Card # 54‐ Diffraction: The term diffraction is applied to problems in which one is concerned with the resultant effect produced by a limited portion of a wave surface. If only a part of the wave is cut off by some obstacle, the effects are commonly called diffraction. Diffraction is sometimes defined as the bending of light around the obstacle and its presence in the region of geometrical shadow. If the size of the obstacle or aperture is of the order of wavelength of light to be diffracted, the light deviates from its rectilinear path at the corners of the obstacle and the diffraction pattern is obtained due to mutual interference of secondary wave front. Diffraction of light at a narrow slit: Experimental arrangement:
In the figure given below S is a monochromatic source of light emitting light of wavelength λ. It has been kept at the first focus of the convergent lens L1, so the light falling on it may emerge out parallel. AB is a thin slit of width d. Let at any time t, a plane wave front WW’ is striking the slit AB and from the every point of the wave front WW’ secondary wavelets are being emitted. All the wavelets which does not undergo any deviation in their path are getting focused at point S’ on the screen and the wavelets which are diffracted by an angle θ gets focused at point P with the help of a convex lens L2.For the point S’ optical path lengths for the wavelets is the same hence the intensity of light is maximum. So, central bright fringe is obtained at S’ .For the point P the wavelets reaching out from B to P will travel more optical path length as compared to AP, by an amount BM i.e. Path difference between the wavelets = ∆ = BM In right angle ∆BMA, sin θ = BM/AB but AB = d hence ∆ = BM = dsinθ. Phase difference = 2π/λ × Path diff. = (2π/λ) × d sinθ Case1-Position of 1st secondary minima: If the position of the point P is so chosen that the path difference is ∆ = BM = d sinθ = λ But, angle θ is very small, hence sinθ = θ
∆ = BM = dθ = λ or θ = λ/d and PS’ = x1 then θ = λ/d = x1/D Position for first secondary minima = x1 = (Dλ)/d Similarly if BM = 2λ = dsinθ, x2 = 2λD/d Position for second secondary minima = x2 = (2Dλ)/d In general position for nth secondary minima = xn = (nλD)/d. Case2‐Position of 1st secondary maxima: If the position of the point P is so chosen that the path difference is ∆ = BM = d sinθ = 3λ/2 but, angle θ is very small hence sinθ = θ
∆ = BM = dθ = 3λ/2 or θ = 3λ/2d and PS’ = x1 then Ѳ = 3λ/2d = x1/D Therefore the position for first secondary maxima = x1 = (3λD)/2d Similarly if BM = 5λ/2 =dsinθ, x2 = 5λD/2d Therefore the position for second secondary minima = x2 = (5λD)/2d In general position for nth secondary minima = xn = (2n+1) λD)/2d. Width of central maxima = The distance between the first secondary minimum We know the distance of first secondary minima from the center of the screen i.e. x1 = λD/d thus the width of central maxima = β0 = 2x1= 2λD/d
Width of secondary maxima = distance between nth and (n-1)th minima.
β1 = xn – xn‐1 = nλD/d – [(n‐1) λD]/d = λD/d
Width of secondary minima = distance between nth and (n-1)th maxima. β2= xn – xn‐1 = [(2n+1) λD]/2d – [{2(n‐1) +1} λD]/2d = λD/d