Constitution Draft Proposed By Maoist

u0ftGq g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg,@)^& jwfg,@)^& -k|f/lDes vfsf_

;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ;'emfj ;ldlt, PsLs[t g]=s=kf= -dfcf]jfbL_ kmfu'g @)^%

1

k|:tfjgf g]kfndf nfdf] ;dob]lv sfod /x“b} cfPsf] lg/+s'z /fhtGqfTds tyf PsfTds ;fdGtL /fHo;Qfsf lj?4 g]kfnL hgtfn] ;g\ !(%) cf;kf;b]lv ;~rfng ub{} cfPsf] ;z:q tyf lgMz:q nf]stflGqs cfGbf]ng / d'VotM ;g\ !((^ b]lv g]=s=kf= -dfcf]jfbL_ sf] g]t[Tjdf ;~rflnt hgo'4sf] hu tyf dfcf]jfbL–;ftkf6L{ !@ a'Fb] ;dembf/Lsf] cf8df clk|n @))& df hgtfsf] u0ftGq :yfkgf ug]{ Wo]osf ;fy ;+rflnt P]ltxfl;s hgcfGbf]ngsf] dd{ / efjgfnfO{ ;+:yfut ug{] P]ltxfl;s cfjZostfnfO{ s]Gb|ljGb'df /fVb}, :jfwLg / ;d'Ggt hgtfsf] u0ftGq g]kfnsf] :yfkgfsflglDt ul/Psf ;j} P]ltxfl;s ;+3if{, jlnbfg / qmflGtx?sf] / ljz]if u/L dxfg hgo'4sf zxLbx?sf] ljz]if :d/0f / ;Ddfg ub}{ , g]kfnL ;dfh tyf /fHosf] ljBdfg cw{–cf}klgj]lzs tyf cw{–;fdGtL ;+/rgfsf] k"0f{ cGTo u/L ;dfhjfb pGd'v hgtfsf] ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs /fli6«o u0ftGqfTds /fHo;QfnfO{ ;+:yfut ug]{ P]ltxfl;s cleef/fnfO{ dWogh/ ub},{ d''n'ssf] ;fj{ef}ldstf, ef}uf]lns cv08tf, :jfwLgtf, :jtGqtf / /fli6«o PstfnfO{ c5'0f /fVb}, Gofok"0f{, ;Dj[4 Pj+ ;d'Ggt gof“ g]kfn lgdf{0f ug]{ nIok|lt k"0f{ k|ltj4 /xFb}, /fHosf] ;Dk"0f{ zlQmsf] >f]t g]kfnL hgtf dfq x'g\ / ls;fg, dhb"/ nufotsf >dhLjL hgtf g} ;dfhsf d'Vo jfxs zlQm x'g\ eGg] dfGotfnfO{ bx|f];+u cfTd;ft ub}{, b]zsf] ax';+Vos zf]lift pTkLl8t ju{, hflt, If]q, lnË / ;d'bfosf ;d:ofnfO{ bL3{sfnLg 9Ën] ;Daf]wg ug{] u/L /fHo / ;dfhsf] cu|ufdL k'g;+{/rgf ug{'kg{] cfjZostfnfO{ af]w ub{}, lxdfn , kxf8, pkTosf / t/fO{sf ljljw pTkLl8t hflt÷hghflt / If]qx?sf] cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/sf] gLlt / :jfoQ zf;gsf] sfo{qmdsf cfwf/df /fHosf] k'g;{/+ rgf dfkm{t g]kfnL ljz]iftf cg'?ksf] ;+3fTds /fHok|0ffnL lgdf{0f ug{'kg]{ cfjZostfnfO{ c+lusf/ ub}{ , k|lt:kwf{Tds ax'bnLo nf]stflGqs zf;g Joj:yf,gful/s :jtGqtf,df}lns clwsf/, dfgjclwsf/,jflnu dtflwsf/,cfjlws lgjf{rg,k"0f{ k|]; :jtGqtf,:jtGq Pj+ ;Ifd Gofokflnsf tyf sfg"gL /fhsf] cjwf/0ff nufot nf]stflGqs d"No / dfGotfk|lt k"0f{ k|ltj4tf JoQm ub}{ , ;a} ju{, hflt, If]q, lnË / ;d'bfosf] ;dfg'kflts / ;dfj]zL k|ltlglwTj x'g] ;'lglZrttf ;lxtsf] lgjf{lrt ;+ljwfg;ef dfkm{t xfdL ;fj{ef}d;Qf ;DkGg g]kfnL hgtf :jo+n] xfd|fnflu of] ;+3Lo u0ftflGqs g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)^& hf/L u/L nfu" u/]sf 5f}+ .

2

efu !

k|f/lDes != ;+ljwfg d"n sfg"gM -!_ of] ;+ljwfg g]kfnsf] d"n sfg"g xf] . o; ;+ljwfg;Fu aflemg] sfg"g aflemPsf] xb;Dd cdfGo x'g]5 . -@_ o; ;+ljwfgsf] kfngf ug'{ k|To]s JolQmsf] st{Jo x'g]5 . @= ;fj{ef}d;Qf / /fhsLo;QfM g]kfnsf] ;fj{ef}d;Qf / /fhsLo;Qf g]kfnL hgtfdf lglxt /xg]5 . #= /fi6«M ax'hftLo, ax'eflifs, ax'wfld{s, ax';f+:s[lts ljz]iftfo'Qm, ;dfg cfsfª\Iff / g]kfnsf] /fli6«o :jtGqtf, cv08tf, /fli6«o lxt tyf ;d[l4k|lt cf:yfjfg\ /xL Pstfsf] ;"qdf cfj4 ;a} g]kfnL hgtf ;dli6 ¿kdf /fi6« xf] . $= g]kfn /fHoM -!_ g]kfn Ps :jtGq, cljefHo, ;fj{ef}d;Qf;DkGg, wd{lg/k]If, ;dfj]zL / k"0f{ nf]stflGqs /fHo xf] . !_ g]kfnsf] If]q b]xfo adf]lhd x'g]5M– -s_ of] ;+ljwfg k|f/De x'Fbfsf avtsf] If]q, / -v_ of] ;+ljwfg k|f/De ePkl5 k|fKt x'g] If]q . %= /fli6« /fli6«o em08fM g]kfnsf] /fli6|o em08f g]kfn ;/sf/n] lgwf{/0f u/] jdf]lhd x'g]5 . ^= /fli6«o ufg OToflbM -!_ g]kfnsf] /fli6«o ufg / lgzfgf 5fk g]kfn ;/sf/n] lgwf{/0f u/] adf]lhd x'g]5 .

3

efu @

gful/stf &= k|To]s g]kfnLn] gful/stf k|fKt ug{] xs x'g]5 / s;}nfO{ klg ljgf s'g} plrt sf/0f ;f] xsaf6 al~rt ul/g] 5}g . *= afa' jf cfdfdWo] s'g} Pssf gftfn] ;Gtfgn] gful/stf k|fKt ug{ ;Sg]5 . (= gful/stf k|flKt / ;dflKt nufotsf cGo ljifox? sfg"gåf/f lgwf{l/t eP adf]lhd x'g]5 .

efu #

df}lns xs !)= :jtGqtfsf] xs M -!_ k|To]s JolQmnfO{ ;Ddfgk"j{s afFRg kfpg] xs x'g]5 / d[To' b08sf] ;hfo x'g] u/L s'g} sfg"g agfOg] 5}g . -@_ sfg"g adf]lhd afx]s s'g} klg JolQmsf] j}olQms :jtGqtf ckx/0f x'g] 5}g . -#_ k|To]s gful/snfO{ b]xfosf] :jtGqtf x'g]5M– -s_ ljrf/ / cleJolQmsf] :jtGqtf, -v_ lagf xftxltof/ zflGtk"j{s e]nf x'g] :jtGqtf, -u_ ;fdGtjfb ;fd|fHojfbsf] kIfkf]if0f ug]{ jfx]s hgtfsf] cu|ufdL kl/jt{gnfO{ cfTd;ft ug]{ ;+3 ;+:yf Pj+ /fhg}lts bn vf]Ng] :jtGqtf, -3_ g]kfnsf] s'g} klg efudf cfjthfjt / a;f]jf; ug]{ :jtGqtf, -8=_ s'g} k]zf, /f]huf/, pBf]u / Jofkf/ ug]{ :jtGqtf . t/, -!_ v08 -s_ sf] s'g} s'/fn] g]kfnsf] ;fj{ef}d;Qf, cv08tf jf ljleGg hft, hflt, wd{ jf ;Dk|bfox¿sf aLrsf] ;';DaGwdf vnn kg]{ jf ufnL j]OHhtL jf cbfntsf] cjx]ngf x'g] jf ck/fw ug{ b'?T;fxg lbg] jf ;fj{hlgs lzi6frf/ jf g}ltstfsf] k|lts"n x'g] sfo{df dgfl;a k|ltaGw nufpg] u/L sfg"g agfpg /f]s nufPsf] dflgg] 5}g . -@_ v08 -v_ sf] s'g} s'/fn] g]kfnsf] ;fj{ef}d;Qf, cv08tf jf ;fj{hlgs zflGt / Joj:yfdf vnn kg]{ sfo{df dgfl;a k|ltaGw nufpg] u/L sfg"g agfpg /f]s nufPsf] dflgg] 5}g . -#_ v08 -u_ sf] s'g} s'/fn] g]kfnsf] ;fj{ef}d;Qf, cv08tf jf ljleGg hft, hflt, wd{ jf ;Dk|bfox¿sf aLrsf] ;';DaGwdf vnn kg]{ jf lx+;fTds sfo{ ug{ b'?T;flxt ug]{ jf ;fj{hlgs g}ltstfsf] k|lts"n x'g] sfo{ jf hgtfsf] 4

cu|ufdL kl/jt{gsf] rfxgfnfO{ jfwf l;h{gf ug]{ sfo{df dgfl;a k|ltaGw nufpg] u/L sfg"g agfpg /f]s nufPsf] dflgg] 5}g . -$_ v08 -ª_ sf] s'g} s'/fn] ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfsf] lxt jf ljleGg hft, hflt, wd{ jf ;Dk|bfox¿sf aLrsf] ;';DaGwdf vnn kg]{ sfo{df dgfl;a k|ltaGw nufpg] u/L sfg"g agfpg /f]s nufPsf] dflgg] 5}g . !!= ;dfgtfsf] xs M -!_ ;a} gful/s sfg"gsf] b[li6df ;dfg x'g]5g\ . s;}nfO{ klg sfg"gsf] ;dfg ;+/If0faf6 jl~rt ul/g] 5}g . -@_ ;fdfGo sfg"gsf] k|of]udf s'g} klg gful/sdfly wd{, j0f{, lnË, hft, hflt, pTklQ, efiff jf j}rfl/s cf:yf jf tL dWo] s'g} s'/fsf] cfwf/df e]befj ul/g] 5}g . -#_ /fHon] gful/sx¿sf aLr wd{, j0f{, hft, hflt, lnË, pTklQ, efiff jf j}rfl/s cf:yf jf tL dWo] s'g} s'/fsf] cfwf/df e]befj ug]{ 5}g . t/ dlxnf, blnt, cflbjf;L hghflt, dw]zL jf ls;fg, dhb'/ jf cfly{s, ;fdflhs jf ;f+:s[lts b[li6n] lk5l8Psf] ju{ jf afns, j[4 tyf ckfË jf zf/Ll/s jf dfgl;s ¿kn] czQm JolQmsf] ;+/If0f, ;zlQms/0f jf ljsf;sf] nflu sfg"gåf/f ljz]if Joj:yf ug{ /f]s nufPsf] dflgg] 5}g . -$_ ;dfg sfdsf nflu dlxnf / k'?ifsf aLr kfl/>lds tyf ;fdflhs ;'/Iffdf e]befj ul/g] 5}g . !@= 5'jf5't tyf hft hftLo e]befj lj?4sf] xs M -!_ s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ hft, j+z, ;d'bfo jf k]zfsf cfwf/df s'g} lsl;dsf] 5'jf5't tyf hftLo e]befj ul/g] 5}g . o:tf] e]befjk"0f{ Jojxf/ b08gLo x'g]5 / kLl8t JolQmn] sfg"gåf/f lgwf{/0f eP adf]lhdsf] Ifltk"lt{ kfpg]5 . -@_ s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ hft hfltsf] cfwf/df s'g} klg ;]jf, ;'ljwf jf pkof]usf s'/fx¿ k|of]u ug{af6 a+l~rt ul/g] 5}g . -#_ s'g} j:t', ;]jf jf ;'ljwf pTkfbg jf ljt/0f ubf{ To:tf] ;]jf, ;'ljwf jf j:t' s'g} vf; hft, hfltsf] JolQmnfO{ vl/b jf k|fKt ug{af6 /f]s nufpg jf To:tf] j:t', ;]jf jf ;'ljwf s'g} vf; hft, hfltsf] JolQmnfO{ dfq laqmL ljt/0f ul/g] 5}g . -$_ s'g} hft, hflt jf pTklQsf JolQm jf JolQmx¿sf] ;d"xsf] p“r gLr bzf{pg], hft, hfltsf] cfwf/df ;fdflhs lje]bnfO{ Gofof]lrt 7x/fpg] jf hftLo ;jf{]Rrtf jf 3[0ffdf cfwfl/t ljrf/sf] k|rf/k|;f/ ug{] jf hftLo lje]bnfO{ s'g} klg lsl;dn] k|f]T;fxg ug{ kfOg] 5}g . -%_ pkwf/f -@_, -#_ / -$_ ljk/Ltsf] sfo{ sfg"g adf]lhd b08gLo x'g]5 . !#= k|sfzg, k|;f/0f tyf 5fkfvfgf ;DaGwL xs M -!_ ljB'tLo k|sfzg, k|;f/0f tyf 5fkf nufotsf cGo h'g;'s} dfWodaf6 s'g} ;dfrf/, ;DkfbsLo, n]v, /rgf jf cGo s'g} kf7\o, >Jo b[Zo ;fdu|Lsf] k|sfzg tyf k|;f/0f ug{ jf 5fKg k"j{ k|ltaGw nufOg] 5}g . t/ g]kfnsf] ;fj{ef}d;Qf jf cv08tf jf ljleGg hft, hflt jf ;Dk|bfo aLrsf] ;';DaGwdf vnn kg]{, /fHob|f]x, ufnL a]OHhtL jf cbfntsf] cjx]ngf x'g] jf ck/fw ug{ k|fT] ;fxg ug]{ jf ;fj{hlgs lzi6frf/ jf g}ltstf k|lts"n x'g] sfo{df d'gfl;j k|ltaGw nufpg] u/L sfg"g agfpg /f]s nufPsf] dflgg] 5}g . 5

-@_ s'g} >Jo, >Job[Zo jf ljB'tLo pks/0fsf] dfWodaf6 s'g} ;fdu|Lsf] k|sfzg tyf k|;f/0f u/] jf 5fk] jfkt To:tf] ;fdu|L k|sfzg tyf k|;f/0f ug]{ jf 5fKg], /]l8of], 6]lnlehg, cgnfOg jf cGo s'g} lsl;dsf] l8lh6n jf ljB'tLo, 5fkf jf cGo ;~rf/ dfWodnfO{ aGb, hkmt jf btf{ vf/]h ul/g] 5}g . -#_ s'g} ;dfrf/ n]v, ;DkfbsLo, /rgf jf cGo s'g} kf7\o ;fdu|L d'b|0f jf k|sfzg u/] jfkt s'g} ;dfrf/kq, klqsf jf 5fkfvfgf aGb, hkmt jf btf{ vf/]h ul/g] 5}g . -$_ sfg"g adf]lhd afx]s s'g} 5fkf, ljB'tLo k|;f/0f tyf 6]lnkmf]g nufotsf ;~rf/ ;fwgnfO{ cj?4 ug{ ;lsg] 5}g . !$= jftfj/0f tyf :jf:Yo ;DaGwL xs M -!_ k|To]s JolQmnfO{ :jR5 jftfj/0fdf afFRg] xs x'g]5 . -@_ k|To]s gful/snfO{ /fHoaf6 cfwf/e"t :jf:Yo ;]jf lgMz'Ns ¿kdf kfpg] xs x'g]5 . !%= lzIff tyf ;+:s[lt ;DaGwL xs M -!_ k|To]s ;d'bfonfO{ cfˆgf] dft[ efiffdf cfwf/e"t lzIff kfpg] xs x'g]5 . -@_ k|To]s gful/snfO{ /fHoaf6 dfWolds tx;Dd lgMz'Ns lzIff kfpg] xs x'g]5 . -#_ g]kfndf a;f]jf; ug{] k|To]s ;d'bfonfO{ cfˆgf] efiff, lnlk, ;+:s[lt, ;fF:s[lts ;Eotf / ;Dkbfsf] ;+/If0f / ;Daw{g ug{] xs x'g]5 . !^= !^ /f]huf/L tyf ;fdflhs ;'/Iff ;DaGwL xs M -!_ k|To]s gful/snfO{ /f]huf/Lsf] xs x'g]5 . /fHon] /f]huf/L lbg g;s] j]/f]huf/ eQfsf] Joj:yf ug]{5 . -@_ dlxnf, >lds, j[4, ckfË tyf czQm / c;xfo gful/snfO{ sfg"gdf Joj:yf eP adf]lhd ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] xs x'g]5 . -#_ k|To]s gful/snfO{ sfg"gdf Joj:yf eP adf]lhd vfB ;Dk|e'Qfsf] xs x'g]5 . !&= !&= ;DklQsf] xs xs M -!_ k|To]s gful/snfO{ k|rlnt sfg"gsf] cwLgdf /xL ;DklQ cfh{g ug]{, ef]u ug]{, a]rlavg ug]{ / ;DklQsf] cGo sf/f]af/ ug]{ xs x'g]5 . -@_ ;fj{hlgs lxtsf] nflu afx]s /fHon] s'g} JolQmsf] ;DklQ clwu|x0f jf k|fKt ug]{ jf To:tf] ;DklQ pk/ c? s'g} k|sf/n] s'g} clwsf/sf] l;h{gf ug]{ 5}g . t/ cj}w 9Ën] cfh{g u/]sf] ;Dkltsf] xsdf of] pkwf/f nfu" x'g] 5}g . -#_ s|flGtsf/L e"ld;'wf/ sfo{qmd nfu" ubf{ jf ;fj{hlgs lxtsf] nflu /fHon] s'g} JolQmsf] ;DklQ clwu|x0f jf k|fKt ubf{ jf To:tf] ;DklQ pk/ s'g} clwsf/sf] l;h{gf ubf{ sfg"g adf]lhd / sfg"gn] tf]s]sf] plrt k|s[of jdf]lhd ul/g]5 . !*= cflbjf;L hghfltsf] xs M -!_ ;j} cflbjf;L hghftLnfO{ cfkmgf] cl:tTj /Iff ug]{ hftLo klxrfg sfod ug]{ / /fHosf ;j} c+ux?df ;dfg'kflts ;xeflutf k|fKt ug]{ xs x'g]5 . -@_ cfkm"nfO{ /fi6«sf] ?kdf ljsf; ug]{ xs x'g]5 . -#_ cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/ ;lxt hftLo :jfoQtf / pk:jfoQtf k|fKt ug]{ xs x'g]5 . 6

