Go Tow ]iech

Y i

&t2 A{Pr93/l

/

ss

PO BR

AN

s0rwiloN

#n

GO tOW ]IECH

goo Seo

hits nee

PROVI D

iod sup

Ihe

ind lhes

ULTIVI

INS

Disl helr

in

i)

has Sinc diso

How mony limes hove we heord mothels remind us of thildren in developing c'ounrrieiii

dying of storvotion when we leove food behind on the dining loble? 5odly, mu(h

lrulfiil

liqs in such $olemenls 0s lwo in three people ore suffering from molnufition worldwidell|

orcording lb eslimobs by lhe World Heolth 0rgonisolion. Ahhough o lock of (olories";

well known form of molnutrilion, "mirronulrienl defiriency" is the mordr'"1; prevolent form lhot ollrods scunl ollention, even from our wellmeoning molhersF.,,..

is the most

bvt

i * icronutrient deficiencY is $;* esseotialll'a lack of iodlne. $b> i, vitamin a and iron in one s e 5:diet- Tbis can lead to

AdeficiencyApart from general solutions for malnutrition, such as improved

marasmus (a chronie wasting of body fat, muscle and otier tissues), stunted growth and irreversible

hygiene, there are more direct and effective methods that should be employed to de-al witlr micronutrient deficiency.

brain damage due to iodine

water supply, sanitation arld

blindness, incrcased risk ofinfection and death fiom vitamin defi ciency,

04

BR0ADIR

PTRSPIflVIS

tie endolyear

special

H

e,

First, a siDple and inexpensivtnull solution is to distribute iron cookinQref pots that slowly emit iron in poobou countries. It only costs about $o.2tnul; to help each individual sufferinFita from iron deficiency- Yet, benefitdisi: in terms of increased productivitfan yields as much as g5o per personchilr

LITITAL TbMMITMENT IN MAKING THI DRUGS EASITY AVAILABLE INABLED (OMPANIES WHO I(IPT THE PRIIE OI RAZIL TO DEFY PHARMA(EUIItAL NTIRTIROVIRAL DRUGS NEIDLESSLY OU OF REAIH OF THE VAST MAJORITY. ugh the speed ofiron emission these pots miSht noibe quick

nough to helP the rqPidlY

etedorating destitute, others are iven a chance of survival. This will ly, but surely, Yield resulis in

Ilowever, the main gripe about

that treatsAIDS. Usuarycosting up to $r5 ooo a year per person, the government now makes copies of the brand name drugsused to treat AIDS al a lolver cost anddistributes them for free- The program almost pays for itself as it has balved the death rate from AIDS, prevented thousands of new hospitalizations, cut transmission rate, stabilized the epidemjc and improved the overall public health rin Brazil. Political commihnent in making the drugs easily available enabled Brazil to defyphanraceutical companies rvho kcpt the pice of antiretroviml dmgs needlessly out of reach of the vast majoriiy. Brazil s'erves as a model

s[pplements in poor count

supplenents

cognitive development, neonatal and infant mofiality, and morbidilv drreto c.hronic diseases later in life, such as diabetes and heart disease.

time. econd, prescribing multivitrmins it
DISTRIBUTING MITRONUTRIINTS ALSO

()IT THT ONSTI OT AIDsIN PO()R (OUN]RIES. HTTPS TO STA\II

odine, vitamin A anil iron lupplements are readily available ihey ought to be d5tributed to those in developing coultries in need of these micronutients-

Distributing nlicronuttients also help to stave offthe onset ofAIDS in poor countries- AIDS in Aflica robbed the country ofmillions. SinceAIDS is a nutrient deficiencY - - ..disorder caused by the HIV viNs, one can remain AIDS free bY norrnal amounts of the 1f ;lgtna;ntaining - . .rlour nutrients (selenium, c]steine, llUl bplophan o nd glutaminc) tlat H IV from the body..llent e. l/idd.:'"o1:. lrst rr bu tr n g m u I rl ! ltlm I l1 has

gfiglupplements can s]ow the

rrosrcssion ofHIV infection to full-

It0lf,r,,,in nrnc hers

l'-urthermore, a 2oo7 press releJse )y the Harvard School of Public llealth recomm ends th at :nsiv!nultivitamins be dis.tributed to all DkinSlsgnanl women in developing I

Poolountries. They found that

distributiDg tnultivitamin high

es is

cost-

in a cosl efficient

mant)ef"

coD t rary, providing multivitamins do not have to be costly. Many developing countdes already have a distribution system

So the next time your mother reD:linds yorl about the starving

in place where iron and folate

suffering from micronutrient

supplements are distributed to rvomen. These .p regna nt prodrced in bulk by supplements, the United Nations children's Fund (UNICEF), are ava able at a cost{f less than $1 for the duration of

defi ciency. Finishing that last grain of rice is not a cure for these children

but sending them multivitamins is. f ,

On thc

children in developing countries, do remind her about the large numbers

some

pregnancy. IncorPorating multivitamiBs into lhese

supplements can be done without a large increase in cost- This would be a higNy cost-effective method of

improving bidh outcomes in

$o zhultivitamin supplemelts such as ferin9111-ir'r" R-complex, C and lI

developing countries-

:nefitgistributed to pregnant woman in

i\{oreover, leaders of poor nations can also leam from Brazil's examPle in provi
ctivitlt'anzania reduced the risk of ersonrhildren born with poorgro*tlr and

for providing multivit amin

by H0

KHENG LIAN

IH

i

PU OF

.Y ?

t0 Rel

SOtUTilON #2

Ins

Pl.

GO HilGH TECH

of

$

unl car,

of the

GTNETI

dur

ffiffiffiHF itn(

45%moreprolein lhgn the troditionolp0l0l0, fie'pr0l0l0'is sel to conquetl molnutrition oround th; world. This super-p0t0l0 ond 0n 0rmy of olher super-rr0ps orql: rolledively known os genetirolly m0dified ("GM") rrops lhol ore sloled to erodi(0tFol

Po*ed

wifi

;;;iJ h;ft;; i;trJi'ily, d"it.l

iioirt of ihlse plonts huve been enhonted with exoc|}' 0((ur0ry in'loborotories io increose ils resistonte lo herbitides 0I improve ils nulrilionoi"i (ontent: The lotesl molerulor biology terhniques 0re 0pplied. This highteth melhod ol soving people suffering from molnulrilion works

Mofold.

. i$t, th;s is potentiallytie best ' wav to solve the fundamental food .. ' p.olt"rn of inadequate

disease, the crop han'est iDcreases el?onentr_ ly. These advancements trump nature's harmful effects that could not be effectively dealt witlt

populatiot that has topped 6 billion people and predicted to double in the next 5() years. By increasing a crop's tolcrance to herbicide, cold ternperatures and drought, and improving its resistance to Pests aDd

previousiy. An abundant croP harvest can belp to eliminate

supply for our booming

06

Ro

.pn

to

micr-onutrient deficiencl, which ;re(

form of malnutrition Sufferer;', lack certain imporiant nut ents i\n, theil diet such as vitamin A, iodinL and iron that can Iead to varioui" a

diseases alrd death. The fortillcatioli'o

starwation in developing counlries.

of flour, rice and salt lvith thesle. necessary nut ents can lmplole iLri

Secord, GM crops are also able to

lives

cleal with the problem of

BR0ADIR PTRSPIITMS tlrc end

of year special

ofbillions.

t

i

E II\,IPOVERISHID

STUIK IN OUR PROFIT DRIVEN OIMATT CERTAINI.Y BENEFIT FROM

MEIINDA GATES FOUNDATION'S GRANT UBTIC DONATIONS SUCH AS THE BILLAND TO RESEARff INIO GM TROPS FOR THT BENEFII OF POOR FARMERS AND

r

S25M

(OUNIRIES. ONSUMERS IN DEVELOPING

n example is "golden" rice'

crs at the Swiss Federal nstitute of Techndlory Institute for

benefit of poor farmers and consumers in developing countries'

Sciences have created a strain

f

i;oJden" rice containing usually high content of betane (vitamin A): Consumption f this GM croP vdll alleviate he common problern of blindness ue to vitamin A deficien'cy in ing countries. an

o'wever, even rrith such high ogy, GM cmps as a cure for dhunger is limited by cost and general sense of aPPrehension these "FrankeDstein" crops. Aag)rinst

Derilopin!! GM

croPs is a

lengthy

and costly process, which exPlains whl agri-biotech comPanies Price

high tha t small farmers and

U

0beeds

o

rril$'31;i1ilT;ff ili.:";i:

so

gf(non profit agencitls step in to offer their Droducts rt a redrrccal cosl to i0(i-ppu"ri.1tq4 nations can this take full flight in curing n0solution worl.lhllnser.

lol

Humanitarian efforts sucb as Rock, iellar Foundations' offer to provide "golden" rice seeds for free

,

third world country

that for it is a step in the right Iteldire.,ron, The impoverished stuck tl t'in or, orofit dtiuen climate certainly ornbenefi is from public donations such l9uas Gates .to ary

clr lr"oo,51s

the Bill anrl Melinda ]t'ohoun,lctiorr'. grant of $z5m to

!."11"..rt.f into

GM croPs for the

GM TROPS A5 A TOR

IS

IURI

vll()RLD HUNGTR

UIIIIED BY (OSI AND A GTNTRAT STI'I5[

()f APPRTHINSION AGAINST THtST

TRANIGNSTEIN" IROPS.

In addition, the public's feat that GM crops are dsky to htman health is a real limitation on its progress' since they have argued against its development. There is growing concern that introducing foreign geues into{ood plants maY have an unex?ected and negative impact on human health. Although scientists have stepped uP to expunge these unfounded beliefs, tlre public is still

wary.

This is not helped by the fact that ma n ufactu te rs have made unsubstantiated claims about the benefits of their GM croPs. The developen of the 'protato' claimed a "high increase ;n all essential amino acids with conesponding increase intotal protein content" in their product- A critical examination of the levels of amino acids reported for the'protato' reveals that the claims are not substantiated by the data provided-

ln light of such public oPinion, stiff rcgulation must be in place to rcgain public confidence in GM crops-

Oxfam International, a global organisation working to reduce poverty ald injustice has made several recommendations tlat ought to be heeded.It recommends that Governmenis retain the right to take precautionary action to block

GM crops and seed imports completelywhen scientific evidence that they are risk free to human health and the environment is unsatisfactoll'. It also aecommends that t]le World Trade Organjsatjon

direct governrnents to require

.mendatory labelling of GNI foods accllrately by producers and traders. These recommendations rvill go a long way in soothing the Public's nerves in acccpting GM croPs'

NEID TO TUTTI\IAIT A FTRTITT WE JUSI

TNVIRONMTNT TOR

THI DT\JTTOPMINT 0r 0M tR0Ps,

a,t t-r!

): "\' Ia&3 I't

SOtUTilON #N IMPROVE THE DOMESTilC SilTUATilON

e REATE m EMER

HruTEL

t

lo<

rni

A supersliliori exisls 0mong cilizens, lhot lhe donger of empowering lnlelligenci"'

0gen(ies is the groduol erosion 0f individuol liberties lhrough the outomotioffl inlegrolion ond fte inlerconneclion of mony smoll, seporole record-keeping syslem:"; eoch of which olone moy seem innbruous, even benevolent ond whol[y iunifioblh; .Jl

and incr"u.irrgly -yopii ond intolerant History has der;onstr^t"a tftrt o# -,.'. i: influence ofthe press, the of major fiascos, Intelligcnce does not require a majority trur r'. frequently irratioial agencies in the ftee world arehard previtil, but mther an irate, tirelesen notions of the naive public, prcssed to meel the expectations of mirority committed to a cause arhcl nore than anlthing else,hinder the heats and milds at hone, while at uncom p ro m isin g i n t h,rhi conduct of Intelligence today. the same time discharging their implem6ntation oftheir plans. Thbn Reliable and effective intelligence duties in an environment which rule applies in panicular to rogttre with headline arrests however, can could best described as a states and radical factions seekinal justi{y and make acceptable even 'fi?gDented bureaucratic quagmire'. . to acquire nuclearweapons forthe,uc ,ul the most dmmatic and controversial In this environ of insecurity and nefarious ends. ak, neasures taken by authorities, indecisiveness, it is possible for en provided tiere are no embarrassing certain grolps to acquire nuclear ne' scandals.With the public becoming weapons uninhibited. ith tbe gro\ving polver

10

BR0ADIR

PtRSPttllVB the eruJ ofut:or speciol

()

LONGER ARE NUILEAR WEAPONS IONFI}|ED TO EXPENSIVE, STATI

NDED DELIVERY SYSTEMS SUCH AS HIGH ALTITUDE A]RTRAFI OR INTER-

ONTINENTAL BATLISTIT MISSILES. o longer are nrlclear weaPons to expensive, state funded eli!ery systems such as Ligh

titude airclaft or intet-coniinenlal llistic missiles. Now, \vith the black ma.ket, coupled with

t}le herently'chameleonistic' nature f today's terror8i grouPs, it is ntirely conceivable for a radical ion, coveftly e.ntrenched it the

fluidity ofthe itrtemet

and

means and the resources. 'l'here is no such thing as a'pefect

catastrophe, but must refrain from doing so to avojd bad press- The security of the nation and the integity of the intelligences sewices must always subordinate such things as ego and public opinion.

state of equilibrium' between

AGINCItS ARI CAUGHT A]

est, to construct a nuclear device site, and detonate it at a location

CROSSROAD' PTAYING

A DETITATI BAIAilONG

telligeDce Agcncies, whose charge is to preemptivell' ideDt ify threats,

StNSAII0NAttY PUBUCIStD

free

ust evolve accordingly, brilging nto the fray supe.ior technologics, loctrines, expert personnelrDd an rninhibitcJ presPncc iD the lucdl :nvjron, nol jlrst abroad.

