Convention

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ud, k pf m;ðjykonfh ud, k pf m;vS,t f a&twGuEf Sifh ArmvlrsdK;udk ud, k pf m;ðjykonfh trwfOD;a&udk nDwljzpfap&ef zefwD;xm;jcif;jzpfonf? wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsdK;aygif;pHk aexdik o f nfh jrefrmEdik if Ht wGuf wdik ;f &if;om;tcsif;csif;t=um; Edik if Ha&;t& tcGifhta&;nDwlnDr#jzpfoifhayonf? Edik if HawmforRwudk ppfwyfu vdv k m;onfholuo dk m a&G;cs,fcef‹xm;Edik af &;twGuf tajccHrlwGif “Edik if Hawmf orRwonf Edik if Ha&;/ tkycf sKyfa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ ppfa&;ponfh tjrifrsm;&Sd&rnf”[lI‚if;/ ppfwyfu, dk pf m;vS,rf sm;rS a&G;cs,f olwOD;u tedrfhq;Hk tqifh 'kwd,orRw&mxl; &,lxm;Edik af &;twGuf e0w tajccHrlwGif orRwtjzpf ta&G;cs,fcHrnfh 'kwd,orRw oH;k OD;udk wdik ;f a'o}uD;rsm;ESifh jynfe,frsm;rS ud, k f pm;vS,Of D;a& wlnDpGm a&G;aumufwifajrSmufonfh v$waf wmf&Sd a&G;aumufwifajrSmufjcif;cH& aom ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;tpktzGJ‹/ vlOD;a&udk tajccHa&G;aumufwifajrSmufonfh v$waf wmf&Sd a&G; aumufwifajrSmufjcif;cH&onfh v$waf wmfu, dk pf m;vS,rf sm;tpktzGJ‹/ azmfjyygv$waf wmf ESp& f yft wGuf wyfrawmfumuG,af &;OD;pD;csKyfu trnfpm&if;wifoGi;f onfh wyfrawmfom; v$waf wmf ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;tpktzGJ‹/ ,if;tpktzGJ‹ wzGJ‹pDu 'kwd,orRwwOD;pDudk v$waf wmfu, dk pf m;rsm; xJrS jzpfap/ v$waf wmfu, dk pf m;vS,rf [kwo f lrsm;xJrSjzpfap a&G;aumufwifajrSmuf&rnf[k azmf jyxm;onf? ppfwyftaejzifh tem*wfjrefrmEdik if HpD;yGm;a&;wGif csKyfuidk x f m;Edik & f ef &nf&G,+f yD; 1990 ckESpu f wnf; u zGJ‹pnf;vkyu f idk af eonfh “jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if H pD;yGm;a&;OD;ydik v f drdwuf” onf pwifzGJ‹pnf;pOfuyif usyfuak É 1000 (tar&duefa':vm 1666.6 oef;)jzifh rwnf&if;ESD;cJhonf? xdt k csdeu f zGJ‹pnf;cJhonfh ukr`%Drsm;teuf t&if;tESD;t}uD;rm; qH;k jzpfonf? 