Diseases Of The Intestine Of Farm Animals By Ali Sadiek Vet. Med. Assiut

Diseases of Intestine of farm animals for Vet. Students Assiut

By Dr. Ali H. Sadiek Prof. of Internal Veterinary Medicine and Clinical Laboratory Diagnosis Dept. of Animal Medicine Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Assiut University- Assiut, EGYPT

E-mail: [email protected]

Diseases of the intestine of farm animals

1 - Acute intestinal obstruction 2- Ilio-cecal valve impaction 3- intestinal tympany 4- Enteritis.

Diseases of the intestine of farm animals 1 - Acute intestinal obstruction A life threating problem, charact. by acute abd. pain, severe shock, No feces with passage of blood and mucus. It includes : • Volvulus, Intususception • Strangulation, Invagination

Equine entestine

a): Volvulus ‫ اﻻﻟﺘﻮاء‬: Is an acute obst. caused by twisting of a loop of intest. around itself.

Volvulus ‫اﻻﻟﺘﻮاء‬

Volvulus ‫اﻻﻟﺘﻮاء‬

b): Intestinal strangulation & incarceration ‫اﻟﺨﻨﻖ واﻟﺴﺠﻦ‬ Occlusion of the intestinal lumen by pressure from outside. It occurs when: 1- Loop of intestine passes in a natural or artificial opening in the peritoneal and held there. 2- The long stem of a pedunculated tumour or by other fibrous cords or bands.

Strangulation-lipoma

Incarceration ‫اﻟﺴﺠﻦ‬

3-In stallions, incarceration in the inguinal canal may take place due to inguinal hernia. 4-Rolling from colic seems to be a predisposing cause to such conditions. 5-In bovines: Peritoneal adhesions is the cause. A segment of the int. may also passes through a slit in the diaphragm (diaph. hernia).

C ) Invagination (Intususception) ‫اﻻﻧﻐﻤﺎد‬ • In which telescoping invagination of a section of the intestine occurs into a portion immediately behind it. • It forms a sausage shaped, firm and painful swelling of 3 layers an outer, a middle and an innermost layer. • It occurs mostly in dogs and cattle. • The more common seat is the ilecoecal junction.

Intususception ‫اﻻﻧﻐﻤﺎد‬

Intususception ‫اﻻﻧﻐﻤﺎد‬

Causes of intestinal obstruction 1-Indigestion is the most frequent cause. 2-Violent mov. & rolling or jumping. 3-Sudden or irregular ▲ in peristaltic mov. of int. after dosing of parasymp. stimulant as carbacol or colityl. 4-Severe spasmodic colic. 5-Heavy infest. of nodular worms (Oesophag. columbianum) in sheep or ascaris in all animals may cause int. obstruction

Enterolith, phytobezoars ‫اﻟﺤﺼﺎوى‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻮﯾﺔ‬

Sandy impacted cecum

Adhesion and Anastomosis

Heavy intestinal parasites

Diaphragmatic hernia and Intestinal herniation

Clinical findings: 1-Mild pain at first, then severe continuous pain, anxiety and finally distress and delirium. 2-Profuse sweating. 3-Violent movements, pawing, kicking at the belly and ear dropping. 4-The animal may assume dog sitting. 5-Congestion of the mucosa. 6-Laboured breath, Pulse increases to 100/m and poor in quality.

Clinical findings: 7-Slight rise & then suddenly falls in temp. 9-Trembling is frequent. 10- Persistent bloating In torsion of the colon. 11-Vomiting of retching type may occur (in volvulus of small int.) 13-Peristalsis is absent. 14-The course is from 8-24 hrs. terminating in death

Congested mucous membranes

Rectal findings: In torsion of the small intestine: the upper left part of the abdomen reveals: 1-Irregular tympany. 2-painful spot, on touch. 3- Displaced Loops of small int. may be found to the right above the colon. 4-In volvulus of ileum, a tense cord like twist of mesentery in the region of the left kidney is felt. 5-Torsion of the colon leads to tympany. 6-Anterior to the pelvic rim you feel a cord like mass of colic vessels.

Rectal findings in strangulation

Treatment: No useful treatment. Even surgical attempts are useless. 1-Try to give large doses of liquid paraffin or oil of turpentine or linseed oil in cases of partial torsion and in addition apply back racking and enema of soft soap and warm water. 2-In complete torsion it is definitely useless.