..

IHI

worlil to har'e any hope of surviving ihis ewest enemy in ottr midst, our their c}oosing- tf the

uen0

in

an ideal and avert position to inienene the authorities are

'

lenr-rallv in dcm(rcratic sirerulies

olrori,;ir;;;;;;;

r"

",r"ri","."".." oossihlc 'lgm(.q u irinr, llr" hiShpst

,- r r clrrrns lor lhP governml.nt s l0bl$\"slm"I.t. lhis crertes ir drality n decision rnaking, rvith the

ntelligence or Law cnforcement frequently obstructed by turcaucratic rpd tirpc or nroralistic 'rity lirele.,.rtimc lJlitt. Th. lrec uorld is tuse alhcreasinglv becomin€: pre) to a foe o thrhich capiialiscs upon ourpoliticnl rns. Thbrrectness. Agencics are caught at :o roglhe crossroadc, playing a delicatc ihai onodies

seeki[alancing act between silent for theLuccesses ver sus sensationally rublicized bungles, Actions nust be

aken to protect the intelligence ' rticcs lrom thc o., "r srrrrr,ulour nedia, to prevent instances rvhcre

ATf

BTTWIiI.I SItFNT

suc(ts5t5, vtRSus BUl{GIIS.

'

re complete elinination ofDuclear weipons outside of the Nuclear Non Prolifemtion Trealy signatory states, may be a totai impossibility,

bul the Intelligerce

services prerogative should be nothing short

of full cooperation and intercornpatibility beiween fo.eign

security and civil libefties, one lvill always have to be compromised in order iobolster its counterpart. The lntelligence services, military and Law enforcement bodies must form a unified trio which can effectively combat the acquisition of the lrcreasingly available eomponents needed for nu clear weapons, as well

as the increasingly diversilied metiods of delivery - be it a strcaking missile or parkcd minivan. IfgiveD the neans and nethod, they will be able to alischarye their duties

without omitting the fundamental principles they thenrselves are fighting to protecl each day. The \,'.orlcl tnight never be fi:ee of nuclear weapons,but with the right balance, intellilience agencies caD be given the means to enstre things never

reach

r point where nuclear

weapons are both ubiquitous, rnd in the hands of those who worrld deploy them with reckless abandon.6t

inielligence aDd I ocal

larv natioD protect the enforcement, to ftom foreign military powers, state sponsored terroism abroad aDal local infiltration gmups, Tlre nut'.lear aegis of the 21st century will ha\€ to be rnultidimensional and ever evolving to contend with its reciprocally mutating foe- It will need to be capable of contending not only witb major playe$ and theirballistic nuclear arsenals, but also sn-raller, morc radical groups uho lack not the lvill or r petus to carry out such an attack, onlY the

THI NUILTAR AIGIS OF THE

215i GNTURY Wtt HAVI ]O BE MUIIIDIi,lINSIONAT AND TI/TR I'/OTVING TO TONTIND WTH ITS RTCIPROIATLY

MUTAIING

by

fOI.

LEON NEEDHAlitl

fir th c(

ln lhe heginning, nudeor weopons were unotloinoble to oll but ihe mosl weohhy ond powerfuF sloles. Amid$

*e [old Wor, lhe governments

of lhe Uniled Slotes ond

fte Soviel Union, performeo"l

o prerorious gome of oneupmonship, eorh reciprorolly producing inrreosingly deslrudive nudeoi|

weopons. Wilh the world effeoively split bemeen lwo (cmps (The Uniled Slotes ond irs

NAI$

ollies in Europe vs. the Soviel union ond its client wonow Pod$oles) rhere existed on inescopoblil Yr

poronoio of obliterotion. oth were convinced that should '. .' even one nuclear lveapon be l. -l used in anger, it would induce " a grand excbange of atonic munitions lhat wouki r-esult in a loss oflife on a scale tlre likes ofrvhich the rvorld had never seen- While

both sides stockpiled enough nuclear delrces to litqrally end all life on earth several tjmes over, they ivere boih more interested in furthering their owtl geo political influence abroad, as opposed to seeking the actual destructioD of

12

BR0ADIR

tc.

rl(

one another. The ironic by-product .

of trvo supe4ror,vers possessing the capability for unbridled devas'tation, is that it spawned 1\.hat modern hislorians refer to as _mutually assured destruction", a r eciprccated fear of devastation so great ihat while both sides had the meaos to obliterate each oiher with impunity, literally with a touch of a trutton, neither wouid ever commit to such an act for fear of the consequences.

PIRSPIOIVIS r/re end o/y eor special

lo rh THI OBJECIIVE 15 NOI T() iUMINAIE RtGIMES, BUT RATHTR T() IR()DI PUBTII SUPP()RT AND THUS THT MTAI.IS IO PURSUT l{UCTTAR

TIIHNOT()GY.

i /ith

the eDcrgence of several

states' nuclear arsenals, it was

the Soviet Union and tle States which the world at

feared would wage nuclear Yet, every Pos,sible measurc iken to ensurc lYhat all the ies were planning for woukl ri6i:r corne to Pass. Hotlines were setup directlY between the Krcmlin

and the

White IIouse, while

fiIst name basis rc-h other. Billions ofdollars, and

diplomats were on

a

horsands of nuclear warheads ter, tie Soviet llnion collapsed and the \nra r to end cjvilisation never rred, chief

concen today lIoweYer,

tle acquisilion

y

of nuclear arsenals

e tovernnlents. The eoce of we)l funded, widely upported, and nuclear equipped rcbmnd regimes pose the gravest hreat to global stability in lhe rogLr

onternp ora

ry gedbolitical

nvilonment- The fear of such lrfu eSimes using their nuclear me deo

apons in a hostile manner is tched by worries ofthc likelihood smaller radical terror groups,

itb no borders or diplcnnatic IAT mpediments to dissuade them, r0b

the technologyby prory. uclear proliferation cannot be chieved by the rristriction of the eapons and their components one, as the resources and knowow to their procurement will be accessible. The failure of Soviet IInion itselfleft behind tensive nrrclear facilities and esources withorrt the budset to in the high level of security uired to keep them safe, Russia

Indeed, regirne change as an impending solution to potential rogue nuclear states as well as

of inter_ventionist action against upst,aft nuclear regimes, great car:e must be exercised to ensure that

terrorist groups appeaN to be the motivrtion behind America's belligerence towards Lebanon, Syria, North Korea and especially Iran. American and European intelligence agencies, and the I nternational Atornic Energy Agency [IA.E.A.) agree that Iran is intent on deweloping nuclear weapons. Wlrile Iran insists that its research is for peaceful purposes only and in keeping with the

both credibility and integrity

Nuclear Non Proliferation Treaty, there is a gowing conviction among members of the United States military and in the inte.nationsl community that AJnerica's answer to the Iranian nuclear question is regime change. Bush's bawkish adminisiration believes ftat $e only way to solve the problern is to change thepower stnrchrre in Iran

throulh pre emptive strikes. Iranian Presidelt Mahmoud Almadinejan's oft-quoted desire to 'wipe Israel off the map' is often cited as a justification for fighting for regime change rathe. thanjust engaging w'r'lh the regime th.ough

diplonarl.

cquirjng

remains a chief source of "loose ukes" as shadv deals are made disgrunded and underpaid ian security guards and the ssian Mafia to smuggle out uranium for sale on the

lack market for weapons.

Regime change can be brought about thrcugh a combination of strategies: military force, support for anti government rebels as well as enemies, sabotage by staging industrial accidents or even

are preseryed. Never can tbere be an environment where suspicion

and speculation alone, is sufEcient

to warrant armed conflict-

The problem ho\ rever is that the intangible successes of disarmament and preventative

measures

go unnoticed in

obserwational hindsight rvhile the

rogue nuclear factions attain diplomatic impunilr and the powers that be are called into question for their apparent short-sightedness.

Another danger about such clandestine planning is thai it may rcinforce lhe logue nuclear powers' belicf that the only way to defend tbemselver is io hold on even tighter to their d.eam ofnuclear capability. 'l'he cunent

state$/ should instead, be rnore interventionist focused, putting a premiurn on creating a political climate which would make

both the procurement and implementation of nuclear weapons

ecouomically and politically prohibitive. Short of extreme measures such as decapitating regimes anil replaciDg them with compliant proxies, firm and tangible actions in the form of steep sanctions and political exclusion must be fully enacted upon prospective mrclear Powers. !t

fosterirg ethnic tensions to

undermine tIe current govemment. The objective is not to eliminate regimes,but mther to erode public support and thus the means to pursue truclear technologr, while at the same time fostering the willingness to pursue tle economic

and political incentives offered. IIowever, with the democratic masses growing increasingly weary

by

tt0N

NEEDI|AM

Until rerenily, the drug rocktoils thot hove tronsformed the Arquired lmmune Deficienr Syndrome {AIDS) from o deoth senlence to o chronic diseose were prohibitively expensit for the impoverished mosses in developing rountries. The developing world could on hope to proled lhe uninfecled using prevention pr0grommes surh os rondom promoliot

for lhe 32.5 million people infeded with the Humon lmmunodeficiency Virus (Hll in the develtlping world, their doys weye numbered. Todoy, however, cheoper drugs ot posible..Brozil hos shown us lhol polien{s ore eduroble; polenl laws ore mslleobl, drug romponies are vincible, ond lhe world's AIDS rrisis is resolvoblt As

irst,

some background on

how the drugs work. HIV attacks the human immune system itself, our very defenc€

mechanism against viruses and other infections- Over time, HIV positive people are likely to become ill more and more often untii they become ill with one ofa number of particularly severe illnesses. It is at BRIADIR

this point

tiat

AIDS ancl death more

rapidJ Modern combination aIltiretrovl therapy prolongs substantially l time between HIV infection and onset ofAIDS.

they are saidto have

AIPS - when they {irst become seriously ill, or when the number of immune system cells remaining in their body falls below a certain poiDt. Without drug treatment, a reasonably nourished HIV positive person develops AIDS in an average

of ten years. Someone who js malnourished may well progress to

j I

i

PIRSPIOIV$ .the end ofyear special ,)

PRIffS IN IHE DTVELOPING WORI-D PUSH DOWN DRUG WORLD? WOULD IT BE A DISINCENJIVT TO DEVELOP NEW

PUBLICIIY ABOUT GENERIC

S IN THE DTVTLOPED GS? THESE ARE ISSUES WHICH CANNOT BE SWEPT UNDER IHE TARPET.

A-IDS treatment eventually pays for itself by reducing hospitalizations

tl.eatment has begun, Patients

stick to a rigorous and

i

icated daily schedule ofPills siite of side effects and other . If the trcatment regjmen not followed assiduouslY, nore istant strains ofthe virus mighi . In the face ofcriticisms fiom oped countries that it was

ngering lives$y iltroducing binatior aDtireircviml therapY ithoulthe conditions to administer properly, Brazil proved that its DS patients werc just as able to

ke

theii nedicine regularly

patien{s in the united States. rwise, it lvould have been

responsible

to

distribute in Brazil no

ntiretroviral drugs atter how cheap they were.

0en en5lr

dqn t0li0 (Hr

gs0

WITllOUT DRUG

IRIAIMINI A RIASONABTY NOURISHED llIV P(}SIIIVE PTRSON DTVItOPS AIDS

IN AN AVIMGT

OI ITN YIAR5.

e0bl

AtDS C0iKTAltS MARKETED AT USSIO,OOO

IN THE WIST (AN BT

DISIRIBU]tD IOR AS ro\/1/ As ljss350 tN

from opportunistic infections, most countries still cannot afford to get started. Many African nations have annual health budgets amounting to less than $1o per capita.

