Different-type-of-speech-context.docx

Different type of Speech Context Intrapersonal Communication This is a type of communication that happens within itself, self-talk, only had one person participating and it wrote down verbally or non-verbally of what it thinks. Purpose: To communicate, express, assess. Clarify and motivate one’s person There are three types of Intrapersonal Communication 1.Interval discourse – refers to talking to oneself (thinking, concentrating, analyzing) without the use of verbal sounds. 2. Solo Vocal Communication- refers to the use of voice or the use of words verbally while talking to oneself. 3. Solo Written Communication- refers to taking down notes or to write notes about one person’s thoughts, feeling and ideas. Example to this are diary and journal.

Interpersonal Communication This type of communication happens when you socialize, communicate and talk to more than 2 persons. And also between and among people that establishes personal relationship between. It may be categorized as personal or impersonal, direct or indirect and formal or informal. Personal – when two people communicating knew each other, these are the family members, relatives and close friends. Impersonal – when two communicators do not really know each other that well, like acquaintance or just met because of an event or gathering. Formal – more formal way of talking just like between the employer and the employee. Informal-- the opposite of formal Direct—it the face- to- face communication thus it should be take place at the right immediacy (moment) and at a particular primacy (time).

Indirect—it takes place between two persons minus the immediacy and primacy of the situation. Interpersonal communication can be categorized by the number of its participants Dyadic It involves two persons sharing mutual ideas thoughts, likes or dislikes and ideas. It is characterized by intimacy (had past encounter), primacy and immediacy. It is the common form of speech communication. Flow: The flow of this communication, there should be an immediate response for the reason that the participants are facing each other. Small group It involves on three or more persons. It has broad participants that requires a faceto face communication. The small group could also have mediated when the participants are involving the use of technology as the medium to make a conversation or to communicate with other it may be through skype and messenger because there will be an immediate response. But mediated could be absent when the sender used such as e-mail cause the delivery of the message will be delayed. Intrapersonal have also some characteristics -

It involves two or more persons It is continuous – because of the presence of verbal and non-verbal words and action It need not be face-to-face It is transactional – you are able to gain knowledge, lessons, information and etc. It is irreversible- because you cannot take back what you said Involves verbal and non-verbal cues It is affected by noise It involves feedback – ‘feedback’- component that completes the gap of communication. It is important, so you could assess if the person you’re talking to understand the information you’ve given.

Public Communication This type refers to communication that requires you to deliver or send the message before or in front of a group. The message can be driven by informational or persuasive purposes. “In public communication, unlike in interpersonal and small group, the channels are more exaggerated. The voice is louder and the gestures are more expansive because the audience is bigger. The speaker might use additional visual channels such as slides or a Power Point presentation.” (Hybels & Weaver, 2012, p 19) Characteristic of Public Speaking Audience centered consider the need and welfare of the audience -

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knowing their social composition: Age, sex, Religion, Race, Educational status, occupation, family status, economic status, politics and membership Know the Attitude toward the speech- it is important to know if the audience is interested or not in the topic Know the audience’s attitude towards the speech purpose- the speaker should gave his best to present clearly to the major the purpose of his speech Know the audience’s attitude toward the speaker- it is important to know that it is hard to please everyone, you only need to understand that you cannot give everything to the audience. There are different types of audience:

Positive Audience Negative Audience-giving negative attitude towards the speaker Hostile Audience- the unfriendly audience that really oppose and resist the information presented by the speaker In order to deal the negative and hostile audience you have to maintain the friendly attitude and display modesty and good sense of humor and do not panic. It involves critical thinking Is the process of quantitative and qualitative assessing the information people have accumulated and how they use that information to solve problems and new patterns of understanding. The critical thinking

means or occurs when the audience accumulate the ideas imparted to them by the speaker, assess whether the information given is valid, decide what to believe, form their judgement and apply the new learning. It requires ethics Ethics is defined as a set or moral principles or rules of behavior that determines what is right and wrong. As a speaker you should be ethical meaning to say is you as a speaker you are required to deliver the truth in everything you say. Get some true reference and source and explain it well to the audience so that they won’t doubt and do not insult them or give an angry tone. Show them how genuineness you are by your facial expression, actions and tone. It empowers the speaker It is empowering in the way that the speaker is the one who is in hold or control of everything and manage the audience Small Group It is also known as the task group or work group who participates in democratic exchange of ideas in a group and it can be also classified as two the private and the public Private- it involves no audience only jut the members or participants inside the private room. Public- it involves a lager crowd Other type of discussion Panel discussion- the most popular small group discussion, it involves certain speaker facing the crowd. Informal yet organized, complex ideas that is talked by within two or more panelists. Lecture- a speech given by an expert, a discussion type: the speaker should think of a technique and strategies to connect with the audience. There are two types of lecture: The Deductive – start from the simple to the complex and the Inductive- present the information from complex to simple. Forum – a medium avenue of open discussion and it is held after an event or discussion Open forum (giving question after the discussion) Symposium – series of individual presentation addressing different aspects of a single topic

Debate- exchanging of arguments on a two opposing team, developing critical thinking; while giving evidence. Expressing opinion on a certain topic. Round table discussion- form of academic discussion where participants agree on a specific topic to discuss and debate. Each person is given equal right to participate, as illustrated by the idea of circular layout referred to in the term round table. Similar to panel discussion, where the audience is seated face-to-face around a table.