-$_ ;j} cflbjf;L hghfltnfO{ dft[efiffdf lzIff lng] xs x'g]5 . !(= ;LdfGts[t tyf cNk;+Vos hftLo ;d'bfosf] xs M-!_ ;+3Lo Joj:yflksf nufot /fHosf ;j} lgsfodf ;dfg'kflts pkl:yltsfnflu ljz]if Joj:yf x'g]5 . -@_ cNk;+Vos ln+uLo tyf of}lgs ;d'bfonfO{ ljz]if ;+/If0f ul/g]5 . @)= dlxnfsf] xs M-!_ dlxnf ePs} sf/0faf6 s'g} klg lsl;dsf] e]befj ul/g] 5}g . -@_ k|To]s dlxnfnfO{ k|hgg :jf:Yo tyf k|hgg ;DaGwL xs x'g]5 . -#_ s'g} klg dlxnf lj?4 zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s jf cGo s'g} lsl;dsf] lx+;fhGo sfo{ ul/g] 5}g / To:tf] sfo{ sfg"gåf/f b08gLo x'g]5 . -$_ k}t[s ;Dkltdf 5f]/f / 5f]/LnfO{ ;dfg xs x'g]5 . -%_ /fhg}lts lgsfodf ;fdfg'kflts k|ltlglwTjsf] clwsf/ x'g5 ] . -^_ 3/]n' lx+;f lj?4sf] clwsf/ x'g]5 . -&_ ue{sf] clwsf/ x'g]5 . -*_ ;Ddflgt dft[Tjsf] clwsf/ x'g]5 . lzIff :jf:Yo / /f]huf/Ldf yk ljz]ifclwsf/ x'g]5 . @!= blnt ;d'bfosf] xs M -!_ cfly{s If]qdf e"ldlxg blntnfO{ hldg,;/sf/L cw{;/sf/L / lghL pBf]u Joj;fodf ;dfg'kflts /f]huf/L pknJw u/fpg'sf ;fy} blnt k/Dk/fut k]zf;+u ;DjlGwt cfw'lgs Joj;fodf cu|flwsf/sf] Joj:yf x'g]5 . -@_ /fhg}lts If]qdf ;+3Lo Joj:yfsf] Joj:yflksf,;/sf/ ;+j}wflgs lgsfo tyf ;/sf/L /fhg}lts / k|zf;lgs c+udf ljz]iflwsf/sf cfwf/df blntsf] k|ltlglwTj x'g] Joj:yf x'g]5 . ;j} k|b]zjf6 Ps Ps dlxnf / k'?if lgjf{lrt eP/ cfpg] u/L u}/ ef}uf]ns ;+3Lo O{sfO{ jgfpg] Joj:yf ul/g]5 . -#_ ;fdflhs ;f+:s[lts If]qdf 5'jf5't dfgj hfltsf] sn+ssf ?df :jLsf/ u/L b]z 5'jf5't d'Qm x'g]5 / of] h3Go ;fdflhs ck/fw dfgL o; k|sf/sf] ck/fw ug]{nfO{ s8f sf/jfxL x'g] sfg'gL Joj:yf x'g]5 . @@= a[4fj[b4x?sf] 4x?sf] xs M -!_ a[4j[4fx?nfO{ ;Ddfghgs jfFRg kfpg], e/0fkf]if0f pkrf/ :ofxf/;+ef/ kfpg] xs x'g]5 . @#= pTkLl8t tyf lk5l8Psf If]qsf gful/ssf] xs ;DjGw ;DjGwL GwL ljz] ljz]if Joj:yf M -!_ pTkLl8t tyf lk5l8Psf] If]qsf gful/ssfnflu :joQtfsf] clwsf/sf cltl/Qm ljz]if Joj:yfsf] xs x'g]5 . @$= ;fdflhs Gofosf] xs M -!_ cfly{s, ;fdflhs jf z}lIfs b[li6n] kl5 k/]sf dlxnf, blnt, cflbjf;L hghflt, dw]zL ;d'bfo, d'l:nd, pTkLl8t ju{, u/La ls;fg / dhb'/nfO{ ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zL l;4fGtsf] cfwf/df /fHosf] ;+/rgfdf ;xefuL x'g] xs x'g]5 . @%= afnaflnsfsf] xs M -!_ k|To]s afnaflnsfnfO{ cfˆgf] klxrfg tyf gfdsf] xs x'g]5 . 7

-@_ k|To]s afnaflnsfnfO{ kfngkf]if0f, cfwf/e"t :jf:Yo / ;fdflhs ;'/Iff k|fKt ug]{ xs x'g]5 . -#_ k|To]s afnaflnsfnfO{ zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s jf cGo s'g} klg lsl;dsf] zf]if0f lj?4sf] xs x'g]5 . o:tf] zf]if0fhGo sfo{ sfg"gåf/f b08gLo x'g]5 / To:tf] Jojxf/ ul/Psf] JolQmnfO{ sfg"gn] lgwf{/0f u/] adf]lhdsf] Ifltk"lt{ lbOg]5 . -$_ c;xfo, cgfy, ;':t dgl:ylt, åGåkLl8t, lj:yflkt Pj+ hf]lvddf k/]sf ;8s afnaflnsfnfO{ ;'lglZrt eljiosf] nflu /fHoaf6 ljz]if ;'ljwf kfpg] xs x'g]5 . -%_ s'g} klg gfafnsnfO{ s'g} snsf/vfgf, vfgL jf o:t} cGo s'g} hf]lvdk"0f{ sfddf nufpg jf ;]gf, k|x/L jf åGådf k|of]u ug{ kfO{g] 5}g . @^= wd{ ;DaGwL xs M -!_ k|To]s gful/snfO{ cfkmgf] cf:yfcg';f/sf] wd{ dfGg] jf gdfGg] xs x'g]5 . t/ s;}n] s;}sf] wd{ kl/jt{g u/fpg kfpg] 5}g / Ps csf{sf] wd{df vnn kfg{] u/L s'g} sfd, Jojxf/ ug{ kfOg] 5}g . -@_ k|To]s wfld{s ;Dk|bfonfO{ sfg"g adf]lhd cfˆgf] :jtGq cl:tTj sfod /fvL cfˆgf] wfld{s :yn / wfld{s u'7Lsf] ;~rfng / ;+/If0f ug{] xs x'g]5 . @&= Gofo ;DaGwL xs M -!_ s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ kqmfp ePsf] sf/0f ;lxtsf] ;"rgf glbO{ y'gfdf /flvg] 5}g . -@_ kqmfpdf k/]sf JolQmnfO{ kqmfp k/]sf] ;dodf g} cfk"mn] /f]h]sf] sfg"g Joj;foL;Fu ;Nnfx lng kfpg] xs x'g]5 . To:tf] JolQmn] cfˆgf] sfg"g Joj;foL;Fu u/]sf] k/fdz{ / lghn] lbPsf] ;Nnfx uf]Ko /xg]5 / To:tf] JolQmnfO{ cfˆgf] sfg"g Joj;foLåf/f k'k{If ug{] xsaf6 jl~rt ul/g] 5}g . :ki6Ls/0fM :ki6Ls/0f o; pkwf/fsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu æsfg"g Joj;foLÆ eGgfn] s'g} cbfntdf s'g} JolQmsf] k|ltlglwTj ug{ sfg"gn] clwsf/ lbPsf] JolQmnfO{ hgfpF5 . -#_ kqmfp ul/Psf] JolQmnfO{ kqmfp ePsf] ;doaf6 af6f]sf] Dofb afx]s rf}aL; 306fleq d'2f x]g]{ clwsf/L ;dIf pkl:yt u/fpg' kg{]5 / To:tf] clwsf/Laf6 cfb]z ePdf afx]s kqmfp ePsf JolQmnfO{ y'gfdf /flvg] 5}g . t/ pkwf/f -@_ / -#_ df n]lvPsf s'/fx¿ lgjf/s gh/jGb / zq' /fHosf] gful/ssf] xsdf nfu" x'g] 5}g . -$_ tTsfn k|rlnt sfg"gn] ;hfo gx'g] s'g} sfd u/] jfkt s'g} JolQm ;hfosf] efuL x'g] 5}g / s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ s;"/ ubf{sf] cj:yfdf k|rlnt sfg"gdf tf]lsPeGbf a9L ;hfo lbOg] 5}g . -%_ s'g} cleof]u nufOPsf] JolQmnfO{ lghn] u/]sf] s;"/ k|dfl0ft geP;Dd s;"/bf/ dflgg] 5}g . -^_ s'g} klg JolQm lj?4 cbfntdf Ps} s;"/df Ps k6seGbf a9L d'2f rnfOg] / ;hfo lbOg] 5}g . -&_ s'g} s;"/sf] cleof]u nfu]sf] JolQmnfO{ cfˆgf] lj?4 ;fIfL x'g s/ nufOg] 5}g . 8

-*_ k|To]s JolQmnfO{ lgh lj?4 ul/Psf] sf/afxLsf] hfgsf/L kfpg] xs x'g]5 . -(_ s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ ;Ifd cbfnt jf Goflos lgsfoaf6 :jR5 ;'g'jfOsf] xs x'g]5 . -!)_ c;dy{ kIfnfO{ sfg"gdf Joj:yf eP adf]lhd lgMz'Ns sfg"gL ;]jf kfpg] xs x'g]5 . @*= lgjf/s gh/aGb lj?4sf] xs M -!_ g]kfn /fHosf] ;fj{ef}d;Qf / cv08tf jf ;fj{hlgs zflGt / Joj:yfdf tTsfn vnn kg]{ kof{Kt cfwf/ geO{ s;}nfO{ klg lgjf/s gh/aGbdf /flvg] 5}g . -@_ lgjf/s gh/aGb /fVg] clwsf/Ln] sfg"g ljk/Lt jf jblgotk"j{s s;}nfO{ gh/aGb /fv]df gh/aGb /x]sf] JolQmn] sfg"gåf/f tf]lsPadf]lhd Ifltk"lt{ kfpg]5 . @(= oftgf lj?4sf] xs M -!_ cg';Gwfg, txlssft jf k'k{Ifsf] l;nl;nfdf jf c? s'g} lsl;dn] y'gfdf /x]sf] s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ zf/Ll/s jf dfgl;s oftgf lbOg] jf lgh;Fu lgd{d, cdfgjLo jf ckdfghgs Jojxf/ ul/g] 5}g . -@_ pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhdsf] sfo{ sfg"gåf/f b08gLo x'g]5 / To:tf] Jojxf/ ul/Psf] JolQmnfO{ sfg"gn] lgwf{/0f u/] adf]lhdsf] Ifltk"lt{ lbOg]5 . #)= #)=

#!= #!

;"rgfsf] xs M k|To]s gful/snfO{ cfˆgf] jf ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] s'g} klg ljifosf] ;"rgf dfUg] jf kfpg] xs x'g]5 . t/ sfg"gåf/f uf]Ko /fVg' kg]{ ;"rgfsf] hfgsf/L lbg s;}nfO{ s/ nufPsf] dflgg] 5}g . uf]kgLotfsf] xs M s'g} klg JolQmsf] hLp, cfjf;, ;Dklt, lnvt, tYofÍ, kqfrf/, rl/q ;DaGwL s'/fx¿sf] uf]kgLotf sfg"gåf/f tf]lsPsf] cj:yfdf jfx]s cgltqmDo x'g]5 .

#@= #@=

zf]if0f lj?4sf] xs M -!_ k|To]s JolQmnfO{ zf]if0f lj?4sf] xs x'g]5 . -@_ k|yf, k/Dk/f / k|rngsf] gfddf jf s'g} klg lsl;dn] s;}nfO{ zf]if0f ug{ kfOg] 5}g . -#_ dflg;nfO{ j]rljvg ug{, bf; jf afFwf agfpg kfOg] 5}g . -$_ s;}nfO{ klg lghsf] OR5f lj?4 sfddf nufpg kfOg] 5}g . t/ o; pkwf/fdf plNnlvt Joj:yfn] ;fj{hlgs k|of]hgsf] nflu gful/snfO{ clgjfo{ ;]jfdf nufpg ;lsg] sfg"g agfpg /f]s nufPsf] dflgg] 5}g .

##= ##=

>d ;DaGwL xs M -!_ k|To]s sfdbf/ / sd{rf/LnfO{ plrt >d cEof;sf] xs x'g]5 . -@_ sfg"gdf Joj:yf eP adf]lhd k|To]s sfdbf/ / sd{rf/LnfO{ cf–cfˆgf lxt /Iffsf] lgldQ 6«]8 o'lgog vf]Ng], ;Ël7t x'g] / ;fd"lxs ;f}bfafhL ug{] xs x'g]5 .

9

#$= #$= #%= #%=

b]z lgsfnf lj?4sf] xs M s'g} klg gful/snfO{ b]z lgsfnf ul/g] 5}g . ;+j}wflgs pkrf/sf] xs M o; efuåf/f k|bQ xssf] k|rngsf nflu wf/f !)& df n]lvPsf] tl/sf cg';f/ sf/afxL rnfpg kfpg] xs ;'/lIft ul/Psf]5 .

#^= gful/s gful/ssf] st{Jo i)

k|To]s gful/sn] ;+ljwfg / sfg"gsf] kfngf ug'{ kg{]5 .

ii)

/fHosf] ;DklQsf] /Iff ug'{ kg{]5 .

iii)

;]gfdf etL{ x'g] / b]zsf] /Iffsf] lglDt /fHon] cfJxfg u/] adf]lhdsf] sfd ug'{ kg{]5 .

iv)

b]zsf] :jfoQtf / cv08tfsf] /Iff ug'{ k|Tos gful/ssf] st{Jo x'g]5 .

v)

/fHosf] uf]kgLotf sfod ug'{ k|To]s gful/ssf] st{Jo x'g]5 .