DIVTTOPING COUNTRIES,

There are hopes tlrat Other developjng countries can follow Bmzil's lead. lhose countrics that have n ever recognised antiretroviral drug patents are free to make or import chedper generic equivalenls ofAIDS drugs as Brazil has done. As for World Trade Organisation lemberc that have had to recognise dr1lg patents, they can obtain a compulsory licence to

manufactLrre oi- imlolt geDerics if ilrere is a national emergencyunder Article 3r(b) of the Agreement on

the Trade Related AsPects of I ntellectu al Property Rights (I RIPS). This means that AIDS cocktails marketed at US$1o,ooo in the West can be distributed for as low as US$35o in developing' counhies, making state sponsored AIDS trcatment feasible.

an the like organisation intemational world Health organisation or the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) will gather the will and funds to administer antiretroviral therapy ) la the United Nations Children's Furd's

(UNICEF's) global vaccination programme. However, even in that hap'fy state of affairs, the pressing concern is this: what if it leads to the pharmacertticai companies' worst nightmare - that publicitY about generic Prices in the developing world will push down drug prices in the deve)oPed world?

Would

it be a disincentive

develop new clrugs? These are issues

which cannot be swept under the carpel ft

/0 bl ow did Brazil make the drugs ap? It altered the basic social

rapt

ntract under which drug

an[facture$ receive a 2o-veat

s monopoly in rctum for the tially ks inherent in developing new n and Brazil deciiled that to save people fiom AIDS, ii had to olate this contract. The drug mpanies' intellectual property came second to the lives of victims.

Since Brazilian labs began manu{acturing genedcs of AIDS drugs, the price ofthepalent drugs have d.opped 79%. Even thb prices of AIDS drugs with no Seneric

ftot

1996 equivaleDts dropped 9% to 2ooo- Merelythe credible threat of generic competition is sufficient

MANY

A[RICAI'I NATIONS

HAVE ANNUAT HEALTH BUDGT]S

AMOUN]ING

IO SI()

LESS T}IAN

PER

OPI]4.

incentive for manufacturers to lower

their prices. But notwithstanding the cheaper prices or the fact that

to

by KTTVIN KOW

2

teY<.

s0r c

P ffi The fomilior "ABCs" of HIV prevention

-

"Absloin, Be Foilhful, Condomize"

- con

b

seen ernblozoned on billboords os one drives through countries in the lhroes of onl tl!! effqrls such os Souih Afriro. Bul how for should lhe fight ogoinst HIV/AIDS foru qn,c.liohging,individuol volues, porticulorly volues regording sexuolity? ls fie fundomenlr a

1llB(s

0s

tliiilf :

lruo

-

thol HIV/AIDS is o problem of individubl behoviour, rothr

ii' prOdtjii,qf s00 sbciol circum$dnce br ronstroinl?

:: :. r, i:;:::;t:ti!47:rtti a!,:: l .Lii.i,r::-:r -. ndeed. a sign ficaot part o I

the I Additionally, rhis focus on the fl Hry/AlDSshould E lesponseto I individualcan.realeamoralhighp focus oo -sex .ed.ucation, ground Lhat stigmalises HIV testing

thereby equipping pripulations and treatment. Educating at-risk ] wilh the knowledge required to ] populationsaboutproteetedser js protecl themselves. Bulefforts that la crucial component of antiaim only at changing indiridual lHtV/AtDS efforrs. This is

ll .r lI .*l"r..ry'-r".i"";;;;.";: p"'uri I I i"", "'i',ir."r l,;"1. ''i "," due messaging may less effective

u"r,.J""1.*1";"!nJ*"atbecause rhe existence ir'"y individuil choice in situations where il is in fact constrained or absenl.

"*"'"

i8

BR0ADIR

be I lolow ex?osure I

^nd

PTRSPIflIVIS the end of yeac special

high illiterncy-

TDUTATING

AI,RISl( POPlJIATI()Ns ABOUT PROTIOED SEX IS A TRUCIAL

...-.q9.$l9.UNl9i

ANII HIV/A|DS EFFORIS.

EN CONSTITUTE THE MAJORITY OT

HIVjNFIOED INDIVIDUALS IN MANY DEVII"OPING

OUNTRIES PRECISELY BECAUSE THEY LIVE IN DEEPLY MATE-DOM]I{AIED HOUSEHOLDS D CANNOT MAKE DEMANDS OF IHTIR HUSBANDS.

solution for such Populations be as simple as having nurses se iee condoms and explain In this sense, changing use. eir ividuals' behaviour by equiPPing em lviih the knowledge and sources to protect themselves arily constjtotes a pivotal ent oftie effqrts against tle of

ividual is only part ofthe story. is is especially true in any

rce poor area whete 1VIAIDS is a problem. In this nse, approaching UIV/AIDs

esou

0n

f

tion as a matter of iDdMdual iour change llas limited effect. forinstance the woman whose nd refirses to wear a condom tng sex. Wonren constitute lhe Liority of FllV-infected individuals

many developing countries iselybecause they live

solution is to pitch the public message at a level where it is

depend on their boyfriends for financial support and must therefore cleave to their requests for sex. Here the issue is that of

acceptable to the greatest number.

severely constrained choiceindividuals pushed to such extremes simply do not have the luxury to

choose abstinence. By framing HfV/AIDS as a matter ofpersonal

HIV/AIDs.

owever, as with most things, the

tn

are driven to prostifution as a means of survival. Otherc may feel that they

il

deeply ale-dominated households and make such demands of their ds- In such situatioDs, a high of knowledge ibout sex may completely useless. This is one

choice and values, the "abstinence"-. solution, especiallywhen attempted in the developing world, is almost certainly a misdirected one.

A MORI PRAGMATI( SOIUTI()N

IS]O PITIHTHT

PUBI.I( MISSAGT AT A LTVTI.

WHTRI IT

15

GRTATISI l,lUMBER,

rough individual misbehaviour, more fundamentally through in social norms and strucfures. orts focused solely on the idual fail because they overlook key point.

focus on structural or social raints also illuminates why inence can be an ineffectual mmerdation. For instance, impoverished young women

on abstinence, and there is a sizeable number of people who will not accept it no matter what, then tiese people remain equally at risk of contracting HIV. A more pragmatic

of a situation h4tere V/AIDS is perpetuated not

infections to individual values and behaviour constructs HIV/AIDS as a highly moralised disease. This may fuel a sense of moral superiority arnong those who remain uninfected by the virus. Besides intensifying existing prejudices against qeitain' social groups, this belief is also dangerous because it lulls the "lowrisk" groups into complacenQy. More importantly, it tncreases stigmatisation around HIV/AIDS, as well as tbe shame associated wit}i the virus. This can be extremely damaging for efforts to encourage individuals to test for HIV, or to

disclose their status to their partners,

A(GPTABTE TO THE

There are more practical reasons why teaching abstinen'ie is riot the best solution. Erperience sho s thzit it simply does not $'ork. Young people may learn the message, but they usually do not internalise itEncouraging abstinence may also c-ont.adict the values of more liberrl individuals'who'may therefore ignore the message. If most anti-

ample

Finally, linking HIV/AIDS

While tle abstinence and safe-sex solutions to HIV/AIDS have some merit, they can only be useful if they adopt practical considerations and offer options that are actually relevant to individuals' lives. Aside from advocating abstinence and safer sex, far more fundamental amd

rcquired to change those behaviours and

holistic interyentions

arc

beliefs tlat inadvertendy perpetuate

the

spread

of HIV/AIDS. I!

HIV/AIDS efforts focus

by NGIAMXIN WEI

SOtUTflON #T THilNK MilCRO

ftllf,effiffiFflfwAruer loo Tzu-soid,

"Give

o mon o fish ond you feed him for o doy.Ieoch

fi

how to fish ond you feed him for o lifetime." Muhommod yunus, hower sow lhol il is nol.olwoys obout fishing skills. somelimes, ir is obout j .money tb buy fishing nets; ond oflen. lhe fishermen ure reolly womr rameen Bank began in 1976 when Profess'iii Muhar iitid

Yunus, head df the Rural Economics Prdgrarnrne at the

University

of

Chittagong in

' Bangladesh, launched

through microcredit - small

them to launch their

orvn

enterprises. Professor yurus.s microcredit experiment took place

a research project to investigate the feasibility

in Jobra (a vilJage adiacent to

of providing credit and banking services to the rural poor. The Grameen ('rural" or "village" in the Bangla language) Bank Project aimed to help landless peasants break the vicious rycle of poverty

neighbouringvillages beMeen 19761979. It met witl immense success

BR0ADIR

I

unsecured loans to the poor allowing

Chittagong University) and some

proved that by tapping on social capital, even poor peasants lvho lacked and steady could be creditworthy.

THT MAGI( OT.

Ml(ROtRrDtT ts IN THE |JSE OF SOCIAT IAPITAT.

and

PERSPIOIVIS the end oJsear special

tl

]

1RTY llAS STRUfiURAL IAUSTS. WITHOUT ADDRESSING SOTITTY'S

i.III

IIITOUNTMES, SUCtt AS BY IMPROVING

PUBL

HEALTHORE AND

IATION, MICROFINANCE CAN ONIY DO 50 MU(H. magic ofmicrocrealit is in the e of social capital. Five PeoPle, ically women, form a Peer Lir

group to Provide mutal and y binding group guanntees lieu ofthe collateml required bY tional banks- Initially, only membem ofa group are allowed apply for a loan. Depending on iI performance in repalrnent, t}Ie can subsequent\ apply'- These tbe basis ofsolidarity inq, which levers varior$ tpes ps

form

social capital like peel pressur-e,

tual support and a healthy Iture of repayment. Solidarity particular\ suited to rural where nrobility is lorver and I capital is stlonger.

loan, incluiling interest, is paid back

weeHy when the loan officer visits. During the weekly yisitst the loan officer also helps the trdo ladies to

set up a savings plan. As the chickens multiply, they will Iave more eggs to sell. Soon, the women can also sell the chicl<s. They deposit some of their eamings into a savings

account and use the rest for family needs such as lhe children's food,

clothing and schooling. Grameeii Bank uses their loan paynrents and aleposits to nlake anotherloan, and

the virtuous cycle iontinues-

rding is

hl VE

utl rme

edit is also special because its focus on rvomen. According the Microcredit Summit paign, "Expe ence shows that n are a good credit risk, and t lvomen iDvest their inirome ard the well being of their ilies. At the same tiFe, women ves benefit from the higher. ial status they achieve within the when they are able to provide

e."

mical

Grameen Bank success begins witl a'rBicycle banker" iting a village to discuss starting expanding a small business, such Padily-husking, garment sewing

weaving. For example, two en may borrow 3,4oo taka ximately US$so) to buy ns so they can sell eggs. The

TXPTRIENIi SHOWS THAi W()MTN ARI A GOOD IRTDIT RISI( AND iHA] WOMTN INVIST THIIR INC()MI TOWARD THT WEII- BIING OF

IHIIR

FAMIIIES-

also been successfully exported around the world by the Grameen Fourdation. One example is the

Chiapas Project, a nonprofit organisation founded by prominent Dallas business and civil leaders to expald microfi nancing prcgrammeJ to poorwomen in Chiapas, Mexico.

Critics of microcredit, however, point out that credit may increase women's dual burden of market and liousehold labor. A.lso, they caution that group pressurc over repayrnent in Grameen's loan circles can just

as easily create conflict among women as build solidarity- The arrolv that llies the nrost true, holvever, is armed at tlre neoliberals

who

champio

n

microfinance

because they believe that poverty is

problem ofindividual behaviour. Poverty has structural causes. a

Without addressing society's built in irequalities, such as bY improving public healthcare and ealucation, microfinance can only

The success of microcredit was affrned in zoo5, which the United

clo so much.

f,!

