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Struts Tutorial

by Stephan Wiesner

Struts Tutorial © ! " $ ! % & $ ' ! $ $ ! & !

Table of Contents ( ) * + ,- . + * / * /( * * : / + 0 * (. /) 0 " "* (4 /. 1 ! 2 (7 // 3 + 4 5 6 7 8 " 9'6 : 3 ,- 96 ( 0 , (( 0 ; ((( 0< ). (( 0< ). (() 0< ). ((. 5 0< )/ ( () 6 2& (. *0= (/ 2 (/( " ; . (/ 0 0 . (4 5 (4( ' .. (4 - .. 0 > " "

!

List of Figures ( )( ? * - ) .( < 6; . . ; > 4 /( < 2 ( / 5 @ ( /) A () /. 1 () // " B (/ /4 ? 2 ' (8 /7 2 ' (: 4( $ # ( 7( ? * / 8( 2 C " 7 :( ; " 9'6 ) (( 6 0 , )( ( 0 @, ' )) ((( 0< D )/ (( B$ 03 )7 (/( . (4( ? $ +#E ./ (4 " " .4 (4) 6 - .7

!

Chapter 1. Introduction

$ !! ; ! $ $ 0 F +%%@ G H ! & ,!! $ ,- 9'6 0 ! ! I

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!" .& D # 0 $ $ D $

(

Chapter 2. Installation of Struts K $ ! ) J !E A & &

Chapter 3. The First Try: Simple JSP

,- $ @ ! "B@ D D#

First JSP <%@ page language="java" %> Struts Tutorial: BookView

BookView

< ! !$ $ !

)

Chapter 4. Second Try: Struts For Internationalisation

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+ > & 2"#<* J & $ E

# ; D $ $ L H H $ ? & ! # , & ! !

Empty struts-config.xml <struts-config>

web.xml

.

. + * #

<web-app> <servlet> <servlet-name>action <servlet-class>org.apache.struts.action.ActionServlet <param-name>application <param-value>ApplicationResources

<param-name>config <param-value>/WEB-INF/struts-config.xml

<param-name>debug <param-value>2

<param-name>detail <param-value>2

<param-name>validate <param-value>true

2 <servlet-mapping> <servlet-name>action *.do <welcome-file-list> <welcome-file>index.jsp <welcome-file>index.html

/WEB-INF/struts-bean.tld

/WEB-INF/struts-html.tld

/WEB-INF/struts-logic.tld

/WEB-INF/struts-template.tld

/

. + * # /WEB-INF/struts-template.tld

?$ $ #

BookView.jsp: Introducing Internationalization <%@ page language="java" %> <%@ taglib uri="/WEB-INF/struts-bean.tld"

prefix="bean" %>

<%@ taglib uri="/WEB-INF/struts-html.tld" prefix="html" %> <%@ taglib uri="/WEB-INF/struts-logic.tld" prefix="logic" %> <bean:message key="index.title"/><br /> <br /> <br /> <br />

BookView

6; 1 ! ; D

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) ' : ! * ; <$ 4 = > 4 = ) $ 00000 000000000 Starting service Internal Services Java Web Services Developer Pack/1.0-ea2 Starting service Java Web Services Developer Pack Java Web Services Developer Pack/1.0-ea2 org.xml.sax.SAXParseException: The processing instruction target matching "[xX][ mM][lL]" is not allowed. at org.apache.xerces.util.ErrorHandlerWrapper.createSAXParseException(Er rorHandlerWrapper.java:232) . . . . . org.apache.catalina.startup.Bootstrap.main(Bootstrap.java:203) [ERROR] Digester - Parse Fatal Error at line 2 column 6: The processing instruction target matching "[xX][mM][lL]" is not allowed.

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8

Chapter 5. Struts for Forms J $ E " J"@!E ,- ? * * $ # & !