10

efu $

/fHosf] bfloTj, lgb]{zs l;4fGt tyf gLltx¿ #&= #&= /fHosf] bfloTj M /fHosf] bfloTj b]xfo adf]lhd x'g]5M– -s_ g]kfnL hgtfdf cGt/lglxt ;fj{ef}d;Qfsf] Jofjxfl/s k|Tofe"lt ug]{ ljifonfO{ cfTd;ft ub}{ u0ftGq g]kfnnfO{ ;fdGtjfb tyf ;fd|fHojfb lj/f]wL hgtfsf] u0ftGq :yflkt ug{ /fHon] ;Dk"0f{ Wofg s]lGb|t ug]{, -v_ b]zdf ;fdGtjfbsf ;j} ?kx?sf] cGTo ub}{ ;dfhjfb pGd'v /fli6«o cf}Bf]lus k'“lhjfbdf cfwfl/t cu|ufdL /fhg}lts–cfly{s / ;fdflhs kl/jt{g ;'lglZrt ug]{, -u_ ljZjJofkL ¿kdf :jLs[t cfwf/e"t dfgj clwsf/, jx'bnLo k|lt:kwf{Tds nf]stflGqs k|0ffnL, hgtfdf lglxt ;fj{ef}d;Qf / hgtfsf] ;jf]{Rrtf, ;+j}wflgs ;Gt'ng / lgoGq0f, sfg"gsf] zf;g, ;fdflhs Gofo / ;dfgtf, :jtGq Gofokflnsf, cfjlws lgjf{rg, gful/s ;dfhsf] cg'udg, k"0f{ k|]; :jtGqtf, hgtfsf] ;"rgfsf] clwsf/, /fhg}lts bnx¿sf lqmofsnfkx¿df kf/blz{tf / hjfkmb]lxtf, hg;xeflutf, lgikIf, ;Ifd tyf :jR5 k|zf;gtGqsf cjwf/0ffx¿sf] k"0f{ kl/kfngf ug]{ /fhg}lts k|0ffln cjnDag u/L e|i6frf/ / b08xLgtfsf] cGTo ub}{ ;'zf;g sfod ug]{, -3_ juL{o, hftLo, eflifs, n}lËs, ;f+:s[lts, wfld{s / If]qLo e]befjsf] cGTo ub}{ dlxnf, blnt, cflbjf;L hghflt, dw]zL, pTkLl8t, pk]lIft / cNk;ª\Vos ;d'bfo, lk5l8Psf If]q nufotsf ;d:ofx¿nfO{ ;Djf]wg ug{ cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/ ;lxt :jfoQtf / :jzf;gsf] Uof/]06L ePsf] ;+3Lo ;dfj]zL / hgtfsf] u0ftGqnfO{ cfTd;ft ug]{ /fHosf] cu|ufdL k'g;{+/rgf ug]{, -ª_ ;fdGtL e"–:jfldTjsf] cGTo ub}{ h;sf] hf]t p;sf] kf]tsf] gf/f sfof{Gjog ug{ ;Ifd qmflGtsf/L e"ld;'wf/ sfo{s|d nfu" ug]{ , -r_ bnfn tyf gf]s/zfxL k“"lhsf] cGt u/L /fli6«o k“"lhsf] ljsf; ug{ /fli6«o pBf]uwGbf / ;fwg;|f]tsf] ;+/If0f / k|jw{g ug]{ gLlt cg';/0f ug]{, -5_ lzIff, :jf:Yo, cfjf;, /f]huf/L / vfB ;Dk|e'tfdf ;a} gful/ssf] clwsf/ :yflkt ug]{ gLlt lng], -h_ ;'s'Daf;L, sd}of, xlnof, x/jf r/jf nufotsf cfly{s ;fdflhs ¿kn] k5fl8 k/]sf ju{nfO{ uf; jf; skf; / >d ug]{ e"ld nufot cfly{s ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] Joj:yf ug]{ gLlt lng], -em_ ;/sf/L nfesf] kbdf /x]/ e|i6frf/ u/L u}/ sfg"gL ;DklQ cfh{g ug]{x¿ pk/ s8f sf/afxL u/L bl08t ug]{ gLlt lng], -`_ b]zsf] cfly{s–;fdflhs ¿kfGt/0f Pj+ Gofosf ;fy} b]znfO{ l56f] ;d'Ggt / cfly{s ¿kn] ;d[4zfnL agfpg Ps ;femf j}1flgs Pj+ Jojxfl/s hgd'vL ljsf; cjwf/0ff lgdf{0f ug]{, -6_ >ldssf k]zfut clwsf/sf] ;'lglZrttf ub}{ pBf]uwGbf, Jofkf/, lgof{t k|jw{g cflbsf nflu nufgL j[l4 u/L /f]huf/L Pj+ cfo cfh{gsf cj;/x¿sf] Jofks j[l4 ug]{ gLlt cg';/0f ug]{, -7_ /fHo kIf ePsf] cGt/f{li6«o ;lGw ;Demf}tfsf] ;dofg's'n kl/dfh{g vf/]h jf ;d;fdoLs jgfpg'sf;fy} k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ug]{, -8_ ;a} lje]bsf/L tyf hglj/f]wL / cu|udgsf jfws ;j} sfg"gsf] cGTo ug]{, -9_ d'n'sdf ljBdfg dfgj >f]t, hn;|f]t nufot k|fs[lts ;|f]t ;fwgsf] hgtf / /fi6« lxtdf k|of]u ug]{, 11

-0f_ ;z:q åGåsf] qmddf dfl/Psfx¿sf] kl/jf/nfO{ tyf o; qmddf 3fOt] eO{ ckfË / czQm ePsfx¿nfO{ plrt /fxt, ;Ddfg tyf k'g:yf{kgfsf] Joj:yf ug]{, -t_ ;z:q åGbsf] qmddf j]kQf kfl/Psf JolQmx¿sf] ;DaGwdf ul7t 5fglag cfof]usf] k|ltj]bgsf cfwf/df To:tf JolQmx¿sf kLl8t kl/jf/x¿nfO{ /fxt pknAw u/fpg], -y_ ;z:q åGåsf] qmddf lj:yflktx¿sf] k'g:yf{kgf ug{, gi6 ePsf lghL tyf ;fj{hlgs ;DklQx¿sf] xsdf /fxt k|bfg ug{ tyf Wj:t ;+/rgfx¿sf] k'glg{df0f ug{ ljz]if sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{, -b_ ;z:q åGåsf] qmddf dfgj clwsf/sf] uDeL/ pNnª\3g ug]{ tyf dfgjtf lj?4sf] ck/fwdf ;ª\nUg JolQmx¿sf] af/]df ;To cGj]if0f ug{ tyf ;dfhdf d]nldnfksf] jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ug{ pRr:t/Lo ;To lg¿k0f tyf d]nldnfk cfof]u u7g u/L ;f]sf] l;kmfl/;sf cfwf/df cfjZos sfd ug]{ . #*= #*= /fHosf lgb]{zs l;4fGtx¿ M -!_ ;fdGtjfbL / bnfn tyf gf]s/zfxL k'“lhjfbL pTkL8gsf ;j} ?kx?sf] cGTo ub}{ >dhLjL ju{sf] g]t[Tjdf ;j} b]zeQm / k|ultzLn ju{x?sf] ;+o'Qm ;Qfsf] ?kdf /x]sf] hgtfsf] u0ftGqfTds /fHoJoj:yf sfod ug'{ /fHosf] d'Vo nIo x'g]5 . ;j} vfn] juL{o, hftLo, If]qLo, n}+lus / cGo zf]if0f pTkL8gsf] cGTo ub}{ ;dfhjfb pGd'v hgtfsf] nf]stflGqs Joj:yfsf] clej[l4 ug{' /fHosf] k|d'v p2]Zo x'g]5 . -@_ ;dfhdf zflGt / ;'Joj:yf sfod u/L dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f / ;Da4{g ub}{ ;fj{hlgs lxtsf] k|a4{g ug{] / cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/ / :jfoQtf ;lxtsf] hgtfsf] ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs /fli6«o u0ftGqfTds zf;gsf] dfWodåf/f hgtfnfO{ zf;gdf clwsflws dfqfdf ;lDdlnt x'g] cj;/ h'6fO{ nf]stGqsf nfex¿sf] pkef]u ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf sfod ug{' /fHosf] p2]Zo x'g]5 . -#_ g]kfnL hgtfsf] dxfg hgo'4 tyf hgcfGbf]ng Pj+ P]ltxfl;s ;+3if{x?sf] k|ltkmn:j¿k k|fKt nf]stflGqs clwsf/x?nfO{ ;'b[9 / lj:tf/ ub}{ ;fdGtjfb / ;fd|fHojfb lj/f]wL /fhgLlts zlQmx? jLrdf jx'bnLo k|lt:kwf{Tds /fhgLlt / cfd ?kdf :jLs[t nf]stflGqs d"NodfGotf k|jw{g ub}{ ;d'Ggt / ;d[4 g]kfn lgdf{0f ug]{ /fHosf] /fhg}lts p2]Zo x'g]5 . -$_ b]zdf pknAw cfly{s ;|f]t / ;fwgnfO{ ;Lldt JolQmx¿df s]lGb|t x'g glbO{ ;fdflhs Gofosf] cfwf/df cfly{s pknlAwsf] Gofof]lrt ljt/0fsf] Joj:yf ldnfO{ s'g} klg hflt, lnË, ju{, ;d'bfo pk/ cfly{s zf]if0f x'g gkfpg] Joj:yf u/L cfly{s c;dfgtf x6fpFb} :jb]zL lghL Pj+ ;fj{hlgs pBdnfO{ k|fyldstf / k|>o lbO{ /fli6«o cy{tGqnfO{ :jtGq, cfTdlge{/ Pj+ pGgltzLn u/fpb} ;dfhjfb pGd'v /fli6«o cf}Bf]lus cy{tGqsf]] :yfkgf ug'{ /fHosf] d"ne"t cfly{s p2]Zo x'g]5 . -%_ ;a} lsl;dsf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts lje]b / c;dfgtf x6fO{ ljleGg hft, hflt, wd{, efiff, j0f{, ;d'bfo / ;Dk|bfosf aLr ;fdGh:o :yfkgf u/L Gofo / g}ltstfdf cfwfl/t :j:y ;fdflhs hLjgsf] :yfkgf / ljsf; ug{' /fHosf] ;fdflhs p2]Zo x'g]5 . -^_ b]zsf] ;fj{ef}d;Qf, cv08tf / :jtGqtfnfO{ sfod /fvL cGt/f{li6«o hutdf /fli6«o ;Ddfgsf] clej[l4 ug]{ lbzfdf /fHosf] cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw lgb]{lzt x'g]5 . #(= #(= /fHosf gLltx¿ M -!_ b]zsf] ;Gt'lnt ljsf;sf nflu cfly{s nufgLsf] Gofof]lrt ljt/0f u/L ;a} If]qsf hgtfsf] lzIff, :jf:Yo, oftfoft, cfjf; / /f]huf/L h:tf cfwf/e"t s'/fx¿sf] 12

ljsf; u/L plTkl8t ju{ vf;u/L dhb'/ ls;fgsf] hg;fwf/0fsf] hLjg:t/ j[l4 ug]{ gLlt /fHon] cjnDag ug]{5 . -@_ ;/sf/L, ;xsfl/tf / lghL If]qsf] dfWodaf6 plTkl8t ju{ vf; u/L dhb'/ ls;fgsf] hLjg:t/ pTyfg ug]{ cy{tGqsf] ljsf; ug]{ gLlt /fHon] cjnDag ug]{5 . -#_ ljleGg wd{, ;F:s[lt, hflt, ;d'bfo, ;Dk|bfo, pTklQ / efiff efifLx¿sf aLr ;dfgtf Pj+ ;xcl:tTjsf cfwf/df :j:y / ;'dw'/ ;fdflhs ;DaGw ljsl;t u/L ;a}sf] efiff, ;flxTo, lnlk, snf / ;+:s[ltsf] ;dfg ljsf;åf/f b]zsf] ;f+:s[lts ljljwtf sfod /fvL /fli6«o PstfnfO{ ;'b[9 ug]{ gLlt /fHon] cjnDag ug{]5 . -$_ /fli6«o lxt cg's"n pkof]uL Pj+ nfebfos ¿kdf b]zsf] k|fs[lts ;|f]t tyf ;Dkbfsf] kl/rfng ubf{ :yfgLo ;d'bfonfO{ k|fyldstf lbOg] gLlt /fHon] cjnDag ug]{5 . -%_ /fHon] jftfj/0f :jR5 /fVg cfjZos Joj:yf ug]{5 . hg;fwf/0fdf jftfj/0fLo :jR5tfsf] r]tgf a9fO{ ef}lts ljsf; ;DaGwL lqmofsnfkx¿åf/f jftfj/0fdf k|lts"n c;/ kg{ glbg Pj+ jftfj/0f tyf b'n{e aGohGt'sf] ljz]if ;+/If0fdf /fHon] k|fyldstf lbg]5 . jg / jg:klt tyf h}ljs ljljwtfsf] ;+/If0f, bLuf] pkof]u / To;af6 k|fKt nfedf ;dGoflos afF8kmf8sf] Joj:yf ug]{5 . -^_ /fHon] ls;fgnfO{ k|f]T;fxg u/L s[lif If]qdf pTkfbsTj a9fO{ s[lifdf cfwfl/t clwsf+z hgtfsf] cfly{s pGglt x'g] cj:yfx¿sf] l;h{gf u/L s[lifnfO{ pBf]usf] ¿kdf ljsf; ug]{5 . -&_ ljBfdfg ;fdGtL ptkfbg k|0ffnL / ;DjGwnfO{ cGTo ub]{ b]zsf] d'Vo ;fdflhs cfly{s zlQmsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] >dzlQmnfO{ /f]huf/ pknAw u/fO{ sfd kfpg] clwsf/ ;'lglZrt u/L pgLx¿sf] xs / lxtsf] ;+/If0f ub}{ pBdsf] Joj:yfkgdf ;xeflutf a9fpg] gLlt /fHon] cjnDag ug]{5 . -*_ dlxnf ju{sf] lzIff, :jf:Yo / /f]huf/Lsf] ljz]if Joj:yf u/L /fli6«o ljsf;df clwsflws ;xefuL agfpg] gLlt /fHon] cjnDag ug]{5 . -(_ /fHon] Psn dlxnf, cgfy, afnaflnsf, c;xfo, j[4, ckfË, czQm / nf]kf]Gd'v hfltsf] ;+/If0f / pGgltsf nflu ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] ljz]if Joj:yf ug]{ gLlt cjnDag ug]{5 . -!)_ lzIff, :jf:Yo, cfjf;, vfB;Dk|e'tf / /f]huf/Ldf lglZrt ;dosf nflu ;sf/fTds lje]bsf] Joj:yf u/L cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ¿kn] lk5l8Psf cflbjf;L hghflt, dw]zL, blnt nufot ;LdfGts[t ;d'bfo tyf ul/aLsf] /]vfd'gLsf dhb'/ ls;fgsf] pTyfg ug]{ gLlt /fHon] cjnDag ug]{5 . -!!_ b]zsf] pGgltsf nflu lj1fg tyf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;nfO{ k|fyldstf lbg] gLlt /fHon] cjnDag ug{'sf ;fy} :yfgLo k|ljlwsf] ljsf; ug{] gLlt cjnDag ug{]5 . -!@_ /fli6«o ljsf;sf] nflu :jb]zL nufgLnfO{ k|fyldstf lbO{ b]zdf a}b]lzs k"FhL / k|ljlwnfO{ /fi6|Lo lxtsf cfwf/df cfslif{t ug]{ gLlt /fHon] cjnDag ug]{5 . -!# _ ax';+Vos u|fdL0f hgtfsf] lxtnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL u|fdL0f ljsf;sf] ultnfO{ tLa|t/ agfpFb} n}hfg] gLlt /fHon] cjnDag ug]{5 . -!$_ /fHon] dlxnf, blnt, cflbjf;L hghflt, dw]zL, d'l:nd nufot cNk;+Vos, e"ldxLg, ;'s'Daf;L, sd}of, ckfË, lk5l8Psf If]q tyf ;d'bfo / åGå kLl8tsf nflu ;sf/fTds lje]bsf cfwf/df ljz]if Joj:yf ug]{ gLlt cjnDag ug]{5 . 13

-!%_ d'Qm sd}ofsf] ;+Vof osLg u/L pgLx¿sf] a;f]jf;sf] nflu cfwf/e"t e"ld / /f]huf/Lsf] Joj:yf ug]{ gLlt /fHon] cjnDag ug]{5 . -!^_ ls;fg, dhb'/ nufot >ddf cfl>t ju{sf] ljsf;sf] nflu k|fljlws lzIff, tfnLd, k|lzIf0fsf] cfjZos k"jf{wf/sf] Joj:yf u/L pgLx¿nfO{ /fHosf] ljsf; k|lqmofdf ;xefuL u/fpg] gLlt /fHon] cjnDag ug]{5 . -!&_ j[4j[4f, Psn dlxnf, ckf+u, nf]kf]Gd'v hflt tyf a]/f]huf/nfO{ sfg"gdf Joj:yf u/L eQf lbg] / /f]huf/Lsf] Joj:yf ug]{ gLlt cjnDag ug]{5 . a[4a[4f, cgfy, ckfË / bL3{ /f]uLx?sf] ;+/If0f /fHon] ug{]5 . -!*_ d'ns ' df ljBdfg k/Dk/fut 1fg, ;Lk / cEof;sf] klxrfg / ;+/If0f ub{} To;nfO{ cfw'lgsLs/0f ug{] gLlt /fHon] cjnDag ug{]5 . -!(_ d'n'sdf :yfkgf ePsf ;fj{hlgs tyf u}/;/sf/L ;+3 ;+:yfsf] ;~rfng / Joj:yfkgdf lgodg ug{ /fHon] ljz]if gLlt cjnDag ug]{5 . -@)_ b]zsf] ljsf;df o'jf hgzlQmnfO{ kl/rfng ug{ /fHon] ljz]if gLlt cjnDag ug]{5 . -@!_ /fHon] ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] a8fkq, c;+nUgtf, k~rzLnsf] l;4fGt, cGt/f{li6«o sfg"g / ljZjzflGtsf] dfGotfsf] cfwf/df g]kfnsf] cfkmg} :jtGq / /fli6|otfsf] lxtnfO{ k|jw{g ug]{ :jtGq k//fi6« gLlt lng]5 . -@@_ l5d]sL ldq /fi6«x¿ / ;+;f/sf c? ;a} d'n'sx¿l;t cfly{s, ;fdflhs Pj+ cGo If]qdf ;dfgtfsf] cfwf/df ;xof]ufTds ;';DaGw sfod u/L g]kfndf zflGtnfO{ cGt/f{li6«o dfGotfsf] cfwf/df ;+:yfut ub{} hfg] gLlt /fHon] cjnDag ug]{5 . -@#_ ;fdGtjfbL / ;fd|fHojfbL zf]if0f–pTkL8gsf ;a} ?kx?sf] cGTo u/L /fhgLlts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts ;a} If]qdf b]z / hgtfsf] lxtdf ;dlk{t nf]stflGqs d"No dfGotf :yflkt ug]{5 . -@$_ cfo{–v; pRr hftLo cx+sf/afbdf cfwfl/t ;fdGtL cjz]ifo'Qm /fHo k|0ffnLsf] cGTo u/L pTkLl8t hflt / If]qx?sf] cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/ / :jfoQ zf;gdf cfwfl/t g]kfnL ljz]iftf cg'?ksf] hgtfsf] u0ftGq ;lxtsf] ;+3fTds / k"0f{ wd{ lg/k]If /fHo k|0ffnL sfod ug]{5 . -@%_ cTolws ax';+Vos hgtf cfl>t /xg] u/]sf] s[lif If]qdf ljBdfg ;a} vfn] ;fdGtL e"ld;DaGwsf] cGTo ul/g]5 / …hldg hf]Tg]sf]Ú l;4fGtsf cfwf/df s|flGtsf/L e"ld;'wf/ sfof{Gjog ug]{5 . -@^_ dhb"/, ul/j ls;fg, ;'s'Daf;L, sd}of, x?jf, r?jf cflbsf] lxtdf /fHon] ljz]if Joj:yf ug{]5 . -@&_ /fHon] bzjif{] hgo'4 / hgcfGbf]ngsf] qmddf zlxb x'g]x?sf] ;d'lrt ;Ddfgsf] lglDt cfjZos Joj:yf ug{]5 . To; qmddf a]kQf x'g]x?sf] vf]h cg';Gwfg u/L To;sf ck/fwLx?nfO{ plrt b08 lbg]5 . zlxb kl/jf/, j]kQf x'g]x?sf] kl/jf/ / 3fOt] tyf cËeË x'g]x?sf] ;'/Iff / ;x'lnotsf] lglDt /fHon] ljz]if Joj:yf ug{]5 . -@*_ /fHon] o; efudf plNnlvt l;4fGt tyf gLltsf] sfof{Gjog ug{ cfjZostf cg';f/ ;|f]t / ;fwg kl/rfng ug]{ jf u/fpg]5 .