Nations declared to be the Intemational Year of Microcredit. In 2006, Professor Yunus and the Grameen bank were honored with the Nobel Peace Prize.'Microcredit is not a handout, it is a business solution to poverty. Its success has

led to the development of microfinance in general the practice of providing financial sewices, such as microcredit, mioosavings or microinsuraDce to poor people. The principles on rvhich Grameen bank operate have

MltR0(RtDlI ls A HAi{DOUI IIIS A BUSINTSS

,IIOT

s0rul0N TO POVIRTY.

by KELVIN KOW

sotuT[oN #2 THINK MACRO

FREE& FAI RT The foir

tode

movement is premised on o simple proposilion: the moinslreom internolion

lrode syslem is unfoir. Pul blunlly, il is unfoir becuuse it ollows developed rounlriesl ocquire goods from desperately poor people in developing rounlries ot exploilolivd low prires. Foir lrode is rommiiled lo ensuring lhol producers in developing counlrii ore remuneroled fairly by tonsumen in developed rounlries. lt is o strolegy for poverl .0lleviolion.ond susluinoble development oryong disodvontoged producers wl hove been morginolised by ronvenlionol internulionol lrode. However is foir troi simply rhority disguised, or is behind

poverty?

it o genuine step in oddresing the sysfemic problerl I

W he 8ap berween rirh and poor lhe proponenls of fcjr lrade "upporl I in responsc to markpt -",:::informali gowingeverwider is the theory ol lree markels, they I Fair trcde attempts ts to address thJ th H "ounLries p under rhe on"iaught ot I loinroutihat the ruralagricultural I ou.por,",l market failures liberalised tr.dinS regimes. I socicties in many developing providing producers I::.:":'"""::l acc"ss Wealthy countries have contimrally I countries are suffering from market re fuscd to reform the ir lemational fajlure. Key conditions on which lradesyslem in ways that would ] neoliberal rrade theoriesare based, benefit the poor. The 2ool Doha they say, are absent- For erample, Developmenl Roundofworldtrade I there is no ability lo switch negotiations is faltering. Although production techniques and outputs

j i

24

ER0ADIR

PIRSPIOIVIS the encl ofsear special

premium markets and a bett Istabler price lor their cro

] I

f H:::l

l'rr :r..j,.r:

nTl vl I,IIHSTANDING THE SU([ESS'0F FAIR TRADE, tRlllCS AfIACl( FAIR TRADERS 0R \4/ORKING WITI|IN THE IURRENI SYSTIM RATHIR TITA-N ISTABLISHING A El1/ IAIRER, FUILY AUTONOMOUS IRADING SYSIEM. fair tmde movement began in 194os rvhen Non-Govemmental isations (NGOs) such as Ten ousand Villages and Sales for Refu gee Rehabilitation

e

itish Oxfam's "Helping by-

and rnarks a large v4riety of

system. Some argue that the

ling" programme and the first orldshop in the Netherlands. ough it i{as warmlyrcceived, the nt {altered when its novelty off.'l here were only so-many

prcducts, including coffeeltea, ce, cocoa, cotton, sugar, honey, {resh

resources of fair trade enthusiasts would be far better spent lobbying for reforms in the intemational trade regime - reducing developed countries' agricultural subsidies and prolectionism. The question is posed: does fair trade rnerely divert our attention from these issues? Or is it the best way of raising public awareness of tmde injustice, setting the stage forbmader changes in the mainstream trading systerD? (t

flom

developing to be soldin churches or untries

ndicrafts .

ndmade (louble-jute plant ngers from Baogladesh that lries useholcls could buy. Tlr e ovement remedied this bv ing through into ag cultural oliv

olio

modities. The

6

rst fairlv tra derl

unlri ffee was exported into the f.om Guatemalan small cooperatives.

lro

1988, fair trade received a major

rble

when Solidaridad. a Dutch created the Max Havelaar label

r

ich suaranteed tlat labelled ods met certain labour and rma

the Fai.rtrade Labelling

The first Altemative Trading isations IATOS) were]ormed the 196os with the creation of

ternational begat arranging for

'5W

family, some ofthat premium also addresses structural and systemic problems by financing community projects like schools and potable water.

Organisations International (FLO) was created in tggT to co-ordinate tie labelling effort.In 2oo2, the new Intemational Faiftrade Certifi cation Mark was launched to harmonise the labelling initiatives. 1'oday, all but three labelling initiatives hav_e adopted it. The F'LO now certifi63

d Vocation (SERRV)

t0ve

Retwisemarkt originally operated independently with their own campaigns and certification mar_ks,

vironmental standards. Before ax Jlavelaar, fair trade was

nerallv limited to

sm all ures orldshops and oxfams scattered :cess s Europe and North America. r bet trade labels allowed exparded tribution of fair tlade products

tough mainstream retailers. labelling initiatives such the Fairtrade Foundation .nd

fruit, wine and

Notwithstanding the success of fair traale, cdtics attack fair tradem for worling within the current system rather than establishing a new, fairer, fully autonomous tmding

even footballs.

I IAIR JRADE ATTIMPTS IO ADDRtSS THI5E. PURPORitD MARl(II FAILURTS BY PROVIDING PRODUITRS ACIESS

TO PREMIUM MARl(IT5 FOR

THBR TROPS.

Among the beneficiaries are

FAIR TRADT LABELS

Brazilian farmers like Rafael de Paiva. To obtain a "fair trade"

ATI()\|/ED IXPANDED

certification for his coffee crop, he had to comply with a long list of

FAIR TRADE PRt)DUCIs

rules on pesticides, farming techniques and recycling. He even had to show that his children were enrolled in school. But the 20% premium, worth an additional 3,920 reais (US$2,u6), he received for his first fair trade harvest has made it all #ortlwhile. It is a hanilsome surn in the impoverished mountains of Minas. More than helPing Paiva's

DISIRIEUIION OF THR()U6H MAINSIREAM

RrTAil,tRS.

by KILVIN KOW

"This is your lost nighl." Thot wos whol Zohido Perveen, o (then) 29-yeor-old moth

of three rhildren heord when she wus lefl lo die ofter being btiunded, gogged

or

cruelly muilloled by her husbond of four yeors. She wos o viclim ofon intended hono killing - 0 (0mm0n ond onlediluviun oct by Pokistoni men lo defend lheir polriarrh pride - bul in essen(e 0n od of oppression ogoinsl the women of their culture.

cioss the nations and generations of humanity, oppression by an aggressor against a victim in the forms of rucism, anti-Semitism, tlranny, marginalising the. poor and disenfranchising women and the minority are all too vividly reco.ded in the aDnals of our history. Just as Franklin D. Roosevelt, the 32nd American president declared, "We must remember that anY

BROADtR PIRSPEOIVIS the

oppression, any injustice, any

DarwinianTheory scienl

hatred, is a weclge designed to attack

potentia est {knowledge is powt - is therefo!-e, once again, the k to our progress as it was when r

our civilization", oppression is like a malady that afflicts our very existence and robs us of our fieedom ofaction, speech and even

thoughts. 'fo triumph over

oppression, we thus need to rely on our cognitive faculiies as we have in the evolution of our kind: the employment of knowledge and wisdom. The axiom derived from

enel

qfsear speciat

evolved

frour being primiti

caveDren to what we are no Education is the key to establishi

and maintaining a peacel exisience where the rights of

peol

young and old are respecte

had'this beliel

democracy would ther be buil t, The

ial author of the

advantage ofsuch education would be the conflict-dampening impact

Independence, he terl

the people,

nd tyranny

anLl

body and mind will

rits at the dawn ucation is by far a tool to end tle of humanity. through the skills,

taught to people to comprehend the equity, justice, esponsibilities, that a

.

and aggression_free

can be achieved.

empow e rs . and peoplewithout being violent; it inculcates in ns learnt from historv the insiglrt to our future. d whereby people easily warfare, extremism and lilndamentalism to achieve whether as an outburst aggression or a reaction ar of losing autlro ty, a nsible education deeply in the ethics of humanity d claim no life but give life to 0lh ihat are oppressed, and refine for those that are lhe oppressors. )ntioned in the Guidebook for 0n0 nlllng t-cuijaton rn l1mergencles rrd iRecofistructioh funded by

lot

ited Nations Educationrl,

ific and Cultural Organization

CO), "education for peace, ientlman rights and citizenship can invaluable benefi ts". Such hs k{tjatives would develop skills and lsn r$oes in people to consciously ,ri1;'loid negative behaviors such as no{olence, intoleran ce and imination, and use intelligent es to rcsolve oppression.

it

brings, the ethnically tolerant climate nurtured, tlle desegregation of minds, the tolerance towards perceived differences, and basiially, its impact against oppression.

TW

Through education of the individual's rights and ljbe ies, l}re

oppressed can adopt

an integrationist movement whereby their racial, cultural, genderor class distinction are preserved as they lobby for equal rights through a non violeDt method against their oppressors- Martin Luther King Jr

.had a drernr for his rrcielly

discrimincte,l A{rican-Americans, and it was this same movement he erhployed io peaceably join the rdhinstream society. In a separate

case, Malawian Joice chibrve is able

to rise

above the oppressive

impovcrished conditions in hersubSahalanAfrican home tir feetl seven

people Nithout difficulty, selling beirns, tomatoes and cakes after receMng a business education fTom

]

i I

$'orth and encourage hate. Even tlle segregation and denial of education may be used to safeguard the authority ofthe superior group and ensure inequalilr and inferiority. Should the education ofpeople be utilised in such a way, its true objectivesin eliminating oppression would be negated. Ultimately, we need to have responsible leaders and tcachers in every iDstitution to work hard in forging the culture of impartjal education for people to be inculcated with the right ideas of pcace, humanity and citizenship.

'lhe onus is tberefore on the

Foundation. "My quality oflife has irnproved," she says.

oDpressed masses to start by questioning their status quo and seek the knordedgc to better tbeir lives. Oppression can only surwive through silence. with those who

llolvevet

as

need the knowledge actively seeking those who want to dispense the

is useful

as

a charily called the Microloan

much as how education

a method to combat oppression, it is still 'not perfect. Educating people is a long term solution to oppression and it takes time for its effects to besubstantial. Also, the misuse of education is

positive application of

highly possible in certain cases, such as by the oppressor to keep the oppressed in their places. In a large scale', this negativity would maintain a climate of conflict in a state of oppression. The exploitation of education may be used to create or preserve positions of 'economic, social ard political privilege, repress

and information, confl ict and a culture of peace and

culture, manipulate history for political plrposes, diminish self-

knowledge and vice versa, an assertive culture for responsible education can be built faster and more effectively. Zahida Ibrveen did seek to convict her husband through t}le ex?ertise and belp of a volunteer lallyer and eventually he was jailed, her case being one of the few whereby justice was actually served for honor killing il Pakistan. Perhaps then, it will not be an eternal dream to live in a world fiee of oppression of any kind, but something conceivable in the future

ofmankind.l!

by

tLAlNt

LOW

Tibel, home lo fie Himoloyon Mounloins, vosl ploleuus ond mognificenl river voll,

is o lond mony would ossoriole wilh o greot sense of peore, lrunquilily ond spiri

enlightening. ll beors o ruslic yet elhereol beouly ond is olso home

1o

lhe Doloi

Lo

lhe Tibelon Buddhist spiriluol leoder ond iqtesmon. Beneolh the focode of breotlrtol

(hinese governm ,..-dlgls ond myslirism however, Tibet is heovily suppressed by the i Lomo in politirol exile in lndio. For mony decodes, Tibelons hove b ey uie,n_ol olone in this world in their plight.

i:i tftd it governments of our rvorld, access to social, polit .:il''At, th" sometimes unintentional, mostly economic,rl, inter and intaper {bert Marcuse intentional for the retention of data with the use of mo dir:The r,neb of porver and privileges. In the face of technologies, in this case, thr :l.g!*9U"4$Eql*,pf *re web of such a global state of crisis, we neetl media. If the new meclia can br r!94 is. society a global effort to stamp down and to bring nuch more erposur .1

entar krncls ersts ur our world i'' of many kinds ot the forms of racism, aiti-semitisrn, sexism, the marginalisation of is fatallv

eventually, hopefully, eradicate therefore actiol on the caul oppression. what better way to animal rights and global wan -viable cornbat it than with a gtob;lty it is an equally to accessible weapon, the power

ofthe

advocate for the oppressed aggressors.

minority and the poor, among Dedia? With tle information age, their others. These acts are mostly an information explosion has perpetuated by the prevailing propelled man to a state ofeasy

30

BROADER

PTRSPIOIVIS tlrc end ctf

year speciol

a1

by a banage of everyday. We receive, categorise knowledge minute ofour waking

assailed

internet, television, r r'spaperc, magazines and rtier print media such as ents and photographyame time, we readilY seek sh the

erstand, manage and to be !r dispersed to another ce. The power of media ologies is astounding - it late this information

iects people- globallY essjng this Power to rerch a scope of PeoPle across naLions ofus being a member of the

et/television (new medie)

lre those who are oppressed i Seek support and draw

brr!ational backing fdr their i!es- The speed at which the Dwledge on such issues is ted worldwide is now at clicl< ofa mouse or a flick ofthe ote. Using nerv media, the lost

political information. They mn even

politically-sensitive issues World Wide Web vritl other parties around the globe without discuss

on the

the constant fear that

the centralized

govemment would rcund tiem uP the next day. Satellite televisiorihas also broadened the horizons ofthe Chinese. Previously only allowed to watch state-approved programmes that propagate communist values and government iDterests, lhe Chinese can now pick up television programmes from Taiwan and oiher Asian countries that offer different poliiical perspectives. To maintain valuable information outflow for the progrcss ofthe eountry, China has no choice but to keep the channel open, and thus inflrx ofinformation from so-called undesirable sources cannot be totally clanrmed downOppression ofthe minds ofpeople are tbus gradually lifted when a rvide anay of inforrnation from credible global sources are readily obtainable for insight.