5.1. First Try at Forms 6D " "@! + 1 Book.java 5 import java.util.Vector; /* A simple book. @author [email protected] 10 */ public class Book { /** The title */ private String title = ""; 15 /** We can have more than one author */ private Vector authors = new Vector(); /** The number of pages the book has */ private int pages = 0; 20 /** Standard constructor. */ public Book() { } 25

/** @param title The new Title */ public void setTitle(String title) { this.title = title; }

30

/** @return The title. */ public String getTitle() { return this.title; }

35

/** @param pages The new number of pages. */ public void setPages(int pages) { this.pages = pages; }

40

/** @return The number of pages. */ public int getPages() { return this.pages; } /** We don't want to work with the Vector here, as it is only a reference we would get! @param author Add another author

45

*/ public void addAuthor(String author) { this.authors.add(author); } 50 /** Pay attention not to use the wrong number. @param position The number of the author to remove. 55

*/

$ J % % E$ 0

6 B D C N $ ! ' $ $ $ ! $ D & # ! I#E

:

/ * public void removeAuthor(int position) { this.authors.remove(position); } /** @return The number of authors the book has. */ public int getNumberOfAuthors() { return this.authors.size(); }

60 }

5 @ " D & <$ 1'6 & # $ J E D H ! $ K J E 2 "B@ +

Title:

H A O$ ! DD " O ? ' L ? " A "@!$ $ D L ! 0 "

% &$ ' ! "

,- 5E!2 1 CreateBook.jsp <%@ 5 <%@ <%@ <%@

page language="java" %> taglib uri="/WEB-INF/struts-bean.tld" prefix="bean" %> taglib uri="/WEB-INF/struts-html.tld" prefix="html" %> taglib uri="/WEB-INF/struts-logic.tld" prefix="logic" %>

10 <bean:message key="index.title"/> 15

Create a book

(

/ *

20 Title:
25

0 #+ "0 @! + 1 BookAction.java import javax.servlet.http.*; import org.apache.struts.action.*; 5 /* 10

15

20

25

30

The action for the creation of a book. @author [email protected] */ public final class BookAction extends Action { /** @param mapping The ActionMapping used to select this instance @param form The optional ActionForm bean for this request (if any) @param req The non-HTTP request we are processing @param res The non-HTTP response we are creating @return Return an ActionForward instance describing where and how control should be forwarded, or null if the response has already been completed. */ public ActionForward perform(ActionMapping mapping, ActionForm form, HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse res) { System.out.println("Start perform(" + form + ") . . ." ); String title = req.getParameter("title"); Book book = new Book(); book.setTitle( title ); System.out.println("After creation of book: " + book.getTitle() ); req.setAttribute("BOOK", book); return mapping.findForward("bookCreated"); }

35 }

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5 10 <struts-config>

((

/ *

20

path="/BookView.jsp"/>

25

type="BookAction" name="bookForm" scope="request" input="/CreateBook.jsp" rel="nofollow">

30

35

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5.2. Struts: Introducing the ActionForm 'B 0 * ? & ! D $ 0 * D $ % " &# ! J E ! J#$ # E * $ 0 * $ # @ + ! JE JE # 'B F.8G $ @ " & A $ "

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import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest; import org.apache.struts.action.*; /*

10

15

20

ActionForm */ public class BookForm extends ActionForm { private Book book =new Book(); String title = "Ye old Book"; public void setTitle(String title) { book.setTitle(title); } public String getTitle() {

(.

/ * return book.getTitle(); } 25

public void setBook(Book book) { this.book = book; } public Book getBook() { return this.book; } /** * Reset all properties to their default values. * * @param mapping The mapping used to select this instance * @param request The servlet request we are processing */ public void reset(ActionMapping mapping, HttpServletRequest request) { this.book = new Book(); }

30

35

40 public ActionErrors validate(ActionMapping mapping, HttpServletRequest request) { ActionErrors errors = new ActionErrors(); if ((book.getTitle() == null) || (book.getTitle().length() < 3)) { errors.add("Title", new ActionError("error.book.title")); } return errors; }

45

} 50

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import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest; import org.apache.struts.action.*;

(4

/ *

/* 10

ActionForm */ public class BookForm extends ActionForm { private Book book = new Book(); public void setBook(Book book) { this.book = book; } public Book getBook() { return this.book; }

15

/** * Reset all properties to their default values. * * @param mapping The mapping used to select this instance * @param request The servlet request we are processing */ public void reset(ActionMapping mapping, HttpServletRequest request) { this.book = new Book(); }

