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em0l : mi([email protected]

Servi(e5

sollir1

r iirlii;ili l.: ',:i.ir 5 IDEOIOGIES THAT S|IAPI

l#rnustr

oao ld?2 3iL1

sefblen

r'l'o'l

GOVERNAN(T TODAY What rrirdsels dictatc our dc(isionrndrnrg? :1

OUR DISILLUSIONMENT

WITH DEMOCRACY Is the world losing its faith in democracy? iii .1.' ;irliilir REIHINK TLITTIONS Do clcctions reallv tuarautce fiecdorn and cqualilv in socicrj ?

t4

, :.-.r\'i

iri: iiil :iil i:

FOR

THI SAI(E OF ARGUMINI

lf,lP lss:rj s.rLc rll .Lb,rt ilr!.urneit.Ltior. $ hY i\ wh] isthatt|c that tliL une one el, nrpnilh"r elcnen is missirs ho{t cl,'d.nr essa\s? rDg in noststudcnt

30 IDEOIOGY AI THE MOVIES \{e pick

sor rri ofthlr best n )ol,ies lhNt depict total itadanism. theocm.y.

romnrurisnr

aDd capitalisnr.

:ir,'t;:'r,iiiliil:rr,l.iiF'

2t

THt BABY B00MERS vs IHE MILITNNIAI. GINTRAIION Orn

r'1

iters square olTon

lhcissueof$hellcr

govemrr€nts hn\.e rhc dghtto inLedire i

:-lir\l il''. i l,l! ll IDEOIOGY & PRAfiITE Do€s orc lend to the other'? Wc

look,r how dilterFIt L,uIrflr, :r l,r\\td rlrcLr icl-",,1r)5. i. \hatF rhfir fF\p,,n\" t,r dnrc tr.rfirekirlr. SAtds in,l s€tr r.rtisn,

33 i

-,

l.i Ll

i'

,

,

1

l

:

r

,

, '

l

i

:

,

,

THI GOOD, IHE BAD AND IHE UGIY frIeet some ofth€ bcst aud

Norst politicLLl leadcrs of our world's Iist(nt.

5 THINGS TO KNOW

Five Ideologies that Shape Governance Today The Cold War made it look like governments were eithel democratic or communist but the ideologies that llovern us all are a little more varied than that. Bv xiaochins Ling

ii

i,lil

lj

t i ll

'l/llLllll

deologies can be thought of as different ways of looking at things. An ideology is like a comprehensive vision of how society should work (i.e. the ends) and the best methods to achieve this ideal arrangement (i.e. the means). Most countries do notjust subscribe to one singular ideology but a mixture of ideologies in order to sketch out a political, economic and cultural blueprint to build our ideal societies from.

02

BR0ADIR

PIRSPTOvts

the leak\t!

issue

clPlTtLtu\4 l flutoPta?

/ta)ky'uiew/id/r}s

1

2

CAI'ITALISM

DEMOCRA.CY

t(onomi5l thni6obre

norker ln tlhiopio. Hn

GRxED IS GOOD? / oD thc left side oi the political sp€ctrun, capitaiisn is a dirly word. The list of

marked aglorjous asc ofvictory lbr Denocracy: thc

problens creatcd by capitalism is well-documented:

B-rlir'

the unfair dist.jbution of iyealth aDd fower. the tendency to$'ards creating a nionotoly or oligopoll of elites and the exploitation ofth. poserless for profit's sake. river on thc risht wjng side of the spectrom, sone monothcistic fairhs act!ally oppose

crumbled lik€ a domino chah after corbachev inttodrccd percrl,?ika(restnchrnrs) and glasnost

i',oi

r'1.-e.ld\ rn.ll-i.,,1. B, l.Jt J r{r defining ideolos) of the $orld for !h€ siniple reason that jt has outlaste.l and outpcfomred all otho alterna Live ecoDomic slstenN in ternrs ofits ability to efilciently create liugc amounis olwealth, a fact dral no modem statc is blind to. Even stauDchb Comnunist states lik China and Russia ha!€ evolved their former comnand econor es for a systcm tiat allores capitalist gain.IncreasiDg GDP pcr capita

lha,o.l-'

has becone thc

natuMllyb ngs about inprcved standards ofli\ring, bettcr healtbcare, public iDfrastrucLure and otfoftunity lbr upward socjal rnobilitv. Economists liteMiiton ltiednun al€uethat capitalisn is a pre' req sit€ for politi.al {r'eedom. Lilte it or !ot, the profit notive sccms to pronote iDdepcndent seu o.sanisation and crealivib like no othcr.It

03

EQUALITY l]OR t^,,11

LL

/

The i98os and r99os

l.ll. r\" ".Fdt Curnmun. . , rnt, p

tlMlllDtfiS

toRAfRttA

hslks/

tie',!

in

o

/idl56

(openness) to the Soviet Union md clerla'here people

rcrc calling fbr fiee elections and celebrating ftee speech. Denocracy will alirays ha!€ its appe in tlre workl becaNe it speats to the most fen€nt impulses in the human imaginalion:the desireto sce all rnan equalry treated,l|e hope that the elite will lool< out 'o'rr1, s.rl 1rd rhp oFli, I tr.,r ,acf one ot .r.:s nmately capable and wise enoush to guide and guard cac.h o ther without beins forced to do so. In tlie face olsuch appealing idcals, itis no wonder that so naly monnchis and theocracies have been tranplcd under the feet ofthc eager mass€s. Tlie nain issuc about denbcracv is not so nuch its goals but the $'ayit is be rg.\ac,rled. lbo n,rrD propl. ,.h.vp deno.r .ips i Jr. r ,d . op., -s io i.l rs i.' .lF.r'on. or rrfl speech. Fea' ant to do the hard iork ofrunnins a

r€al democracy: upkeeping the .ule of law,

nui

rinins transparenc!', instillins responsibility

and enforcins accoun tability for all-

ERolDtR PIRSPIOIVIS

t|le idealottlt issue

It

r

ideo

rill(

thin(ing,

lsm ond publir

qulik \1,itred

ond

4

s()cIAt,tsllI

TIJF,O(]RACY

.

la

roo work for {.ges, ,?

it;

. ll soods rrd i.nic.i rru $ld itr . m.rl.tplr.. with . vi€w to . li th. w.rld i. divid..l lnto

i'ti.ns. it it tdt to.ttlbn. . lf th.t. k .nY tind ol govirnn.nrover pcopl. rr iJ ro' 5"/,'sd . u"ress ati trunanr cveqwhert h.v. rF.2...rt !o.ll goodi tnd t'F ti@s, it is nor io.i.titn'

\vI l

RUST / Theoc.acics atc ra.e in lodavs nrcreasnrgu s.cutarn'orld bul thc lii{ states thaL archoldiDg out a!P.artobe quite.esolutc an.l unchingnrg about it. Morcovcr. iD .eacLion to the

IN GOD

secularisrtion oftlie roJd. ihe p{ssiolr lo lrold onto religious bclicfs as rdellningplitical ideologl nright

j

st grow cyctr Dore intcnsc. The P'escni-dal

iheocracies also all adhere (,ILrdrisnr,

b

motrotheisli. bclicfs

Ch stirnityand lslan,$'liich liare rro\c'1

' " ir'41. b

.l.o.io

r'r.i,rlFlr.^i,:,

political chan8.. lrcscntly, no .bsolute theocrrq

r.'\.,l.."oll.-'rr.

s cl.ctcd Presid.ni falls uDde. lhc strpcnisior olt|. Suprene Leadcr oflran and lh. CuArdian Council, tlo positions in thc governnent aspccts.

lra.

'| | a r- 'F,.r ..r,r \l r\l ilrl'lri,

SaLrdiAubir is bolh r thcocracy is Nellrs a nnDr(I) $'i]h dr. Emir in absohltc po$'er bLrl thc Qudn as ,e .r

Lrrrtltiun

,1,

.,.. ..J/ rtrJ,ti

,r

.' I.

I

i.

legjsl.iioD) as h$. lhc Isrxcli state identifics itsell rs lhe Jdrish llorreln.d(fiosc Law ol Rctlu granls

!n\

Jei{ tlrc rislit to becomc au lsReLi citizcn iD $'haL

is seen as thc ancest.il lonrcland give. to thcm bl in Crcccel Gd. Lren morc iDt guiitu is Uount ^tlros vitgii IIa'-T icatcd n) the countN ded aD autonomons

thrt onll perniis Ortho(lor Christiu nirles to bc tcrnuDenlr.sidcnts. It

04

BR0ADtR PIRSPItTlVtS

.iVORKIRS IN POWtrR As capitalisrn / !,re\v nr nrflucn!e ar:d e.oDomic inequ.litv became nore prcnotrDc.d. people bcgan a.lvocaling that lrrperty and dist bution ofNealth sholld be subi.ctto conhol

F, 1: l"r'll ,l ' '"1f .

\rr'^

clites. l hus bcgaD the nrovcmcnt ofso(ialism the root ideolo$ rrhicli ersend.md orgalised hbour

n,olemei,ls. rrid. rurions and ftrnn nisn. Post \\', rld \\ . ls , "r:lr r' ro' l:"f r ' .i 11...i' n,an! impove.ished AficaD, Asitn and Lati Anerican counties esltciall," iD !je\! ofihc aPPrrcDt nrccess ofthe So\iel Drodci. llone!e.. rhc Soiet

leNnr. of socialisn laded nr nrfluence on.c n$vs of ho\! the Soyict strtes liced shortages ill consu'ncr goods rnd supprcssion of riShts to rssembll 3"'l s|ccch spreld. Iodr\', socialisn }rs trkcn on rran! Latin ,\. edci, Vcnezuela d Pr.si.l.nt IIugo Chn!.7 and Boh,ian PrcsideDt l:]lo \'loraics Push

lb rs.I!

populist .coDomic loljci.s

tlut

aid tbe porcst. The

I'r'. ' i-lr | . ' Christiu Socialisni - a blar.l of soci^lisrr that dri'ls ' 'i .'l or ' d r. \t . | ,...,, .".... o, .r.,t ,-F, ,.1,,l .ic" ' '" ard.arc n)r the toor. \'orknrs class. L

l/ic t./,rtog, Nsxf

_

5

Monarchics are obsolcte.

PRAGI[A'I'I SI\{

lRUE 1{] SOMD EXl l.tNT. nroDarch ls

olc ol

Rule b1 a singtc

rhe oldesr - and \omc sn) nnrsr

arctiajac for.rs of go\ern.)ent. Sirce the lDlishiennient and thc rise of secntar.Lrtruc. fe$, Dbdcnr citi?ens ca. accept tle coDcept of r m.rn chnnins to nrle because ofihc$ill ofcod(s) orbecausc isr dirine ircanrar€.'\s a r€nitr. most moDaJllics ha!e be.D dismantled, ovc lrrown or traDslormcd hc

into repnblics. Nl.n! oftodarrs bclored ro]'ahigurcs Lhe Bdtish, Danishand Jalancs. orats for i$tance r

arcjust (rNtitutidral nroDrrchs i{ithoul .ert polver ov.r national polic\'. T|et'ewabsolut. Dr.,narctrs \!Lo

MORKS,.IUSf DO I'[/Conlircius, ccnghis Klran, Nap.rleoD and Thonas Jeffoson had orr phjlosop|y in conlnor - rll beti.ved stro.slv thar IF I

stjll retanr coNi.tcr.ble decisioljnaling poNer (an bclb!nd !r Jo.dan, Morocco, BhutaD. B.unci. Saudi Arrbia, Q.1ar and SNazih.d. r\ftcr lhe 2oo7 mrss killirg bt, Netal s suicidat crorvn priDci:. Nep.l eveniurllv abolisired iis Donarchr iD 2oo8. (t

runnnrs an efficienr societr depeDdcd onthefru(tical selection ol people based on tnlent and us.lulness. not a sct olfincy but nltjrn atety un reaiisti. betiefs.

The

e\olwd into i{har is.oi{ ln wl me tocraq, - r slstem that mosr no.lenr cnpitalist socicties pra.tice iDformallv anywa),. Unlike democracl which IIiDis aD optnnistic picrLre ofthe

Ir lSF. thc Ilh Lirutidoes cxisl in.lccd irthctrle lbll ,-r.. ra. Ir r r' .t,tr'a, ,1.,..