ts ofthe oppressed now has a

.0

0ki

a look at China. lt is a mmunist state where the tis slolvly losing grip on

ln

cir citizens through the netration of new media

b

nologies. According to' Huang

his article on Crippling

NTW MIDIA

INTERNAII()NALISE5 THE PROBIIMS OF IHE I)PPRISSED BIJT

IN.NO WAY ASSURTS IT5 RESOIUTION.

ment Information Control

tiri nod lhe be

urc

China, the nature of strch nologies entails "pluralism, ity and two-way interaction" rrs red u cing "monolithic, ized infomation control and or self-imposed censorsbip". ite the Great Fircwall ofChina, ina's tlrotdehold on infomation

Setting gradually looser. In toolfiving to improve economically, yired Chinese are Iloia' able to scientifi c, fi nancial, business,

trial, cultural, military and

that,

media is not a magicbullet whereby the audience is passive and takes in whatever information it offers. Witb the Despite

new

information o.?losion, there is even more a plethora of causes and plights of the oppressed broadcast by such technolos/. Those who want to help the oppressed - such as noogovemmental organizations INGOs) like Amnesty International - would

find ithard to decide who gets the help. "T-l],e scope of suffeing remains so great that even the vifiuous must repeatedly choose among a multitude of deserving causes", explailed Clifford Bob in

his book, The Morketing of Rebelli,rn . Such oganisations tend

to identify more with causes or movements that fulfils their own political goals and missions. The idea tha t there is a "meitocmcy

of suffering" is denied; the most oppressed people may not get the most help. New media internationalises the problems of the oppressed but in no way assures its resolution. Consequently, the oppressed iave to nrrke rrse of ncw rnedia technologies to market itself in a way that \vill pleserve the integiiy of its cause and line it with the 'lacking ard support it seeks- It is not entirely possible for them to champion a lost cause in the long mn- In hre Darwinian fashion, they mustbe readyto compete to su ive in the ultitude ofinsurgencies so thatoppression may ono day leave them. As Dwight Eisenhower, the 34th President ofAmerica puts it, "Freedom from fear and injustice and oppression will be ours only in the measure that men who value such freedom are readY to sustain its possession - to defend it against every thrust from within or

without."

ft

by EIAINE

LOW

SOTUTilON #N

TOOKTO ]IHE PAST

ffiffinile KSHt[ AITER

IIltl

PIEMBER

2()OI, AMERIIA INJOYED THE IOMFORT

OF

A WOR

L,!rR I0B:AMERTCAN UV$ LOST. FAST F0RWARD JUSI: J0 SEE H0W MU(H AtFttTl0N AMERIIA HAS [0SI. T0Dr ,Bt"E.TO EPOUSE

ANTI-AI'IIRICAN SINTIMENIS AND

NEI

$STIMAGES 0FANGRY R|OTERs BURI{ING AMER|TAN H_A

Pam gj

rrrrelrs. yEl tr lvAs Nor ALvvAys rttls wl

iffi i [**r"r':*:.qil'Tiii: I ^ru;r,r**lllln,

ll,iliffil;L1H:'J1:#il:; This vias'particu World War Two. Europeans in thei eir 4os and 5os particularly the IFrench and the

British - will rec ecall with much

34

BROADIR

I I

I

mx;:r:';*1,',;ii".,H:

i

I

I fl][!*'itiTJi?i-'L rnimo!

l

or

|

;fJ[k*1,"..*r:J"","H*:

PI PtRSPttIlVtS the e nd oJyeor

I

Un'on

special I

IID NOW

ISAN AMERIIAWHO AOUAILY FOTLOWSTHROUGH ONIHOSE

IN A (ONIRETE FASHION. SURELY, TIIAT WOULD INSPIRE ONTE MORE LOOK UPON IHE STARS AND STRIPES WIIH RESPEO RATHER

RTHY VALUES

PULSION. !,;'

t

despite the attention paid

e

canism, there are still

ring pockets of the worlll who rchly pro-American. Their mostly attributed to an belief in the ideologies

stitutions that

America ,f,un.li.lliom long agomore so ihan perica s current behaviour, s most loyal supportersand ,tes havesiaked their faith ih promise of America's idearls ;r than the hatsh reality of ca's failures.

ected writer, dramatist and itical reformer Vaclav Havcl President of Czechoslova}ia

its Amer-ica's Declaration of

0[ ,T

)D

{t 'Ll W

ependence for inspiring the jng fathers of the new Czech ublic. Chilean economist and tician Jose Pirera created the rch admi red Chilean pension

em based on his belief in rican concepts of economic rty. Even Iraqi intelleclual an Makiya publicly tharked rica for dethroning Saddanl ein because Makiya believed ica was the best advocate for political lieedomca \ .ill be remembered most

dly

I )

t t.

in

places lvhere her past tion actuallv did alleviate fering. Tbe most pro Amedcan n state would be Poland for recall how President Ronald supported the 198os Polish -co mmunist m ovem ent. hout the inspiration of Ameicrn

e democracy and Arnerican itical muscle to back them up,

Lech Walesa's non Colnmunist Solidarity movemert might never havehad a chance against the theD Communist Polish government. The most pro-Anerican country in the entile worki is the Philippines wherc faccording to a BBC poll) 83% of its population have a "mainly positive" view ofAmerica. To the l Filipinos, America has Dot just been l a useful ally in their bloody fight

with lslamist terrorist groups, American style economics has also enabled ihern to become wealthier and more free th:rn dteywerc before.

America once exerted a powerful

allure oD the world's poorest. Thousands of Europe's hungry imnligrants staked their future on the promise oftheAmerican Drelrnr - a drerm of a land in which life rlrotrld be better and richer and ftrller for erery man, with oppofiunity for each accordiDg to his ability or achievenrent, The Statue of Liberty renrains one of today's strongest icons of liberty and escape from oPpression, for engraved into her base are these words that have stirred many hearts: "Keep ancient lands, your storied pomp! Give

me your tir.ed, your poor, your huddled masses yeaming to breathe free, the wretched refuse of your teeming shore. Send these, the horneless, tempest-tost to me, lift mylamp beside the golden door!"

The world is not so much sick of Anerica itself as it is tired of its present'stolied pomp' and empty rhetoric. Many wonder if the land

of freedom and plenty

forgotten tired, poor and homeless- Instead,her current hawkish policies and refusal to practice fair trade with developing

her promise to help

count

es

has

the

have undermined the

noble vahres she epouses. America Deeds to change her imageBut a surface changeis not enough, a more fundamentai change is necessary if shc is to regain public trust again. Instead of being known for pre-emptive strikes and causing collateral damage, it is time for Arrterica to associate hername with positive change once nrorc. Building pioper san itation syst'€ims, constrxcling hospitals, pushing for aid, pror,iding free medicjnes in the troublcd i\'liddle East would do rnuch to over-turn antiAmerican propaganda spread by the likes of . Hezbollah and al Qaeda. Newsweek International ran a cover

story in 2oo7 entitled "ADrerica leads-.-But Is Aryone following?"

it to reinvent the '

Once upon a time, manydid. And

is still possible American Dream for a new worlal order. One of America's greatest gifts to thewo cl is her staunch selfbeliefin her ourt ideals. Allwe need now is an America who actually follows through on those very wortfly values in a concrete fashionSurely, that would inspire many to once more look upon the stars anal stripes wiih respect rather than repulsion. (l

byXlAOfilNG LING

j =Y.'{

Ptr

'4'

a./

l^r--r)

\ ,; t. t

Alihough Ameriro goined on eorly reputotion os o lqnd which would occepl the "hudd

of lhe world, Ameriro's history ilself is rhequered wilh onti-immigronl senlimel ln 1882, Americon Congres octuully signed lhe dubiously nomed (hinese Exdusion I I lorn oboul whol lo do wilh ils immigronts who Iodoy, Am.erito Todoy, Ameriro is them:elve who hove mode themielve vilol porl of the Americqn e(onomy. As of 2006, Ameriro's loil eslimoled number of illet immigronls is uboul l2 million individuols out of its 301 million strong populofion - 5 m0sses"

Mexiron, 24%Gnlrol orSoulh Amerirun, 9% Asion, 6% furopeon ond 4% from elsewhe

feel lhd Ameriro's n immigronls will erose Ameriro's idenfily. 0ll commenlolors octuolly believe A merico's immig runls will sove Amerito's fulu Some conservolives

36

BR0ADIR PIRSPEOIVIS the

end ofuear special

THE.AMERIO OF THE FUTURE WItL BE DTFINED BY THT M-ULTIITHNIC, MULTI-IDEOTOGICAL OUTLOOK OF HER IMMIGRANTS AND

immigrants will inevitably

Ameri

c

a by

sheer

phics alone. By 2o5o, one of America's population

will

inic- Census statistics show

ofchildren being born into States are fiom an ethnic ity. Beca use America s are conceiving while her Amer;cans zlre slowilg dowr rth rxtes, 35 oDt of 50 of icat largest cities will soon see .isparic whites become the

ority. In California, nonic whites made up Bo% of ion in rgTobut only45%

006. In Miami which is :ndy 6o% Hispanic, whites

now

a newMiami whele business is cted in Sprnish, menus are eD in Spanish and the most radio and television stations in Spanish. The whites ingMiami by the droves. To va rd pro fes so Samuel rtingtol, Miami is a key example hat will happen to all other orAmerican cities.

r

parallel America' is forming ise of immigration, an America Huniingtori claims will have

e economic and political

sufficient to sustain its Hispanic identity apart from rces

national identity of other icam and also able to influence

fe s le

ificantly Amer ican politics, nt, and society." The new

particularly 5 Hispanics - have rnore pride in cr.rlhrre rnd mav not be keen lel subsume their identity to imilate with America's. The Irh e for Miami's identity and

tur

of America -

the increasing confidence of America's jmmigrants in their identity is best summed up in two popular bumper stickers among Miami's Hispanic population. One shouts "Will the last Ame.ican to leave Miami please bdng the flag." while another states a little more graciously, "Don't rvorry, the flag and yourjobwill still be here when you get back." .

T}iiIR VAIUTS.

present culture. A study at tle University of North Carolina in the late '9os found tlat it was only alter immigrant families became more

"Americanized" that they

expeienced dramatic increases in drug use, weapons use, violence and

sexual promiscuity- Mexican immigrants also bad drug abuse rates half that of their U.S.-born. Mexican American counterparls-

This incrdasing dominance of _l-f Mainstream Amcrican values today immigrants in the economic and political landscape of America means there will be a significant crrltrrral slift. The Americr of tle future will be defined by the multiethnic" multi ideological outlook of her immigrants and their values.

Anti immigralion advocates will cry out about howimmigrants rvill shift Amedca from her predominantly conservative, \.r'hite Protestant values bringing with them higher crine r-ates, alcoholism, lower literacy rates and their povertycreating work ethic.

-

a heady cocktail of materialism, libertarianism and hedonism - ar_e unfortunately a far cry from its lean, hard-worting, God -fea ri n g Protestant or-igins. In fact, it ts her immigrants who may represent a Jetum toAmefica of old. H:ispanics in America are mostly staunchly Prctestant or Catholic with an oldfashioned sense of family values. Hispanics tend to have stabler marriages, Iower divorce rates, stronger ertended family networks - incidentally ali the factors that

deter crime in a community.

Anybody who has witDessed the number of hours El Salvadolean

and Mexican line-chefs spend Unfortunateb, studies llave shown that the sobering tmth is refusing to assimilate into America's culture may be the best thing immigrants can do for themselves as well as their adopted home. Ironically, it is precisely when Latinos and other immigrants adopt cultural habits and lifestyles more like those of tie dominant U.S. culture tlat they become more

lik+

abuse alcohol.

tb use drugs arrd

slaving away in New York's most reputable restaumnt kitchens will be hard-pressed to say immigrants are lazy.

Immigration may shape a more industrious, more family-oriented, less white-focused America for the future. Perhaps it is not as bleak a picture as the white supremacists would have us believe.l!