2001-2002 b¾ma&;ESpw f Gif usyfuak É 200 txd wd;k wufrsm;jym;vmonfh OD;ydik v f drdwuf udk yk*~vdu pD; yGm;a&;vkyif ef;&Sif wOD;csif;aomf‚if;/ tpkpyfvyk if ef;rsm;taeESifhaomf‚if; rnfodk‹r# ,SOòf ydiv f yk af qmifEidk rf nfr[kwaf y? xdk‹ a=umifh pD;yGm;a&;ESifh pyfvsOf;+yD; jyXmef;xm;onfh tajccHrl wwd,tcsufrSm vufawG‹tm;jzifh rnfodk‹r#tusdK;oufa&mufr_ &Sdrnf r[kwaf y? xdk‹tjyif tem*wfwGiv f nf; e0w rS csrSwo f nfh tajccHrlrsm;t& ppfwyfonf Edik if Ha&;wGif OD;aqmiftcef; u¾rS qufvufyg0ifaeOD;rnfjzpf&m ppfwyfyidk f OD;ydik v f drdwuf. pD;yGm;a&;t& vuf0g;}uD;tky/f cs,fvS,v f yk u f idk rf rSk sm;udk wm;qD;Edik rf nfr[kwyf g? trsdK;om;nDvmcHusif;yaepOfumvtwGi;f e0wrS nDvmcHu, dk pf m;vS,rf sm;udk rw&m;zrf;qD;axmifcsjcif;/ ud, k f pm;vS,rf sm;taejzifhvnf; twkta,miftrsdK;om;nDvmcHudk qufvufwufa&mufvjdk cif;r&SdI xGucf GmoGm;jcif; wdk‹&SdcJh onf? wwd,t}udru f sif;yonfh nDvmcHumv 1993ckESp/f =o*kwv f twGi;f nDvmcHaumfr&Sirf ScsrSwx f m;aom vkyx f ;Hk vkyf enf;rsm;udk azmufzsufonf[q k u dk m nDvmcHu, dk pf m;vS,f a'gufwmatmifcifqifh (r*Fvmawmif!Gef‹òjrkd‹e,f) udk zrf;qD; um atmufwb dk mvwGif ppfc& Hk ;Hk rS axmif'%ftESpf 20 csrSwcf Jhonf? wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsdK;rsm; t=um; tcGifht a&; nDr#r&Sda&;udk tmrcHonfh zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpw k nfaqmuf&ef wdik ;f &if;om;tiftm;pkrsm;/ twdu k t f cHtiftm;pk rsm;u vdv k m;=uonf? xdk‹a=umifh jrefrmEdik if HtwGuf zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpw k nfaqmuf&ef toifhawmfq;Hk jzpfonfudk t rsm;uajymqdak e=u&m/ e0w taejzifh zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpq k o dk nfuv dk nf; jiif;qefjcif;rðjykK/ wjynfaxmifpepf[v k nf; r ajymqdb k J “jynfaxmifp”k [kom vH;k I azmfjyxm;onf? typftcwf&yfpJa&;tzGJ‹wcsdK‹u wyfaygif;pkzGJ‹+yD; ‚if;wdk‹twGuf jynfe,f&&Sda&;t wGuf óud;yrf;vmonfhtcg e0w . trsdK;om;nDvmcHusif;ya&;aumfr&Siu f 1995 ckESp/f {+yDv (7) &ufae‹wGif tpDtpOfr&Sd bJ wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsdK;pkrsm;twGuf ud, k yf idk t f yk cf sKyfcGifh& pD&ifprk sm;udk owfrSwaf y;vdu k o f nf? nDvmcHusif;ya&;aumfr&Si. f Todk‹vyk af qmifcsufonf 1993 ck ESp/f pufwifbmv (16)&ufae‹wGif csrSwcf Jhonfh tajccHrl (104)csufyg “ud, k yf idk t f yk cf sKyfcGifh& pD&ifprk sm; owfrSwaf y;jcif;/ ud, k yf idk t f yk cf sKyfcGifh& a'o/ wdik ;f owfrSwaf y;jcif;udpPudk Edik if Hawmfu aumfr&Sizf GJ‹pnf;I aqmif&Guaf y;&efjzpfonf” [k azmf jyxm;csufESifh uGJvGJaeonf? xdk‹a=umifh wdik ;f &if;om;rsm;twGuf