This plriiosophy|as as

equal caprbilitl of tlic massesj rne.itocracl sa).s. ,Be rcalistic. Som. Fople aiil lahn.lly be more catabte thaD olhers and rhey shorrld bo allowed tr,lead and

Illuminati controls the world!

intcliectuais, poljticians and tfterarr Drcn $.as fou oded -.irus.l^, .t t.t..rrrr_1|r..tt, I,r . fi r-

banned under the suspicioo that

i.liltrat.

look afte. the comnDn sood.',rej1ercoD cnlie.i snch Ireople the ir.tural adslocracy . Napolerrn rejc.ted rppointment bnsed on ancestrf. weatth or ethniciry,

choosi g kr Bvard o.\ thoscsirh mitta.1, scic.rific orartistic prowess. Singrpore is uDique in ctaimi,,B moitocracy as a ccnual poliiical conceut - a stnnce

lhel

cxisre.t to

aDd overthrow e\istiDg Europcan go\ennncnts, at oDe IJoirt, the o .r still Drrnagedro arrract 2,ooo men. '$c group ei.n I udl) disban.tcd due

:

to nrl€rnal successio'r issu.s. Since

th.n, coDsfiracl lheorists

aDd

that Eot h$ expellcd lrom the Mrtaysian Fcderarion ir r965 bccause Malalsia believed in giriDg sDecial

puh tictioD no\ellists like D.n Br!{rr have had a fiel.l dn) portriring the

frivileges Lo the indigenous }Jitays. Whit€ me.itooact Dainrallr briDgs successj ir can

shacloi{y organisarioD t]rat

IllnmiDati ,s

nrstitutionalise inoqLhljtyand etitisnr s.hen itre strtc,s

BR0ADtR PtRSPtO/VIS

all tiDowiDg

controls world aflans ihrough its p fDet Sovennncnrs and

defnrition .rf hon to measure nre.it bc.omes t(r, ni.ro$'.nd ilt-deline{l at

05

aD

th. id.obqtt iss"(

06

ER0rlUtR

PtR5PlflVtl r/i,

nlritot,/ |sir'

Rftr1IID

i5U:!

GOVfR|lMINT

P0uTt5 GP IAIISM

Y0LltLlr]l tH

THt

!

OI5

ORANGE Il1RON

vol(h?v=lNetbf db42(&le

THI

R

5I

AND

fAtIOf Tl][

BIRL N WALI.

,,Yorrlr?v=WuY0lDzldhs

Aihorr dlp !bo!r lhe &erlln

TIA|lAIIMEIISOUARI

eolrh?v=XlEnHMp}]CRY&l

See the

07

BR0ADIR

PtRsPtOvts th. i.leol.yv 6suc

orislno

BBC

rewi

FTATURE ARTIILE

FI:TI, (}II SOI]ND AND FURY. expressed norions of equality. Lilte it or not,

to matter little to the decision making process. America's embittered and clnical etectorate has become weary ofall thinss old and auious, lookins for anlthing new

enough of us privately feel that putting

and hopetul instead.

SIGNIFYINC NOTHING/ The first answer may offend our nost outwardly

a qualified few rather than the clLreless nasses just

decision nakins in the hands of

'IALK Is CIIIAP/ Denoralised by the rise of populism and the pressure of

nucli

globalisation, many have also witnesscd that without institutional changes, democracies do not guaraniee any better

quality of sovernance. In Asia, the Philippines fits the

In r democrac), the majority may make decisions that place their interesis far above the intercsts of the minority. In effect, the majorit] has the capacity to become just ds foolish, cnel and

unjust as any despot - an issue neatly captured in the phrase "tyranny of the

Indeed, like ftee speech, fi ee elections the very cornerstone of a democracy can very easily degenerate iDto a farce: all sound and fury, sisniting nothins. Free elections are not so fiee after all, beins interwoven with personal politics and metodrama. Ukraine only succeeded in achievins the theatrics of democratic

politic rather than establishing

the corc instituiions of democracy. VoteN prcferences cnn swins erratically, bound by their enotional, subjective desire to suppoft the leader that thev like best, as opposed io a rational, objective assessmeDt of which

leader tbey trust rl1ost. Yushchenko weni quickl)' from beins Ukraine's democratic

darling to yet another Public ln the 2oo8

bil ofbeing

a tuee-speech

lovins, western sbne democracybesl Still, mip os have cone to vis their country's

corrupiion, poor ecoDomic growtb and growins teEonst problen with ajaundiced eye. Russia's dislike of democracy stems

paftly {ron how Russians perceive their own experimeni witli democracy in the

Sinsapore, seen by many academics as a classic case of a successfut 'benevolent dictatorship'. Here, the electorate remains indifterent to local and foreisD activists' rcpeated attempts to galvanise a revolution for freedon. PromiDent local free speech activist Chee Soon Juan may be commended by denocraq advocates overseas but locatly, he is viewed by thd man on the street at best

as an oddity and at worst as a national enbanassment. Despile their comPlaints,

Shgaporeans are essentially conteni with ihe rather miraculous level of econonic wealth, political stability and social secunv achieved through alnost four decades of

Latin American couniries and parts of Souih Eastern E rope. Ameican politicians may

doninarce by one political party in th€

asafailure

crow about the evils Connunist leader Fidel

castro has hflicted on Cuba but Michael Moore's 2oo7 doqrnentary Sicto exposed to America what Cubans had kno$t for years: the 'Evil Empire'ofCuba manased to provide aftbrdable, world-class univeNal healthcare to its people - an accomplishment

elections. The loss ofcertain political and economic freedoms - the conhol ofdk press,

the enforced CPF savings schene, disalowing the nakins ofpolltical films etc. is accepted as a necessary evil: a fair and sensible trade off for having an efficiently run, wealthy and secure nation. In an analysis of

S

gapore by the sustainability

that still remains ridiculously ort ofreach for many middle-class Ame caDs.^sNeu

lnstitute, founder Dr. Donella Meadows asserts that Singaporejust does not fit into

vol/< ?l,nes columDist Nicholas Krisiof noted wryly in a 2oo5 article, "Ifthe u.s. had an infan! moftality rate as good as Cuba's, (it) would save an additional 2,212

the world s categories: "It's a dictatoNhip with ftee speech, no fer aDd no coruption. It's an economythai uses capitalistmeans to atiain socialisl ends....a meritocratic, elitist. Confrcianist, bureaucratic state whateveryou call it, by all appearaces and measures it works astoLrndinsly Nell - so

Ame.ican babies a year." 3lr,ooo Cuban doctors wolk for free in dozens of poor @mtrieq sharing tltir healthcare stategies atrd providing free cataract operations for inpoverished Venezuelans, Bolivians and

WHAT'S INANAME? / Denocracy

campaign, Barack Obama's detractors argue

atso lost much

that his dramatic victories state atter state were founded more on his youthful, good looks and cleverly orchestrated monopoly ofthe word "chang€" thm his actual political expeience. There nay be some truth there.

Far ftom the pristiDe ivory towers

After a]l, obama's trump card is that he

of academia aDd the livins rooms of lhe elite. what matters more to the masses is how well taken care of they are by the goveDment - not so muci which particr ar strain of democratic ideolo$r' their polltical leaders srbscribe to. Given the choice

ceorge W. Bush and leadins rjval Hillary Clinton are not young, black, charismatic and a ftesh face. whether Senator Hillary Clinion is a better debater or SenatorJohn Mccain has more years of experience seen

the latter because laymen are essentially

an attitude seen in seveMl

199os

American Presidential

embodies everything that curreDt President

decent quality oflife while conpronising sone freedoms, the rnasses will alwals pick

This is nost obvious in the case of

scems more €fficiert at getting things done in a comtry. To Dut it blundy, the unspoken fact is many of us just do not have that

democratic principles and one thai proljder

between a government 08

BR0ADIR

p rist

about

PtRSltOlVtS the i(leolollLi isste

ofits sheen beca

se

has

its most

prominent advocates areseeD as arrogant, inflexible, belliserent and h]-pocritical. To separate westem-style democracy film its unorthodox preteDders, the term "liberal democracy" ltas created to describe the former and "illiberal denocracy" to define systems where leaders were elected but {reedoms remained curtailed. The p.oblem

with the tern 'illib€ral democracy" is thal it sounds inhercndy negative, a

democracy gone MoDg.

as

ifdescribing

It

also clearly demonstrates ho$' tibeml denoc.acy is still seen by most of the

universat democracy was unavoidabl€, you might as well speed up its aril2l by pushing

Western(isedl world as the ideal politicat state that all nations n st strive to achieve or else be seen as hopelessly backward.

for regime chanse aI over the world. This political philcophy which enphasise! using AmericaD foreign policy and might to establish and maintain democracy in the

"ilibel"l democracy" has also beeD indiscininately applied to a whole samut of countries ofvarying expeiences fton Singapore to Nigeria to Uadimir Putint

world is known as ned.onservntism

Aryentha and PeNez Mushanafs Pakistin. To the Dost dogmatic

President Paul Wolfowitz and former Secretary of Defence Donald Rumsfeld believed they had a moral callins "to challense regimes hostile to (Amerjca's)

The label

Russia, Hugo Chavez's

advocates of Western sB'le democracy, there is no niddle sround: Singapore s Minister Mentor Lee Kran Yew can wind up sharing tlrc label "authoritarian dictator" with Noftlr

hominent neoornsenative dsision nakers like U.S. President Crorse Bush, U-S. Vice President Dick Chenex fomer World Bank

inierests and values" and "to promote the cause of political aDd econonic freedom

Kin Jong il, though the fomer's "crimes against democracy" are quite Korea's

obviously not in the same category as the latter's. Strch labellins is unwarranted, cltlturally anosant, intellectuaily dishonest and ultinately contusjng. Worse, such oveft cnltuMl arrogance also creates trmecessary tension that ruins dialogtre

betlEn nations.

governnent tl{es its people, it is obliged to provide benefits in rtun: notjust supplying the basics ofseNices, accountability, and sood sovernance, but guardingthe bisser ideals of libe(y and representation as weli.

The problem is whetr a democratically eiected government fails to provide the basics but trumpets larser ideals alone instead, it loses tl1e people's trust. America has found it hard to persuade others to

folow their lead when White House officials

hl"ocntically disregard democratic nles by making excuses for the use oftorturc and

e)draordinary rendition.

No system of government, not even democracy, suarantees life, liberty or happiness. Democracy itselfis not a one-

It was s ch thinking thatjustifi€d Amenca's se of military force to €stablish democracy in Iraq. This idea is not new of course. The Cold War was a 2oth ceDtury Crusades of sons with America spendins billions in a clandestine q est to infiltrate, ov€rthrow

and conquer nations in the name of Democracy againsi the evil' forces of Comnunism and Socialism. In the 196os and 7os, America helped stage coups in

Brazjl, Argentina, Bolivia, Chile and

time ev€nt but a painstakiDg process rcquiring the work of both sovemment and its people to take responsibility for their

society and to change

iis institutions

and paradisms when necessara.

THE I-AST u'ORD/ D€mocracy wjll aiways be endlessly frustrating and disappointing tu practice but it remains an ideal wolth pursunrs.

Uruguay. The fact that they never succeeded

'I'HD GOSPEL ACCORDING TO (r/r'DST E RN) DR MOC RACY/

in convertins Cuba to democracy despite the CIA'S many botched assassination

To quote Sir Winston Churchill asain,

attempts on Cuban Crmmunist l€ader Fidel

the settled and persistent will of the people.

SHOULD \\itr STILL PURSU

closer and closer to beins enshrined as a

I)EllOCR-AcY?/ Yet, all that has been

replacement sospel of sorts, a holy scripture worth dyins (or killing) for. Since the cold

said so far is not to p€rsuade us to d€spise

war, Am€rica (in particular) has made

benevolent or othetrise. IDdeed. fi€e

herserto be the world's for€nosi evanselist ofihegospel ofpolitical pluralism.It is no

the taint of cultural arrosmce Dd hnocrisy,

accident that atmost relisious like

universal and perhaps eternal appeal to all

voc!$ulary is used by Ameicans to describe the sacred sht to vote, freedon ofspeecli

of us. Demo[acy celebrates a powerful, compellins vision ihal government belonss to the people, that voting is a nivemal right,

t.]

denocracy and embrace dictatorship

democracy

will

fron

always rciain a strong,

that all citizens are eq al, that we are governed by the rule of law, that minonty views are protected no matter how abhorrent to the

najo ty.