In other words, it

isn't immigEnt culture that is the problen1, but rather America's

by X|AOtHlNG tlNG

SOTUTION #N

ffiANGE THE INDIVIDUAL

REfl}

()il is the lifeblood of our economies. ln the United Slules, for exomple, lhe Deporlmr

of Energy repoils lhol oil provides more lhon 40% of oll energy tonsumed ond 9, of the enetgy used for lronsportolion. Therefore il is no surpr'l5e lhol oil leods ev

of our plonel's.energy-reloled torbon.dioxide emissior Reduring oil tonsumplion will be o significunl slep in reduting globol torbon emisior

roolin uccounlingfor

42%

However, lhis is nol reoli$ir unless we reduce our dependenry on oil. nfortunateh it seems that the . .conscious consumer has no ready. environmentally minded substitute for oil. By reducing our dependency on oil, we allow individual's desire to reduce his dependency on oil is of individuals to make tlre everyday choices required in combating littld relevance insofar as there is climate changeno viable alternative to oil. While can the health conscious consumer easily switch from butter to margarine, the environmentallY

40

"BROADTRPIRSPEOIVES

-

technolory that dra$as on altemal energy sources. Seeing how o

dominance is entrenchr govemment interention to help transition into a less oil dependr society will also be essenti

OO7 STUDY PRIPARID FOR THI AMERICAN PUB-LIC TRANSPORT O(IATION FOUND THAT DOUBLING RIDERSHIP ON NIASS TRANSIT IN ICA COULD SAVE I.4 BILLION GALLONS OF GASOLINE PER YEAR. t}e inliastructurc supporting end distribution of oil (such

se

conventional vehicle ufacturing facilities and gas ) is already in place; much inlrastructure for alternatiie hasyet to bebu tandfinaaced.

releases carbon previously stoied underground into the atmosphere, burning ethanol does not increase

the carbon content in. the

atmosphere. This is because ethanol is made from crops such as com and sugarcane, which merely recycle tie

carbon already existing technologies already exist ives to oil. One is t]le plughyb.id electric vehicle (PHEV), ich is designed to run both on line and elect.icitv from the :ttic grid- The thermal efficiency 6f even an old fashioned oulverizerl Jorl pla nt is a pproximuteiy ::-q+"a, hereas that of the internal irnbustion energris approximately Powering a car using electricity a coal plant produces lessheatppiDg gases than running it on Liloilpowered internal combrstion

Unfortunately, both the PHEV and biofuel solutions have their flawsFirst, although less heat-trapping gases are emitted when coal is brunt to pr oduce the electricity for PHEVs,

in

significant amounts of carbon emissions arc still produced since

coal has a much higher

the

conceltration ofcarbon per unit of energy than oil. As for biofuels, the However, switching to new i- Eaith Policy Institute asserts that technology is expensive. This is -- the emerging competition between where government interrention is cats and peoplefor grain willlikely crucial in subsidising and driverworld grain p ces to new atmosphere.

encouraging the transition, Currently, hyb d engines cost an

heights. This means less food for the poor.

average of Us$2,soo more than conventional internal combustion engines. This cost is expected to drop once PIIEVS are mass produced. Governments can jurnp

start this mass production by purchasing PHEVS when tlrey renew their vehicle fleets. As these initial

IHE QUISTION

15

] WHTTHTR WT ARI READY

IOR THE A((Oi/IPANYING

BTHAVIOURAT AND

IITTSTYIT (}lANGES.

ond, biofuels such as EBs of85% ethanol and r5% line) have the potential to

duce oil consulrrptibn ificantly. As a firel cdditive, nol increases combustion ciency and lowers carbon issions. Also, while burning oil

purchases help to finance the conversion of existing production lines and create economies ofscale for the production of PHEVS, they will lower the individual's cost of cbnversion from a conventional, vehicleto a PHEV. Another way that govemments can subsidise the i n divi du al's environmentally friendly choices is to impose the costs oftransition on the wealthy oil companies- By legislatively requiring the oil majors to retrcfit 50% oftheir gas stations at their own cost to distibute EBs, drivers considering making the switch to biofuels will be assured of EB5 availability.

j i

'tye must explore solutions that conserve energy in geneml, These alte rn atives provide more meaningftrl independence frorn oil. One such solution is "Transit odenteddevelopment" developing mixed use communities around traDsit stations, A 2oo7 stqdy prepared for the Ame can Public Transport Association found that doubling ridership on mass transit il America coul<1 save 1.4,billiotr gallons ofgasoline per year. Efforts

to conserve energy must be our top priority. The question is lvhether we are.ready for the accompanying behavioural and lifestyle changes. !!

by KELVIN KOW

s4 a l

i1 a,

.,

..;ii

NoMilh$unding lhe hype obod rhe needs to develop "greenrerh", prinrelon universi scienlists slephen Pocolo ond Robert socolow poinl lo o lotk of.politicol will, und n terhnology, to exploin why lhe world is nor ocring more oggresivelyro reduce greenhou gos emissions. lt is not

diffirult lo imugine why politirol will is lorking. Environment

inleresls ore dissipoted ond distonl; whereos corporole inleresls of the energy indust are roncenlroled ond immediole. Howevei some'corporolions ore beginning to ron

round. 0rgonisotions like the Uniled Stotes ilimoie Action portneis (UStlf), r exlroordinory.new coolilion of leoding componies ond Non-Governmentol {irgonisolior (NG0s), go o long woy in resolving lhe lension beMeen environmenlol onj,orporo interesls. However, this might nol be enough. BROADIR PTRSPIOIVI5 thc

end

o.f

yeot speciat

PANIES THAT NEED

TO EMIT MORI MUST BUY TREDITS FROM THOSE WHO

BE REDUTTD AT TtlE LOWEST'POSSIBLE C()$ TO FTY SINIE ONLY IHE MOST PR()DUITIVE ATTIVIIIES WILI JUSIIFY THE TOSI

IJTE

IISS.

POI-LUTION

WIII

RBON EMI55ION. at tle September 20,2oo7 rd high price ofUS$83.9o Per

ii"l, oil i" i;-'ice-d.

dramatically

This is because cun-ent

pi do noi take into acco ntthe ofdimate change resrlting from on emitied by burning oil- A i6 study by the Unite4 Kingdom's r'v Economic Foundation (NEF) cluded that costs of climate

ilnge far outweighed oil iirpanies' profiis. Using a t estimate that each

ton

causes US$35 of environmental damage, the

oiiarbon dioxide

NEF calculaterl

that British

emitted and then distributes uedits which cumulatively represeDt

can be

the rights to emit that limited amount of pollutants. Companies that need to emit more must buy credits frorn those who pollute lessPollution will be reduced at the lowest possible cost to society since only the most productive activities

will justify the cost of carbon

emission. The European Union Elrlission Trading Scheme commenced operation in JanuarY 2oo5and is soon to nrove into Phase

II with encouraging results.

Petroleum's (BP's) oil business rang .up a damage bill of US$sl billion. seeing that BP's profit was only

would havebeen ifit had been 'fdiceil to internalise the costs of enyironmentai damage. However, it;as not. The US$sl billion bill is split between ihe current and fllture inhabitants ofthe plaDet. They are

THt TAUII t)F THE

p!-ii

immediately summon a clear

,

dii.d

strong lobby.

lVhile it maybe unrealistic to er'?ect corporations to fully intemalise the

gllvironmental costs of their ;lg-sinesses overnight, we can ask to limit fte ha[nfu] effects of ir businesses by observing a limit carbon emission5. The "cap and tsade" approac} is an efficient way .!f imposing such a limit. In a "cap -ald traile" system, the govemment t}le amount ofpollutants that ' $Ps :r:

billions of dollars alnually. DuPont, for example, bas identified its most prourising growth markets in new bio based materi-als that employ rencwable resources instead of

While it is encouraging that the corporations in UScAP

CORPORAIIONS. IN S()Mt COUNTRIIS, IHE \/IRY

have recognised the neetl to combat

climate change, it lras aPParently not been enough. At President

P0UTTCAtWLti0 PR0TEO IHE TARIH 15 LAIKING.

Bush's international summit

forced to subsidise corporations like BP because their interests and voices

r

opportrnities wo$h hundreds of

feedstocks.

IT IS NOT ATWAYS

:$i1 billion in rhe red

scattercd and distant, unlike the : highly organised corporations which

the costs of'greenhorrse-gas emissions will bring malket

iraditional petrochemical

:US$19 billion, BP

a,re

boftom line ' of (1) people, (z) profit, and most notably for our pulposes: (3) pl:rnet. No doubt, this also rnakes good business sense. The Stern Review on the Economics of Climate Change concluded that the cost of inaction is likeb to be emphatically greater than those resulting from timely and effective action- On the other hand, properly internalising

While wdwould er:pect corporations to oppose the'introduclion of "cap and trade", bodies like USCAP

(which includes companies like Shell, DuPont and General Motors) are progressively urging the implementation of "cap and trade" programmes. This should go

way

in

a

long

on climate change in washington on September 27-28, 2ooz the Bush

administration reiterated its position against mandatory limits on carbon emissions lt is not always

the fault of the corporations. In some countries, the verY political will to protect tie earth is lacking.

[!.

helping to muster the

political will for decisions protechng against climate change.

It appears that tie s)stem

is slowly

changing. The corporate giants a$ starting to speak of corporate social rcsponsibility as well as the "tiple

by KELVIN KOW

(0)

e

"6

6€Es a@g

&

!&

ffi

ffiHFffi

H ::

ftl I

(ontroversiol former U.S. Ambussodor lo lhe U.N., John Bolton received lhunderous opplouse in Morrh 2007 during on Americon conference of conservolives when he

oughl nol lo.give

to poying for lhe oclivities of the beleoguered inlernolion orgonisolion. After the peore keepihg debodes. of lhe 1990s os well oi ollegolions obuse ond mismonogemenl porliculorly in the 0il-for-Food Progromme, Bolton is n olone in feeling iustifiobly disgruntled over lhe orgonisotion's multiple foiling he {act

that

a cent

the United

Nations remains our only inte.national body solely created to provide a necharrism for international justice as well as a forum to promote peace, global interdependence and global needs means that it is still worth salvaging - even if it means calling

46

Bl0ADtR PERSPICIT$

for

a

complete overhaul. Despite t})e

IJnited Nations' discouraging progress repot, it is still impotant forthe world to maintain tlre ideal of having an objective international coalition against rogue states and the hurnan riglts abuses caried out intleir iames.

the endoJyear speciol

THE UN 15 NOI SO MUCtl

A WORTD GOVIRNMENI

A5 MUCII A5 A W()RTD F()RIJM Ft)R DISIUSSI()N.

hrHtmol't tN THE ttN HAs ALWAYS BEEN 0N A sTilo'0NE sIAII, bir IIrNr THAT AttOWS THE WORD OF ABSOLUTE.DTdATORSHIPS TO E

t

SAME WEIGHT AS THE W()RD OF RIPRESENIATIVE DEMOGACIES. key areas for UN

are the

that will allow it to

Itrate on containing abusive states rather than fighting gst themselves?

anging MenbershiP

irposition: One of former General Kofi

i\nnant most

ly anticifrted Promises was to rm the Un ite d Naiions mission on Hurnan Rights R). Previously, the UNCHR'S

ililcussions and agcntl r hrd been itij'u"kua by .og"" mcrnber states ike Libya anJ Sudan, drstracting itIIrI fi onr focusing on Lhe serious rights violations that were

'ii'appe

ning within the

iforementioned countries.

ion i r the LIN lus al rvrYs on a strict "one state, onevote" r

idiial that allorvs the rsord of lute dictatorshjps to hrve the

.jirme weight as the word of iepresentative democracies. ihus, es long

as

ke}

corrncils end

:;lbmmissions continue to include s that sponsol arld harbqur ;i-iiiror at their table,the United .\itions will always be }amstrung ,tiii its inability to define telrorism or ,sncoct a feasible plan to eliminate it. In 2006, the UN General bly created the IIN Human ts Council to replace the R- While the new coulcil has Pulated stricter rules to qualify stales ' membenhip, controversial Cuba, Pakistan, Russia, Saudi ia and Azerbaijan still manageil get elected in - a move tlat The tWoshinqton Post has dubbed a

and whether the slaughter of lBo,ooo people by the Janja\T eed

"travesty". In 2oo7, despite the attempts of Westem human rights

constitutes a "genocide" (for

groups to focus the council's

anentioD on Darfur and Uzbekistan, the council was fixated on Israel's "crimes" in Lebanon. This was because r7 ofthe 47 melnber council

{ell under the direction of the Organisation of the Islamic Conference that was bent on pushing their antizionist agenda.

