 20 –18 –16 –14 –12 –10 –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30

1 – 33 – 28 – 24 – 21 –18 –14 –12 –10 –7 –5 –3 –1 1 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 19 21 23 25 27 29

2

3

– 36 – 28 – 22 –18 –14 –12 –8 –6 –3 –1 1 3 6 8 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27

– 29 – 22 –17 –13 –9 –6 –4 –1 1 4 6 9 11 13 15 17 20 22 24 26

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

– 29 – 20 –15 – 24 –11 –17 – 7 –11 –19 – 4 – 7 –13 – 21 – 2 – 5 – 9 –14 1 – 2 – 5 – 9 –14 – 28 4 1 – 2 – 5 – 9 –16 6 4 1 – 2 – 5 –10 –17 9 7 4 1 –1 – 6 –10 –17 11 9 7 4 2 – 2 – 5 –10 –19 14 12 10 7 4 2 –2 – 5 –10 –19 3 –1 – 5 –10 –19 16 14 12 10 8 5 6 2 –1 – 5 –10 –18 18 16 14 12 10 8 9 6 3 0 –4 –9 20 18 17 15 13 11 9 7 4 1 –3 22 21 19 17 16 14 11 12 10 8 5 1 24 23 21 19 18 16 14

Relative Humidity (%) Dry-Bulb Temperature (°C) – 20 –18 –16 –14 –12 –10 –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30

12

Difference Between Wet-Bulb and Dry-Bulb Temperatures (C°) 0 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

1 28 40 48 55 61 66 71 73 77 79 81 83 85 86 87 88 88 89 90 91 91 92 92 92 93 93

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

11 23 33 41 48 54 58 63 67 70 72 74 76 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 86

13 20 32 37 45 51 56 59 62 65 67 69 71 72 74 75 76 77 78 79

11 20 28 36 42 46 51 54 57 60 62 64 66 68 69 70 71 72

1 11 20 27 35 39 43 48 50 54 56 58 60 62 64 65 66

6 14 22 28 33 38 41 45 48 51 53 55 57 59 61

10 17 24 28 33 37 40 44 46 49 51 53 55

6 13 19 25 29 33 36 40 42 45 47 49

4 10 16 21 26 30 33 36 39 42 44

2 8 14 19 23 27 30 34 36 39

1 7 12 17 21 25 28 31 34

1 6 11 15 20 23 26 29

5 10 14 18 21 25

4 9 13 17 20

4 9 12 16

Earth Science Reference Tables — 2001 Edition (Revised November 2006)

Pressure

Temperature Fahrenheit

Celsius 110

Water boils

220

Human body temperature Room temperature

70

140

60

120

50

20 10

–20 –30

–40

–40

–60

–50

30.20

1020.0

30.10

310

1016.0

30.00

300

one atmosphere 1012.0 1013.2 mb

29.90 29.80

1008.0 29.70 1004.0

270

–10

–20

30.50

30.30 1024.0

280

0

0

1028.0

290

60

20

350

320

40

Ice melts

1032.0

330

30

80

30.60

360

340

40

100

1036.0

30.40

80

160

30.70

370

90

180

inches

1040.0

380

100

200

millibars

Kelvin

29.60

260

1000.0

250

996.0

29.40

992.0

29.30

240 230 988.0

220

29.50

29.20 29.10

984.0

Weather Map Symbols

980.0

Station Model Temperature (°F) Present weather Visibility (mi) Dewpoint (°F)

28 1 2✱

27

Wind speed whole feather = 10 knots half feather = 5 knots total = 15 knots

Present Weather

Drizzle

Rain

Smog

Hail

✱ Snow

Sleet

Freezing Rain

Fog

Haze

Amount of cloud cover (approximately 75% covered) Barometric pressure 196 (1019.6 mb) Barometric trend +19/ (a steady 1.9-mb rise the past 3 hours) Precipitation .25 (inches past 6 hours)