But the ability to promote democracy One dangerous outcome Fukuyama's theodes was that

of

FraDcis

itled some

powerful people to believe that since

sense

oftle word

...Many forms of covennent have been tried. and will be tried in this world of snr

Disturbingly. as America and Western Europe grow increasingly discomfoded wiih religion and more secular at heart. the ideology of liberal democracy has come

and freedon of the press. wlile every American coin has the overtly Ch stian pronise "ln God We Trust" neady ensraved on it, the truth is that the closest thins the United Staies has to a siate rcligjon today js constitutional democracy.

"we accept in the fuliest

depends on the credibility and appeal of a working democratic golemment's example and the world desperateiy needs better examples. when a democmtically elected

09

&R0AD[R

P

IRSP

tfilvts

the ideolog!] issue

Ol\l 2l'lD THOUGFIT

Rethink Elections We assurne that deurocracy and liee elections natulally go hand in hand but

tlat may

Dotbe the case at all. ByJoselin tsau

,

-iH !i ^: DI

LlGR., "

i

,

*r|,r,:r,l

.:i

-*""-."

AE{]UT

Tl]I

YiR TIR

l0

ER0ADtR

PIRlPitTlVts thcidealolttr issue

Y0r,lrj8[ THts

W HO|liTO HAIKA

v0llNG i tcHlt{t

m/troid?v={rldbndb4

Dishold A(uvole lS

v0li'q mr(hine

l0H

"Elections equal Democracy.

ll

THIU.S

if

0

l\rlctatN r,ll{s

fttcfl0

l

onreny'vidoo/diebold

_o(iden,olly leokj

NOT TRUE / ln the Nakc of the wo.ld's nyiad rnulti coloured protests and rcvolutios mdAmcdca's attempts to denocratise the Middle East, elections

nhjle still holdins sham elections condenned by

hale more than ever becone the byword for

L Fftra. our.o1ra.l-.'\" Lppn Ino.€rJ qAl o) r\Jr cp and conrption, and rcsults nsged, bought or isnored.

denocracy. Ho$'cver, this is rooted iD the.edLrctive and eroDcous assumptiotr that ticking a small bor

will cnable a courltr)' to rnake the magical EnJolm rioninrorlih"ra dp1loird.r.(.rl,mrnhr g only offers too Darrow a definition ofdemocracy and

provides impossibly bigh expectations of whar electioN alone caD bdnit. Elections b). thcnsetves are not a panacea; they cannot reniedy ail a counrrr's

iDternational rnonitors.

Opponents runDing for elections in corultries like Eilypt and Russia cncounter jnstrmountaue leilal and technical hurdtes and their political participation is oft curbed byintimidation and prcssure. Protests arc lioleDd]'suppressed

dd

diss€ntins voices silenced.

'll r iu,d^ li.tot,o,.rsrril...rvFl"fliorrr'ctp a

farcical process$'heD itsupposedly represents the

problems norbring inDediate pcace and order in a democratic transition. Democrac.y does Dot takc a

will and desire of drc people.

linear cause and effeci approach and we forgctthal il\"d i"r:n,rrr"l oi\ oofrimpto,l-\, upa,d ,rvF.

are no guamntee of their ox11 ur.ti1u.d cvi\lelc m.hh F. dnnocrari, FhJvju.rr o! part of the goverrmeni. Tlrc precise effectiveness of dcmocratic processes dcpends heavily on ho$' elections are o.ga sed and conducted. The country's political eDviroDnent and legal noms can easil) inllueDce this fractice. Elections are at best an ea.iy ,rro lo a.r rd.v dnd ll qo-s. d l,lank chF,, ts ur ^ .1'n p.nr abu.p\ ol ou$rr.

A scan of world hisiorv reads like a manual

ofhorvto

steal an elcction. ElectioDs have been blatantly tnaDipulated to legitimise dictators and crininrls ard proions inc!mbent rule. The Big X{en" of African stales like Zinbabr{c, Conso and Ansola habiiually

emplo) coercjve tactjcs and bribes to stay in Doner

ll

Unfohnateiy, elections

,

BR0lDlR PIRSPIOIVIS

the ideoloou iss11e

\et Fa r-a,\nru.l\' troparlvut,\' 4 ' a 'rr ,liorl nl -.- r'' 'l-p u.qri',:\ ri|o d.r'' " rn ..,ro l'r'., co Dtry. The electoral lrocess broa.lens politic{L involvement and rwar€ncss and allo$s the citizcDs voiccs to beh.ard. DLecliorN are also thc ke) plndorn bt' lrhicli fu!uc den.,c.atic rcfornrs arc generar.d and affects how ihe staLe accounts lbr itself to Lhe p,,blr . I -.r or.. d ro- d, lr\"r tFl rr ' ,oi.F apathy and rcsignation will sel nr, halting dcDroc.r I i.

"

So what js.ceded to.nsure lhc virbilitv anci equitability of clcctiotis thcn? Countrics need a snf. and transparent flaying lield where civil societv, a are

Majority

r'l' li':r

\ present. Nlinori! risht! and freedom ofspee.ll

rr-1,p .,l-rn. ^lr'v

.no "_ rldPp-nd

is Always

and $oruhip Dce.l to be fri)tected OD]I ilhen ciiizens

arc arva.e of iheir riiahts and

dutics,

and,rc

The

given the

Right."

lreedom to consciouslY asscrt

their political will and Pref Nill democrao proper cone inLo bcnis. Only when -erences,

aD.t

OF COURSE NOT/ The thought soes likc this: if elcctions and refe.endunis are mcantto eiprcss the \illof thepeople,t dif aDNjoriLyof peoplebcliele

empo$'ered, and the slate can be held rublic\ accourtable fot broken elcctouL promises, only

and th. French ltevolltion can hishliSht !cr,r- .litrerent

soci

aDd legal

iDstilulions are

built, people arc inyoLved

r 'c...,.d,'-g. lua.il 'r"uF n'ir .l- orili^r' i,lh" ibr . u.,". Ln, Kir: dr .1,. V,prr'r R'\olJ i^n aDswers. The nasses freed to

theD will dcmocratic dcvelop

fate were supposed Dobie ideals.

KeDya. Thc fact that Hanas can

election over a

conuft and incffcctual

$'ir

an

Fatah. that

indepeldcnt iudges can uphold the deman.l for .l..ti,)ns iD Pakistan. tliat ,nonks car lead rD uncrpecled though ill fatecl protcst agajnst tlre Myanma. military junta, thai there is rvorldwid. condonnutior of clectoral ftall.l in Kenva tll this Lo ,' , : r. . r"... rl a . ra ir,lnJl ul rl" l.

"r

uDdiininished, that tlie citizenry of tlie wo d are nol conplacent about lhc deno$atic nnpljcatnus r,l

'lhe clccioral proccss can rrcl€r be takcD for grartcd,

\e r"u'.-.1, 1.-'lru, .'r ,.

L,,ul trnbl,'rl casyr supportins and pincidcs nay be denocratic promotnrg tlie lolloi{-through afte. the votes rre counted is thc realchallcnge.It

l2 ERoADtR PtR5Ptfi

VtS

ti.

tobrirg about societies Lruilt on

Brt \!lil€ onc revolution brcught libertj

and freedom. the otlrer brought the l'.rror'

Since 2ooo, cxperir eDts $'ith electoral denrocracv andmnlti padl clections havcbeconle more frequcnt Despitc unslea dy progrcss, ihere is still a Botswana

for everl

dctemine thcir oivn

TherciD lies one ofthe ironic facets of democracv: rllowiDg tlie mass.s to erftcss themsclves Irlav actually .Ddanger libcltl rnd iiccdorn. fih !]us o e ferc€nt of the population tnal agree oD a snbjcct hn l

itdoesnot mcan

the.y got

it dght So$'hiLea maio tv

opiDio! maybe iDthe mostliteral s.!se democratic, the noiion nrat fan out in unp,latable rlais in so.ictr Violent and unfair episodes jn history hare hinsed on the.rasses belicving lhnt dr. errtli s'as flst, lhat slalerr was risht and iDter racial nar.iage wrong

History is full o{ trcubling e).amplc's ol

tbc'ttunnv

of the majoritv" trarnPling on Dritiorit! rights or playins op eihnic and rc'ligious divides. Hiiler's popular support reflected how s ccessflilly he was .ible to tap on the .nger, fear and frustraiion of illioDs ofC€rmrns ald tun the,n

triumfhaDl

id.ol.rsv iss|,1

sLnge iD

WATff TH

Ttlt

WAR

I

ROO]1i1

8i t iroi , h! ll,

ol

course there

rre functioning rnd lrcaltht

denocucies \.herc a coniDstogcthd ofthc najodq docs Dot l.dd to gnillotircs aDd mass hvsterir. lle I r^'r,.Jl .r'rt .r^r I'l-,,rr.r ^.r. \to,r',F.-r ,i. or fa i.inenl,i.! denoc.tc] ternpe.s the rule ofthe nrob ill sorue $urs. lNtead olvoling dirtctlv on issucs, lhe\'lole ir relresentatires to makr sucli choiccs for

I'rr..l.i ..l'

'l-I.

h-'r"l

.""

chaDnrllcd irlto chosiDg thc bcsr pcoflc for officc. Hoiv8tr, such r.sronsiblc bc

hrd lcaDt i.d .ir lik.

e

tubli.

bclalioul te

ds lo

oc.iL(J is lbunded oI] lhe implicit beli€fthrt electorates \!ill act responsibl\ aDd rrtjonrlh. Bnt elections slir u! r lot offeNour aDd arc noi ahmvs ihe nost rational of expcicnc.s. Thc tol.tility of voters cln ${iDg on manl thnrgs: fcar, sbo{ lerm

.nd .v.n

rgn

'r..,. 9

-ll'i- rr.

the hrnlteridg lirr a

L {r, \..'. l . ., .rrr, t:, \rJ, r lr'r l|r , id q, . '., r' r, ^' i,l ' . di |g

si.L,u,l. , t\4

olrnce ainlr,i.dc]laos. $ial b.irgs order arcl Li r'.rr''9, i -\''ilIlr.r r..ir'pLJ.,'! on othe. feolle s ris|is tu needoms. Tliis onlv

aithnr thc connht.ln tinres mosr votos ivill .liDg lo

|. 1" -.'. ir

..r,1! ,'.r

,3

long tlNe in (onriuE.

l)€

r.. r L

ibilllr. ol rde'rl poliLi(iairs at nraniPiating rld p.ndeJinu lo fopulist sentimentran also strengtllen Lh€ elile or authoritaian hold oD po$'er. Prcsi.lcDt

Thc

stro

'

o'i,,' l lp

o.

,

g lealer. r\fter all.

xcnorhobes, dcmasognes. ieo Nazjs hi\ e all maDrsed lo swa) p! lrlic opirion and get elected e\€n ir Nrdcm

Churchill fonrtcd out. d.mo.mlr) js lIe No.sl slstcm c\cqn for all t|c |esl. l)emocracl dries lot antomatical\' .on1i r $isdonr o. goodness ulon t|e

Is

clc.to..rte. Sonrelirr€s ele(toral (hoices are not ideal a d other tjues the voleE get itwroDg. But it is still is best placed to offer a range ofchoiccs to th. $id.st ${ath of thc potulatjon. T|c prolif.r.tioD ol new niedi! lnd a b rgconing citiz.njourDalis.r nrovenre.l nrlkc it casi.r to cnlig|t.D the populace \o Lhat thel can nral<. Drorc intormed choires ldr lherrselves and societr'rl larBe. Becnuse liisto$ is liltered i{ith too

' |\ 'i,.11. o'\-

Lr

' , I r'.

.

irn!errtive that elrN irldilidLral votcr trcats thc power thev potcntialll hold \ith lrorc.antion rnd

humilit].It

l3

BR0ADIR

PfRSPtCTVtI

/hr t.[1)/"qv issr!