14

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/fHosf] 9fFrf / tx $)= $)=

g]kfn Ps ax'hftLo, ax'eflifs, ax'wfld{s, ax';fF:s[lts Pjd\ ef}uf]lns ljljwtfn] ;DkGg ;dfj]zL, ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqfTds /fHo xf] . $!= ;+3Lo OsfO{x?sf] txut ;+/rgf b]xfodf n]lvP cg';f/ x'g]5g\ M $! -!_= ;+3 -@_= :jfoQ k|b]z -#_= :yfgLo pk–:jfoQ If]q Onfsf .

$@= :jfoQ k|b]zx?sf] If]q lgwf{/0f ug]{ l;4fGt tyf cfwf/ M -!_ hftLo / eflifs afx'Notf Pjd\ lg/Gt/tf, ;fF:s[lts Ps?ktf / ;fldKotf, P]ltxfl;stf / ef}uf]lns ;lGgs6tf, k|zf;lgs ;'udtf Pjd\ cfly{s ;|f]t ;fwgsf] pknJwtfsf cfwf/df k|fGtx?sf] ;Ldf, ;+Vof, gfd / ;+/rgf lgwf{l/t ul/Psf] 5 . -@_= :jfoQ k|b]zx? cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/ / :jfoQ zf;gsf] gLlt cg'?k g]kfnsf] ;fj{ef}ldstf, Pstf / cv08tfnfO{ cIf'00f /fVb} :jfoQ / clwsf/;DkGg x'g]5g\ . :kli6s/0f M g]kfnsf] lalzi6tfdf cfwfl/t cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/sf] lalzi6 cleJolQm, sfo{qmd tyf Jofjxfl/s k|of]u / cEof; eg]sf] hftLo :jfoQtf / eflifs Pjd\ If]qLo :jzf;g x'g]5 . $#= :jfoQ k|b]zx?sf] If]q lgwf{/0f / ltgsf] gfdfs/0f M -!_ ;+3Lo g]kfnsf] b]xfo adf]lhdsf :jfoQ k|b]zx? x'g]5g\g\ M -s_ ;]tL–dxfsfnL -v_ e]/L–s0ff{nL -u_ yf?jfg -3_ du/ft -8_ td'jfg -r_ cjw -5_ g]jfM -h_ ef]hk'/f -em_ tfD;flnª -`F_ ldlynf -6_ ls/fFt -7_ lnDa'jfg -8_ sf]lrnf -#_ pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhdsf k|fGtx?sf] ;Ldfgf o; ;+ljwfgsf] cg';"rL==== df pNn]v eP adf]lhd x'g]5 . 15

-$_ k|fGtLo ;/sf/sf] ;xdltdf ;+3n] k|fGtx?sf] ;+Vof, gfd, If]q, ;Ldfgfsf] k]m/abn ug{ ;Sg]5 . $$= :yfgLo pk– pk–:jfoQ If]q M -!_ :jfoQ k|b]z cGtu{t Ps jf Ps eGbf j9L pk–:jfoQ If]q jf Onfsfx? X'g ;Sg]5g\ . -@_= PseGbf j9L :jfoQ k|b]zx?df 5l/Psf s'g} hflt jf efiffx? Pk–:jfoQ If]q jf Onfsfx? ePdf ltgnfO{ ;+of]hg / lgb]{zg ug{ :jfoQ k|b]z ;/xsf] 5'§} hftLo jf eflifs kl/ifb\ u7g ug{ ;lsg]5 . $%= $%= ;+3 / :jfoQ k|b]zsf sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/x? M -!_= ;+3, :jfoQ k|b]z / :yfgLo :jfoQ If]qsf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ b]xfo jdf]lhd x'g]5 M– -s_ /fli6«o ;'/Iff, g]kfnL ;]gf, cGt/f{li6«o / cGt/k|fGtLo Jofkf/, s]Gb|Lo k|x/L, df}lb|s gLlt, s]Gb|Lo a}+s, laQLo (financial) gLlt, 7"nf :s]nsf hnljB't, cGt/k|fGtLo nf]sdfu{, l;+rfO{ / /]nj], xjfO{ p8\8og, x'nfs, s]Gb|Lo ljZjljBfno, s]Gb|Lo :t/af6 lgodg / :t/Ls/0f ug'{kg]{ laifox?, j}1flgs cg';Gwfg, s]Gb|Lo tYof+s, /fli6«o / cGt/k|fGtLo jftfj/0f, /fli6«o oftfoft Joj:yfkg, b"/ ;+rf/, ;dli6ut cfly{s Joj:yfkg, ;fdflhs ;'/Iff, e"ld;'wf/, cfly{s–;fdflhs ;dGofo, b'O{ jf ;f] eGbf a9L /fHodf k}mlnPsf k|fs[lts >f]t ;d]tsf] /fli6«o gLltut sfo{sf] Joj:yfkg, ;+rfng / lgoGq0f ug]{ sfo{ ;+3 cGtu{t /xg]5g\ . -v_ pBf]u, s[lif, jg, ;+:s[lt, If]qLo efiffsf] k|a4{g, :jfoQ k|b]z leqsf oftfoft -/]nj] ;lxt_, lzIff, :jf:Yo, >d, k|fGtLo k|x/L, k|fGt leqsf] k|fs[lts >f]t, sNof0fsf/L sfo{sf] Joj:yfkg, ;+rfng / lgoGq0f ug]{ sfo{ :jfoQ k|b]z cGtu{t /xg]5g\ . -u_ k|fylds lzIff, k|fylds :jf:Yo, ;/;kmfO, :yfgLo ;8s, l;+rfO, vfg]kfgL / k|fs[lts >f]tx?, s[lif k|;f/sf] Joj:yfkg, ;+rfng / lgoGq0f ug]{ sfo{ :yfgLo :jfoQ If]q cGtu{t /xg]5g\ . -@_ pkwf/f -!_ df pNn]v gePsf s'g} ljifox?sf ;DaGwdf lg0f{o ug]{ jf sfg"g agfpg] clwsf/ ;+3nfO{ x'g5 ] . -#_ s'g} :jfoQ k|b]z jf b'O{ jf ;f] eGbf a9L k|b]zx?sf] ;+o'Qm cfu|xdf ;+3n] k|fb]lzs clwsf/ k|of]u ug{ ;Sg]5 . -$_ ;+3Lo sfg"g / k|fb]lzs sfg"g jflemPdf jflemPsf] xb;Dd ;+3Lo sfg"g dfGo x'g]5 . -%_ k|b]z–k|b]z jLr jf k|b]z / ;+3sf jLr clwsf/sf ;DaGwdf s'g} ljjfb p7]df ;+3n] hh;sf ;DaGwdf ljjfb p7]sf] xf] ;DalGwt kIfsf k|ltlglwx? /x]sf] cfof]u jf Gofoflws/0f u7g u/L ljjfbsf] ;dfwfg ul/g]5 . -^_ pkwf/f -%_ adf]lhd u7g ul/Psf] cfof]u jf Gofoflws/0fn] u/]sf] lg0f{o ;DalGwt kIfn] dfGg'kg]{ sfg"gL bfloTj x'g]5 . 16

-&_ ;+ljwfg adf]lhd ;+3Lo sfg"g sfof{Gjog ug]{ ;DaGwdf ;+3n] lbPsf] lgb]{zg ;DalGwt k|b]zn] kfng ug'{kg]{ 5 . $^= $^= ;+3 / k|b]z jLrsf] laQLo Joj:yfkg M -!_ ;+3 / k|b]zn] cfcfkmgf] clwsf/leq /xL ;+ljwfgsf] cg';"rL=== df pNn]v eP cg';f/ sfg"g adf]lhd b]xfosf s/x? nufpg / p7fpg ;Sg]5 . -c_ eG;f/, ;+:yfut cfos/, d"No clej[l4 s/ nufpg] / p7fpg] clwsf/ ;+3sf] x'g]5 . -cf_ JolQmut cfos/, kfl/>lds s/, dgf]/~hg s/, ;jf/L ;fwg s/, cGtMz'Ns nufpg] / p7fpg] clwsf/ k|b]zsf] x'g]5 . -O_ 3/hUuf axfn s/, 3/hUuf /lhi6]«zg b:t'/, ;DklQ s/, Joj;fo btf{ s/ nufpg] / p7fpg] clwsf/ :yfgLo :jfoQ If]qsf] x'g]5 . -p_ ;]jf z'Ns, b08 hl/jfgf nufpg] / p7fpg] clwsf/ ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo :jfoQ If]qsf] x'g]5 . -ª_ k|fs[lts >f]tdflysf] s/÷/f]oN6L M ;+ljwfgsf] cg';"rL== df pNn]v eP adf]lhd ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 . >f]t ;+3 k|b]z :yfgLo :jfoQ If]q hn>f]t # @, # !, @, # !=;fgf @= demf}nf #= 7"nf jg ) kfpg] kfpg] vfgL ) kfpg] kfpg] kj{tf/f]x0f kfpg] kfpg] kfpg] -@_ /fh:jsf] Gofof]lrt jf“8kmf“8sf nflu ;+3df ;DalGwt lj1x? /x]sf] laQLo cfof]u u7g x'g]5 . cfof]un] lj:t[t cfwf/, k|s][of cBfjlws u/L k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{5 . /fhZj kl/rfng / afF8kmFf8 ubf{ d'n'ssf] ;Gt'lnt / ;dfg ljsf; x'g] u/L ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s b[li6sf]0faf6 lk5l8Psf ju{ tyf ;d'bfosf] ;du| pTyfgsf nflu ljz]if Wofg lbg' kg{]5 . -#_ pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhdsf] ;+3sf] clwsf/ jfx]s cGo ljifosf] s/ nufpg] clwsf/ ;DalGwt k|b]zsf] x'g]5 . -$_ pkwf/f -#_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] ePtfklg /fli6«o dxTjsf laifodf /fh:j ;+sngsf lgldQ ;+3n] s/ nufpg ;Sg]5 .

17

efu ^

Joj:yflksf $&= $&= Joj:yflksfsf] u7g M -!_ g]kfndf /fli6«o ;ef / ;+3Lo hgk|ltlglw ;ef u/L b'O{ ;bgfTds Joj:yflksf /xg]5 . $*= /fli6«o ;ef M -!_ /fli6«o ;efsf] cfwf/ / rl/q b]xfo jdf]lhd x'g]5 M– -s_ hftLo, eflifs, wfld{s, ef}uf]lns Pj+ ;f+:s[lts cfwf/df u7g x'g]5 . -v_ /fi6«, /fli6«otf / ljljwtfsf] ;+/If0f ljsf; / k|jw{g ug]{ d'Vo p2]Zo x'g]5 . -u_ PsfTds / /fhtGqfTds Joj:yfjf6 l;lh{t ;d:ofsf] ;fdfwfg ;'lglZrt ug]{ k|sltsf] x'g]5 . -@_ /fli6«o ;efsf] s'n ;+Vof &% x'g]5 h;sf ;b:ox? k|To]s :jfoQ / pk–:jfoQ O{sfO{ jf6 lgjf{lrt x'g]5g\ . -#_ ;+3Lo OsfOx?jf6 k|ltlglwTjsf] ;+Vof hg;+Vof / e"uf]nsf] plrt ;Gt'ngsf cfwf/df x'g]5 -$=_ /fli6«o ;ef lg/Gt/ sfod /xg]5 . -%_ krf; k|ltzt ;b:osf] kbfjlw klxnf] k6s rf/ jif{ / jf“sL krf; k|ltztsf] kbfjlw ^ jif{ x'g]5 . -^_ /fli6«o ;efsf ;b:osf] pDd]bjf/ x'g #) jif{ pd]/ k'u]sf] x'g'kg]{5 . -&_ ;+3Lo OsfOx¿ jLrsf] cfjZos clwsf/ lgwf{/0f ug]{ / ljjfb lg?k0f ug]{ sfd /fli6«o ;efsf] x'g]5 . $(= $(= ;+3Lo hgk|ltlglw ;ef M -!_ ;+3Lo hgk|ltlglw ;efsf] u7g ldl>t lgjf{rg k|0ffnLsf cfwf/df x'g]5 . -@_ ;+3Lo hgk|ltlglw;efdf !@@ k|ToIf lgjf{rgsf cfwf/df / !@# ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rgsf cfwf/df x'g] u/L s'n @$% hgf x'g]5g\ . -#_ Joj:yflksfsf] d"n c+u ;+3Lo hgk|ltlglw;ef x'g]5 . -$_ hgtfsf] ;fj{ef}ldstfsf] cEof; ug]{ ;jf]{Rr c+usf ?kdf /xg]5 . ljlw lgdf{0f ug]{, /fi6«kltsf] k|:tfjdf k|wfgdGqLsf] cg'df]bg ug],{ ;+j}wflgs lgo'lQmsf] cg'df]bg ug],{ dxfcleof]u tyf cljZjf;sf] k|:tfj kfl/t ug]{ ,zlQm k[ylss/0f / lgoGq0f / ;Gt'ngsf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{ , s/ C0f hdfgt :jLs[lt lbg] ,/fh:j Joo Joj:yfkg / cg'df]bg ug]{ hgk|ltlglw;efsf d'Vo lhDd]jf/L x'g]5g\ . -%_ hgk|ltlglw ;efsf] ;b:o x'g @# jif{ pd]/ k'u]sf] x'g' kg]{5 . 18

-^_ sfo{sfn kfr jif{ x'g] 5 . -&_ k|wfgdGqL ;+3Lo hgk|ltlglw;ef / /fi6|kltk|lt pQ/bfoL x'g]5g\ . %)= %)= k|b]z hgk|ltlglw;ef tlglw;ef M -!_ e"uf]n / hg3gTjsf] cfwf/df @% b]lv #% hgf /xg] u/L k|b]z hgk|ltlglw;efsf] u7g x'g]5 . -@_ k|b]z hgk|ltlglw;efsf] k|d'vdf cWoIf x'g]5g\ . -#=_ k|b]zx? :jzfl;t / :jfoQ k|b]z x'g]5g\ . -$_ ;+3Lo ljlw lgdf{0f jfx]s ljsf; s/ c;'nL, jh]6 Joj:yf gLlt th'{dfug]{ / ;+3Lo k|b]zsf] pTyfgsf] ljz]ifflwsf/ x'g]5 . -%_ k//fi6« ;DjGw, ;GwL–;+emf}tf, ;]gf lgdf{0f / kl/rfng, d'b|f lgisfzg / k|rng jfx]ssf cGo ljifo k|b]z hgk|ltlglw;efjf6 ;DkGg x'g5 ] . -^_ lgjf{rg k|0ffnL ldl>t x'g]5, h;df krf;–krf; k|ltzt k|ToIf / ;dfg'kfltssf] Joj:yf x'g]5 . -&_ k|b]z hgk|ltlglw;efsf] kbfjlw rf/ jif{sf] x'g]5 . -*_ ;+3Lo hgk|ltlglw;efsf] l;kmfl/;df plrt sf/0f ;lxt /fi6«kltn] k|b]z hgk|ltlglw;ef e+u ug{ ;Sg]5g\ . %!= %!= lhNnf / ufp“÷gu/ ;ef -!_ :jfoQ k|b]z cGtu{t b'O{ txsf] ;+/rgf lhNnf / ufp“ “ gu/ ;ef u7g x'g]5g\ . b'j} lgsfodf ufp÷ ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zL x'g] u/L k|ToIf lgjf{rg / ;dfg'kflts ljlw cjnDjg ul/g]5 . jf“sL ljifo sfg"gn] lgwf{/0f u/] jdf]lhd x'g5 ] . %@= lgjf{rg k|0ffnL -!_ ;a} txsf] lgjf{rg ldl>t k|0ffnLadf]lhd x'g]5 . -@_ klxnf] x'g] lgjf{lrt x'g] / ;dfg'kflts k|0ffnLnfO{ ;dfgfGt/ ?kdf ckgfOg]5 . -#_ ;dfg'kflts k|0ffnL v'nf ;"rL k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t x'g]5 . -$_ lgjf{rg If]qsf] lgwf{/0f hg;+Vof, ef}uf]lns cfwf/, hfthflt, efiff, wd{, ju{ jf ;d'bfosf] cfwf/df x'g]5 . %#= %#= k|df0f f0fL 0fLs/0f / cWofb]z -!_ ;+3df ljw]ossf] k|dfl0fs/0f /fi6«kltn] ug]5 { g\ / k|b]zdf /fHokfnn] ug]5 { g\ . -@_ ljsf; lgdf{0f, ;]jf ;x'lnot, /fli6«o ;'/Iff / ;fDk|bflos ;b\efj sfod ug]{ jfx]s cGo ljifodf cWofb]z hf/L ul/g]5}g .