✱

Snow Showers

976.0

28.80

972.0

28.70

968.0

28.60 28.50

(1 knot = 1.15 mi/hr)

Front Symbols

cA continental arctic

Cold

cP continental polar

Warm

cT continental tropical mT maritime tropical mP maritime polar

Earth Science Reference Tables — 2001 Edition (Revised November 2006)

28.90

Wind direction (from the southwest)

Air Masses

ThunderRain storms Showers

∞

29.00

Hurricane

Stationary Occluded

13

Selected Properties of Earth’s Atmosphere

mi

km 150

Atmospheric Pressure

Temperature Zones

Water Vapor

75 100

Thermosphere Mesopause

50 Altitude

Mesosphere Stratopause

50 25

Stratosphere

100°

10–4 10–3 10–2 10–1 10 0

0° –100° 15° –90° –55° Temperature (°C)

0

20

40

Concentration (g/m3)

Pressure (atm)

0.000,000,1

0.000,001

0.000,01

0.000,1

0.001

0.01

0.1

1.0

10

100

1,000

Electromagnetic Spectrum

0.000,000,01

cm 10–10

0

0.000,000,001

cm

0.000,000,000,1

Sea Level 0

Tropopause Troposphere

10–9

10–8

10–7

10–6

10–5

10–4

10–3

10–2

10–1

100

101

102

103

Gamma rays

x rays Ultraviolet

Visible

Microwaves Infrared Radio waves

Decreasing Wavelength

Increasing Wavelength Visible Light

7.0 × 10

–5

Red

6.3 × 10–5

Orange

5.8 × 10

4.9 × 10

Yellow –5

Green

5.3 × 10–5

Blue –5

4.3 × 10–5

4.0 × 10–5

Violet

Tropopause Polar Front Jet Stream DRY

Polar Front

N.E.

WET

60° N

S.W. WINDS DRY

30° N

N.E. WINDS

0°

WET

Subtropical Jet Streams

S.E. WINDS DRY N.W. WINDS WET

30° S

Planetary Wind and Moisture Belts in the Troposphere The drawing to the left shows the locations of the belts near the time of an equinox. The locations shift somewhat with the changing latitude of the Sun’s vertical ray. In the Northern Hemisphere, the belts shift northward in summer and southward in winter.

60° S

S.E.

DRY

14

Polar Front Jet Stream Earth Science Reference Tables — 2001 Edition (Revised November 2006)

Luminosity and Temperature of Stars (Name in italics refers to star shown by a + )

Luminosity (Relative to the Sun)

1,000,000 Massive Stars

Blue Supergiants

Rigel

Betelgeuse

+

10,000

Luminosity is the brightness of stars compared to the brightness of our Sun as seen from the same distance from the observer.

Supergiants +

Polaris +

Ma

in S

Red Giants + Aldebaran

equ

100

enc

e

+ Sirius

1

Sun

+ +

Alpha Centauri

White Dwarfs + Procyon B

0.01

Red Dwarfs Barnard’s Star +

Small Stars 0.0001

20,000

White Stars Color

Blue Stars

5,000

10,000 Temperature (°C)

Yellow Stars

2,500 Red Stars

Solar System Data Object

Mean Distance from Sun (millions of km)

Period of Revolution

Period of Rotation

Eccentricity Equatorial of Diameter Orbit (km)

SUN

—

—

27 days

—

MERCURY

57.9

88 days

59 days

0.206

4,880

VENUS

108.2

224.7 days

243 days

0.007

EARTH

149.6

365.26 days

23 hr 56 min 4 sec

MARS

227.9

687 days

JUPITER

778.3

–

0.553

5.4

0

12,104

0.815

5.2

0

0.017

12,756

1.00

5.5

1

24 hr 37 min 23 sec

0.093

6,787

0.1074

3.9

2

11.86 years

9 hr 50 min 30 sec

0.048

142,800

317.896

1.3

16

10 14 17 14 16

0.056

120,000

95.185

0.7

18

0.047

51,800

14.537

1.2

21

0.009

49,500

17.151

1.7

8

0.055

3,476

3.3

—

1,427

29.46 years

URANUS

2,869

84.0 years

NEPTUNE

4,496

164.8 years

EARTH’S MOON

149.6 (0.386 from Earth)