TSSAY MAKIOVTR

For the Sake of Argument The key skill behind each good General Paper essay. Bv Tong Yee

IEOUT

T}]I

ver the course of the past year that I have written for this column, I have mentioned multiple times that we really live in a very different world. One of the most important changes most people do not notice is the development in how information is being presented and received. While it is still mostly tme that newspaper articles remain objective anil balanced, many editors have had to weave

WRITTR

in slants to their news to offer a differing viel^,point that enables them to distinguish their news from others. To achieve a basis of credibility, all se ous publications have to get their facts correct, but to be outstanding, their facts would have to be frameil in an opinion driven argument. In a world where we can get the same facts ftom almost every media source, aren't our opinions and perspectives the only way to differentiate ourselves from one

t

another?

t4

BR0ADiR

Pt[SPttTlvts the ideology itsue

Students of this era have to recognize this trend

to be true. And very real. If we continue to perceive our education to be a learning of facts and reiteration of information, then we might as well still be living in an age where there is no

Internet, no giobal media, and most markets driven by labour intensive working drones. We live nr a ncr{ ag. w|ere lacts, althoush still fund.menlalll, necessrr\', arc rcadil! {vaihblc, aDd cven cheap tslt opinioDs and idcas, especiill} $.eLl rvitter aDd a cll ar sLred oDcs, arc a rare a d lized connnodity that will tetcl tirp dol]rr. Th. skill r| ar d riles rhis

prcs.ntalion of opinion is xhat is enrbodied in alnost

rll cP cssavs

an arsurnent.

It took us sorne time to hclp our students come to this rcalization. Io many of lhem, conteDt rvas kinA. ll liey learnt evetl fact, statistic and the nost cu.rent Derrs about ourdcvclopm.nls nr scjence and teclinology, rncdia and e vionmental issucs thc,v $urld acct|c exams. tsut theydidDl. Tbc contusion and specuLrtion escalatc.iwhen sonre othcr tiiends did score $,ell- How coxld itbe Lhat ther studied thc samc Dores.:rnd learnt thc same iacts, but tlie res lts dilTcrcd so mucli:) This stafted a Drad soarnble ro expand their vocabulary. to get morc notes. to watch nore ne$s. Ali t|csc efiorrs dir€cted thern awn! lioDl tlie masteN of rrgu ent as they dedicat.d thcnrselves to the mastery of

i

fbrniation accun l.tion.

Yet, if we were to study the top essays pubiished in srhools' cP brllctins, all ofrbch are typical ofgood argumcn!. fhe bindnrg snnihit} in them all is a sr.ong prcsentaiion

o1

their opiDi(D (stand) t|iough

a

well usued de! elopmcnt of ideas. Sonretnnes

t|ere is nothiDg truly remalkable in theirexanples perse. Dm$I liom lhe same knowledge bank as anJ tvpical tccn, thev Lrse inlorniatjoD from pof culiue. their histo$, textbooks, or even their oi{n obseNalior oft.ends. What is rcnrarlable horsever is tlen- .l.v.r ns. oftliese othcNrise nrundaDe examplcs aDd plachg thern in pe.fect syDergy $'it| their

l

Wc will be focusing on rhis in this week's issre ofcssay makeover. Xlarcus brought liis essry to us askilg fo. a malteover and it $?s guilq, ofexactlr $,hat rve $'aDted lo discuss this Dronth. Fnll ol iacls, m.ratives ofhistoN, and peNonal obsenation, Nlarcus failed to build an aruunent tbr his essr) cvcn tuorn the sta.t. lte passed his essav olcrall but ifhc had filnred all his poiDts in a convincins push towuds a mearfistul ofnrioD r|er hc r{ould have dole muchbettcr. This rnonlh we sho$ hirn- aDdrou. howto do rhis

l5

8R0lD[R

PtRlPttllvtS r/i( irl.ology

6sr.

ESSAY MAI(EOVTR

BIFORI MAKIOVER ln w.iLing his essal, Nlarcus eaplains lo ns ho\t we lake carc of our nrino ties i! Singaporc' He explains thc history, gives prcsent dal la.ts aDd offeN his opitiion Lowardstlie end oleach paragraph. lhere is howeYer very little in this essay that we do not aheadv knorv llijs .esults in aD essay lhat is predictnblc. Although it lvill suffice in answciDg the qo€stion, tlie information preseDted does not bring any real value to the rcader' You will also find lhai thcrc arc logical gaps bcttteen his sentcnces that do not allorv a snrooth flow belwccD iders and

$r llld Iou$ill therelorc

rercL

disjointed sentenc€s that do not contribute to an argument More importaDtlv

that there isnt a core argument that Marcus inicDds to con\incc !s ofthaL crnics

throughout the 3 paragralhs $€ prcsent here. I\'IARCUS'

ORICINAI TtrXI'/

Consider how well your country takes care of its minorities. /}E?/',]41./.a,..1;"3;3@i.:l/"14Q1t?r",'/,.,/;/,nc.1..lj,/)'e3

..r t"'2/" /4'? t'/rtr /"a fA' a. . rt;f /-../'r' -* r1).-,t er .-'n31 -'f . rm.itt .-ad,.;, aih Ja.a-at.tA). -f . .-..nry q-^' .--// ,1 !.'1"1,f -t.".,a.. 1," 'e 3 'f ;13 't"tt1e"" z/1,a,1"01".--E th. .-,n,13 f;1/ili -r 5t,:."33 O* .,tA .;,,.at/" -t';'''' 't''.'ra"n 'aki/ /- ..t1 1,--t.r) ,-A,.A -t.3 e.r.1"t . . ..2:r/ .-htr'.1 /L//.'."1 14!. ;..e.'1-. 1' teV.'/e ''a I,,!-.e.r, n-- /e/ k. t'-tzs .'. l-!- :a,.1tldc) t1.4"t;.;,:l lre 3d"t.de./ '/tt tt. .;rt :;"cf',))

r4ft 4;1h;1.4'.-rt'c5 i.r."r,1 "rt/,1 le iif" 1.1r;.1 th1 ';,tq-re /|br/4r 3a./t ):;:'!c' A'1' r"'t fa't /f . L -,t -f'ri-., /3 /-^..r;-" L,."! -. -c// 1,'1 'te n .ai1/ 'l'tf. a,/A .d1.;. a;,-.i1;as .2.A tL. h-za3e\u./., '/"t 1t)a e .re ./ // 5ane'-/!tr'at' 2-./1 t"h,tt,,l// -.// -1, <'.r,./ ai.-r,les . ar4r.-,- a"-,./// A,^k L"", '-'// 1.k, -"e a/ 2-rt t:'/a"/ tia3j'de 4''t a-" -tlle -..ti,|3 /,;t4? ,1;.. "-tr,i -" -/ ) /-/;,,t /.a'./ 9r-??t;" 3a.1,..a'l 'r'l tiE A.a tu./d/ 1- 1,,/J...a/E.n'" d,n -).nn'/ 3-':Et'/' !'E,ai'1 tr'l 1"3 ":'3"'t ''/ /L) ..ret.ac.l 'aa,v-.i.-, r-;'tt"t::tthe c/1""'" -, -,--;, ,.1;/ /t, i. //)" /e,, t u. 5,5":-.a . f tt lLoi "/r ,;;1 ,-,ii .--.";r,l/" 1/t,t the.a ,--a/.r ::--, eaerf tL ;'n:a-E ,r;.vi 1/ 1"1'!e" 1," "'here ""r a1A". r'. e.t c-.re?,".1tr) f re ,t 3t.t t / . tt-'a. 4.2it "\,.1"11'.1" 1," f' 'l/' a '{ r 3' r "|i'"d-' } n""1"'"tt' *"- -' ::;,!f-r" t4"", -,,! a.- 1"t^.', ,... lh -. /he .c't"l 1,e1,,ee. 1^" \{e. /.'., ,,{-n" -.*r. -'y ,.r thea'"/r". /)1ol-'.1 ;- 14e;t :2a.1 .anJ rtt.la3 !'1 -rrat 1' }cad" /t Q'J r,:.1,a)r.1i-\ "Lt; h -.3 ..nt.ter i rr" rt3.,,/4..1 .j i,*1.,f;1y |. 'r) 'rt'a"r..a1/ '1:'''1irta '-f A'/:"'3 r7l.;tilttl -".1.1tt/1.5 1/t" qa/e..ae./ ..a" L//.,-//t./"-,!.-/.|e. ?/'rt' ..,// /> r'ti'/ 4.r.t..y 1ar,l, ar,fi.r" '..;ic 1'. t.,': ':2rc/;13 et )/3 '!tt12r'/ blir--.--tt'.,/ riat;tt .t,, tha. ,t a.a.-n,.\1//f r,,i/" t.1A" h,hri;/5 .'/ t.. ,J a;.i-);1f .l.reJ/, t 1.r'ar. h..:i 1/" "'v' 4'."'t,"3 ,.!c. !t" at 1 -e//, .i/h-a1, th"t- 4.,r" l-'-'- . t",-.tr,1/ 'i'"9 4"t'3'\t"/ l"-?/Et--,",:."11d-"t-.i./,tia"a|',|t"-r"tt"..a-"s;.al1rec\:".a.l"t;t1 !:|"7'a''r" t't a/ e/lctt ,."""i 1.k" . 3 11 ,,.. lltt a;D,1r, tt"'/ 3t-a,.1 "' " ""'-'t4'1't" t.ntt".""t,.tj,.t;.-..ca)er;1e?hei4.4,t4r41Lt/.attErtct.a"-1ritrf1"'/r""1't'/1r 1- th,3 -r.-tt1t,r :;)/\,rate ,.;l "-1 k ,l/" 1.'.?t-'j,".tr 'f ;13 .--t4./.n r. ..r1'1f ": tcir'1"l 1i/t" "/'1 r;t4' t.:i. 1|F-r:.nf").A;',ra,(n.t.61..1-1tLLG,,^tL3;!.t;qa"llt:"1.!f . d'et 1'. k"? t1. .,rr r)"'-' 1.t ai.!re13 t. .t,.t ). a1./,," .+,,i 1n,/ -7"-.:l -/ h-a-3e,?.
l6

BR0ADtR

PtRSPtOVIS

tht i.1.aL\tu issrc

I

AITER MAl(EOVIR We suggest that Marcus begnr his essay with tlie eDd in Inind. A rcconnnerded irguDlent wonl.l be

to coDvince lhe rcader ofthc Frspectire thar Sinitap.,re lias donc lvell in proriding for the needs ofallcitizeN, regardlcss ol .ice, rcligion orserual orientation.yel rhisprovision alrhough adequai. I

iD rneetinsthc

snNi!al.rnd sec itv

needs

ofaI

Snrgaporeans, whethcrthc),l)e nrinorities or noL,

ninoiti conr nu n iLies. rrch Daraaraph can olminori\ groufs. but lr.gucihar lve car do n)rc in openiDg t a!.nu€s llrgreatcrprolisilnr fo.their spccific needs. tfi{. wcrc nr sug8est r concllNioi, \e $'ould conrplenent this argnmen( bI raisiDg liDirrtions ir the fmrision ol those spccific reeds or \c Da) choose to dct.rnin€ thrt responsibilitr does not Dcccssirril\, tie iD thc hands ot Lhe stat/, lias bccn less adequate nr addressi g specific nccds ol

t|..

lal' out how i{c do nreet the criticalnc€ds

bu( sonietimcs

$it|

the itulividurl.

OTIRtrDITED 1'I,]XT/

Consider how well your country takes care of its minorities. INTRODUTIION

1

We claified the

in the first 3

trusition

of ideas

senteDces to state

that there was a plight of minorities, explaining why the plight existcd and the need to address it- This connection of ideas is nrissing in tlie orisinal tert and is aseriotrs nistake.

2. We

also made the examples raised

(not ertircly recomnended to raise in an introductiorl) nore relevant to the argunent \re lvanted to preseDt.