19

%$= %$= k|TofXjg ofXjg -!_= s'g} klg lgsfosf] k|ToIf lgjf{lrt hgk|ltlglwn] cfgf] lgjf{rg If]qsf hgtfsf] OR5f / lxt cg's'n sfd gu/]sf] nfu]df s'n dtbftf ;+Vofsf] krf; k|ltztn] cljZjf;sf] k|:tfjdf x:tfIf/ u/]/ lghnfO{ lkmtf{ jf]nfpg ;lsg]5 / ;f] 7fp“df gof“ lgjf{rg ul/g]5 .

20

efu &

sfo{kflnsf %%= %%= sfo{sfl/0fL clwsf/M -!_ g]kfnsf] sfo{sfl/0fL clwsf/ of] ;+ljwfg / cGo sfg'g adf]lhd /fi6«kltdflglxt x'g]5 . -@_ /fi6«kltnfO{ ;xof]u ug{ tyf b]zsf] b}lgs sfo{;~rfng ug{sf nflu k|wfgdGqL ;lxtsf] Ps dlGqkl/ifb\ /xg]5 . -#_ g]kfnsf] sfo{sfl/0fL sfdx? g]kfn ;/sf/sf] gfddf x'g]5 . %^= /fi6«klt «klt %^= /fi6 -!_= g]kfndf Ps hgf /fi6«klt /xg]5 . -@_= /fi6«klt d'n'ssf] /fi6«fWoIf jf /fi6«k|d'v / s]Gb|Lo ;+3Lo /fHo ;/sf/sf] sfo{sf/L k|d'v b'j} x'g5 ] . -#_= /fi6«klt ;+ljwfgsf] /Ifs / g]kfnsf] /fli6«otf Pj+ g]kfnL hgtfsf] Pstfsf] k|tLssf] ?kdf /xg]5 . -$_= /fi6«klt ;]gfsf] k/dflwklt x'g]5 . %&= «kltsf] lgjf{rgM %&= /fi6« /fi6kltsf] -!_= c7f/ jif{sf] pd]/ k'u]sf aflnu gful/sx?sf] k|ToIf ax'dtLo dtbfgaf6 /fi6kltsf] lgjf{rg x'g5 ] . To;/L ePsf] dtbfgsf] ;b/ dtsf] sDtLdf PsfpGg k|ltzt dt k|fKt ug{] pDd]bjf/ /fi6«klt x'g] 5 . t/, pQm dt k|fKt ug{ g;s]df klxnf] x'g] b'O{ pDd]bjf/aLr lgjf{rg u/L ax'dtLo cfwf/df /fi6«kltsf] rog ul/g]5 . -@_= /fi6«kltsf] lgjf{rg;DaGwL cGo sfo{ljlw sfg'g4f/f lgwf{l/t ul/Padf]lhd x'g]5 . %*= «kltsf] of]UotfM /fi6«klt x'gsf nflu s'g} klg JolQmn] b]xfosf] of]Uotf k"/f u/]sf] x'g'kg{]5M %*= /fi6« /fi6kltsf] -!_= hGdl;4 g]kfnsf] gful/s x'g'kg{], -@_= kRrL; jif{ pd]/ k"/f ePsf], -#_= pRr g}ltstf ePsf] . %(= «kltsf] kbfjlw -!_ M /fi6«kltsf] kbfjlw kfFr jif{sf] x'g]5 . t/ Pp6} JolQm a9Ldf b'O{ k6s %(= /fi6« /fi6kltsf] eGbf a9L /fi6«klt x'g kfpg] 5}g . ^)= «klt kbd'Qm x'g] cj:yfM b]xfosf] cj:yfdf /fi6«klt cfkm\gf] kbaf6 d'Qm x'g]5M ^)= /fi6« /fi6klt -!_ lghn] pk/fi6«klt;dIf /fhLgfdf lbPdf, -@_ lghn] ;+ljwfgsf] uDeL/ pNn+3g u/]sf] jf /fi6« / /fli6otfk|lt uDeL/ cfFr cfpg] sfd u/]sf] jf sfo{Ifdtfsf] cefj ePsf] cf/f]kdf /fli6«o ;efsf] sDtLdf kRrL; k|ltzt ;b:on] /fi6«klt lj?4 btf{ u/]sf] dxfcleof]usf] k|:tfj s'n ;b:o;+Vofsf] sDtLdf b'O{ltxfO ax'dtaf6 kfl/t ePdf, jf 21

-@_ lghsf] d[To' ePdf . aGb]hM dfly v08 -@_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg dxfcleof]usf] k|:tfj sDtLdf 5 dlxgfdf Ps k6seGbf a9L k]; ug{ kfOg] 5}g . ^!= ^!= /fi6« /fi6kltsf] «kltsf] zky -!_M !_M /fi6«kltn] cfkm\gf] sfo{ef/ ;DxfNg'cl3 cg';"rL === df tf]lsPsf] 9fFrfdf hgtf;dIf ;fj{hlgs ?kdf kb tyf uf]kgLotfsf] zky lng'kg{5 ] . ^@= «kltsf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/M ^@= /fi6« /fi6kltsf] -!_ /fi6fWoIf / ;/sf/k|d'vsf] ?kdf sfo{sf/L clwsf/ k|of]u ug{], -@_ ;+ljwfgsf] ;+/If0f / kfngf ug{], -#_ s]Gb|Lo dlGqkl/ifbsf] u7g / sfo{;~rfng ug{, -$_ k|wfg;]gfklt jf ;]gfk|d'v, /fhb"t, /fHokfn, ;jf{]Rr cbfntsf k|wfgGofofwLz tyf cGo GofofwLzx?, ;+j}wflgs c+usf k|d'v tyf cGo kbflwsf/Lx?, ljZjljBfno, k|lti7fg tyf cfof]usf k|d'vx?sf] lgo'lQm ug{], -%_ ljw]os k|:t't / k|df0fLs/0f ug{], -^_ wf/f ==== adf]lhd ;+s6sfnsf] 3f]if0ff ug{] . -&_ ;/sf/sf] gLlt, sfo{qmd / ah]6 k|:t't / sfof{Gjog ug{], -*_ dfkmL, ldgfxf, pkflw, ;Ddfg / lje"if0f k|bfg ug{], -(_ of] ;+ljwfg / P]g4f/f tf]lsPadf]lhdsf cGo sfo{ ug{] . ^#= «kltM ^#= pk/fi6« pk/fi6kltM -!_ g]kfndf Ps pk/fi6«klt /xg]5 . -@_ pk/fi6«kltsf] lgjf{rg, kbfjlw / of]Uotf /fi6«klt ;/x x'g5 ] . -#_ /fi6«klt jf pk/fi6«klt dWo] Ps hgf dlxnf x'g'kg{] 5 . -$_ pk/fi6«klt kbd'Qm x'g] cj:yfM b]xfosf] cj:yfdf pk/fi6«klt cfkm\gf] kbaf6 d'Qm x'g]5M -s_ lghn] /fi6«klt;dIf /fhLgfdf lbPdf, -v_ kbd'Qm x'g] cGo cj:yf /fi6«kltsf] ;/x x'g] . -%_ pk/fi6«kltsf] zkyM pk/fi6«kltn] cfkm\gf] sfo{ef/ ;DxfNg'cl3 cg';"rL === df tf]lsPsf] 9fFrfdf /fi6klt;dIf ;fj{hlgs ?kdf kb tyf uf]kgLotfsf] zky lng'kg{]5 . -^_ pk/fi6«kltsf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/M -s_= /fi6«kltsf] cg'kl:yltdf /fi6«kltn] ;DxflncfPsf] sfo{ef/ ;DxfNg], -v_= /fi6«kltsf] lgb{]zg / ;Nnfx adf]lhd sfo{ ug{], -u_= o; ;+ljwfg / sfg'g4f/f tf]lsPsf cGo sfo{ ug{] . -3_= o; wf/fdf h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg /fi6«kltsf] kbfjlw afFsL 5Fb} /fi6«kltsf] kb s'g} sf/0faf6 l/Qm ePdf To:tf] afFsL cjlwsf nflu dfq /fi6«kltsf] sfo{ef/ ;d]t pk/fi6«kltn] ;DxfNg] 5 . 22

^$

/fi6« «klt / pk/fi6« «kltsf] kfl/>lds tyf ;'ljwfM /fi6«klt tyf pk/fi6«kltsf] kfl/>lds tyf /fi6klt pk/fi6kltsf] cGo ;'ljwf P]g4f/f lgwf{/0f ul/Padf]lhd x'g]5 .

^%= ^%=

/fi6« «klt / pk/fi6« «kltsf] sfof{no / sd{rf/L;DaGwL Joj:yfM /fi6«klt / pk/fi6«kltsf] /fi6klt pk/fi6kltsf] 5'6f5'6} sfof{no /xg]5 . lghx?sf] sfof{nosf] sfdsf/afxL ;'rf? ?kn] ;~rfng ug{ sd{rf/L tyf Joj:yfkg;DaGwL cGo s'/fx? sfg'g4f/f lgwf{l/t ul/Padf]lhd x'g]5 .

^^= ^^=

sfo{sfl/0fL clwsf/M -!_ g]kfnsf] sfo{sfl/0fL clwsf/ /fi6«kltdf lglxt /xg] 5 . To;sf] k|of]u /fi6«kltaf6 of] ;+ljwfg / cGo sfg'gadf]lhd :jo+ jf dlGqkl/ifb\ jf cGo sd{rf/Lx?af6 x'g]5 . -@_ g]kfnsf] sfo{sfl/0fL sfdx? s]Gb|df g]kfn ;/sf/, k|b]zdf /fHo;/sf/ / :yfgLo txdf lhNnf, gu/ / ufpF hg;/sf/sf] gfdaf6 ;Dkfbg x'g]5g\ . To:tf sfdsf] k|df0fLs/0f sfg'g4f/f Joj:yf ePadf]lhd ul/g]5 . -#_ g]kfnsf] zf;g Joj:yfsf] ;fdfGo /]vb]v / ;~rfng ug{] cleef/f dlGqkl/ifb\pk/ x'g]5 . ^&= ^&= g]kfn ;/sf/sf] u7g / ;~rfngM -!_ /fi6«kltn] s]Gb|df g]kfn ;/sf/sf] gfdaf6 s]Gb|Lo dlGqkl/ifb\sf] u7g, sfo{ljefhg / ;~rfng ug{]5 . -@_ pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhd ul7t dlGqkl/ifbdf /fi6«klt, pk/fi6«klt, k|wfgdGqL, pkk|wfgdGqL / dGqLx? /xg]5g\ . dlGqkl/ifbnfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg cfjZostfg';f/ /fHo dGqL / ;xfos dGqLx? lgo'Qm x'g;Sg]5g\ . -#_ dlGqkl/ifb\ /fi6«kltk|lt hjfkmb]xL x'g]5 . -$_ ;fdfGotM k|wfgdGqL, pkk|wfgdGqL / dGqLx? ;+3Lo hgk|ltlglw;efdf ax'dt k|fKt bnsf] ;b:o jf ax'dtk|fKt ;b:oaf6 lgo'lQm ul/g]5 . t/ o;n] ;bgsf] ax'dt k|fKt gu/]sf] jf ;b:o g/x]sf] s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ pQm kbx?df lgo'Qm x'g afwf k'¥ofPsf] dflgg]5}g . -%_ k|wfgdGqLn] b}lgs ;/sf/ / k|zf;g ;~rfngsf] lhDd]jf/L axg ug{]5 . -^_ kfl/>lds tyf cGo ;'ljwfx?M jwfx?M k|wfgdGqL, pkk|wfgdGqL, dGqL, /fHodGqL / ;xfos dGqLx?sf] kfl/>lds tyf cGo ;'ljwfx? P]g4f/f lgwf{/0f ePadf]lhd x'g]5g\ . -&_ zkyM k|wfgdGqL, pkk|wfgdGqL, dGqL, /fHodGqL / ;xfos dGqLx?n] /fi6«klt;dIf cfgf] kb / uf]kgLotfsf] zkyu|x0f ug{'kg{]5 . ^*= ^*= /fHo ;/sf/sf] u7g / ;~rfng -!_ g]kfnsf] k|To]s k|b]zdf /fHo ;/sf/sf] gfdaf6 k|fb]lzs ;/sf/sf] u7g / ;~rfng x'g]5 . -@_ /fHosf] sfo{sfl/0fL k|d'vsf] ?kdf d'VodGqL /xg]5 . -#_ /fHosf] hgk|ltlglw;efdf ax'dt k|fKt bn jf To:tf] ;efsf] ax'dt k|fKt ;b:o d'VodGqLdf lgo'Qm x'g]5 . -$_ d'VodGqL hgk|ltlglw;efk|lt pQ/bfoL x'g]5 . -%_ d'VodGqLsf] kbfjlw kfFr jif{sf] x'g]5 . t/ Pp6} JolQm b'O{ sfo{sfneGbf a9L d'VodGqL x'g kfpg]5}g . 23

-^_ d'VodGqLsf] of]UotfM d'VodGqLsf] of]Uotf b]xfoadf]lhd x'g'kg{]5M -s_ /fHosf] hgk|ltlglw;efsf] ;b:o x'g'kg{], -v_ hGdl;4 g]kfnsf] gful/s x'g'kg{] . -&_ d'VodGqL cfkm\gf] kbaf6 d'Qm x'g] cj:yfM d'VodGqL b]xfosf] cj:yfdf cfkm\gf] kbaf6 d'Qm x'g]5M -s_ lghn] /fHokfn;dIf /fhLgfdf lbPdf, -v_ lghsf] d[To' ePdf . -u_ lghn] ;+ljwfg tyf /fHosf] sfg'gsf] uDeL/ pNn+3g jf /fi6 / /fli6otfk|lt uDeL/ cfFr cfpg] sfd u/]sf] jf sfo{Ifdtfsf] cefj ePsf] cf/f]kdf hgk|ltlglw;efsf] sDtLdf kRrL; k|ltzt ;b:on] lgh pk/ btf{ u/]sf] dxfleof]usf] k|:tfj s'n ;b:o;+Vofsf] sDtLdf b'O{ltxfO ax'dtaf6 kfl/t ePdf, jf aGb]hM dfly v08 -v_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg dxfcleof]usf] k|:tfj sDtLdf 5 dlxgfdf Ps k6seGbf a9L k]; ug{ ;lsg] 5}g . -*_ d'VodGqLsf] zkyM d'VodGqLn] cfkm\gf] sfo{ef/ ;DxfNg'cl3 cg';"rL === df tf]lsPsf] 9fFrfdf /fHokfn;dIf kb tyf uf]kgLotfsf] zky lng'kg{]5 . -(_ d'VodGqLsf] sfd st{Jo / clwsf/M clwsf/M -s_ /fHodlGqkl/ifb\sf] u7g / ;~rfng, -v_ /fHo:t/sf k|d'vx?sf] lgo'lQm, -u_ /fHodf ;+s6sfn 3f]if0ffsf] l;kmfl/;, -3_ ;/sf/k|d'vsf] ?kdf sfo{ ug{] . ^(= ^(= /fHokfnsf] Joj:yfM /fi6«klt4f/f k|To]s /fHodf /fHo k|d'vsf] ?kdf /fHokfnsf] lgo'lQm ul/g]5 . &)= &)= kfl/>lds, ;'ljwf tyf ;]jfsf zt{x?M ? /fHokfn / d'VodGqLsf] kfl/>lds, ;'ljwf tyf ;]jfsf zt{x? P]g4f/f lgwf{/0f ePadf]lhd x'g]5g\ . &!= &!= :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] u7g / ;~rfngM ;~rfng -!_ g]kfnsf] k|To]s :jfoQ k|b]zleqsf lhNnf, gu/ / ufpFx?df lhNnf, gu/ / ufpF hg;/sf/sf] gfdaf6 :yfgLo ;/sf/x?sf] u7g / ;~rfng x'g]5 . -@_ :yfgLo ;/sf/x?sf] sfo{sfl/0fL k|d'v, pkk|d'v / ;b:ox?sf] ?kdf tt\tt\ lhNnf, gu/ / ufpFsf cWoIf, pkfWoIf / ;b:ox? /xg]5g\ . -#_ lhNnf;ef, gu/;ef / ufpF;efsf] lgjf{rgdf ax'dt k|fKt bnsf] jf To:tf] ;efsf] ax'dt k|fKt ;b:o cWoIf, pkfWoIf / ;b:odf lgo'Qm x'g]5g\ . -$_ cWoIf, pkfWoIf / ;b:ox? ;DalGwt :yfgLo ;efx?k|lt pQ/bfoL x'g]5g\ . -%_ cWoIf, pkfWoIf / ;b:ox?sf] kbfjlw kfFr jif{sf] x'g]5 . t/ Pp6} JolQm b'O{ k6seGbf a9L cWoIf x'g kfpg]5}g . -^_ pNn]lvt ;efsf] lgjf{rg ;dfg'kflts tyf ;dfj]zLs/0fsf l;4fGtsf cfwf/df ul/g]5 . -&_ :yfgLo ;/sf/x?sf] k|zf;sLo k|d'vsf] ?kdf sfo{ ug{ lghfdtL ;]jfaf6 ;lrjsf] lgo'lQm ul/g]5 . 24

&@= &@= ljleGg txsf ;/sf/aLrsf] cGt/;DaGwM • cfly{s ;DaGwM ;|f]t tyf ;fwgsf] afF8kmfF8, pkof]u, nufgL / Jofkf/ k|j4{gM /fli6o k|efj /xg] ljifodf s]Gb|sf] gLlt adf]lhd / cGodf k|fb]lzs gLltadf]lhd ;~rfng x'g], :yfgLon] k|b]znfO{ / k|b]zn] s]Gb|nfO{ lglZrt k|ltzt s/ a'emfpg' kg{] . • zflGt tyf ;'/IffM cfk/flws lqmofsnfksf] /f]syfd;DaGwL cfk;L ;dembf/L, :yfgLo tyf 3/]n' k|s[ltsf ck/fwx?sf ;DaGwdf :yfgLosf], k'g/fj]bg txdf k|b]zsf] / uDeL/ k|s[ltsf Pj+ s]Gb|Lo sfo{sf/Lsf] clwsf/leqsf ck/fwsf xsdf /fli6«o If]qflwsf/ cfslif{t x'g] / ltgsf] clGtd lg0f{o ;jf{]Rr cbfntaf6 x'g] . • k|b]z tyf :yfgLo ;/sf/sf ;a} k|sf/sf lg0f{o tyf sfg"gx? k|b]zdfkm{t\ s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/nfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg'kg{], • k|b]zx?aLr pTkGg ljjfb ;dfwfgsf nflu s]Gb|n] 5'§} lgsfosf] Joj:yf ug{] Joj:yf ;+ljwfgd} pNn]v ug{] .