Types of Speech Style The context dictates and affects the way people communicate, which results in various speech styles. According to Joos (1968), there are five speech styles. These are (1) intimate, (2) casual, (3) consultative, (4) formal, and (5) frozen. Each style dictates what appropriate language or vocabulary should be used or observed. 1. Intimate – This style is private, which occurs between or among close family members or individuals. The language used in this style may not be shared in public. 2. Casual – This style is common among peers and friends. Jargon, slang, or the vernacular language are used. 3. Consultative – This style is the standard one. Professional or mutually acceptable language is a must in this style. Examples of situations are communication between teachers and students, employers and employees, doctor and patient, judge and lawyer, or President and his/her constituents. 4. Formal – This style is used in formal settings. Unlike the consultative style, this is one-way. Examples are sermons by priests and ministers, State of the Nation Address of the President, formal speeches, or pronouncements by judges. 5. Frozen – This style is “frozen” in time and remains unchanged. It mostly occurs in ceremonies. Common examples are the Preamble to the Constitution, Lord’s Prayer, and Allegiance to country or flag.

Types of Speech Acts A speech act is an utterance that a speaker makes to achieve an intended effect. Some of the functions which are carried out using speech acts are offering an apology, greeting, request, complaint, invitation, compliment, or refusal. A speech act might contain just one word or several words or sentences. For example, “Thanks” and “Thank you for always being there for me. I really appreciate it” both show appreciation regardless of the length of the statement. It is the basic unit of language that is use to express meaning or mental acts. Utterance is defined by the speaker intentions and to its listener Speech Act Theory - communication is a series of communicative acts that are systematically in order to accomplish a particular meaning or reason. -

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The utterance can have direct or indirect meaning and it can affect the respond of the speaker or listener. Concentrates more to the use of word to present and carry out action (apply or performing) The basic speech acts and the basis pf all other type of speech acts

Three Types of Speech Act According to J. L. Austin (1962), in every utterance, given the right circumstances or context. These are: 1. Locutionary - act is the actual act of uttering. -the direct and literal meaning of the words that have utter and no need to analyze it because it is what it is. Example: “Please do the dishes.” There are two Locutinary Utterance act- said something but it may have no sense example: Oh! And Ouch!, because emotional expression is being utter. Propositional act – it is something in used of reference. Example is Oh! The dark cat, golf fish and the cow. (It has reference) 2. Illocutionary act is the social function of what is said.

By uttering the locution “Please do the dishes,” the speaker requests the addressee to wash the dishes. 3. Perlocutionary act is the resulting act of what is said. This effect is based on the particular context in which the speech act was mentioned. “Please do the dishes” would lead to the addressee washing the dishes.

4. Expressive – a type of illocutionary act in which the speaker expresses his/her feelings or emotional

reactions. Some examples of an expressive act are thanking, apologizing, welcoming, and deploring. Example: I am so sorry for not helping out in our group projects and letting you do all the work.

There are also indirect speech acts which occur when there is no direct connection between the form of the utterance and the intended meaning. They are different in force (i.e., intention) from the inferred speech act. For example, read the following utterance.

5. Declaration – a type of illocutionary act which brings a change in the external situation. Simply put, declarations bring into existence or cause the state of affairs which they refer to. Some examples of declarations are blessing, firing, baptizing, bidding, passing a sentence, and excommunicating.

“Can you pass the rice?”

Example: You are fired!

Inferred speech act: Do you have the ability to hand over the rice? Indirect speech act: Please pass the rice.

By saying that someone is fired, an employer causes or brings about the person’s unemployment, thus changing his external situation.

So while the utterance literally asks the addressee if he or she has the ability to hand a plate of rice, it actually indirectly requests the addressee to pass the rice to the speaker. Searle’s Classifications of Speech Act As a response to Austin’s Speech Act Theory, John Searle (1976), a professor from the University of California, Berkeley, classified illocutionary acts into five distinct categories. 1. Assertive – a type of illocutionary act in which the speaker expresses belief about the truth of a proposition. Some examples of an assertive act are suggesting, putting forward, swearing, boasting, and concluding. Example: No one makes better pancakes than I do. 2. Directive – a type of illocutionary act in which the speaker tries to make the addressee perform an action. Some examples of a directive act are asking, ordering, requesting, inviting, advising, and begging. Example: Please close the door. 3. Commissive – a type of illocutionary act which commits the speaker to doing something in the future. Examples of a commissive act are promising, planning, vowing, and betting. Example: From now on, I will participate in our group activity.

Always keep in mind that speech acts include concrete life interactions that require the appropriate use of language within a given culture. Communicative competence (i.e., the ability to use linguistic knowledge to effectively communicate with others) is essential for a speaker to be able to use and understand speech acts. Idioms and other nuances in a certain language might be lost or misunderstood by someone who does not fully grasp the language yet.