3. findly

we staied \€rt' cleruly

wlut we

our opinion was of the issre.

a€uing for tlis ofinion in subsequent pansmphs.

will

l/

ER0ADIR

PtRsPtOlVtS

1r. i(/(toqv Nsx.

be

ill:;il:l lir,iril.llir : i

2ND PARAGRAPH tightencd up the topic scnteDce and renoved all unnccessarr iDfornation in subscquert seDtcnces so as to strcamline inlotnation toward our argurnent drat all Sirgaporeans in spite of race

1. UIe

have had lbeir needs

:. It $'as

pro\ided for.

also \'ery importn

defi ne and

l

to

periodical\' cmphasise

the prolision ofneeds as

\eI

as

expand thc scope of

needs, just the pliysical The be)'ond wot d hare olheftise faMsraph

bccr .try. lhis was Dot donc enough in the original te\t as there sccned to bc a pre -occupation aith the detailiDg of

history. You will also noiicc tliat

$'e re ovcd niost sfccific rcferences to racial grcups. Thcse

did not add tothe argunenL and

was laden with potentiallY oftensivc lardmjnes. A sereraL discussion on racial minoiries

3. Our coDcluding statement wantcd

1o specifically add.ess tIe question as well as tie up lhe ov€rall foint of the paragraph.

c;t./ ::c^.'1;,1;.::, t,it:'.,/ a,'-r'l;e'. ih t:,h,ttfar€ h,.f" ,1"..n,//,,, 1"". lr",t1.J .,"1/' ::;;a'li 1- .f"rf -llEr arrytde.. f a i/.;/J i.-h"s'r" m./1, tti.,,l td;.1,//:/1,L a'ht.,i./:a;2c,/ A/,fat.i;-11..

t..-rl// c^-1. e a;,,{.,|,-i".; --.-h-a;, rni,/,1f ih 1r€ /.'3 r/,t t/E /,.'s1-,-"t -t-t"t--t".1 /tan 1- l" a,hgk/ .'/'.t"'.1'''J "?11"./ t'tca 'ln' 't'/'""1 ':t;3'''/;lr '/) e""a'' "f't11th;1'ca ''r '// ;^t-ac t:-.//J lt ;Jhlen 1/1" f"t,:";r.,,r ;.,..t1/ ;/'. " l"t,--." l/t" ',"'"s -Ilr;3 9;G5 thc ,J-r"r.-t"./ .. 31r-I tca.-h t- 1,t kl" lr.,iJ 't"J iz/t.t ,..3r* Lt a/:e-"/" ,./ ::'-9--i. ,.-/l . 'Ih€ ,/:fu.tut:.-' -/ aet ; 1.'. ttit'/ I il1 1/ter ..1) e,9l /t,"J 1 /t" ;'r, * ;,-/" 1 ltttl r,// a.4t...nc'1n. .)-tt/J ha/e -r7-r1";1'et 1' "'t"/ - "h''n": '1//:l ;h st;/" -t r,,." tL.! .t-.5.?/k.l/rt h"/:"J ./i na'":; z/,tet.ttihJ t x-.tt;lzi'nq 1.' ::;h'j..r')e 'i ,,. f,1,,1 t-/. 1rtl 1lt.r, "/+/e! 1'. t./ ., 1/ - 1 - -,,t..,,1 h.. "'.t, t /t" . 1..: ca 3 ie.;t' t c a" 1 !,tt,.. " L.,J41;-h.. -. ,r/ticlt :i'.+.r.-r" " 4 L//1 '!nc a.r,l-.ra.;. e.<'/t t.c;./ jt-1!/,J;rty..,t -"'het../tir -/"t 1r"'t /,r"5 '.,,/ tlE i

1

3 /rtr ;, / .ni;,t 1tt" .ttt/t'.:..//e, t'fe t1t1/tre -t'5,,4'V-t" J ; h1 t".. 1 3,.1 :.;,! t".n e s t.r:'.'./ -t,'.: r ; 1 ; e r t, -,. / r t/. a *e h /'.. " "t " it s.t,.'1r//, t::j ;1 ;t . ati/:/:pt -{ 3-.,-:-),1'..,/ .)ei 1/11..t 'a;'-r1,r'1 1r.11 L..-;1

l8

ER0ADfR

PIRSPIOvll r/r. ni.11.(/r/

iss!.

:;1,1;'ilf,/,.

:l -J!L

WTAIl

tlj ' l\.r i .ri

UT

3RD PARAGRAPll 1.

The primary cluDge we made to the text in this paragraph lras to

soften the use of language aDd make it more sensitive to the issue h€ was discussing. Compare the changes between the onginal

ten

and this one and you wiil see that ire present Sinsapore in a fairer

light and sound less accusatort'.

2.

we then deleted large mmunls of text that were not Decessaryand

replaced them with sentences that nore clearly defined the argunent that we wanted to

3. The final stand we take is bold but shows respect to the homo

sexual commuDity while

still drawing out important linitations in our ability to meet

l9

BR0ADtR

PIRSPt0]VI5

//r. i.tuo1oq! iss!r

ESSAY MAKEOVTR

IN SUMMARY/

lJhat

voLl ,{.uJ to Kea/ise The easiest s.lf-assessrnerrt ihat

stlde

Ls

can adopt tor themsclv.s

tlie ilriLing ofGP essays is b}cthcr they feelthcy arc reixtirg long narratives of intbnnatid. lfyou ar. doitlL this. gi\iDg facts and not arguneDt fo.long protracted parts oflour essa). belicvc ne when ,, t',,/

;.

/,a)//P

1., \,../t it.-L,€rer, ;:.

,.../.j

-.;,;-h

TNstus. As malkeN, there $ill rarelybe pieces ofnrfomution that

/.. J.. ,..'l pt.',' /1.,-. - . /,).,;

)-./.7

t.,

1

2/h t,. .-./r,h . .!::; .'j'

\I'ANT US TO III KI]O\'ER

I iell you that )ou a rc goitlg to lail tbc assigDment; the oDly caleat to this beiDg thnt th. question that acturlly wants facts which docs happen onc. in a$hile in (he Gl c\am atjon

ti/ti ,...tr- lt .'t "'"" ncre .".1',1t:r1 '.': ;/ ,rrtt +tnz,r : ,.rt/.1 .::ttt,.t r.r'\/:t or ct. -- . ,r.4 /t"i:, 2..: .:,e" 1/r,..:: ,r t ,.,+, ,, " /tr'e n-t ..:".,, .1"i.r.. /r/./1. 1....d | ,1"1 :; .1,-, ./j,.; . '.

$'e will be lasciDate.t by. which is i{liv at this lcv.l, GP is more interested in lh. prcscDtation ofofinioDs. We know how rnd whl

thc Kyoto Prolocol $'as established. \Ve luoiv aboui ilre Fluran Cenonc Prcject nnd thc LCII partic.le accclcntor set ul bI CER\'. We kno\rthese thinus bccause tliey are facts. r\id to put it bluntly, facts jn this dal ard age ar€ chcap.'Ieachers hat noadlantag€o\cr studeDts and vicc lersa ilr a comfctitioD oI lvho kDoi{s more Thc InterDel has lclcled rnuclr ofthc Plaling neld Dot just b€tween tcache$ and siud.ntsbut also lbranyPrfi oftheNo d with access to this anuzitg tool. Teachers nray froccss information faste. a d havc better ne tnl liamcwo.ls to remcnber wliat we lcad but tll these skills can be sinilarll acquired b\'lou if you commit tine to

What is uniquc to you however, is your opinion l{e do ot l<noi{ horv you think and $'hat yoo tlan to coDvirce trs of whal woLtld brins a snile may be r w€ll arsucd erp.ession of vour ideals or totrihful optirnism. what ivould brins eleD rnore dclight is ifyour opinion could shed nelrlisht on ou. own and help (rs scc thinss in the good ${iters do this Thel add v.rlue to our lives not bccause the] Lell us Drore of tlre samc but rather theytakcwhat ilelavc al{n) s vie\ded thc sane and makc it

a way we have not seen bcfore.

]\ll

differeDt, Lrniquc and iNighLtirl. Do this aDdyour CP grades, vour uniwrsity educatioD, idpossiblv ver d rasiic and pleasantly surprising

even your careerconldiake a

h,rn ior thc better. at

20

BR0ADIR

PtRsPtfilVtS

rfi. i.iltlorlt/ tsslr

A MATTER OF OPINION

Does the Government have the Right to Interfere

in Our Lives?

ABOUITHTS

coLuMN

/

Nobody likes the idea ofsomeone telling us what to do, how to do it and who we can do it to. But that is precisely what the government does for us. THE BABY BOOX4ERS

and THE MILLENNIAL GENEIv\-TION grew up in relatively difterent political eras

with different cultural values - what would they think ofthis questiol? Our wliters get

under their skins to find out.

NO

STtrRUOTI?US

CONI]1Xr'/ A]l democratically run societies accept (he lact LhaL Lhen heeli' elecred leadeN have io

c€rtain laws on all of

Lrs

inpose

in order to protect our

fre€doms. l he stnte has a respr,nsibility to ensu.e we all getto liv€ safe, well provided for and stable lives.

Thjs neccessjtates interfereDce in our pivate ljves and curtailins somc of our frccdoms ahcD they infdnge upon other people\ rig|ts or stand in the sayolthe securilvofour nation. Butwhen does the control e,o loo la.? How do we decide when lhe govemment has become too i trusive and dictatorial in its.ontr.l.!er ou. Iives?

,ttor&s prcr.sr

irl

DXAMPLIS / a) lssue olPrivacy and civil tiberties: Post 9 ir. Lhe PaLriot AcL became part ol America's la$, allorving the State to search the !ri!ate comtnuDication and finaDcial records of in.tividtrals $'ithout warraDt - all ir the Dane of aDtiicrroist action. b) Issue ofSexual Frcedom: In Sinsapore's lesal co,lp 54-ion 7 i rrili^F.,r'il."r i.l\'rB that acts ol homosexunlity are criminal acts. c) 'r'he phenomenor ofprivaretives offered to the public domain via the InterDet. d) Isstre ofRelisious Freedom: snice the infanous Scopcs Monkcy Tial of 1925, thc US Suprcme ( o'll -rn\ rr rFd ll Jl lpnchirg ca a.ior r'rr i,

o4.i,rsl r/r. BurnPse aa& n ntent. PHoTo CRTDIT/ ro.oLs,,.li.i.

2l

BR0ADIR

PtRsPt(TlVtS the

O".ri..

Co,nrons

i(Ieola.tv isslLe

,r COMMON

E)GMPLES

/

A MATIER OF OPINION

A Baby Boomer Answers What will 55 year old Boston-born and raised Rachel Sanyer ageing hippie, card-carrying Democrat, contemplating retirement from her white-collar managerial job, with her eldest son in college - think of the government's role in our lives? -{s conceivetl bv Erica ran

Does the Govcrnment have the Rightto lnterfere in Our Lives?

AIJOU'I'THF]

co rt o er, is deeplv troubling. r\nd all those rcforts of immigraDts being detahed

t s election r'.ar, and mlch as I n exciicd about t|c coniirg eleclions, I can t h.lp but Lel lcss than optinristic about th. f tLrre. l {e livcd through th Cold War, ih. Vietnarn Wrar, \{atersate, a d no$. the war in Itaq. l've se€n ho$'all

wilhotrt

gove,innenis eventually default oD tlieir pro'niscs n) the people. You can never bc too cyniral aboui thc'

Al l€ast.though, therc arc still rrens in ourlives thal

governnrent, no

matter ro's in

chargc

a

ilithout tti

, based on unproven suslicioDs of

tcroist iI\olvcmeDt, simllIshoi{ that the U.S. is no longer the iand of libe.tl Lhat it used to be.

1"",o, .r".",u., r^1F,1\-irq'r nl ': ' r r- ru dr i rb

{i ,".,,,o. J , 1rr'r. rr" r

lalt.d about the dehir. tlrat ivas raging nr SiDsapo.e at that time $4rel|er lo r.tcal Section 377,\ ofthe PeI) al Codc prohibitinC, Thanksgi!ing last yerr- we

W|cn I wrs in coll.sc. I was deeply inspired bl Thorear's Ciil Disobedicnc.'. andto thisday.I stud by his \ic$'that the besl golcrDDreDt is lhe onc thrt governs Lhelcast. Ofcoufse,$c all adnit the n.cdfor governance in thc public sPhcr.. But as lir as our pirate lives ar€ concerned, $e s|oul.l be given thc mal<e thc dccisiors Lhatbcst accoftl\!il| our indiridual values aDd conscienccs, i{ithout go!ernmcntiDte erence.

frccdon to

lvli.rt

upsets Drc about

the.uucnt admi islmtion

rs

constirutionlly guannt.cd ci!illibcrtics, aI nt the namc ofliomeland

tlnt ithasiakcD

aN.L) our

rishts aDd secrit!. Ofcourse,I nDdctstaDd the nc.d for vigilalrce alterdrc Septenber rr attacks.I lost o.e ofml closest f.iends. andl carsee$h) sonctlitig like lhc Patriot

But I cannot acccpt the ill encon{assing !o$'.r it giv.s the go\eflrrncDt to !$,into rni Priv{te lif€. rlrF thought that rn' linancial records, enrail and elen phone calls c{D be sc.eencd at {Dy lirneb} thc FBl,

22

BR0ADtR PtR5PtCTVEI

honros.xual acts betw.cn neD. Apf.r.ntly, sone SirgaforcaDs rvere arguing tliat it !v.s s'roDg to

crir inalisc apivate, personal choice rradebct$'eeD consenting adults. fhe Singapore golernmcDt, however, irsistcd on retaining 377A, clainring drat thc 'conserraLile majority was noi rcadl for such a chrDgc. I think lhat it was illogicalfor SirgaPore t.) keef a lai{ it carnot cnforce. Xlore fuDdanenttllv, such mattcrs should not fxll tithiD tlte lunics'ofthe Sttte. \'li scr life is my blrsiness, period. Thark

{oodness our go!ern'n.nt respecls that Thcsane rppliesro tclisioD.As hr as Im concemed. Nhrt I b.iieve about ihc universe and Dry place itr iL is my or!1 rffair 'l'hc govennenL has Do right t.) erl.rce laws that woLrld force rny kind ol tclisious

rrI. rar' '. lr l|e.. is still dehate about whether crea(ionism can be taught as a sciencc i schools.

the IrS.

rh! iddolo./V iss!.