25

efu *

Gofokflnsf &#= &#= u0ftGq g]kfnsf] Gofo ;DaGwL clwsf/ cbfntaf6 k|of]u x'g]M -!_ u0ftGq g]kfnsf] Gofo ;DaGwL clwsf/ of] ;+ljwfg / cGo sfg"g tyf Gofosf dfGol;4fGt cg';f/ hgtfsf] cbfnt, Goflos lgsfo Pjd\ GofofwLs/0fx?af6 k|of]u x'g] 5 . &$= &$= cbfnt / cbfntsf] txM -!_ u0ftGq g]kfndf cbfntsf] ;+/rgfut tx b]xfo adf]lhd x'g]5 . s= ;af]{Rr cbfnt v= /fHo cbfnt u= :yfgLo cbfnt -@_ pNn]lvt cbfntsf txsf cltl/Qm ufp“ / gu/:t/df hgcbfnt tyf d]nldnfks]Gb|x? /xg] 5g\ . -#_ wf/f -@_ adf]lhdsf hgcbfnt / d]nldnfks]Gb|sf] u7g, lg0f{o k|lqmof Pjd\ GofofwLz tyf d]nldnfkstf{{x?sf] lgo'lQm,;]jf zt{ / ;'ljwf sfg"gdf lgwf{/0f ePadf]lhd x'g]5 . -$_ u0ftGq g]kfndf Gofokflnsfsf] ;a}eGbf dflyNNff] tx ;af]{Rr cbfnt x'g]5 . -%_ ;jf{]Rr cbfntn] /fHo cbfnt, :yfgLo cbfnt / hgcbfnt tyf d]nldnfks]Gb|sf ;fy} cGo Goflos lgsfox?sf] lg/LIf0f Pjd\ ;'kl/a]If0f ug]{ / cfjZos lgb]{zg lbg]5 . -^_+ ;af]{Rr cbfnt clen]v cbfnt x'g]5 . o;n] cfkm\gf] ckx]ngfdf sf/afxL rnfO{ sfg"g adf]lhd ;hfo;d]t ug{ ;Sg]5 . -&_ ;af]{Rr cbfntdf k|wfgGofofwLz;lxt a9Ldf ;ftb]lv kGw|hgf;Dd GofofwLzx? /xg]5g\ . &%= ;+a}wflgs cbfnt M-M-!_ ;+j}wflgs laafbx?sf] lg/f]k0f ug{ Ps ;+j}wflgs cbfnt /xg]5 . ;+j}wflgs cbfntn] b]xfosf ljifox? x]/L lg0f{o lbg]5 . s= ;+lawfg;+u sfg"g aflemPsf] v= cGt{/fli6«o ;lGw ;Demf}tfsf] AofVof u= /fHo /fHox?sf larsf] laafb 3= /fhgLlts bn ;DaGwL ª dxfcleof]usf] a}wflgstf ;DaGwL r= ;+a}wflgs cË larsf] laafb 5= /fi6«klt Pjd\ ;+3Lo k|ltlglwx?sf] lgaf{rgsf] a}wtf h= /fi6«kltn] cfjZos ;Dem]sf] ljifodf /fo ;Nnfx lbg] -@_ pkwf/f -!_ adf]flhdsf] ;+j}wflgs cbfntsf] k|zf;sLo clwsf/Lsf ?kdf Ps /lhi6«f/ /xg] 5g\ h;sf] lgo'lQm sfd st{Jo / clwsf/ Pjd\ tyf ;]jfsf zt{ ;DaGwdf sfg"gdf Joj:yf ePadf]lhd x'g] 5 . 26

&^ =;af]{Rr cbfntsf k|wfgGofofwLz, GofofwLz Pjd\ Pjd\ ;+j}wflgs cbfntsf GofofwLz x?sf] lgo'lQm / of]UotfM -!_;jf] !_ {Rr cbfntsf k|wfgGofofwLz,GofofwLz Pjd\ ;+j}wflgs cbfntsf GofofwLzx?sf] lgo'lQmsf]nflu /fi6«kltn] of]Uo JolQmx?sf] ;"rL tof/ u/L ;+3Lo hgk|ltlglw;ef;dIf k|:t't u/]sf] k|:tfa ;+3Lo k|ltlglw;efaf6 l:js[t ePdf ;f] l:js[t k|:tfadf pNn]lvt AolQmx?nfO{ /fi6«klt4f/f lgo'lQm lbOg]5 . -@_b] @_ xfosf] of]Uotf k'u]sf] JolQm k|wfg GofofwLz,GofofwLz jf ;+j}wflgs cbfntsf] GofofwLzsf ?kdf of]Uo dflgg] 5g\ -s_sfg"gdf :gfts eO{ sfg"g / Gofosf] If]qdf aL; jif{ cg'ejk|fKt JolQm . -v_ rfnL; jif{ k"/f ePsf] . -u_ g]kfnsf] hGdl;4 gful/s -3_ g}ltstf, OdfGbfl/tf / Ifdtf pRr ePsf] JolQm . -#_pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhd lgo'lQmsfnflu ;"lr tof/ ubf{{ ;dfg'kflts / ;dfj]zL l;4fGtsf cfwf/df ul/g]5 . &&= &&= k|wfg GofofwLz,GofofwLz GofofwLz,GofofwLz Pjd\ Pjd\ ;+j}wflgs cbfntsf GofofwLzsf ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf M -!_ ;af]{Rr cbfntsf k|wfg GofofwLz,GofofwLz Pjd\ ;+j}wflgs cbfntsf GofofwLzsf] kfl/>lds ;'ljwf / ;]jfsf cGo zt{x? sfg"g4f/f Joal:yt x'g]5g\ . &* =k|wfg GofofwLz, GofofwLz Pjd\ Pjd\ ;+j}wflgs cbfntsf GofofwLzsf] GofofwLzsf]] kbd'Qm x'g] cj:yfM -!_ b]xfo adf]lhdsf] ca:yfdf k|wfg GofofwLz jf ;af]{Rr cbfntsf cGo GofofwLzx? kb d'Qm x'g]5g\ M s= k|wfg GofofwLzn] /fi6«k|d'v ;dIf / cGo GofofwLzn] k|wfg GofofwLz dfkm{t /fi6«klt;dIf lbPsf] /flhgfdf l:js[t ePdf, v= ^) jif{sf] pd]/ k"/f ePdf, u= sfo{ Ifdtfsf] cefj, v/fa cfr/0f, OdfGbfl/tfk"j{s cfk\mgf] kbLo st{Josf] kfngf gu/]sf], zfl/l/s jf dfgl;s sf/0fn] sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug{ c;dy{ ePsf] / Gofodf larlnt ePsf] egL ;DalGwt txsf k|ltlglw;efsf sDtLdf Ps rf}yfO{ ;b:ox?n] /fv]sf] dxfcleof]usf] k|:tfj b'O{ltxfO ax'dtaf6 kfl/t ePdf . o; v08adf]lhd dxfcleof]usf] cf/f]k nfu]sf] GofofwLznfO{ ;DalGwt ;kmfOsf] ;a'b k]zug]{ dgfl;a df}sf lbOg]5 . 3= d[To' ePdf . -@_ pkwf/f -!_ sf] b]xfo -u_ adf]lhd dxfcleof]u k|:tfj k]z ePkl5 ;f] sfaf{xLdf 6'Ëf] gnfu];Dd cf/f]k nfu]sf k|wfg GofofwLz jf GofofwLz lgnlDat x'g]5g\ . &( =k|wfg GofofwLz, GofofwLz Pjd\ Pjd\ ;+j}wflgs cbfntsf GofofwLznfO{ cGo s'g} sfddf nufpg gx'g]M -!_ ;af]{Rr cbfntsf] k|wfg GofofwLz GofofwLz Pjd\ ;+j}wflgs cbfntsf GofofwLznfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] hf+ra'em jf sfg"g jf Gofo ;DaGwL cGj]if0ffTds sfd jf cGo Goflos sfd afx]s cGo s'g} sfddf nufpg kfOg] 5}g / lghn] s'g} klg c8\8f cbfntdf pkl:yt e} ax; k}/aL ug{ kfpg] 5}g . *)= *)= ;af]{Rr cbfntsf] clwsf/If]qM -!_ o; ;+ljwfg4f/f k|bQ df}lns xssf] k|rngsf]nflu jf csf]{ pkrf/sf] Joj:yf gePsf] jf csf]{ pkrf/sf] Joj:yf ePklg ;f] pkrf/ ck|of{Kt jf k|efjlxg 27

b]lvPsf] cGo s'g} sfg"gL xssf] k|rngsf]nflu jf ;fj{hlgs xs jf ;/f]sf/sf] s'g} laafbdf ;dfa]z ePsf] s'g} ;+j}wflgs jf sfg"gL k|Zgsf] lg?k0fsf]nflu cfjZos / pko'Qm cfb]z hf/L u/L To:tf] xssf] k|rng u/fpg] jf laafb 6'Ëf] nufpg] c;fwf/0f clwsf/ ;af]{Rr cbfntnfO{ x'g]5 . ;f] k|of]hgsf]nflu k"0f{ ?kdf Gofou/L plrt pkrf/ k|bfg ug{ ;af]{Rr cbfntn] aGbLk|ToIfLs/0f, k/dfb]z, pTk]]|if0f, k|ltif]w, clwsf/k[R5f nufot hg';'s} pko'Qm cfb]z hf/L ug{ ;Sg]5 . t/ clwsf/If]qsf] cefj ePsf]df afx]s ;+3Lo hgk|ltlglw;efn] u/]sf] laz]ifflwsf/sf] sfaf{xL / tT;DaGwdf tf]s]sf] ;hfodf o; pkwf/f cGt{ut ;af]{Rr cbfntdf s'g} ph'/L nfUg] 5}g . -@_ ;af]{Rr cbfntnfO{ sfg"gdf Joj:yf ePadf]lhd z'? d'4f x]g]{, k'g/fa]bg ;'Gg], ;fws hf+Rg], k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{ / lga]bg ;'Gg] clwsf/ x'g]5 . -#_ ;af]{Rr cbfntsf] cGo clwsf/ tyf sfo{ljlw sfg"gdf Joj:yf ePadf]lhd x'g]5 . *!= *!= /fHo cbfnt tyf :yfgLo cbfntx?sf] clwsf/If]qM -!_ x/]s /fHodf /fHo cbfnt / :yfgLo txdf :yfgLo cbfnt /xg]5g\ . -@_ /fHo cbfnt clen]v cbfnt x'g]5 . o;n] cfkm\gf] / dftxtsf cbfntsf] ckx]ngfdf sfaf{xL / ;hfo ug]{5 . -#_ dfly pNn]lvt cbfntx?df cfaZostfcg';f/ ljz]if k|s[ltsf laafbx?sf] lg/f]k0f ug{ jfn Ohnf;, k|zf;sLo Ohnf;, /fhZj tyf C[0f c;'nL Ohnf;, afl0fHo Ohnf;, >d Ohnf;, kfl/jfl/s Ohnf; cflb Ohnf;x? u7g ug{ ;lsg]5 . *@= *@= /fHocbfnt / :yfgLo cbfntsf GofofwLzx?sf] lgo'lQm / of]UotfM -!_/fHo cbfntsf cbfnt d'VoGofofwLz, GofofwLz Pjd\ :yfgLo cbfntsf GofofwLzx?sf] lgo'lQmsf]nflu /fHokfnn] of]Uo JolQmx?sf] ;"rL tof/ u/L /fHo:t/sf] hgk|ltlglw;ef;dIf k|:t't u/]sf] k|:tfa ;f] hgk|ltlglw;efaf6 l:js[t ePdf ;f] l:js[t k|:tfadf pNn]lvt AolQmx?nfO{ /fHokfn4f/f lgo'lQm lbOg]5 . -@_ of]UotfM b]xfosf] of]Uotf k'u]sf] JolQm d'Vo GofofwLz,GofofwLz lgo'Qm x'g of]Uo dflgg] 5g\ -!_ sfg"gdf :gfts eO{ sfg"g / Gofosf] If]qdf /fHo cbfntsf] nflu !% jif{ / :yfgLo cbfntsf] GofofwLzsf] nflu !) jif{ cg'ejk|fKt JolQm . -@_ /fHo cbfntsf]nflu #) jif{ / :yfgLo cbfntsf]nflu klRr; jif{ k"/f ePsf] . -#_ g]kfnsf] hGdl;4 gful/s -$_ g}ltstf, OdfGbfl/tf / Ifdtf pRr ePsf] JolQm . -#_pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhd lgo'lQmsfnflu ;"rL tof/ ubf{{ ;dfg'kflts / ;dfj]zL l;4fGtsf cfwf/df ul/g]5 . *#= *#= /fHo cbfntsf d'Vo GofofwLz, GofofwLz / :yfgLo cbfntsf GofofwLzx?sf] ;]jf zt{ tyf ;'lawfx? awfx? M -!_ /fHocbfnt / :yfgLo cbfntsf d'Vo GofofwLz tyf GofofwLzsf] kfl/>lds, ;'ljwf / ;]jfsf cGo zt{x? sfg"g4f/f Joal:yt x'g]5g\ . *$= *$= /fHo cbfntsf d'VoGofofwLz, GofofwLz / :yfgLo cbfntsf GofofwLzx?sf] kbd'Qm x'g] cj:yfM s /fHo cbfntsf] d'VoGofofwLzn] /fHosf] /fHokfn;dIf / /fHosf cbfntsf cGo GofofwLz / :yfgLo cbfntsf GofofwLzn] d'Vo GofofwLzdfkm{t /fHokfn;dIf lbPsf] /flhgfdf l:js[t ePdf,M 28

v 3= ª

^) jif{sf] pd]/ k"/f ePdf d[To' ePdf sfo{ Ifdtfsf] cefj, v/fa cfr/0f, OdfGbfl/tfk"j{s cfk\mgf] kbLo st{Josf] kfngf gu/]sf], zfl/l/s jf dfgl;s sf/0fn] sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug{ c;dy{ ePsf] / Gofodf larlnt ePsf] egL ;DalGwt txsf k|ltlglw;efsf sDtLdf Ps rf}yfO ;b:ox?n] /fv]sf] dxfcleof]usf] k|:tfj b'O{ltxfO ax'dtaf6 kfl/t ePdf . cf/f]k nfu]sf] GofofwLznfO{ ;DalGwt ;kmfO{sf] ;a'b k]zug]{ dgfl;a df}sf lbOg]5 . r= wf/f !@ sf] v08 -ª_ adf]lhd dxfcleof]u k|:tfj k]z ePkl5 ;f] sfaf{xLdf 6'Ëf] gnfu];Dd cf/f]k nfu]sf d'Vo GofofwLz, GofofwLz jf :yfgLo cbfntsf GofofwLz lgnlDat x'g]5g\ . *%= *%= /fHocbfntsf d'VoGofofwLz, GofofwLz / :yfgLo GofofwLzx?nfO{ cGo s'g} kbdf ;?jf ug{ jf cGo s'g} sfddf nufpg gx'g]M -!_ /fHotxsf s'g} GofofwLznfO{ Goflos sfd, sfg"g / GofoIf]qsf] cGj]if0f, cg';Gwfg jf hf+ra'emsf sfddf afx]s cGo s'g} sfddf nufOg] 5}g . -@_ ljz]if kl/l:yltdf ;DalGwt /fHosf /fHokfnsf] k/fdz{ lnO{ k|wfg GofofwLzn] Ps /fHo cbfntsf] d'Vo GofofwLz jf GofofwLznfO{ csf]{ /fHo cbfntdf / Ps /fHosf] If]qflwsf/leqsf] :yfgLo GofofwLznfO{ csf]{ /fHosf] If]qflwsf/leqsf] :yfgLo cbfntdf ;?jf ug{ jf sfdsfh ug{ v6fpg ;lsg]5 . *^= *^= d'2f ;fg{ ;Sg]M s'g} cbfntdf bfo/ ePsf] d'4f ;f] cbfntaf6 ;'g'jfO{ x'bf Gofo k|efljt x'g] ca:yf 5 eGg] ;af]{Rr cbfnt / /fHo cbfntnfO{ nfu]df To:tf] d'4f Ps /fHoaf6 csf]{ /fHosf] ;dfgtxsf] cbfntdf ;'g'jfO ug{ ;af]{Rr cbfntn] / ;dfgtxsf] :yfgLo cbfntaf6 ;'g'jfO{ ug{ /fHo cbfntsf] If]qflwsf/leq /fHo cbfntn] cfb]z lbg;Sg]5 . *&= k|wfg GofofwLzsf] lhDd]jf/LM g]kfnsf] Gofo k|zf;gnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg] clGtd lhDd]jf/L k|wfg GofofwLzsf] x'g]5 / ;f] k|of]hgsf]nflu lghn] o; ;+ljwfg / cGo sfg"gsf] clwgdf /xL ;af]{Rr cbfnt / dftxtsf cbfntnfO{ cfjZos lgb]{zg lbg ;Sg]5 . **= \DogM -!_ g]kfnsf] Gofokflnsfsf] :jtGqtfsf] ;+/If0f / ;Daw{g ug{, **= Goflos cDa'8DogM GofofwLzx?sf] cf+r/0fsf] cg'udg ug{, GofofwLzx? pk/sf] cg'zf;gsf] sfaf{xL tyf /fi6«klt;dIf ;hfosf] l;kmfl/; ug{ cfjZos sfo{x? ug{ ;+3Lo :t/df Goflos ;+oGqsf ?kdf Goflos cDa'8; \ Dog /xg]5 . h;df b]xfo adf]lhdsf cWoIf / ;b:ox? /xg]5g\ M s= k|wfg GofofwLz cWoIf v= GofodGqL ;b:o u= s]Gb|Lo af/sf] l;kmfl/;df /fi6«kltaf6 lgo'Qm sfg"gljb\ ;b:o 3= dxfGofofwLjQmf ;b:o ª k|wfgdGqLsf] l;kmfl/;df /fi6«klt4f/f lgo'Qm sfg"gljb\ ;b:o -@_ pkwf/f lgDgfg';f/sf] s= v= u= 3=