e,fajrowfrSwo f nfh udpPonf odraf rG‹eufeJ+yD;/ wpHw k &m c|wfacsmfwdr;f apmif;oGm;ygu wdik ;f &if;om;tcsif;csif;=um; pnf;vH;k nD!Gwaf &;udk xdcu dk Ef idk af pa=umif; axmufjy+yD; trsdK;om; 'Dru dk a&pDtzGJ‹csKyfESifh wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsdK;pk ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;u nDvmcHaumfr&Si. f vky& f yfudk tjyif;txef uef‹uGucf Jh=u onf? nDvmcHusif;ya&;aumfr&SiOf uUX Adv k cf sKyfrsdK;!Gef‹u “nDvmcHOD;wnfcsuf (6)&yfudk taumiftxnfazmf &ef twGuf ‚if;wdk‹wGif vkyyf idk cf Gifhtjynfh&Sdonf”[k ajymqd+k yD; uef‹uGucf sufrsm;udk y,fcsum aemufwae‹wGif nDvmcHudk (6)vausmf &yfem;a=umif; &kww f &uf a=unmcJhonf? OD;',feD&,fatmifuvnf; 1994 ckESp/f arv 26 &uf ae‹wGif xkwjf yefonfh a=unmcsufwGif tcsuf (3) csufjzifh ‚if;taejzifh rme,fyavm (vGwaf jrmufe,fajr)odk‹ xGucf Gmvm&jcif;ESifhywfouf+yD; &Si;f vif;xm;ygonf? tcsuf (1)wGif (1) e0w rS }uD;rª;usif;yaeonfh trsdK;om;nDvmcHudk vH;k 0t,Ht k =unfr&Sdaoma=umifh vGwf ajrmufe,fajrodk‹ xGucf Gmvm &jcif;jzpfonf? tb,fa=umifh t,Ht k =unfr&Sd&onfqadk omf (u) trsdK;om;nDvmcHOD;wnfcsufrsm;ud/k trsdK;om;nDvmcHwufa&mufonfh ud, k pf m;vS,f rsm;ud, k w f idk f a&;qGJ&rnf jzpfaomfvnf; e0wu óudwifa&;qGJcsrSwx f m;+yD;jzpfaejcif;? (c) tajccHrlrsm;csrSw& f mwGiv f nf; rlrsm;udk e0w uyif vrf;cif;csrSwjf y+yD; oifh/ roifhaqG;aEG; =uyg[k awmif;qdck Jhygonf? odk‹aomfvnf; ud, k pf m;vS,t f pktzGJ‹rsm;. aqG;aEG;t}uHðycsufrsm; udk e0wrS av;pm;vdu k ef mrrðybJ aemufq;Hk wGif olwdk‹ vrf;cif;xm;onfhrlrsm;twdik ;f waoG rwdr;f csrSwjf cif;/ TuJhodk‹rrl sm;csrSwEf idk & f ef óuKwifjyifqifrrSk sm;ðjyKvkyx f m;jcif;? (*) olwdk‹csrSwcf Jhaom orRwa&G;cs,fa&;rlt&qdv k #if tkycf sKyfa&;,EW&m;wckv;Hk udk ppfwyfu om &moufyefvr$ ;f rd;k oGm;rnf jzpfjcif; ponfwdk‹a=umifhjzpfygonf[k azmfjyxm;onf? 1993ckESpf {+yDvwGif u,ef;trsdK;om;pnf;vH;k nD!Gwaf &; 'Dru dk a&pDtzGJ‹OuUX/ z,fcòHk rd‹e,f v$waf wmfu, dk pf m; vS,f OD;cGe;f rm&fub dk ef;onf‚if;/ 1994 ckESpf {+yDv 9&ufae‹wGif vm;[ltrsdK;om;zGH‹òzd;wd;k wufa&;ygwD/ rdik ;f jyif;òjrdKk ‹e,f v$wf awmfu, dk pf