RIL/\IID IISUt5 ]1/1IDIA

Rtt60N SIXUIUTY

iv

t uEtRItt5

t{ATIlI

rHr

TH

8rG

I

rlIu(r983)

nrugqhwlh,(0klr rad05s(

tru!9

rhis is

l

icrous. becausr crcrtn)nism is basc.l on r.ligi(Ns faith. Dot scicDiific clidcncc. AnI attdnfl n) tclch ii as asci.Dcc is actxallt r disgtris.d rtt.nr to irDtoRr a C]rristian i!.rldliew or \oung sludenls Nho don l kno$ rn) bctlrr', hlud inu lhe lire bel$ee!

slal shorld.e.rair lersolal enLrced

Lr) 1he

and

ilhat can be

oftlrcblogs aDd Faccbook profilcs that youn8 pcoplc ptrt Ip onlinc posuig nr aI thei. se.ri .od€ illory, rvliining rbout thei. bosses tr|d colleagues. These people doD'tseem to nin.l the I'!c sc.n

soDrc

J .' .l ll'r.rr. J" rg " r'r'r1..... ..

e

vllh mdrdonding

SURITH 5

W\{W R[PIAI3//4.(OM

\V\{r\|([tP3/7A t0M

11 ir

golenneDt.

Bri malbc all ihcsc qtrlllN I Ia!. rbont drawing a lct{ccn $'hrt is f vatc and what is fnlli. are siDflt sigDs t|rt l m losiJ)g louch {i1h lhe \ou,,uer g.n.rrlio.. Aller rll, Dl chikl.en seenr to Lre !e ectly llapp) Nitlr llarils their personal .letails splashed

ljnc

23

ER0ADtR

Bli Ndrats nrr lile

the.t nre

isn-L as

.ot

!ri\rte

Jnistaken, alter all. X'la!be as I lilte to thn ( it js alier

all, I shop orhre lrnd all niv purchases and leNoml prefe.ences are recor.Led iD the databases ofthes. online stores. Mavbethe problenis tliat thc $orl.l is

''

rJr ,. lr l'.rId \'.\1".-" not$ith th.n. but with m.. (t

PtR\PtOlVt5

l/rf

i(tuo1oqrr

iss!r

l.l 'l'",

r180UlTPlilnltll

Dt.d Ls.d ro D. ( !ib.,\l hnt th.t rt!1

r' dl ol{? d!rc. Slrc linrls thal soutrnnlcnts atc

A MATITR OF OPINION

A Millennial Answers What will r9 year old Singapore-born and London-raised Tanita de Souza - Youtube-obsessed, Facebook-addicted, studying philosophy and gender politics in a liberal arts college - think of by Kehin Korl the government's role in our lives? .c." "o'l"eir'ed

NIII,I,F:NNIAL CENERNI'ION/

Does the Government have the Right to lDterfere

I

t is tite thal ;n onr communities Lodi!, thc govcrDmeDt illlel.fcrcs with our Lives. T|ai bcnrg the case, ard .oDsidcfirg

lioi! s.,ci.it

is limctidrirs adequalely (ifnot ilellJ, il does ore v mcanirutul to qucstion $'hether the golennert has t|c ight to irnerlere in our lives. That is mv pRgnrntist fcrspcctive, an)wa].

,nile

nreil comnuDicaLio.s aDd medical.li anci.l and other r.cords. Consider Iow whcn te.rorists disNpt socialordo aDd tlirealen a r.tu tothe"state ofDrture. cilizeDs gladl) haDd theirprivacvand ciliL

libclties over to the stai..

thal th:lt

Nelelrhclcss. Ies, it does secm that the gove ]nr.fr has (he rightto interlere wiL]] ourlites. Eette. nrinds tlian nrl o$rr havc been put to ihis. ID 1651. tiDgiish philosopher ThoDras Hobbes publishcd Ied?tft dn,

titlcd after the biblical /,ertdtndn ( 74:r3 14J. Quite sinrplr'', the Leriathan is rn eDornous mo.st.r. ''Leliathan" is also the Hobbcsian reference to ihc

'r,'t"

or th' g

'.-rirn-r. BFr^ .1

..

u r."r'

l

'

r

ILn$es said. meD lile the \t.tc ofD{tue." llobbes rrrote thal duing lsuch al tirre nr.n lilc i{ithout a

.n|'Iu|!,i\.,

' '. 1'r, L r as .\ 1.' -.rr

is.allcdi{rriud suc.I. $'ar as m$ agiinsl r\cNman'. Life is solirary,

thatcoDdition wLici is

ol clcr-a

!oor. nast!, brutish and sholt." This

beiDg so,

iclales that people cede

th.n'

!r.rg,n atic sclf-interest d indiridual rights to the sovereigD state, iD etchange for the p.oLectio. ofa funclio.al socictY. This is Lhe

soci{l contract

i|at \rc

in Our Lives?

said, docs it realLr" nratlcr? Does it $,e let

realll rnl]tt.r

thc govemnent !nto our liles? Ure al'eadr-'

let aDrone \{ho $'ants irr xanAri M)Space. Faceboolt. lllickr, Blogspot aDd YouTubo Brcxknrg up like wc mean

it

eans chaDgirlg our

lmnr'In a rclatioDsbip io "SiDgle". Read: 'Hcllo \{o.ld {esDecially vou, Lx), I D doDc Faccbookstatus

$.ith the Ex andback in the scenc. Uie becotne lLrblic figures t|e lroDrcDt ile Log onto Blogspot. Atlenlion

notshunned. l iue, ihcrc are Pererls outthere. Rot h r-', "Dont go to NewYork, )oull Set mnssc'dl Ln nrg onlinc is soDiethnrg to bc cn$ruced. is to be relis]]ed,

Iflouarc attmcted vou can gct iD

lo somcone

tNch

filrn list night's parry,

noi too fori{ard brl not too

coy. I heardthat soneone$'as offcred an nrLer.ship by a nasaznrc's cditor iD

ch

ief.ftcr

he rerd

li€. onlinc

profile. PLlblicit! briDSs opporlu nitics fionironianLic to professional. Bctt.r to do )ouro\fr lrbljciB bef.,re somcoDe else does it for t ou.

enter inLo i{ith ilic state. Wh.rl .boui lettiDg the govcnuneDt irnerlere with

His thcsis is conyincins. ThiDk aboul Lhe kncc jcrk reaction to the Septe.rb.r 11th rttacks: Lhe USA

Patriot Act [UDitiDg rrid ShcrgthcDilgArnern]a br'' Providing Atprcpriate tools Rcquircd to lnterceft and Obstn,cl

Tcnnisn

dmosL comicllv Onlellianl.

the^rne canstrlcof Tennesse. passed the BLrllcr Act. forbjdding th. .- "ni ,. ' I r' ...1," ', or I \.',r1 l,l 'l , i" tlie storr olthc DiviDe Creation ofman rs taughl in r€ligion? On March 13th, r925,

thc Bible.'

Loose.ed thc lcash on law enfotcement ^ct agcncics, ircreasi g lhen po$trs to sei.ch l.lcthone

Thc

24

8ROAD{R PIRSPIO

VtS thc idl(togtr' 6sxc

RtLAItOl5SUt5

tltDI RIU6ION

$XUAITY

flvtI t

EtRT t5

RIAD]HIS

TIIttIN|lIAILIADIR5

llndoulm eobo!llodor! m6l

b

rilllo

rr

Gemrr

ieod*s ond vhrt tfey do

€

Y

ore

rq to dorqe the word.

WA]CH]lII5

You

rlirRrrrNt003) A hotrow ns look ol frd1 rnorher

rr

mk

wld

I! legnl lroceedings ergjneered to test tiie Butlcr Act (hence the Scopes Monkey Trial ),2.{-rearold teacher John Scopes rgreed to staDd trial for tc'achjng cvoluti{D in

Cld* Colurt} Higb

School.

Th. lhe

Suirrenrc Court of TcnD.ss.. nfIcld constiiLrtioDrlit_v ofthc Butl.r Act (bul sel rside Lhe cor\iciion on r t.chni..lil\). l his js unsatjsiacto._r. ho$t\

olsrch govemnent i.leNenlio. lodar whe! Wikipedia gnes us the lo$'

Que'_!,

er, I he ellecli!eness

., r , ur l, rr:n

On the other liand. the

ll- urilir ,. {t, ...

statc-iDstitutcd obstaclcs

$hich NlalalsiaD Muslims trcc f.om IslaDr arc lcNrcal.

FiDallv. rlc coDsid.r ilrc golcmm.nts fomls into

pover s5ly m os

brsh' Gar

rlag!ler

Y*

duuglrrer

wirh g.0vin!

W n(

olpremor ro qx, druss

t|e

bcdrooDr. Thc Pcnal Codc ofSingalFrc, iD Scction 377A, |ro\i.lcs for riril senlence {)1!p to (\!o )ea$

ld . man be iound Lo hrre co unitted an act of ''gross jndec€rc) \!ith uother nan. ,\fter srne lirelv debate anoDgcitizens, the goverDment optcd to .etail the section $'lile tr^iding !s ruccs that it \!ill not br enforcc.l. Bottom linci ga) mcn can

s|o

SURfTl]IS

(I05,Tl]IINIIRNfl ,{NDIHI IND l]I PRIVAiY

le!1uer/21341

sodonisc.ach othcr iD fcrcc aDd wit|oul

int.

crcncc. Qnit. satist.ctoN. I lhiDli. An\niore

sald is wasled breaLh.

(t

ir convcrtina

rNIUTtHtLlli i,l

(.rr,tr.dts r,hir. rt.. dn.?

sts u,,d.'r',n rr.

1/. udnts r. s.rr

?5

BR0ADtR

o

PtR5PttTVti

.i.

&l.dlr)av

iJr!r

Ideology & Practice: Does One Lead to the Other? low diliercnt c rtrtntrics' irleologics inlluencc tlleir bchavirlrtr iu cliffelent cirurrnstalcts' ll) Lorraine Lec

I

r

Et0aDllPll5Ptot

ri, I i,rr i

l

Y{]UIUEfIHI5

DtAD

MA

WAII{ING

wor(h?v1syViB0NVm4

.51!rer

He

en P'eicon

r lmed 0dober29,2004.

CASE STUDY

ONE/

Death Penalty for Drug Trafficking GoverDmcnts arc restonsible for thc livcs .nd lvell bei0g ol their ci(izens but the nethods lhet use to sa{egur that can

difter quite srertly. Atrstralia

'l he dmg tlade nl hdonesia is lalued at US a

yerr

aDd

$4billion nore than 15,ooo dcaths cac| year are

:ttribuied to dmg abusc. The Indonesian gove.nnrent is coDsidcriDs thc riAhts ofl|e maioriLy o!e. those of thc mnroi\'r{ho will desL.oy lives Ib. a profit.

and lDdonesir had to face up to

this .titrerence $'hcn Indonesia senteDced 6,\ustmliaDs ti) death for drugt.amcking iD

the Bili Ninc casc.

ANtrali. s liberal iradition

and the

lictthatthe dertli

l)enalllhas been nbolished in theircountrysiDce 1973 meant thatpublicseDtinents.anhighiDresponscto

the seDtencing. The AustraliaD golcrnrncnt r{as lresnEd to voice its staDd againstthc death penall!