-!_ adf]lhdsf] sfo{sfnflu /fHokfn;dIf l;kmfl/; ug{ x/]s /fHo:t/df;d]t Goflos cDa'8\;Dofg /xg] 5 . h;df lgDg adf]lhdsf cWoIf tyf ;b:ox? /xg]5g\ . d'Vo GofofwLz cWoIf /fHosf] GofodGqL ;b:o /fHocbfnt;+u ;DalGwt af/sf] l;kmfl/;df /fHokfn4f/f lgo'Qm ;b:o dxflwjQmf ;b:o 29

ª= d'VodGqLsf] l;kmfl/;df /fHokfn4f/f lgo'Qm sfg"gljb\ ;b:o -#_ pkwf/f -!_ / -@_ adf]lhdsf] Goflos ;+oGqsf] cGo sfd st{Ao / clwsf/ sfg"gdf Joj:yf ePadf]lhd x'g]5 *(= GofofwLzsf] lgo'lQm ;DaGwL laz]if Joj:yfM GofofwLzsf] lgo'lQm ;dfg'kflts tyf ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] l;4fGtsf cfwf/df ul/g] 5 . ()= cbfnt ;DaGwL laz]if Joj:yfM :yfgLo txdf cfjZostf cg'';f/ u7g x'g] cbfntn] sfg"g4f/f tf]lsPadf]lhdsf d'4fx?sf] sfaf{xL / lsgf/f ug]{5g\ . To;df ;/sf/jfbL x'g] kmf}Hbf/L d'4f afx]ssf ;a} k|sf/sf d'4fx?df ph'/L lnO{, cfjZostf cg';f/ ;DalGwt ljifosf lj1 jf dgf]a]Qf jf ;dfhzf:qL;d]tsf] k/fdz{lnO{ d'4fsf kIfx?sf lardf d]nldnfk u/fpg] k|of; ug'{kg]{5 . :yfgLo cbfntn] lgwf{l/t ;doleq d]nldnfk x'g g;s] lg0f{o ug]{5 . (!= k'glg{o'lQm tyf ;DklQ ljj/0f ;DaGwL laz]if Joj:yfM -!_ of] ;+ljwfg k|f/De ePsf] ldltn] tLg dlxgfleq ;a} txsf GofofwLzx? k'g{lgo'lQm ePdf dfq cfk\mgf] kbdf axfn /xg]5g\ . -@_ ;a} txsf GofofwLzx?n] lgo'lQm ePsf] Ps dlxgfleq cf cfk\mgf] ;DklQ ljj/0f ;DalGwt cDa'8\;Dofg;dIf a'emfpg' kg]{ 5 / cDa'8;\Dofgn] pko'Qm ljlwaf6 To;nfO{ ;fj{hlgs ug]{ 5 . -#_ pkwf/f -@_ adf]lhd k]z ePsf] ;DklQ ljj/0f x/]s b'O{ b'O{ jif{df cBfjlws u/fO{ ;fj{hlgs ul/g] 5 . (@= Gofo;]jf cfof]u ;DaGwL Joj:yfM -!_ Gofo;]jfsf Sd{rf/Lx?sf] lgo'lQm ;?jf a9'jf / laefuLo sfaf{xL ug{ u/fpgsfnflu ;+3Lo Gofo;]jf cfof]u / /fHo Gofo;]jf cfof]u /xg] 5g . -@_ pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhdsf] Gofo;]jf cfof]ux?sf] sfd st{Jo Pjd\ clwsf/ sfg"gdf Joj:yf ePadf]lhd x'g] 5 . (#= (#= cbfntsf] cfb]z / lg0f{onfO{ dfGg'kg]{ -!_ d'4f dfldnfsf]f /f]xdf cbfntn] lbPsf] cfb]z jf lg0f{o ;a}n] kfng ug'{kg]{5 . -@_ d'4f dfldnfsf] /f]xdf ;af]{Rr cbfntn] u/]sf] AofVof jf k|ltkfbg u/]sf] sfg"gL l;4fGt ;a} c8\8f cbfntn] dfGg' kg]{5 . ($= ($= cbfntnfO{ ;xof]u ug'{kg]{ M Gofo;Dkfbgsf] sfo{df ;af]{Rr cbfnt / cGo ;a} cbfntx?nfO{ ;xof]u ug'{ g]kfn ;/sf/ / dftxtsf ;a} /fHo;/sf/ tyf sfo{fno Pjd\ kbflwsf/Lx?sf] st{Jo x'g]5 . (%= ;DaGwL aGwL Joj:yfM (%= jh]6 ljlgof]hg ;D Joj:yf Gofokflnsfsf]nflu cfjZos kg]{ jh]6sf] th"{df ubf{ cDa'8;Dofgsf] k/fdz{ lng] gLlt ;/sf/n] ckgfpg] 5 . (^= (^= aflif{s k|ltj]bg M ;af]{Rr cbfntn] /fi6klt;dIf, /fHocbfnt / :yfgLo cbfnt, hgcbfnt / d]nldnfks]Gb|n] cfkm\gf]] sfd Pj+ cfo–Joo ;DaGwL ;Dk"0f{ ljj/0f;lxtsf] k|lta]bg ;DalGwt /fHosf] /fHokfn;dIf k]z ug]{ 5g\ . To:tf] k|lta]bg ;fj{hlgs ul/g] 5 .

30

efu (

dxfGofofwLjQmf (&= (&= dxfGofolwjQmfM -!_ g]kfndf ;+3Lo dxfGofofwLjQmf x'g]5 . h;sf] lgo'lQm /fi6«kltaf6 x'g]5 . dxfGoflwjQmf /fi6«kltsf] OR5fcg';f/ kbdf axfn /xg] 5g . -@_ ;af]{Rr cbfntsf] GofofwLz x'g;Sg] of]Utf geO{ dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] kb\df lgo'lQmsf]nflu of]Uo dflgg] 5}g . -#_ b]zfosf] ca:yfdf dxfGofowLjQmfsf] kb l/Qm /x]sf] dflgg] 5 . s= lghn] k|wfgdGqL dfkm{t /fi6«klt ;dIf lbPsf] /flhgfdf l:js[t ePdf v= k|wfgdGqLsf] l;kmfl/;df /fi6«kltaf6 kbd'Qm ul/Pdf u= lghsf] d[To' ePdf -$_ dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] kfl/>lds tyf cGof ;'ljwfx? ;af]{Rr cbfntsf] GofofwLz ;/x x'g]5 . dxfGofofwLjQmsf] ;]jfsf cGo zt{ x? sfg"g4f/f lgwf{l/t ePadf]lhd x'g]5 . (*= (*= dxfGofofwLjQmfsf] sfd st{Jo / clwsf/ -!_ dxfGofolwjQmf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] d'Vo sfg"gL ;Nnxfsf/ x'g]5 . ;+a}wflgs Pjd\ sfg"gL ljifodf /fi6«klt, g]kfn ;/sf/ / g]kfn ;/sf/n] tf]lslbPsf] cGo clwsf/LnfO{ /fo ;Nnfx lbg' lghsf] st{Jo x'g]5 . -@_ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] xslxt jf ;/f]sf/ lglxt /x]sf] d'4fdf dxfGofwLjQmf jf lghsf] dxftxtsf clws[tx?af6 g]kfn ;/sf/sf] k|ltlglwTj ul/g] 5 . o; ;+ljwfgdf cGoyf n]lvPb]lv afx]s s'g} cbfnt jf Goflos clwsf/L ;dIf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] tk{maf6 d'4f rnfpg] jf grnfpg] egg] s'/fsf] clGtd lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/ dxfGofoflwjQmfnfO{ x'g]5 . -#_ pkwf/f -@_ sf] clwgdf /xL dxfGofowLjQmfnfO{ cfkm\gf] st{Jo kfng ubf{ b]xfosf] sfd ug]{ clwsf/ x'g]5 . s= g]kfn ;/sf/ jfbL jf k|ltjfbL eO{ bfo/ ePsf d'4f dfldnfdf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 cg';Gwfg / k|lt/Iff ug]{ v= cg';Gwfg k|x/Lsf] sfo{ Ifdtf d'Nofsg ug]{ / cfjZos lgb]{zg lbg] u= d'4fdfldnfsf /f]xdf ;af]{Rr cbfntn] u/]sf] sfg"gsf] JofVof jf k|ltkfbg u/]sf] sfg"gL l;4fGtsf] sfof{Gjog ePsf] jf gePsf] cg'udg ug]{ u/fpg] 3 lx/f;tdf /x]sf] JolQmnfO{ o; ;++ljwfgsf] clwgdf /xL dfgjf]lrt Jojxf/ gu/]sf] jf To:tf] JolQmnfO{ cfkmGt ;+u jf sfg"g Joj;foLdfkm{t e]6wf6 ug{ glbPsf] eGg] ph'/L k/]df jf hfgsf/L x'g cfPdf 5fgaLg u/L To:tf] x'gaf6 /f]Sg ;DalGwt clwsf/LnfO{ cfjZos lgb]{zg lbg], = -$_ o; wf/fdf n]lvPsf sfd st{Jo / clwsf/sf] cltl/Qm,lghsf] kfl/>dLs tyf cGo ;'ljwf Pjd\ dxfGoflwjQmfsf] cGo sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ of] ;+ljwfg / cGo sfg"g 4f/f lgwf{/0f ePadf]lhd x'g]5 . -%_ cfkm\gf] klbo st{Josf] kfngf ubf{ dxfGofoflwaQmfnfO{ g]kfnsf] h'g;'s} cbfnt, sfof{no / kbflwsf/L ;dIf pkl:yt x'g] clwsf/ x'g]5 .

31

-^_ dxfGofoflwjQmfn] of] wf/f adf]lhd cfkm\gf] sfd,st{Jo / clwsf/ tf]lsPsf] ;t{sf] clwgdf /xL k|of]u / kfngf ug]{ u/L dftxtsf clws[tnfO{ ;'Dkg ;Sg]5 . ((= aflif{s k|ltj]bg -!_ dxfGofoflwjQmfn] k|To]s jif{ of] ;+ljwfg / cGo sfg"g adf]lhd cfkm"n] ;Dkfbg u/]sf] sfdsf] jflif{s k}ltj]bg tof/ u/L /fi6|klt ;dIf k]z ug]{ 5 / /fi6|kltn] k|wfgdGqL dfkm{t ;f] k|ltj]bg hgk|ltlglw;efdf k]z ug'{ kg]{5 . -@_ pkwf/f ! adf]lhd k]z ug]{ k|ltj]bgdf cGo s'/fsf] cltl/Qm dxfGofoflwjQmfn] jif{ e/Ldf ;+j}wflgs Pj+ sfg'gL ljifodf lbPsf] /fo ;Nnfxfsf] ;+Vof, ;/sf/ jfbL eO{ rn]sf d'2f ;DalGw ljj/0f, g]kfn ;/sf/ jfbL jf k|ltjfbL eO{ bfo/ ePsf d'2f dfldnfdf k|lt/Iff u/]sf] ljj/0f, ck/fw ;DalGw ljj/0f tyf ;/sf/ jfbL eO{ rNg] d'2fdf eljiodf ul/g'kg]{ ;'wf/sf] ljj/0f pNn]v ug'{ kg]5 { . !)) !))= hg k|ltlglw ;efdf pkl:yt x'g] MMdxfGoflwjQmfnfO{ hg k|ltlglw;ef, jf To;sf] s'g} ;ldltsf] a}7sdf pkl:yt eO{ s'g} sfg"gL k|Zgsf] ;DaGwdf /fo JoQm ug]{ clwsf/ x'g] 5 . t/ lg0f{o k|s[ofdf ;l/s x'g kfpg] 5}g . !)!= -!_ /fHo:t/df dxfwLjQmf x'g]5 . h;sf] lgo'lQm d'VodGqLsf] l;kmfl/;df /fHokfnaf6 x'g]5 . dxflwjQmf d'VodGqLsf] OR5fcg';f/ kbdf axfn /xg] 5g . -@_ /fHo cbfntsf] GofofwLz x'g;Sg] of]Utf geO{ s'g}klg JolQm dxflwjQmfsf] kb\df lgo'lQmsf]nflu of]Uo dflgg] 5}g . -#_ b]xfosf] cj:yfdf dxfwLjQmfsf] kb l/Qm /x]sf] dflgg] 5 . s= lghn] /fHokfn;dIf lbPsf] /flhgfdf l:js[t ePdf v= lghsf] d[To' ePdf -$_ dxflwjQmfsf] kfl/>lds tyf cGof ;'ljwfx? /fHo cbfntsf] GofofwLz ;/x x'g]5 . dxfwLjQmfsf] ;]jfsf cGo zt{x? sfg"g4f/f tf]lsP adf]lhs x'g]5 . !)@= !)@ sfd st{Jo / clwsf/ -!_ dxflwjQmf /fHo ;/sf/sf] d'Vo sfg"gL ;Nnfxfsf/ x'g]5 . ;+a}wflgs Pjd\ sfg"gL ljifodf /fHokfn, d'VodGqL, /fHo;/sf/ / /fHo;/sf/n] tf]lslbPsf] cGo clwsf/LnfO{ /fo ;Nnfx lbg' lghsf] st{Jo x'g]5 . -@_ /fHo ;/sf/sf] xs lxt jf ;/f]sf/ lglxt /x]sf] d'4fdf dxfwLjQmf jf lghsf] dxftxtsf clws[tx?af6 /fHo ;/sf/sf] k|ltlglwTj ul/g] 5 . o; ;+ljwfgdf cGoyf n]lvPb]lv afx]s s'g} cbfnt jf Goflos clwsf/L ;dIf /fHo ;/sf/sf] tk{maf6 d'4f rnfpg] jf grnfpg] egg] s'/fsf] lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/ dxflwjQmfnfO{ x'g]5 . lghnfO{ o:tf] sfo{;Dkfbgdf cfjZos k/] dxfGofoflwjQmfn] lgb]{zg lbg] / pxfo]u k'/\ofpg] 5g\ . -#_ pkwf/f -@_ sf] clwgdf /xL dxfwLjQmfnfO{ cfkm\gf] st{Jo kfng ubf{ b]xfosf] sfd ug]{ clwsf/ x'g]5 . s= /fHo;/sf/ jfbL jf k|ltjfbL eO{ bfo/ ePsf d'4f dfldnfdf /fHo ;/sf/ ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 cg';Gwfg ug]{ / k|lt/Iff ug]{ v= d'4fdfldnfsf /f]xdf ;af]{Rr cbfnt Pjd\ /fHo cbfntn] u/]sf] sfg"gsf] JofVof jf k|ltkfbg u/]sf] sfg"gL l;4fGtsf] sfof{Gjog ePsf] jf gePsf] cg'udg ug]{ u/fpg] u lx/f;tdf /x]sf] JolQmnfO{ o; ;++ljwfgsf] clwgdf /xL dfgjf]lrt Jojxf/ gu/]sf] jf To:tf] JolQmnfO{ cfkmgt ;+u jf sfg"g Joj;foLdfkm{t e]6wf6 ug{ glbPsf] eGg] ph'/L k/]df jf hfgsf/L x'g cfPdf 5fgaLg u/L To:tf] x'gaf6 /f]Sg ;DalGwt clwsf/LnfO{ cfjZos lgb]{zg lbg], 32

=-$_ o; wf/fdf n]lvPsf sfd st{Jo / clwsf/sf] cltl/Qm dxflwjQmfsf] cGo sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ of] ;+ljwfg / cGo sfg"g 4f/f lgwf{/0f ePadf]lhd x'g]5 . -%_ cfkm\gf] klbo st{Josf] kfngf ubf{ dxflwaQmfnfO{ /fHo ;/sf/sf]If]qleq h'g;'s} cbfnt, sfof{no / kbflwsf/L ;dIf pkl:yt x'g] clwsf/ x'g]5 . -^_ dxflwjQmfn] of] wf/f adf]lhd cfkm\gf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ tf]lsPsf] zt{sf] clwgdf /xL k|of]u / kfngf ug]{ u/L dftxtsf clws[tnfO{ ;'Dkg ;Sg]5 . !)#= aflif{ aflif{s k|ltj]bg -!_ dxflwjQmfn] k|To]s jif{ of] ;+ljwfg / cGo sfg"g adf]lhd cfkm"n] ;Dkfbg u/]sf] sfdsf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg tof/ u/L /fHokfn;dIf k]z ug]{ 5 / /fHokfnn]] d'VodGqL dfkm{t ;f] k|ltj]bg ;DalGwt hgk|ltlglw;efdf k]z ug]{5 . -@_ pkwf/f -! adf]lhd k]z ug]{ k|ltj]bgdf cGo s'/fsf] cltl/Qm dxflwjQmfn] jif{ e/Ldf ;+j}wflgs Pj+ sfg"gL ljifodf lbPsf] /fo ;Nnfxsf] ;+Vof, ;/sf/ jfbL eO{ rn]sf d'2f ;DaGwL ljj/0f, /fHo ;/sf/ jfbL jf k|ltjfbL eO{ bfo/ ePsf d'2f dfldnfdf k|lt/Iff u/]sf] ljj/0f, ck/fw ;DaGwL ljj/0f tyf /fHo ;/sf/ jfbL eO{ rNg] d'2fdf eljiodf ul/g'kg]{ ;'wf/sf] ljj/0f pNn]v ug'{ kg]{ 5 . !)$= ;DalGwt hgk|ltlglw;ef jf To;sf] s'g} !)$= hgk|ltlglw ;efdf pkl:yt x'g] MdxflwjQmfnfO{ M ;ldltsf] a}7sdf pkl:yt eO{ s'g} sfg"gL k|Zgsf] ;DaGwdf /fo JoQm ug]{ clwsf/ x'g] 5 . t/ lg0f{o k|s[ofdf ;l/s x'g kfpg] 5}g .