20

25

public ActionErrors validate(ActionMapping mapping, HttpServletRequest request) { ActionErrors errors = new ActionErrors(); if ((book.getTitle() == null) || (book.getTitle().length() < 3)) { errors.add("Title", new ActionError("error.book.title")); }

30

35

if (book.getPages() < 1) { errors.add("Page", new ActionError("error.book.page")); } return errors; } }

40

Annotations : ; $+ D +

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) $ E!C2 =E!> '* 0 6E!> 8I)C'6='!> =8L= $ * $ $ * ) E! ) $ ' * $

5.4. Handling Invalid Entries ! 2 # & ! action: Populating bean properties from this request action: Validating input form properties action: Validation error(s), redirecting to: /CreateBook.jsp

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Create a book

5

10

Title:
Pages:

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index.title=Struts Tutorial error.book.title=<member>Error with title of book error.book.page=<member>A book needs at least one page errors.header=

Error:
errors.footer=

%= 9 & ;

A D C + S QO O QO 7.OT S TSTS%TS T7S% TS T.S% TS% T (:

S T S% T

/ * U S%T S T0 $ C + FG OH , VI +%VI VI + # QO-OF G %VI O S% T S% T

5.5. Recapitualation: Where we are

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Chapter 6. Using Logic 5 6 ! ! J K E 6 $ ' "B@ + 1 First Iterator, no Struts <% 5

Book books[] = new Book[3]; books[0] = new Book(); books[0].setTitle("Book 0"); books[1] = new Book(); books[1].setTitle("Book 1"); books[2] = new Book(); books[2].setTitle("Book 2"); for(int i = 0; i < 3; i++) { out.println("<member>" + i + ") " + books[i].getTitle() + ""); }

10

15 %>

< 1 4 " 6 $ 1 Iteration, using Struts 5

10

<member> Title =

$ $ K "$ J E$ A & ! # $

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' $ , $ $ 18 4* , * ' $+ 2 ) $ ((2! $)('(

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) , )$ ' $ #$%,#($% ? $+ :; 4 ) $)$ $ , $ ' 4 $ $ ) $ $ $ ) $ $ ** $- $ 4 * , ,' -

$) ' 4 * ) $) $ , 4- , $ ,- !) $,

) $ ' , ' $ ) $ = = ,

,- )$ * )

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, $ ' ' $ + ' ) , ) $ 4 $! ,- ' ** ) $ # )% , 2 , O + $ ,

Chapter 7. Templates 5 D O# O ,- # ! # ! ! ,- !$ D W ' D D ,- ! &$ D & ! A ,- $ + 1 Using JSP Include

Hello World

<jsp:include page="/copyright.jsp" />

5

10

$ ! $ @ $ A ! $ ! !

0 ! # ! ! ! ! -$ ! , -1- ,-

"$ ! $ & $ D <$ D D + 1 Template: Head.jsp 5

10

15

<%@ <%@ <%@ <%@

page language="java" %> taglib uri="/WEB-INF/struts-bean.tld" prefix="bean" %> taglib uri="/WEB-INF/struts-html.tld" prefix="html" %> taglib uri="/WEB-INF/struts-logic.tld" prefix="logic" %>

<bean:message key="index.title"/> - Template

1 Template: Navi.jsp

)

7

5

10

My Links:

1 Template: Foot.jsp 5

<%=new java.util.Date()%>, by Stephan Wiesner

< 1 Template: BookTemplate.jsp 5

<%@ page language="java" %> <%@ taglib uri='/WEB-INF/struts-template.tld' prefix='template' %>

10

15

20

D D

J $ E 1 Template: CreateBookTemplate.jsp <%@ taglib uri='/WEB-INF/struts-template.tld' prefix='template' %> 5 10

! $

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7

= $ !

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A ! !