Beyond the

di

h

the practice of thc dcath penalty, this case sliows the .tiffereDce bctwccn a nore Westenised, liberal idcologl focusilg on the rishts of individuals cs|oused by Auslrnlia and Irdoncsia s mo.c Asian. conservatne ideology of erence

social justice. lvhile bolh a.e democracies aDd capitalist nalions, dillerclces start to show natters olrighls.,l tlie indi\idral rnct.jslits ofthe majoriry.

'r'd i.l nr' .. .it /.,, l,.l 1lI $hile r".1, ..ir.r

Urhat has madc Austfalia's fosition on capiLal

indoncsi.'s risht

p,r ,Ll

to

rn its own lustice srstern. To the

Austlalia.s, the riglrs ol the indivnLual aDd the sarclityolhu.ran lile extendto dmg traffickers {nd their governnelt is erpected to protect these rights ev€D

beyondAustralia's

bo

ers.

Paradoxicallv. \rhilc Australia seehs Lo protect its citizcDs f.om the dealh penalLv, lndonesia enforces

rl d"rr-r pFla- ! s , sd.

ur .,rur . ri.,J .1.

I

popLrlation. D.ug produclion, tratricknig and usage have becone a serious is dealing rvith

thro

prlblen thrt the golcmmcDt

gh liarsh dNg laws thatinclude

tliat dr gs "scvcrcly darnage and cause significaDt dango to hDman lile, the communit}' ,routh, tbc nation, culture and nalioI)al securit!'. a clarse

rn',,Ir"\"r 'Jt' qrli '

L hp\'. ili_l

Federal policc snpplied Indonesian police with the

iDfonnation lcadirg Lo the arests ofLhe BaLi NiDe rs thcy i{ere going to snn,gBle 8.3 kg ofheroin otrt of Bali lo Australia. fhis strggests that they intentjonally e\posed thei citizens to the risk of bcnrg scDtcnced to death. ID addition, thc Australia sgovernnent has expressed its saiisfaction at dre death penaltjes meted

.J .n r ,, Bil \n ,lpF wl o Lgpl,,l q,..tri tidn :n thcir attacks. While Le orisnr di ers ltom d.trg ttafUcl
27 BR0ADIR PtRsPtOVtS

f,

tfi. iileol.rril 6su.

L0tAL vs.

GLCIBAL

n YOUTUEITHI5

-tIt NTlrlrMI0f

{t''lr

SARS

woklr?v=q9evtusgllM

i

l]drs

(or!

in 2003.

c,\sE STUDY TWO/

The Spread of SARS ln 2oo3, thc S,\RS epjdeDric alle.tcd manl counl.ies and tesled uovcnnncDts' abilit) to haDdle a major pllHic health threat. China and SiDgapo.e i{cr. seen rs llvo e\hcmcs ir hoa thel hrndled lic flow of sork.d i{ith the World H.altlr nrfonnation aod

hi seekirg lo protcct its reputation C|ina damaged its credibiiitr with the irternatiodal comnuritY instcad, reiDlbrcing tcrccttions ol llre ConrnNnist govcDments terdenc.l to ofcMte in secrec!. Sin!,aporc on tlie other hend.lros. to disrlose

organisation (uJllO).

nrlo n.rlion tublicl\'through lh. mcdia.lvith daily I 'r'\ 'rlLi.,l u l,a ,l r' . r \' I b- : r ' -. neilslipers Dd otr TV. It rlso Nort.d closcly wilh

Chjda and Sinsapore's Eo\ernntnrs are quite sirnilar

lVHo in s|aring nrfomration about lhe sl'cad ofthe discase, the slnrpLonrs and trertnent ol prlients who

thei. contiol o\cr tlieir populatioDs.nd the media.

had bccn diasrosed !vjlh SARS rnd measures tak.D

iD

\. r.c .'lpI.'r,J

r, ',ol"i'I

'i,r

bchniour and in nnunrg tlie heaitlici.e systcDr. This shong-huded s\'le ofgolcnun(e is d€spile thc faci

t|atChila rernains a connnuDist strte ard Singrlnrc i, ..b., .'l .1, r ,. , r.,. . U' rl " ', Jr. .l lheir coDccnN abo t the economl asd strbilit! ol' societ] Lrul eiprcss.d this iD lrital\' diftircDt $'rvs \.hen faced wiLh thc Sr\Rs epideini(. Chinasought

Lo

F^''r'' '-r'- r' alie, the illncss {t discover ed r nd

n"c rg

rrr

i\il . 4 Dnitlis rhe l\tHo had issued tralcl .dvisoies againsl

travelling lo Sonthcrn China. Chinr srill iDsisted it

lisit thc couDtn,tnd retofcd n mbers of SARS c.rses l|at $rrc much lo$er lhrD thc rcalilt. Thc medi! $.as ketl6om r.lortirg about the ortbrcak i{as sale to

aDd 1lrHO

and $orkplaccs. This boost€d Singatorc s credibilily

ir

s.f. flace thut was.rbl. io

hxndle the !VHO aDd otirer siturtion. ComrncDdations fron, couDtric's sho$ed lhat Snrgrtore s accou dtabilit! lts considcrcdimpo art sinceth. nature ofthe oulbrcat ne.ni that it $,!s a glob.l coDccrD aDd nol just a benrg a

cov.r uPthe S'\RS ouLb.eal inihcrr

'I acl

to p.evcnt fllrther iDlectjon, ilcludirg quaratrtines, the nalscaDDing rnd tenrpemtL!c takilg in schools

irvestie,alivc tcams wcre not lrllolved.cccss

to Cuangdong, the suspect.d souce ofthe dise.rsc, or to nrdical records oflalieDts until intenational pressu.e inocasc.l rDd lo.ced t|. gov.rDnent Lo

28

BR0ADtR

PtR5PtOytS

tIr

The conlrrst in the tilo cou.lrici rcsponses sho{ th{t whil€ bolI goycrDnents valued snnilar thirgs lik. social sLability and cconornic g.otr1h aDd had similarstlles in nanaiting thcir populations and thc nredia, thcir pracLi(es can still be rery dillerdrt. Addiiionalli. ho$.China nnd singapore hardled thc SARS outbr.ak slio{ed thcir y!rying levels ol cornmitnr.nt to traDsparellc.y .nd thcir i{illing!ess r. \.orlr s'ith ll,e resi olthc$'orld. ft

i(/r110,/r/

iss!r

I

YOUTUEI

IllI5

cAsustllI)Y1HRI.]E/

Separatist Movements Pracl

isiog you. ideologl

beromes more difficult cornes to dealirg

whd it

witli peopic gov.r.

wlro do not$'rDttox to

thcm. rDd halc dc.id.d thal

t.

Histoicall!, s.luratist mov.Drents h.!e lcen \iolent

h

go\crnmcnts

h.\.

r€spo.dcd lo theriolencewith

sh .rersurcs. Njahatm.r Gindhi s use olpeacetui

ciyil disobedience

ir llie lndian

'l lre dil1erclce iD the

,1.rf.IrrJ 'ul

hlo goverDnents actions docs

lr. l

'"i

'r, 'frr]"

comDitneDtto tlic ights {)fin.ligcDous fcotl.s. This is becauschisto crl cv.nts fla\rd a biggcr rol. th.n idcologv in shatiDg bodr go\'.rnme.ts resfo.ses Brit.inonlvgMrled indeperde (€readil] rIte.rears ol suppressirg hdia's push lo. Ddependerce. This $as largeh because it needed to djrect its rttenti(Ds irLtenallvrnd it recognisedtiut m{n! ofits col{mial

/!r.l

'r \"Jh

l{! r)r ;.

,h

B1.,

l

Independence (De of thc fel'cranflcs of

lost its stxtrrc ihrNgh its ivar dcfcats. Snnila ]. dr. isunami of D.c.nrb.r 26. 2o0.1 brcuilhl leace arld

non-vnncDt. Dcspit. Nhat GaDd|i.dlocatcd,

srealer autono,!\ lo Acheli alter :r9 lears of r.ar. 1.or l.lasl Linror, Ure r993 Asirn l.hancialCrisis affected

iUovement stands out as

violcDc.. rioting lDd acts of sabotxgc !vc.e .rDied out bl fcoflc agitatiDg for indetdxlence, and as su(h thc scfrratist nrovcment Nas .ot {hollr peacelirl.

qiiI

p o 'l .r1.,' F\li'^U r'rn.,'r.. rn.r'

out miss detentiors, elen Lrsngt'brce ni.Lc'ahrg

rith

the\ioleDce ard nutinythrtbrckc o t. Dcspitc t]ris. Britanr is laryclv rmcn$cr.d forgning iI ]r...rbl! in thc cnd. ID fact. nr gradurllv DrakiDg frovisions lbr nrany oft|cir colonnrs to l).codre indefendenL aJier $I\\iII. ofter siihool !iolen( aitilaLior on tbe pad of lhe colo.ies, Briliiu is cre(lited {ith benrg peaceabie

and erlightened in hoi{ the! hxndlc{ separatist

Gian thai thc coloDial cra cndcd on a t..c.tirl nol., thc us. of \,iolcrc. in snfpressi.g separaList

,^!' ',,r.lit'

jnDasL

,p,'il ,'r, , r'-,. , l,r

linro.( oi! laro{n

seenr to be a step

-p'r frl.'

as

backwa

linor s.

:

Leste) and,\clieh

,\ detailed statisiical

lt'-ll' t 'r ,,..^,i^

R.. ''

'.

Truth and RcconcihaiioD in Easi Timor.it.d aplro{matc\' 18,6oo killnrgs and 84,2oo excess dcarhs fionr hungcr and illness

i.

lndoresja

s

decisiorto :rlloi{

a

Lai-NpeNisedpopular

relerendun held oD r\ugust 3o, 1999 to choosc beti{ecn Sfccial Antonont' i{ithin IDdoD.sja.nd IndctcDdcncc. I'Iajor cv.Dts that m.dcth. need lbr tcace rat|er lha. corLinLred liithtnrg a d €rueDse c11,cjal Lo B.jlain and I!(loDesia's well beirg, $.ere ' lr ',,.,u.F .11, r i l.l.' r. .1.;' r J..'1 " I' i It

can bc lrgucd that ihc cnd

ofthc Suhafo pcdod

hl.adcNlit lo lr.si.lcnt B.,L Hebibie rDd la1er Preside.t Srsilo Ba lrang Yud ho] ono \!i1o rvcre nro.e liberrl. sl,o$s tIat ileolog\' jluides go!e ir'ert ncLions. Slill, considerirg the 1 ct that lltbibje coDtjnued war h A(heh i{hile grantirg East xnd thc c]rang.

Innor nxleper.Lence, perhaps ideolog,v i{as not thc rc rrson.Itis quit. saf. to sat that$'|cn it comcs to sovcrcign\,, Dationalistic

Ui.l., rnd lalurble

r.sour.es like land, people l" .' I "

".

t'brce

illd

na I Lrml

oil. ideolosv olien

r, i rr, l,r, ..'..icj

thrt .lrives govemmcnt actiinis. at

lhe period r97.1

CONCLUSION / In thc liglrt oft|. t|rcc c.se snrdies, il wo!ld app€ar that ideologr can play a part ir inflncncing govcnnr.nt .ction bul lhat go\erlm€rns lo nol ali{ays pmctice i{hat the} lreach. cilcn th. conrfle\ities ol lhe Noild lve lne i! anl the maN competing claims goveDmcnis havc to coDsidcr, it is quitc a

Lallorder lo e\pecr thenr to.

29

IOUR DAYS IiI,{5TTMOR

volrh?v.lwMoX(95pZw

Lr

lra!.1h.ir lvell lr€i.g it |.r . Add lo rhal lhe la.l llirl .cding tcnitorjcs and people \!o!ld har€ e(o onn! a.d olher siunilicaft loirg tenn reueressions, lDd it is uo {order that golennnenti rctids havelarselv been sinilar resar.lless ofth.ir diffcrcni b.1icfs. do not

aDd

1999 du rg thc IndoDcsian occutatioD. Dtrting thc latc 198os and 9os, harsh rcfrcssilc m..sures i{rj! takcn b! Snhafo s ccDh rl gorcrDnrenl aDd huma. dglrts abuses were ranrpa.l h Aciieh.