m;vS,/f trsdK;om;nDvmcHu, dk pf m;vS,/f Edik if Ha&;ygwDtpktzGJ‹rS obmywdtzGJ‹0if OD;',feD &,fatmifwdk‹onf ‚if; twkta,mif trsdK;om;nDvmcHudk pGef‹cGm+yD; vGwaf jrmufe,fajrodk‹ xGucf GmvmcJhygonf? cGe;f rm;&fub dk efonf 1993 ck ESpf Zefe0g&DvwGif pwifusif;yonfh e0w trsdK;om;nDvmcHodk‹ wufa&mufcJh+yD;/ {+yDvtwGi;f vGwaf jrmufe,fajr rme,fy avmodk‹ a&muf&SdcJhonf? e0w trsdK;om;nDvmcHESifh ywfoufonfh owif;pm&Si;f vif;yGJudk 1993 ckESp/f {+yDv 5&ufae‹wGif rme,fyavmY usif;yðyvkycf Jh&m “ e0w trsdK;om;nDvmcHwGif ppfwyfu Edik if Ha&;wGif OD;aqmifrnfqo dk nfhtcsufudk rnf onfhvw $ af wmfu, dk pf m;vS,u f rS vufrcHa=umif;/ ppf0g'Daemufvu dk Ef Sifh ordik ;f w&m;cH tjzpfrcHEidk I f vGwaf jrmufe,fajrodk‹ xGuaf jy;vma=umif;” &Si;f vif;ajym=um;cJhonf? &Sr;f wkdi;f &if;om;rsm;'Drkdua&pDtzJG@csKyf url trsKd;om;nDvmcHudk ,cifu, dk pf m;vS,rf sm;ESifhyif jyefvnf pwifrnfqkd v#if nDvmcH jyefvnfwufa&mufrnf r[kw[ f k ajymqkdvu dk o f nfhtjyif trsKd;om;nDvmcH. vuf&Sdukd,pf m;vS,f a&G;cs,fykH/ &nf&G,cf sufrsm;ESifh uef@owfcsufrsm;udv k nf; jyifqif&efvt dk yfa=umif; axmufjyxm;onf? tqdyk gudpPESifh ywfouf+yD; &Sr;f wdik ;f &if;om;rsm; 'Dru dk a&pDtzJG@csKyf. OuUÏ OD;cGex f Ge;f OD; ESihf awG‹q& Hk mwGif atmufygtwdik ;f ajymqdck Jhonf? trsKd;om;nDvmcHudk &Sr;f wkdi;f &if;om;rsm;'Drkdua&pDtzJG@csKyftaejzifh jyefvnfwufa&mufa&; r wufa&mufa&;qkdjcif;xuf nDvmcH}uD;jyefpv#if b,fenf;b,fyHk prnfqkdonfudk qef;ppf+yD;rS omv#if wufoifh rwufoifhqkdwm ajymcsifa=umif;/ wufoifh rwufoifh qkdonfh ae&mwGif vnf; nDvmcHu 'Drkdua&pD &Sd r&Sd? aemuf+yD;awmh ¶kd;om;ajzmifh rwf. rajzmifhrwf./ aemufw cg wkdi;f &if;om;awG ud, k pf m;ðywJhudpPrSm wkdi;f &if;om;awGudk vGwv f Gwv f yfvyf yg0ifcGifh &SdEkdif r &SdEkdiq f kdonfuv dk nf; xnfhwGu& f ef ta&;}uD;a=umif;/ usaemf qkdv& dk if;uawmh a':pkvnf; vGwf ajrmufr,f/ aemuf Ekdiif Ha&;tusOf;om;awG vGwaf jrmufr,f/ NLDvnf; wufa&mufwJh nD vmcH}uD;jzpfr,fqkd&if tm;vkH;twGuf tqifajyrnfh trsKd;om;nDvmcH[k xifa=umif;/ tu,f I nDvmcHrSm Ttwdik ;f jzpfrvmygu tcsdeu f ek cf H+yD; t"dy`m,fr&Sdonfh nDvmcHodk‹ wufa&muf rnfr[kwaf =umif;/ ajymqdo k Gm;onf?

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