Annotations #$%M 9 ,#($% A !P * A $ $ 5E! 2 $ + ' $ 1 *+ $$ ) *+ $$

+ !P * 16 $ * ',

/

Chapter 8. Beans to XML 5 9'6 C ,;P(. L $ $ ! ! & !%,- $ # B

&M3 ' ! $ !" 9'62 9'6; $ ,;P(. 9'6 F.8G C A $ ! # C @ $ $ # 9'6 H 9'6 & 0 $ # $ $) ,

$ 7" * ! "@! " C 0 D @!CD L $ ! ! $ D ! < ,- "C@ J # E+ 1 BookSerialize.jsp 5

10

15

<%@ page language="java" %> <%@ taglib uri="/WEB-INF/struts-bean.tld" prefix="bean" %> <%@ taglib uri="/WEB-INF/struts-html.tld" prefix="html" %> <%@ taglib uri="/WEB-INF/struts-logic.tld" prefix="logic" %> <%@page import="java.beans.XMLEncoder, java.beans.XMLDecoder, java.io.*"%> <bean:message key="index.title"/>

Book Serialization

20 <%

25

30

Book book = new Book(); book.setTitle("A great Book about Struts"); book.setPages(100); out.println("<member>First Title: " + book.getTitle() + ""); try { XMLEncoder encoder = new XMLEncoder( new BufferedOutputStream( new FileOutputStream("/Sample.xml"))); encoder.writeObject( book ); encoder.close(); }catch(Exception ex) { out.println(ex); } book.setTitle("A great Book about Struts, Second Edition"); out.println("<member>Second Title: " + book.getTitle() + "");

35

40

45

try { XMLDecoder decoder = new XMLDecoder( new BufferedInputStream( new FileInputStream("/Sample.xml"))); book = (Book) decoder.readObject( ); decoder.close(); }catch(Exception ex) { out.println("

" + ex + "

"); } out.println("<member>Third Title: " + book.getTitle() + ""); %>

4

8 " 9'6

A & ) B " 8 " & A 9'6 6 + < < & < + L * $ +X +X & $ $ $ @ ,! # 3 L

/ "0 +' $"C $ &2 0 9 " 3 D"' ) $5?) $ 2$?777ED 5" 7 + "0 + & A 0 A ,! 0- 0 + A ?$ + C " 9'6 F.8G + " ! ! * ! $ D " 1 $ ,- $ $ # ! $ L ; L ! DJED ,- ; D L &$ D 1 $ "@! D ! A $ L JE $ ! $ A

60-01 "@! ; D $ J <%%9- ! $ :8 E < L 7

8 " 9'6

! 'B F.8G $ ! 60-01 <$ ! A $ $ $ ,- ! H ,-$ # ,- ! $ # !

+ out.println("<member>File:" + this.getClass().getResource( "Sample.xml" ).toString() + ""); Will print (on my system): File:file:/C:/tomcat/webapps/strutsShop/WEB-INF/classes/Sample.xml.

0 + config.getServletContext().getRealPath(".");

! $ ! + +XX X X

A !% " 9'6 $ # C ,;P(. $ #

/ "0 ' &2 0 9 " ! " 3 , ' " .' ) $ 2$ , , "'-

/ "0 C F) ' ) &2 0 + D"$ D F) ! , " 9 " ) 0 + $ H !

& +

<% session.setAttribute("myBook", book); %>

8

Chapter 9. Replacing JSP with XSLT 9'6%96 $ ,- ! ,;P(. < 4 24 $ 9'6 C 5 96 9'6$ ,- 9'6 F.8G% 96 F.8G "@! $ # 9'6$ D ! & ! 9'6 1 XMLOutServlet.java 5

10

15

20

import import import import

java.io.*; javax.servlet.*; javax.servlet.http.*; java.beans.*;

public class XMLOutServlet extends HttpServlet { public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException { response.setContentType("text/xml"); XMLEncoder encoder = new XMLEncoder(response.getOutputStream()); Book book = new Book(); book.setPages(100); // will NOT be written! book.addAuthor("Stephan"); book.setTitle("XML Book"); encoder.writeObject( book ); encoder.close(); } }

25

9'6?! $ C 9'6 # $ H ,;P(. 9'62 9'6

:

: 3 ,- 96

G ! 8, H;

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)

Chapter 10. Introducing AspectJ # & ! ! 5 0 ? - J0?-E 0 , +%% %@! F +%% %@!G 0 , F +%% @G 0 , / ! & ? ! & 0 ,L @ & 6D ! C $ ! K D $ ! $ D D 0 , 6@! 0 ! "$ "@! + 1 Aspect Logger.java 5

public aspect Logger { pointcut log(): call(* Book.*(..)) ; before() : log() { System.out.print("Enter " + thisJoinPoint.toLongString() + " Args:'"); Object[] os = thisJoinPoint.getArgs(); for(int i = 0; i < os.length; i++) { System.out.print(os[i].getClass() + "(" + os[i] + ") "); } System.out.println("'\n"); }