27.3 days

hr min hr min hr

27 days 8 hr

Earth Science Reference Tables — 2001 Edition (Revised November 2006)

333,000.00

Density Number 3 of (g/cm ) Moons

1.4

SATURN

1,392,000

Mass (Earth = 1)

0.0123

15

Either

Metallic Luster

COMMON COLORS

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS

USE(S)

MINERAL NAME

COMPOSITION*

1–2



silver to gray

black streak, greasy feel

pencil lead, lubricants

Graphite

C

2.5



metallic silver

very dense (7.6 g/cm3), gray-black streak

ore of lead

Galena

PbS

5.5–6.5



black to silver

attracted by magnet, black streak

ore of iron

Magnetite

Fe3O4

6.5



brassy yellow

green-black streak, cubic crystals

ore of sulfur

Pyrite

FeS2

1–6.5



metallic silver or earthy red

red-brown streak

ore of iron

Hematite

Fe2O3

white to green

greasy feel

talcum powder, soapstone

Talc

Mg3Si4O10(OH)2

yellow to amber

easily melted, may smell

vulcanize rubber, sulfuric acid

Sulfur

S

1

 

2

Nonmetallic Luster

FRACTURE

HARDNESS

CLEAVAGE

LUSTER

Properties of Common Minerals

2



white to pink or gray

easily scratched by fingernail

plaster of paris and drywall

Gypsum (Selenite)

CaSO4 •2H2O

2–2.5



colorless to yellow

flexible in thin sheets

electrical insulator

Muscovite Mica

KAl3Si3O10(OH)2

2.5



colorless to white

cubic cleavage, salty taste

food additive, melts ice

Halite

NaCl

2.5–3



black to dark brown

flexible in thin sheets

electrical insulator

Biotite Mica

K(Mg,Fe)3 AlSi3O10(OH)2

3



colorless or variable

bubbles with acid

cement, polarizing prisms

Calcite

CaCO3

3.5



colorless or variable

bubbles with acid when powdered

source of magnesium

Dolomite

CaMg(CO3)2

4



colorless or variable

cleaves in 4 directions

hydrofluoric acid

Fluorite

CaF2

5–6



black to dark green

cleaves in 2 directions at 90°

mineral collections

Pyroxene (commonly Augite)

(Ca,Na) (Mg,Fe,Al) (Si,Al)2O6

5.5



black to dark green

cleaves at 56° and 124°

mineral collections

6



white to pink

cleaves in 2 directions at 90°

ceramics and glass

Potassium Feldspar (Orthoclase)

KAlSi3O8

6



white to gray

cleaves in 2 directions, striations visible

ceramics and glass

Plagioclase Feldspar (Na-Ca Feldspar)

(Na,Ca)AlSi3O8

furnace bricks and jewelry

Olivine

(Fe,Mg)2SiO4

Quartz

SiO2

Garnet (commonly Almandine)

Fe3Al2Si3O12

6.5



green to gray or brown

commonly light green and granular

7



colorless or variable

glassy luster, may form hexagonal crystals

7



dark red to green

glassy luster, often seen as red grains in NYS metamorphic rocks

*Chemical Symbols:

Al = aluminum C = carbon Ca = calcium

Cl = chlorine F = fluorine Fe = iron

glass, jewelry, and electronics jewelry and abrasives

H = hydrogen K = potassium Mg = magnesium

Na = sodium O = oxygen Pb = lead

CaNa(Mg,Fe)4 (Al,Fe,Ti)3 Amphiboles (commonly Hornblende) Si6O22(O,OH)2

S = sulfur Si = silicon Ti = titanium

 = dominant form of breakage

16 DET 633TN

Earth Science Reference Tables — 2001 Edition (Revised November 2006)