2) Impaction of the ilio-cecal valve: • Occur mainly in horses, causing a commonly fatal sub acute to acute abdominal pain. Causes: • Feeding on low-grade finely chopped roughage, that collects at the ileo-cecal valve causing complete intestinal obstruction.

Clinical findings:

1-In the 1st 8-12 hrs : sub acute pain w. normal pulse & respirations. 2- Increased frequency & intensity of Intestinal sounds. 3-Rectal palp. may reveal the enlarg. of the impacted ileum in the upper right flank 4-At the end of this phase pain increases in severity, depression, patchy sweating and coldness of the extremities. Animal sits on haunches and rolls and straggles violently.

Clinical findings: • The abdominal pain becomes severe and continuous. Weak &rapid Pulse. Increased Respirations . No abdominal sounds. • Aspiration of fluids by a nasal tube may amount several gallons of sanguineous fluid. • Rectal exam. in this phase reveals that the large intestine is small and contracted and the small intestine is so tightly distended with gas and fluids. • Death usually occurs 36-48 hrs. after the onset of disease. • Rupture of the intestine may occur.

Illio-cecal valve impaction Diagnosis: - It is charct. by gross accumulation of

fluid and food for long course. 1- Early, it may be confused with spasmodic colic or enteritis: -Palpation of the impacted ileum may differentiate both. - The continuation of the illness suggests the ilio-caecol valve impaction.

• Diagnosis:

• 2-In the 2nd phase it resembles acute typmany except that the small intestine is obstructed. • 3-In acute intestinal obstruction shock is sever.

Treatment: 1-Removal of the fluids from the stomach and replacement of the lost fluids. 2-Sedatives. 3-Removal of the obstruction surgically if the animal survives but this is without hope. 4-A large doses of mineral oil (1/2 - 1 gallon).

3) Intestinal tympany: It causes distension of the abdomen and severe abdominal pain. sometimes accompanied by the passage of much flatus. Causes: a) Acute intestinal obstruction. b) Constricting adhesions from perforated gastric ulcer or ilic-caecal valve impaction.

Tympany of large intestine: • 1ry causes: ingestion of large quantities of highly fermentable green pasture, spoiled or moudly food or atony of the bowl. • 2ndry causes: acute intestinal obstruction or stenosis (verminous aneurysm-fibrous tissue formation)

Clinical findings: 1-Abdominal distension 2-Acute & continuous Pain, pawing violently and the horse lies down very carefully. 3-Reduced Peristaltic sounds but fluids may be heard moving in gas-filled loops producing tinkling and metallic sound. 4-Rectal exam. reveals gas-filled loops of intestine. 5-In primary tympanitis much flatus is passed and the anus may be in a state of continous dilatation.

• Diagnosis: • 1- Primary tympany is difficult to different. from 2ndry one. But the presence of faeces, flatus and the history of engorgement on lush psture may differentiate the two. • 2- Primary tympany involves nearly the whole of the tract. • 3- Tympany due to obstruction terminate fatally in a short time.

Treatment: 1-Sedatives: i/v injection of novalgin 50%. 2- carminatives and intestinal stimulants; oral mixture of ammon. carbonate & charcoal in equal quantities dissolved in water. 3-External abdominal or rectal massage, to stimulate the peristalsis. 4- Rectal enema has the same action.

5-Intestinal Antiferment. • -Carbolic acid (Sol. 2%) 200 ml • -Or formalin sol. (10-20 ml) dissolved in 2 L water to be given orally. • -Or Mineral oil (1/2 - 1 g) contain oil of turp. (30-60 ml), formalin (30 ml) or chloroform (30 ml). 6-In severe cases trocarization may help 7-In 2ndry tympany, correction of the obstruction is essential.

Verminous anurysm • Migration of the larvae of strongylus spp. into cranial mesenteric artery and its branches occurs in horses ▼ • Restrict. blood supply to the intestine. • It should be different. from intest. Obst. which is accomp. by tympany

Signs Pain Feces Rectal exam Perstal sis

V. mes. arteritis Less severe

Int. obst. w. Tympany Severe

Mucoid, gaseous knobbly thickened no obstructed obstructed mesent. intestinal vessels loops. ▲▲▲ ▲ in some areas and absent in others + may bloody