10

15

} 20

-2 E!2 7))2 - 3 $ "C@

/ D 923?9 $ ! $ $ J E

0 ,

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I

" ' F

&A 1 Aspect Timer.java 5

10

15

import java.io.*; import java.util.*; import java.text.*; public aspect Timer { Locale currentLocale = new Locale("DEU", "DEU"); DateFormat dateFormatter = DateFormat.getDateInstance(DateFormat.DEFAULT, currentLocale); SimpleDateFormat formatter = new SimpleDateFormat( "ssSSSSSS", currentLocale); int zeit = 0; String maxZeitMethode = ""; int maxZeit = 0; pointcut timer(): call(* Book.*(..)) ;

20 before() : timer() { System.out.print(thisJoinPoint.toLongString() + ":"); zeit = Integer.parseInt( formatter.format( new Date() ) ); }

25

after() : timer() { int zeit2 = Integer.parseInt( formatter.format( new Date() ) ) - zeit; System.out.println( zeit2 ); if( zeit2 > maxZeit) { maxZeitMethode = thisJoinPoint.toLongString() + ":" + zeit2; } }

30

35 pointcut cleanUp(): call(void Book.write()); after() : cleanUp() { System.out.print( "\nMethod with longest execution time:\n" + maxZeitMethode ); }

40 }

! ! JE "@!$ C H , $ ! C 0 "@! 0 ' J ! E

)

( 0 ,

I *F $ ! ; 0?- $ ! ! @

))

Chapter 11. Ant for Compilation and Distribution ! & ! # 5 0 !

11.1. Installation of ANT ; ! 0< F +@ G C:\Prog>ant -version Ant version 1.4.1 compiled on October 11 2001 C:\Prog>

2& J +X@ X E

! +

' ! < D #! D # H !

11.2. What is ANT 0< ! H $ $ @ $ $ 0 9'6 D $ 0< 6 ,03 6 & !

$ D ! ! $ &# $ H & $

11.3. Configuration of ANT 0< 9'6 & 1 build.xml for ANT 5

10

<project name="MyProject" default="dist" basedir="."> <property name="src" value="WEB-INF/classes/"/> <property name="build" value="build"/> <mkdir dir="${build}"/>

15 <javac srcdir="${src}" destdir="${build}"/> 20

).

(( 0 ; <mkdir dir="${build}/lib"/> 25

30

<jar jarfile="StrutShop-${DSTAMP}.jar">

9'6 K & 0< $ D# D$ ! @ &

11.4. Usage of ANT < & D D

"D ,"' ) $ $ 0< D ! D 60-01 +

<javac srcdir="${src}" destdir="${build}" classpath="WEB-INF/lib/struts.jar" />

!$ D $ ( FG0 , $ & $

<javac srcdir="${src}" destdir="${build}" classpath="WEB-INF/lib/struts.jar" excludes="Logger.java, Timer.java" />

! ,03 03 $ ,- ! & + 1 build.xml for creation of WAR file

)/

(( 0 ; <project name="MyProject" default="dist" basedir="."> 5 <property name="src" value="WEB-INF/classes/"/> <property name="build" value="build"/> 10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

<mkdir dir="${build}"/> <javac srcdir="${src}" destdir="${build}" classpath="WEB-INF/lib/struts.jar" excludes="Logger.java, Timer.java" /> <echo message="Starting JAR" /> <mkdir dir="dist"/> <jar jarfile="dist/StrutShop-${DSTAMP}.jar"> <echo message="Starting WAR" /> <war warfile="myapp.war" webxml="WEB-INF/web.xml"> <exclude name="*.xml"/> <exclude name="web.xml"/>

55

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Chapter 15. Epilogue 15.1. Technical Background of this Document 9'6 ;; ! @ 5 ! 0 F +%% G 6M F +%% G$ > ;" F.8G $ H$ $ C D ! 9'6D @ & J,2 E J,2 E 0 J E 4 ) , * $ @' M' * 5 ,)$ M) E! $ $ "< D $ $

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Appendix A. Glossary Glossary ;"

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