The UN's membershiP appoinhnents have become a tragic comedy ill the ]ight of the goals it wisbes io achieve. Even as world leadeN dcbate the best way to stoP

Iran from developing nuclear wcapons, Iran's ambassador Mehdi Danesh-Yazdi has been elected to

serve as vice chair of the disarmarnent commission

reponsible for prolnoting nuclear rveapon disarmanent ald reviewing trcaties that limit nuclear resourcesLess Bark, More Bite: lhe IJN is widely regarded as a toothless dog with all bark but very limitedbite. The problem is that the UN is not' so much a world government as

much as a world forurn for

discussion. No real action can be tal(en because of there is no real ,dherenceto one domiDant ideologr or ethic. In the farcica] democrScy ofthe UN, everybody can be ght and it all depends on how Your representative argues it on the floor and how powerful Your fr:iends are' It explains how the genocide in Dafur can still go on right under the lfN's nose while its members debate about the definition of "terrorism"

.

clefining it so means UN memberq arc obliged to intervene). Stationed in Rwanda in 1994, Canadian Lieutenant-General Romeo Dallaire did not need politicians to tell him genocide was happening before his eyes and ]€t this very same debate over definitions was what tied down the hands of the lIN "peacekeepcrs" under Dallaire's charge. Forbidden from engaging the Hutuswho ended up slaughtering close to a million Tutsis within a 1oo daYs, the UN's membcrs neutered t]le organisation from doing anlthing. To Bajn credibility, the IJN nust be given some power of governance over its membersjust as a national

governnent has over its own citizens- A UN that can drop the . membership of nations with

ongoing sketchY records ofhuman ghts violaiions or a UN that can immediatelY impose sanctions on rnembers t}at do not oblige bY UN's (letemrined courses of action mighi aciually be I uN worth following For all its faults, the U N.'s value is that it stands fdr something we would like to see in the world - global consensus to pool resources to end suffedng. For that rcason, we should help sustain it - but not ifit means tolerating its faults and thevlorrgs

it has Permitted way. (t that

along the

by NADJA MAH

sotuTfloN #2 ffiANIGE THIE

A fultjtIILAT FORGE

Il\lTERt$ATIOI\IAI

COMIUUNITY tn"*,'

lr,-,,n; ;;;;;''r; ;';;;';

;;;;

;;; i,' *; i,'*.,i,; ; ;;

;;;;;

It is o lerm lhol some wrilers corelessly use when lhey wonl lo expres lhe presumed rolledive condemnolion of the world ol lhe worse excesses of rogue slules. Bul to hord-nosed reolists - like the edilors ol the

Finonciol lrmeswho bonned lhe use of the phrose - "inlernolionol community"

moy be nolhing more thon'o feel-good phrose. h offers o roseJinled dreom of o benevolenl ollknowing, oll-indusive entity thol is copoble of perreiving ond solving glohol problems. Does on

inlernolionol rommunily acluolly exist ond if not, how do we go oboul creotirig one?

ow can we have

an

international community when we do not have even have some internationally agreed upon set ofvalues?After all, different countdes hav,e different agendas built on their differing fears, goals and ideologies. As the academic Samuel Huntington put it so memorably, we are in tlte midst of a Clash of Civilisations. Yet, to contain t}le threat ofrogue states, the world needs to somehowreach a consensus

48

enemy'to be fought and a

dream that the world can

share.

Presently, the lack of cooperation among the states in terms of their policies towards rogue states is deeply counter-productive. Take the handling of Iran's nuclear threat as an erample- Iran's disconcertingly

that there is a common

BR0ADIR PERSPIflIVIS the

common has

end o/ year special

also forged ties with Iraq's Shi'ite govemment and the Afghan govemment. AInerica's decision to use economic sanctions or military action to topple Alrmadinejad's government will be blocked blthese states thanks to tleir vested economic and politieal interests it Iian's peace. With such protective [ie1{s in nlace, Irar can continue establishing its budding nuclear facilities $'ithout fearing from the United States or

UI-Y EFFECTIVE INITRNATIONAL TOMMUNIIY €AN ONLY GROW

OUGH CTTAR IEADIRSHIP FROM

i

FEW KEY COUNTRIES.

v

effective international unity can only grovr through leademhip from a few key

Brt lest we forget, the Western superpowers were the very countries who created the

ies. The world's superpowers

multilateral rules and institutions

best candidates considering

that evolved into the United Nations oftoday. Arnedc.l and Europe ofold

ii sheer military, economic, itical and cultural clout. it was in this decade more so before,

tlat

we saw the wor-ld's

rrrogant their o$Tr'rights. guarded over owers become more

Nirwhere do we see trjs most acutely :. than in the case of the world's only

'::

- America - who has -h]?erpower ,tii:en acc sed ofbehaving as ifonly

ie is beyond the reach of

ternationSl law, causing critics to as far as to dub Ame.ica the "biggest rogue state". ln 1993, then , Prcsident Clinton actually declared :'tle US will act multilaterallv when

::'do

,

A

possible, but unilaterally when : Decessary." America has a long ' - history ofvotingin virtual isolation : :dgainst UN resolutions. America even vetoed a tIN Secuity Council resolution that callgd on all states . .to observe international law.

sabotaging IIN efforts and ..:nndermining UN resolutions,

I ,,"In

lAnerica has done much to make the UN the "utterly ineffective" organisation tiat it is today. Indeed, America's forty year trade embargo on Cuba, use of force in Nicaragua

'rand its most recent unilateral 'r.jnvasion of Iraq have been :'condemned by the UN, the 'iEuropean Union as well as the ,Inter-American Commission on :iluman Rights.

once made the.combined effofi to help the world topple rcgue leaders

like Adolf Hitler and Mussolini, leading the world through the embers of World War Two to deate five decades of relativeintemational

peace and prosperity- Theiileadership was responsible for establishing tle post World war global trade rounds that kicktalted the world's economic growth and lifted millions out of poverty. Their decisive and almost altruistic efforts

ensured

that Germany and Italy

to reject their fascist pasts andbe reintegrated into the Slobal family. They also showed other countries a glimpse of what was achievable when individual agendas were set aside for a global purpose. were able

Presently, lve have many organisations created for the purpose of multilateml discussion and decisio'n-making ayailable - the United Nations,'the Interndtional Monetary Fund, the World Bank

and the International Ciminal Court. They are all based on the presumption that under$ng dl the world's political, religious and culturai dlfferences beats the same human heart that desires the same goals of secirrity, peace, prosperity and happiness.

Some political observers feel

that

in the present political situation, the best way to ileal with rogue states is to be a hawk ratler than a dove, taking pre-emptive str-ikes rather than' planning out longdrawn diplomatic missio n s. Hawkish political leaders like Bush have taken the stand that "you are either for us or against us" _ justifuing their unilateral action by stating that multilateralism slows decisions dom significantly when a clisis situation requires a quick response,

haqhas sholvn us that dismantling a rogue state is less about a swift miltary victory in the slort term and more about a well-plalned and sustainable effort at nation building ilt the long-term- The decision to attack Iraq rvas unilaterally rrade by the United States and Britain. without the benefit of consultation with the UN or other nations like

France a rid Germany, the dismantling of the Iraqi rogue state was serio sly botched. Instead of stabitising Iraq and providing it witn

the structures to. grolv into a sovereign demociatic sfate, the

poorly planned operation has more or less confirrned that warlord-r'uled Imq will stay 'rogue' for a while longer.

Multilateralism may look idealistic

and slower-moving than unilaterism. But ultimateb, given wise leadership, multilatemlism is better at creating states that will suryive long into the future. at

by NADJA MAH

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CHANGE THE ilND ilVilDUAt

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REIIffigffiru lime of increosing cyni(ism oboul the power of institulions to effect sociol ond politicolrhonge, lhe lemplolion (on be to simply do os lhe " clossic song from Queen soys: lurn' o blind eye, s il on lhe fence, do ln u

onythi ng hut gel involved. Yet for

m ony

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-s0 mel hing in us

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people, t h is

(0p-0u l. Our conscience d em0nds 0 hefier onswe

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BROADTR PtRSPTflIVIS

the end ofgear special

.i

i

erestinglY,

i

n

creasing

imbers of People are finding ir answer in religion. IfYou 't change the system, the Ding goes, You can at least yourself, and in doing so, have some effect on Your ate enYironment. Despite

anti-religion rhetoric

so a theists bY eDtly preached Richard Dawkins, there has

slow but PercePtible sein of religiositl even in Places Europe, where secularisation ! taken its toll on church dance ever since the start of twentieth ceniury: ln Sweden iyear, for instance, the Scandic .iain was forced to r:everse a ision to remove the Bibles from i hotel rooms after surPrise h om the public. It appcirs tbe rumours of God's demise indeed very much exaggented. a

IF YOU

ftl,lT

CHANGT

THI SYSTTM,

iHE RTASONING GOES, YOU TAN AT LEAST

THANGI YOURSEtI.

oftle

latest renaissance. Churches, according to this theoiy, are being

forced to wort harder to attracl worshippers. leading to impro'ved services (forgive the pun) for their

congregations.

I I

.-IN

I

IT 15 SAID THAT

]

ftURIHES

I I

I

hope into effective action. Christianity, for instance, has traditionally been deeply invohed

in the provision of education.

ARTTHE

ONtY PTAIES WHIRT W()MTN CAN SPIAK TRIEtY.

I

whaterer the cause of t]le apparent religious revival, wlat is clear istJrat frirh otten can mole mountains. Religion gives people hoPe - and this is often a powerful motivation for believers who then translate that

H()NDURAS,

I I I I

replacing them with state run

i

welfarc agencies. Again, the idea is that religion should be allowed to provide the impetus tosocial action

]

j I I

Granted, ile potential dilemmas antl incrersingly environmental i posed by an alliance between are causes. At the World Social Forum i geligion and social activism in Nairobi this year, many of the ]egion. Where, for instance, does activist grouPs were run bY I faith-basecl activism cross the line Chri sti a n organisations, i into a coercive proselytisation? canpaigning for a host of causes . \\4rat about ihe potential ethical rangirig from women's rights, AIDS i ,conflirts c.rrrsed bY religious convirtions iLbout iss es su(h as gily awa.eDess, to justice for strcet rights? And, of course, what children- l'lre egalitaianism taught happens rvhen fervent be]ieveN of by Christianily tuels much of this different religions come into passionate activism - in Honduras, conflict, especially when these forinstaoce, itis said that churches religions all claim an absolute are the only places where lvomen monopoly on truth? can speak freely, and are thus seen as allies by women's rights grouPs.

healthcilre, otler

$,elfare services.

Still, it is tndeniable that religion theories have bden advarced explain this returr to religioits ielief. Some point to the fact that e's faith in the here-and-now has been disturbed by :rnxiety o\ er globalisation, the threat of global emics, and other threats to their sense of sdcurity. This is

Religion can also be harnessed to glet people to internalise a moral code, guiding them towards Prosocial behaviour more effectively than the iron r1lle of law- In the Middle East, for examPle, it has been suggested tltat a moderate

pting them to seek much-

problems of social order following the overtl.ow of tlrannical political regimes. Social scientist Amitai Etzioni has also argued that newlyliberated states should build on social serwices provided by existing religious communities instead of

Several

certainty and solace in the European cconomists even e that increased comPetition '.t for'consumers' among religious 'i:-lfims' due to the liberalisation of .the'market' for religion is the cause

Islam may be the answer to

ar effective ally ofcivil society and huma'n-rights organisations cimpaigning for a betterworld Like it or not, there is an increasing can be

scepticism about the Power of

politics to effect positive charge. If the choice is between giving in to a tired resignation, or finding some

other vision to insPire

the continuing qlest forjustice in the \rorld todaY, then the hoPe provided by religion mayjust be t}le solution we are all searching for. I!

by ZHANG RUIHE

SOTUTilON

#2

GHANGE THE SVSTEM

P Rffiffi{3

A

Fmffiffi

rorrupl governmenls, lenorism, ond ofier problems flood the news-s(reens, it is eosy to feel helpless ond overwhelmed. Finding viuhle As news of humon rights obuses,

solulions seems like o Herculeon lusk, especiolly when governments seem ol best

unoble to effed ony posilive chonge, und ot worsl, ore lhemselves pod of the problem. When sel olongside the doy{o-doy tosks of moking o living, ond coring

for our fomilies ond friends, engoging with these lorger issues con seem like o 'futile venture. For eosier nol lo core ol oll. pathy is the refuge of the

people's lives in society. People need

powerless- A refuge, hor,vever, that soon becomes a son,

to feel that they can make a difference. This sense of empowerment requires tlte

p

as refuging to engage in tlrese larger issues means ceding control to the powers-that-be - resulting in avicious cicle that can only lead to even greater disillusionment. The problem of global apathy needs to be tackled at iis rcot - at the level

availability of channels through which people can tnow the truth about the world around them, speak up, make themselves heard, and take clearly-directed action to improve the situation.

of the systems thai structure

54

BR0ADIR

PIRSPIOIVIS the end

ofsear special

That is wly a free press and an active ciyil society are essential to the development of an engaged citizenry. The former ensures the fiee flow ofinformation, while t]le latter supports the development of smaller-scale institutions such as NGOS, charities, advocacy groups and self-help groups.

SURE, THE EFFI(ATY OFTHE FREE PRESS DEPENDS ON PROFESSIONAT ONIUCT Ofu NS.PINT, AND TIVIL SOCIETY GN BI LE5S TITAN TONSTRUCTIVE.

O

BI

IS IS A RISK IHAf COMES WIItl DEMOCRAfl- FREEDOM REQUIRES SP0NS|B|UTY, AND RESP0NSIBILITY HAS T0 Bt LEARNI S0METIMES PAINFULLY.

n

Singapore,

for

examPle, irrganisations like women's rights group AWARE, Action For AIDS, and political thinktant The

''

democratic societies can be built and snstained.