ER0ADIR

PtRSPtOWl t'h.

ith\l.oit i.!trtt

N

ro lsr

Dr!{i0

Shm

IULTUREl]l/ATTtl

Ideology at the Movies Sone grcat comics ancl movies

h

ighlight

rezrll,v

interesting insights irto differcnt political

slsLems arouncl thc rvorkl. n1'ltaaia lTatr

Persepolis

7984 TOT]\]-ITARIAN / rgal is secn by nanl as the urdispuled Grandfather of all dystopirD lorels thc nrost oFlellirn ofrLl O.{cll s loveLs. A lier all, \ithout 1984, how corld we hrve eve. co.teilcd thc fhrases

'IHEOCRA.CY / Xlade irrto aD anirDatcd film nr 2007 which drerr conDlaiDts from lhe lmnian gorernDle t, Pos.poltsbegrn as iD rutobhsraphical g.athic novcl by

'nronght Police or Itig B.oLher? Nightmarish .rnd dcprcsslrg. this classic lellsth. storyof one nran's purs it of a dooned lolc alTair

rnagazire..llcd it onc of

asainst thc backdrop of warri.e natioDs aDd

uJeslernised

i lolalita

Revolutior Nh.D IraD sri{ tlie olerlhroN of the old monarchy and ihc $rensior ol,r

tranirn born Nlrrjane Salrapi.

an state that rel.tins absoht.

conl.ol ovcr Dot jtrst

alioD b i !lemoi) itsclf .

irlor

indn idual ihorght, feelins rnd

r984 lresenls a blcak pictLrre dictatorial so!.rDmcnt

caD

ol holv

hrppitress,

Goodbye, Lenin!

V for Vendetta

CONIIIUNISM/ This lilcable I msi.onrcd is sel in Conrnrtrnisi Erst Berlin ln 1989 i{hen cernr.rnt was still div ed. Aler K.rDer is il a st.aDsc bird - liis die ha.d

/\\'ARCll)_ / l l];s poftrlar 2.)06 rction ih licr nade bl the Wach.lvski lrothers devirtcs a fair bit lioln lhe odgiDal 198()s Moo.e crcatcd dr. ^]rD ligilaDt. rclolutioDary V-lo he a Draslied charnpiol lor anarchy atr ideolo$ thaL

AIan lIoorc comic.

Cornnnurist noth€r'has fallcD

ilhsion lhat Conndunism slill lrerails foBing the (€rner fanilt to rctrh their old drab clothes, lurnishins aDd food. Horvelcr, tlrc irretence gets |.rdcr aDd

b,!

ofautho.it!

harder to upkc.p as giganljc Coca Colaads,

ltrs crcrted iD reactidi to what he desfised about tlien B tish Pljme MjDister Xl arga rct Thatchcis aurhoritarian stlle ol soverDmcnt. Th. Wachowskis, howcvcr, ilanted Lo cliLicisc oorc stated thaL the cornic

UT

THt

IIs TI

P.eside.l Bos|

so

thcvnade

"v-'i

BM\\s and IKEA f!rnisl)i.gs b.giD rppeari.g all rroNrd the Deislibourhood. The wesL is laintly

BR0ADIR

oa

PIR5PIITVtS

satiisc.i

connnunism

nay have beconre a rcprcssite force, but l|c cmbracirg ol lhe new connnoditr cullure hrs lcd to an iiie\.itible alicnation

.|.ninion of liberalism cl .onseN.tive ri)reii drent iDst.ad.

30

a conra

ir nes'llu.ificd Gem n).IQe. to Uotcct his Iai] nroihcr fron the slrock oflosins her belored conDtry',Ilex mainlai.s lIe

thc absolLrte libe.L! ol lho indivntual. 'r'h€ ..mi. is set i. , {ulr.e Brit.iD that hrs adottcd totalitarianis . Having ha.lliis liL deslr.r).d bvthe dictatolship, V"s.ts out otr a grandiosc aDd extreDrel) !iolent

rlg 0

ilio

belor.thc B.rlin Walllell, on\'to a$'aken

rcjccis all forrns olso\orrDrcDt xDd fa'ours

,'lRlltR

t.

Rlised by.adical [{a*ist rarents, \'our1g Saimti secreth listens to Anc can heal-a mctal niusic aDd hoardes Nikc shocs while fond.ing irow the rres'rcginrc $'as more coDrolliDg rn.l unliir l|an thclast.

indivicLualjly aDd thc huDraD spirit out ol' $cietl il gilen i}c ofportunitr to do so.

campaign to 1ea. doim all fonns

girl duriDg the Islatrl.

fundr!ientalisl thcocratic govenrne

a

effectirel) and

relentlesslr' crrtsh truth,

"Dn" 2oo:J s best cornics

lorS.rlrari'S nrighttul perspectire o. $tat it \!as lilie to gro$'np as r rnjs(hieloLrs,

r/r. td.ol.rqv issr.

I

Heroes&Villains

Boiler Room CAPITAUSM / Thjs 2ooo Arneican movie centres around the Dhenornenon of disrcputable brokerage firms t]rat cheat their

clients ol a lot ofmonel'. such fims were also loown as "boiler rooms . UDfolding the worst e{cesses and impulses of a

capitalisr

society, aoilel Rdon shows how brokers create artificial demand lbr the stocks ofa f*e conpe)' and then seDing their stalG in the conpany to cash in once the stock price

The Elders HERO / Initiated by radjcal entrepreneur Sir tuchard Branson, activist/musician Peter Gabriel and former South Atrican President Nelson Mandela, this group of world leaders believes their collective experience and wisdom should be used to address the world's toushcst problems. Chaired bv former South African Afthbishop Desnond Tutu, th€ sroup offers a sood representation of gender and cultural difierences: inclrding powerful women tlilG lbrner Iris} Presid€nt

rises. only when faced with the nioral dilenma of having to cheat a cNtomer who caDnot affold to lose money does the hero of Boiler Roon take steps to leave the company and his iucrative career behind. Boiler.Roon is often compared to clenrrdnv Gler Ross and Wal/ Streer two other novies

that sum up the nasty truih that in a capitalist socjeq, creed is cood" (to quote W'll Street's infamoDs villain cordon ceckol-

Mary Robinson and Mozanbican acuvist Graca Machel), adivists (like Graneen Bank lbunder Muhanmad Yunus and Indian trade union leader Ela Bhatt) as well as retired political heaqryeishts

lil€

The Storv of Qiu Ju COMMUNISM/ Qiu Ju,

lbrn1er tn'I Secretary General Kofi Annan, fonner

US President

Jimmy Carler, retired Brazilian Presideni

Frrn!ndo Cirdo.o rn,l rormer.hinFse lorFiBn Mirister Li Zhaoxing. Wi$ their substantial clo t, the Elders can dmw attentioD to world issues tlat are

a sinple peasant

isnored by thc mainstream prcss while lvorkins boih pubticly and behind the scenes on whatei'€. diplonatic

wonan sets out on a $rest for compensation ftom the siate when her husband Sets kicked in the sroin by the local vi ase chiet h her

2.tions need to he

Laken.

ft

scarch, she uncovers a legal system rife with

red tape. Qiu ft reveals the laby lthine, bur€aucratic nishimarc that all gov€rnmcnis

George W. Bush

notjust the Communist Chinese one can evolve into once they lose sight

PHOTO

CREDIT/

/ So mn.i hrs rlre,dv been s,id about present U.S. PresideDt Bush's

oftheir

VTT,LATN

purposetoseNe the people. The movie also Fovides profound nEight irlto lbw the citiaD hinselfmaylose his moral compass wher

incompetence that it almost seems trite to say

more. The fervent embrace of Pr€sidential hopeful Barack obama s seductive call for "Change" testifies to how embittered the AmericaD electorate has become to Bush's

he becomes self rishteous. Obscssed with justice to the poini ofvengeance, Qiu Ju finds

herself suing and polentially disgracing a civil se ant who she has found to be senuinely kind and helpful (instead of the orisinal \'ilase chie0 to nake her point.

lesacy a possible recession,

a

poorcr niddle

class and a trail of ill-feelins ]eft behind by a

belligerent fbreign poUcy.

3l

ER0ADIR

PtRSPtOlVts the

PHOTO

CREDIT/

It

ideola.tv iss e I

REB00T Y0tiR

iii!iltl

The Good, The Bad & The Ugly From the tumultous u,orld of icleological clashes, get to kno\\'iust eight villains and heroes

from our political history. By Nadja NIah

4xk:.,,kn"" to Liciol-a aganrst thc

Po/ Pot llauist

Ii

omnrrxng,thus cst.blishnrg the Pcoplc s RepnblicofChnra.

Contror€rsialfigurc: \rcneriicd

Punrc Nlinisrer

(197a, 19791$ho

nr Chnra

!s a grerr relolLrtionary .nd srrrr€gistbnt rcvil.d b!donesric and loicign critics lir the iailLrrc

arorceircd rcstutifg oa CnnbodiaD .nnlisarnm in "vcf zero ' by for(d

ofhis thr m.!or sociololti.al

relocatnD ofcity daelleF to wo.k

Forward andrhe Revolution. that led lo Dillions ol

programs, rhe Grcat Leap

c'lfirr,l

olCambodia

l.d comnnnGtsroup

Singledortall nrtell.ctu.lstnd bourg€ois c cmies_tornruder Slavclibou., poor

IIaDJ historians renain criticalol1lIao, often oompadnglrim to Stahr and Hillc,

r.di.ri c,re. mal rtdlionand nrass cx.ctrtions Lillerl an estun.lcd r.7 million

,,

J-dt 4mtn Military dcspot;

President ol

Usanda

Cl..ged wirh politicil reDr€ssnm, ethnic p€rsccution, mass mude. and human rishts ibus€s. A snlrem€ egoist rlio dlDled hnns€lf ''His EycellencJ", Ptsidc.tf.r lile and _Kng ol Scolhnd drost nra.nonsly Nhrrdcred high

trofile political.nenies

nllLdidg i fonner

\

LJgandan

primc

ministcrs, rn archbishop, a chi.ljrFrice and his o!!n ..bnret nnrisrcrs.

5/o/odan

Mi/osevit: Socialist Prcsdcnl (rharged Nith

olYuaoslavia

oFuption, ablst of

Douer and embczzlem€nt Brought to lntenalioDal Cfi

Trilunrl

rnul

ro srmd tnaL Ior \'iolainrg

O.ncv. Conl€Dtions and coJnnritnrg gc.ocide .grnrsr Serbi.r II!s]nns dning

32

ER0ADtR

PtRSPt(IlvtS

r/rri.l.' 1,,r,

J;-oy

Cc,rler ofAm€ ca

Ch.istinn, SocillistrP.cs cnt (1977 -

r98t Nh!

ndvocrtcd holdnrg -dnenca s

bchdviour to the moralstanda otChrist.

Bc.rmeunpop ar becans€ olpoor ol IraD hostaae disis a.d Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. (cr,fisue aDdlollnteer behnrd.espected

hudlins

NCO

Iiabitat for Humanity. P zewinnerin 2oo2lor

Nobel Peace

contlid rasolutior, health..rc.f

dhunrn glls

adro.a.) $ork donc rlr.olgli Ca.ler Ccntr(.

,{Json Christian, Denro.rarici hesident of South h99,1 - r999) hno becadr.n

A6ica

nrternrtionrl i.on of arcedom and cquxlity fo. his srnrggle.gai.sl apa.theid. hnpdsoned for:7 yea.s bclore wimins thepresirlcrc! through his policy of reconciliation and ncgotiation that sas inspntd by G.ddlii doals ofnon violence.

NobclPecc P zc wimrd nr 1993lor hi\ \rorl ir p+rhlishirs: nnrlri r,.irl d.mo..,rvif S.rrh Afii.r

a))nston

ry

]U$il+,{t

ryrs74ft// Ch.istian. Democratici war rnne Prnre Ministc. ol Unit€d KinAdom (19sr r gss)

IDspirnrA omtor whose sliltul use.f

h fight or ard not bachdoM ard negodare l)eaccad tc ns {it}r rhetonc coDlinced Bntanr

R€cei!€d Nobel

I.'r

il{ilt{il1\\l

P.ize forl,;lc.aturc lor

tititr

Ktm

>/iss.;n xlrEhn KingofJordan h952 - r999J (luided ,ro.drn suc.essfullv thrcugh th. tensions of rhe

rab-Isr.cli.onnicL

Exlelled lle Palcstine Libcration

O.sanisation lrom N.aoli.lcd

33

BR0ADIR

Jo.daD ior t.1iDs to

pcacc tr(dty

PtRsPtfl\,tS tlle idealoq! issu?

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