Press freedom serves four key functions that help to empower ordinary citizens and combat . apathy. First, it acts as a ltatchdog

I ,

holds those in power - that accountable to the public. Second, it publicises issries that need attention. Third, it educates people so that they can make irformed decisions. And finally, it connects people, tfiereby helping to build networks in civil socjety that enable the further sharing.of information and tesources, and eventually make pEctical action possible. People can

Bhartiya Janata Party President Bangaru Laxman was caught on videotepe by an undercover tehelka-com Internet journalist, accepting rnoney for what he thonght was a weapons deal. The subsequent public outcrY led to further investigatiois that ended witl the ouster of.several senior politicians,

responsibility has to be learnt,

Just as often, ho\nrevef, the role of the fiee press is less co fiontational,

However, these are Problems that are inherent in anY democratic society. There is no better solulion to the problem of global apatlly than to give people the freealorn and

independent media allows the pe aceful expression and competition of idea;, often "giving voice to the voiceless", as U.N Mission to Sudan radio Presenter Maysoon Mohamed Osman Puts it. This is no mere act of charity - it is

tb the degree that they know about them in the

first place and the first responsibility of a fiee press it to

-

l

freeilom of thought and erpression are worted out will also vary fiom couitry to country.

a safety valve for marginalised people to feel resPetted and validated. Tenorism e)'?ert Jessica slern has noted that tenorism is often fuelled by humiliation and

feelings of exclusion from the

rpower to think, exPress their

!

thoughts, and take collective action as valued members of societY. It

is only with

greatel- citizen

pafticipation thai people can rnove beyond being merelY Passive spectators ilfluenced bY forces

beyond their control, to being

actively involved in building

the kind of society they wish to live'in. (l

mainstream of society. Giving these people a voice ielps enables them

to participate in civil society, introduces the possibility of change and gives them hoPe.

as

TXPIRIENCT PR()VES

iHt ftllltAlPTAYTD

RoLt BY A IRIE

possible,

To be su.e, the efficacY of the free

press depends on Professional

PRESS IN SUSTAINING

Experience proves the critical role played by a iree press in sustaining an active, effective civil society. The

conduct on its part, and civil society,

AN

truthfully

-

sensitive issues, such as those related lo national security, that require discernment and careful negotiation. The Precise waY in which the general princiPles of

more subtle. A resPonsible'

oDly care about issues

Provide that information

sometimes painfully. Also, there are

as

most obvious cases involve the

uncovering

of institutional .

corruption. For instance, in lndia,

if not responsibly self-regulated, can

be less than constructive in its dialogues and activities. This is a risk that comes with dernocrary lieedom requires responsibility, arrd

AOIVI, TFffOIVE 0\,ll- s0otiY.

by ZHANG RUIHI

SOtUTilON CHAN

Rehobilitotion is rurrently o secondory roncern of lhe iudiriol sysrem, which chooses insteod, lo ploce o premium on exocling relribution upon rhose who rros rhe low. Ihe end resuh is on environment in whirh the generol populotion feors lhe ronsequen(es of lheir o.dions, os opposed ro refroining from violoiing rhe low hecouse of lhe'morols ond ideols which ore meont l0 be inlrinsir in every upstonding cilizen. Even wilh such consequenres presenl however, lhere will olwoys be o numbei of people deronged or desperote. enrjugh b commir ocrs rhor cross poths wirh lhe low, iesulting witlithem

,entering lhe prison syslem. hanges must be implemented

to proactively irnd preeniptively address tle root cause and motivaior of crime, instead df keeping obsolete policies

still in place which have been prover ineffective and myopic in

their metho ds of handling criminals. Statistics have proven irrefutably that the long standing system prevalent today, serves only to temporarily segregate criminals

58

BR0ADIR PERSPEOIVES

f.om society, 70% ofwhom will be

re offenders. In light of the currently liberal abbr-eviation of pf;son sentences, this approach is ineffective and expensive. The seemingly migratory flow of cdminals in and out ofprisons, in addition to new offenders, places adclitional strain on the manpowerJ capital :ind resources needed to contain them-

ttrc endofyear spec[al

TRIMINAT EEHAVI()URS HAVT TOMPIEX PSYCH()T()GICAI, AND SOCIAT CAUSTS

IHAI

SIRETCH WEtt BEYOND THT B()UNDARY t)F

IHT INDIVIDUAI,

T ALSO TIAVES INMATES WITH FEW ENDEAVOURS ions of dollars in tax-PaYers are being pumped into a on system which not only ibits individual progression, but leaves inmates with few

not only to survive in the outside world, but to PlaY a

thought

meaningfirl role in tieir community.

and enriching activities, pting the rnajority oftlem to to gang culture and criminal

(TRIAIN OF[tNDTRS ARI ARGUABIY FAR BIYOND IHT RIAft AND NTLUENII OI IVEN IHt MOST (OMPRTtlTNSIVI

Celturies of reliance on tlle

AND WII-L.IXIIUTTD

retributive imprisonment systejn ]nve failed to steir trhe increasiPg

RICONDITIOl.|ING PR()GRAl}tS.

cdme rate which, rrith a few tions, only seerns to 3ggrrvirte the disillusionmer,t :rnd isolation tiat ciminals feel torvards society. The way to reduce crine is to alter

people's beliefs and habits of behaviour. This is most effectively ilone by counselling and especially, byinte$ation into the community. The overwhelming naioritY of iDmates come fronr either broken homes or the fringe of socieiy' A lot of thetn are ill equipped to function in general societY. When introduced into an oPPressive environment, in which they are to

endure banal routines, the ubiquitous threat ofviolence and a lifestyle devoid of all productive personal development, should it come as any sulprise that theY are totally incapable of naking a valued pntribution to society upon release?

Rather than devote the entire

duration of imprisonment to irunishment, new initiatives must betaken to educate inmates ofthe merits i heeding right, as opPosed to w:rong, as well as equiPPing them with the right skills and schools of

AND ENRICHING AflIVIIIES.

t

th, criminal behaviors have complex psychological and social causes th:rt stretch well beyond the bounclary of the individual. The justice systen at large must be ln

respoNible for teaching by example in its understanding and healing of

dysfunctional indivicluals. Social regenerarion through emplo)'ment,

reintegration of offenders into

Rehabilitation however, is still a'soft option'when it comes dealing with criminals. Rehabilitation maY sometimes take away individual responsibility anal seek to resolve issues often attributed to factors deemed beyond the control of a criminal offencler. Certain offenderc like murdercrs are arguably far beyond the reach and influence of even the most comPrehensive and

well executcd reconditioning programmes. People such as these are often inedeemable, and it is in cases such as Lhese, Lhat Lhe inlperative of keeping society safe frour these deviarts will be wholly justifiable. Tbe justice system will

rleed to be able to perform ils increasingly inpo ant charge of r-ehabilitating felons, }'hile at thc

its

' ability to keep dangerous criminals safelY quaranLined. Tire. oous falls_upon the iudiri3l elrd lrw entbrcement agencies, which will need to Erake same tirne retaining

the shift towards stewarding

communitieq, the renewal of the family, counselling alcl psychiatry, rathe. than blank retribution

r,valnvard lives, while at the same time, isolating those deelred far too dangerous for re-entry into the law

through in-rprisonment, are all viable meilloals to culb recurrent crime. In

abiding uorld.

addition

to

(!

such personal support

facilities howeve.,

adequate protection mrrst be Provided for newly released criminals. More importantly however, is that opportunities need to be made available to these individuals, to dissDade them from criminal bebaviors, as well

as

providing them

witi viable options that will facilitate their reintegration into society.

by LE0N NEEDHAM

s0tuT[i0N ffiANGE THE SVSTEM

EREATI A

PI ST ETNTIJ$ p0iler F0Re The ideo of o morolly governed citizen octing solely upon high ideols is

mylh.

vost moiority of citizens need to hove theiilempiolions ond vices kepl in check by o poliring forre thot is perpetuolly.on stondby. Generolly, throughout history, lhe clussic police force hove been our o

The

ruslodions of order, fhe suppressors ofsocielql wrongdoing ond defenders of the cilizenry.

hile

the law enforcement is the hammerof the judicial system, thejr job is not to decide the law, but mther to act and impress upon the people the laws built upon a nationt constitution. However, as time iranspires and cultures change, so

lAF service ww

too must our societies and our systems - even ong as long entrenched in badition as policing.

The police have historically been kept separate from the arnled forces, as their duty rests in both the service and protection of the peopie veisus the military which serves to safeguard from foreign hostile action and qtistential threats abroad.'Ihe scope. of law enforcement is divergent from that of the armed forces in that it not only charges officers with the onus

of preserving and if need be BR0ADfi PIRSPEOIVIS the end of year

special

enforcing order, but also the assurance of the public's welfare. The evolution of criDre and the changing needs of society however, have set in motion a chain of

circumstances that have necessitated a major leap forward

in the form and

function of the modern police force.

1..

-j

I

t------------. I nr poLitt MTGHT NEED T0 BE TRATNED lN roLitt orrtcrns 0F THE 2lsT cENTURy MTGHT I KOl PAHSTo AND uRDt, FARSI, KoREAN, l-ll(E ARABlt, ARABtt, (HINESE, FARS|, I ontn LmeuAGES t-tttE CRIMINAt ELEMENTS 0F vARYlNe WITH F0REIGN cRlMlNAt H0PE T0 DEAL tlttTH Irr rHrv HopE EFFEfltvELY tlmoNnunts EFFEfltvELY. IItlmoNnulES longer just think II nolonger i The police can no $rl"poli...un ill#:****."::',d{#i I

$

and bureaucratic bureaucralic rules ancl

structures

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n*,tn"ml"?';t*tl: i:**:m';:';it'x l:fi::is I $H:$t=f,"p;i,il::',"ff Iil #:#j*#ifi'"':l''# ;r,o
cullure and language, the police

foreisn influcnces. Cdme

-l q

M

s*tfi rsy;*

ill x":::n';,zulix"l:;I.,;j | ::::::":i:ml;#,""fi:?il like Arabic. Chinese, Farsi' Kor'an' (whether you are looking i itt':*:+i*i,$:''''+ ;i,{ffi'iH#,lt I l:ilr{*;"#T"'".,.."*+*# H Urdu ifthey and lerrorist I transnational &etworks Irtriiiff":i"'*[*:'*Tfff#il wilh [orei8!criminal elemenls troln

I

elcments

Pahsto

at

fu

hope lo deal

like the allqaeda or Iransnrtional Ilnuru:ra::::i:::iryil:i I criminal syniicates like the Russian I varying nationalities

I

M"fiu) po." g.uu"threats to sdciety

Iathrge.

-lp '.llI ':

I

f

I

ffi

THrpor.r(E iAN N0 L0NGtR

i i fire conversation i4 a foreign , sensitivities A

H I

effectively. Being able to understand a rapid

J

measure o

f3"'-"""T1^:iilliTlllii:y:? ::i:;liIliT':;':,:J:":J:'J :iT:l"lTJff:i..Ji'':'f;. ili';:;T,T:3:"'"JTxllJ:: I n,",.u"ii"ni"n suici,rc hombers ."":X;;*iil"il:U:fflJ:: ll,

I l{'i$,[fiiiJ H',i:ll;*'*.Ti"T'#rilf;: iit$"'""il,t*,#i'#j

llffu*$J lllL AswErt

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r****

;i*t":iiltirl";ll*i

r enlorcemenl deman.led of law Pnlorcemenl ]I d"*un.l"d

I -Taking advantag. of the porosity dl - l-ry I national borders afforded I globalisction and capitalisation. I criminals find holes in the system I uo I lo p.o"u." lhe assels required lo I carry out their nefrrious activities j ".' I Their I abiliby to capilalise on sur"h A: I opponuni,i"" rests.chiefly.in the i "r' I uieitun"" of lhe police's ability lo

|^i | det".r ana neutralisesuch ; I he

N

Lhreats-

But with tFrrorists and criminal

svndicates now operating like lhe best of multinationel corporations in their ability to network globally.

rFrii'fiil:*;,:,,";tl* willalwaysh enlorcempnt branch

training rnswerabl"to agencies Tliey require ncw training ( andequipmenl including weapons) in order to ensure the safery of the

lt

public wilhout belraying lhc lru(t inherenlly placed in them by lhe g"neral popularion to Pcrlorm their

duties methodically \vith utmost characler and professionalism

In a world where anonymity is I becominga pass6 notion,.and the

I

I

J

advances in communications are bringing increased Power to the individual. the police will need to expand tleir presence reciprocally. while at thesame time maintaining

I I socio-cultural and refligious ii:';:l,x'"':?"TfiTff:ffii"1 the ooli.e aie hamslrunS by old I| :Jfi:::iliili':ffi:t[1Tff

i ' i

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