33

efu !)

;+j}wflgs lgsfox?sf] ;+/rgf !)%= -!_= ;+3df b]xfosf ;+j}wflgs lgsfox? /xg]5g\ M -s_= clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u -v_= /fli6«o n]vfk/LIf0f cfof]u -u_= nf]s ;]jf cfof]u -3_= lgjf{rg cfof]u -ª_= dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u -r_= ;dfj]zLs/0f cfof]u -blnt,cflbjf;L hghflt ,cNk;+Vos Pjd\ ;LdfGts[t ;d'bfosf] xs, clwsf/ / ;+/If0f_ -5_= ljsf; cfof]u -e"ld Joj:yfkg tyf ljt/0f cfof]u, >d cfof]u, /fli6«o ljsf; cfof]u cflb_ -h_= cGt/k|b]z ;DaGw cfof]u -k|b]zx?sf jLr cfOkg]{ ljjfbsf] ;dfwfg Pjd\ ;dGjo ug{sf nflu_ -@_= cfjZostfg';f/ k|b]z:t/Lo cfof]ux? u7g ug{ ;lsg] 5 . -#_= ;+ljwfg adf]lhd ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf kbflwsf/L lgo'lQm ubf{ dlxnf, blnt, cflbjf;L– hghflt, dw]zL nufotsf] ;dfg'kflts / ;dfj]zL ;xeflutf x'g] Joj:yf ul/g'kg]{ 5 . !)^= !)^= k'glg{o'lQmsf] Joj:yf M g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# adf]lhd ;+a}wflgs lgsfox?df lgo'lQm eO/x]sf ;Dk"0f{ kbflwsf/Lx?sf] of] ;+ljwfg adf]lhd tLg dlxgfleq k'glg{o'lQm x'g'kg]{5 .

34

efu !!

clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg ;Gwfg cfof]u !)&= )&= clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]uM -!_ g]kfndf Ps clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u /xg]5 h;df k|d'v cfo'Qm / cfjZos ;ª\Vofdf cGo cfo'Qmx¿ /xg]5g\ . k|d'v cfo'Qmsf cltl/Qm cGo cfo'Qm lgo'Qm ePdf k|d'v cfo'Qmn] clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf] cWoIf eO{ sfd ug]{5 . -@_ /fi6«kltn] k|d'v cfo'Qm / cGo cfo'Qmx¿sf] lgo'lQm ug{]5 / ;+3Lo hgk|ltlglw ;efaf6 cg'df]bg ePkl5 kb axfnL x'g]5 . -#_ pkwf/f -&_ sf] k|ltjGwfTds jfSof+zsf] v08 -s_ sf] cwLgdf /xL k|d'v cfo'Qm / cGo cfo'Qmx¿sf] kbfjlw lgo'lQmsf] ldltn] % jif{sf] x'g]5 . t/, -s_ ;f] kbfjlw k"/f x'g' cufj} k|d'v cfo'Qm jf cfo'Qmsf] pd]/ k}+;¶L jif{ k"/f ePdf lgh cfˆgf] kbdf axfn /xg] 5}g . -v_ k|d'v cfo'Qm / cfo'QmnfO{ sfo{Ifdtfsf] cefj, v/fj cfr/0f, OdfGbf/Lk"j{s cfkmgf] kbLo st{Josf] kfng gu/]sf], zf/Ll/s jf dfgl;s sf/0fn] sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug{ c;dy{ ePsf] eGg] cfwf/df /fi6«kltn] tf]s]sf] GofofwLzJbf/f Goflos 5fgjLg u/fO{ k]z ePsf] k|ltj]bgsf cfwf/df ;f] kbaf6 x6fpg ;lsg]5 . -$_ b]xfosf cj:yfdf k|d'v cfo'Qm jf cfo'Qmsf] kb l/Qm ePsf] dflgg]5 M– -s_ lghn] /fi6«klt ;dIf lnlvt /fhLgfdf lbPdf, -v_ pkwf/f -#_ adf]lhd lghsf] kbfjlw k"/f ePdf jf lgh cfˆgf] kbdf g/x]df, -u_ lghsf] d[To' ePdf . -%_ b]xfo adf]lhdsf] of]Uotf geO{ s'g} JolQm k|d'v cfo'Qm jf cfo'Qmsf] kbdf lgo'lQmsf] nflu of]Uo x'g] 5}g M– -s_= g]kfn ;/sf/åf/f dfGotf k|fKt ljZjljBfnoaf6 :gftsf]kflw k|fKt u/]sf], -v_= n]vf, /fh:j, OlGhlgol/Ë, sfg"g, ljsf; jf cg';Gwfgsf] If]qdf sDtLdf bz jif{ sfd u/L cg'ej / Voflt k|fKt u/]sf], -u_= rfnL; jif{ pd]/ k"/f ePsf], / -3_ pRr g}lts rl/q sfod ePsf] . -^_ k|d'v cfo'Qm / cfo'Qmsf] kfl/>lds / ;]jfsf cGo zt{x¿ sfg"gåf/f lgwf{/0f eP adf]lhd x'g]5g\ . k|d'v cfo'Qm / cfo'Qm cfˆgf] kbdf axfn /x];Dd lghnfO{ dsf{ kg]{ u/L kfl/>lds / ;]jfsf cGo zt{x¿ ablng] 5}gg\ . -&_ k|d'v cfo'Qm jf cfo'Qm eO;s]sf] JolQm cGo ;/sf/L ;]jfdf lgo'Qm x'gsf] lgldQ u|fXo x'g] 5}g . t/, 35

-s_ clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf] cfo'QmnfO{ k|d'v cfo'Qmsf] kbdf lgo'Qm ug{ o; pkwf/fn] afwf k'¥ofPsf] dflgg] 5}g / ;f] adf]lhd s'g} cfo'Qm k|d'v cfo'Qmsf] kbdf lgo'Qm ePsf]df lghsf] kbfjlwsf] u0fgf ubf{ cfo'Qm ePsf] cjlwnfO{ ;d]t hf]8L u0fgf ul/g]5 . -v_ s'g} /fhg}lts kbdf jf s'g} ljifosf] cg';Gwfg, hfFra'em jf 5fglag ug]{ jf s'g} ljifosf] cWoog jf cGj]if0f u/L /fo, dGtJo jf l;kmfl/; k]z ug]{ s'g} kbdf lgo'Qm eO{ sfd ug{ o; pkwf/fdf n]lvPsf] s'g} s'/fn] afwf k'¥ofPsf] dflgg] 5}g . !)*= )*= clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/M clwsf/ -!_ s'g} ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f u/]sf] JolQmn] cg'lrt sfo{ jf e|i6frf/ u/L clVtof/sf] b'¿kof]u u/]sf] ;DaGwdf clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]un] sfg"g adf]lhd cg';Gwfg / txlssft ug{ jf u/fpg ;Sg]5 . t/ o; ;+ljwfgdf 5'6\6} Joj:yf ePsf] kbflwsf/L / cGo sfg"gn] 5'6\6} ljz]if Joj:yf ePsf] kbflwsf/Lsf] xsdf of] pkwf/f nfu" x'g] 5}g . -@_ v/fa cfr/0fsf cfwf/df kbd'Qm x'g] ;+j}wflgs kbflwsf/Lx¿, GofofwLzx¿ / ;}lgs P]g adf]lhd sf/afxL x'g] JolQmsf xsdf lghnfO{ kbd'Qm eO;s]kl5 sfg"g adf]lhd cg';Gwfg / txlssft ug{ u/fpg ;lsg]5 . -#_ pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhd ePsf] cg';Gwfg / txlssftaf6 ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f u/]sf] s'g} JolQmn] sfg"g adf]lhd cg'lrt sfo{ dflgg] s'g} sfd u/L clVtof/sf] b'¿kof]u u/]sf] b]lvPdf clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]un] lghnfO{ ;r]t u/fpg, ljefuLo sf/afxL jf sfg"gdf Joj:yf eP adf]lhd cGo cfjZos sf/afxLsf] nflu clVtof/jfnf ;dIf n]vL k7fpg ;Sg]5 . -$_ pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhd ePsf] cg';Gwfg / txlssftaf6 ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f u/]sf] s'g} JolQmn] sfg"g adf]lhd e|i6frf/ dflgg] s'g} sfd u/]sf] b]lvPdf clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]un] To:tf] JolQm / ;f] ck/fwdf ;+nUg cGo JolQm pk/ sfg"g adf]lhd cfly{s b'?kof]u lgjf/0f laz]if Gofoflws/0fdf d'2f bfo/ ug{ jf u/fpg ;Sg]5 . cfly{s b'?kof]u lgjf/0f laz]if Gofoflws/0faf6 l56f] 5l/tf] lgikIf / k|efjsf/L lg0f{o x'g;Sg] u/L laz]if sfo{ljlw sfg"g agfpg'kg]{5 . -%_ pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhd ePsf] cg';Gwfg / txlssftaf6 ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f u/]sf] JolQmsf] sfd sf/afxL clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]un] cfkmgf] clwsf/If]q leq gkg]{ b]lvPdf h'g clwsf/L jf lgsfosf] clwsf/If]q cGtu{t kg{] k|s[ltsf] b]lvPsf] xf] cfjZos sf/afxLsf] nflu ;DalGwt clwsf/L jf lgsfo ;dIf n]vL k7fpg ;Sg]5 . -^_ o; ;+ljwfgsf] cwLgdf /xL clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf] cGo sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ tyf sfo{ljlw sfg"gåf/f Joj:yf eP adf]lhd x'g]5 . -&_ cg';Gwfg / txlssft ug]{ jf d'2f rnfpg] cfˆgf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/dWo] s'g} sfd,st{Jo / clwsf/ clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]un] k|d'v cfo'Qm, cfo'Qm jf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] sd{rf/LnfO{ tf]lsPsf] zt{sf] cwLgdf /xL k|of]u tyf kfng ug{ kfpg] u/L ;'Dkg ;Sg]5 . 36

!)(= )(= jflif{s k|ltj]bgM -!_ o; ;+ljwfg adf]lhd clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]un] cfk"mn] u/]sf] sfdsf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg /fi6«klt ;dIf k]z ug{]5 / /fi6«kltn] k|wfgdGqL dfk{mt To:tf] k|ltj]bg hgk|ltlglw;ef ;dIf k]z ug]{ Joj:yf ug{]5 . -@_ pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhd k]z ul/g] k|ltj]bgdf cGo s'/fsf] cltl/Qm clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]udf jif{el/ k/]sf ph'/L, cg';Gwfg txlssft u/L sfg"g adf]lhd cfly{s b'?kof]u lgjf/0f laz]if Gofoflws/0fdf bfo/ u/]sf] / tfd]nLdf /fv]sf] d'2fsf] ;ª\Vof, cg'lrt sfo{ u/]sf]df ;r]t u/fPsf] jf ljefuLo sf/afxL jf cGo sf/afxLsf nflu n]vL k7fPsf] ;ª\Vof, e|i6frf/ lgjf/0fsf ;DaGwdf ePsf] pknlAw tyf ;f] ;DaGwdf eljiodf ug'{ kg{] ;'wf/sf] ljj/0f pNn]v ug'{ kg{]5 . !!) = O{sfO{ k|fGtn] cfkmgf] If]qflwsf/ leq s'g} ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f u/]sf] JolQmn] cg'lrt sfo{ jf e|i6frf/ u/L clVtof/sf] b'¿kof]u u/]sf] ;DaGwdf k|fGtLo sfg"g agfO{ cg';Gwfg sf/jfO{ ug{df s'g} afwf x'g] 5}g .

37

efu !@= !@=

/fli6«o n]vfk/ fk/LIf0f cfof]u !!!= /fli6«6«o n]vfkl/If0f cfof]u M !!!= /fli -!_ g]kfndf Ps /fli6«o n]vfkl/If0f cfof]u /xg]5 h;df ! cWoIf / cfjZostfg';f/ cGo ;b:ox? /xg]5g\ . -@_ /fi6«kltn] cfof]usf cWoIf / ;b:omx¿sf] lgo'lQm ug{]5 / ;+3Lo hgk|ltlglw ;efaf6 cg'df]bg ePkl5 kb axfnL x'g]5 . -#_ pkwf/f -&_ sf] k|ltjGwfTds jfSof+zsf] v08 -s_ sf] cwLgdf /xL cfof]usf cWoIf / ;b:ox¿sf] kbfjlw lgo'lQmsf] ldltn] % jif{sf] x'g]5 . t/, -s_ ;f] kbfjlw k"/f x'g' cufj} cfof]usf cWoIf / ;b:osf] pd]/ k}+;¶L jif{ k"/f ePdf lgh cfˆgf] kbdf axfn /xg] 5}g . -v_ cfof]usf cWoIf / ;b:onfO{ sfo{Ifdtfsf] cefj, v/fj cfr/0f, OdfGbf/Lk"j{s cfkmgf] kbLo st{Josf] kfng gu/]sf], zf/Ll/s jf dfgl;s sf/0fn] sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug{ c;dy{ ePsf] eGg] cfwf/df /fi6«kltn] tf]s]sf] GofofwLzJbf/f Goflos 5fgjLg u/fO{ k]z ePsf] k|ltj]bgsf cfwf/df ;f] kbaf6 x6fpg ;lsg]5 . -$_ b]xfosf cj:yfdf cfof]usf cWoIf / ;b:osf] kb l/Qm ePsf] dflgg]5 M– -s_ lghn] /fi6«klt ;dIf lnlvt /fhLgfdf lbPdf, -v_ pkwf/f -#_ adf]lhd lghsf] kbfjlw k"/f ePdf jf lgh cfˆgf] kbdf g/x]df, -u_ lghsf] d[To' ePdf . -%_ b]xfo adf]lhdsf] of]Uotf geO{ s'g} JolQm cfof]usf cWoIf / ;b:osf] kbdf lgo'lQmsf] nflu of]Uo x'g] 5}g M– -s_ g]kfn ;/sf/åf/f dfGotf k|fKt ljZjljBfnoaf6 Joj:yfkg, jfl0fHozf:q jf n]vfdf :gftsf]kflw k|fKt u/L jf rf6{8{ PsfpG6]G;L k/LIff pQL0f{ u/L g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ljlzi6 >]0fLdf sfd u/]sf] jf n]vf k/LIf0f ;DaGwL sfddf sDtLdf b; jif{ cg'ej k|fKt u/]sf], -v_ rfnL; jif{ pd]/ k"/f ePsf], / -u_ pRr g}lts rl/q sfod ePsf] . -^_ cWoIf / ;b:osf] kfl/>lds / ;]jfsf cGo zt{x¿ sfg"gåf/f lgwf{/0f eP adf]lhd x'g]5g\ . cWoIf / ;b:o cfˆgf] kbdf axfn /x];Dd lghnfO{ dsf{ kg]{ u/L kfl/>lds / ;]jfsf cGo zt{x¿ ablng] 5}gg\ . -&_ cWoIf / ;b:o eO;s]sf] JolQm cGo ;/sf/L ;]jfdf lgo'Qm x'gsf] lgldQ u|fXo x'g] 5}g . t/, -s_ /fli6«o n]vfkl/If0f cfof]usf] ;b:onfO{ cWoIfsf] kbdf lgo'Qm ug{ o; pkwf/fn] afwf k'¥ofPsf] dflgg] 5}g / ;f] adf]lhd s'g} ;b:o cWoIfsf] kbdf lgo'Qm ePsf]df lghsf] kbfjlwsf] u0fgf ubf{ ;b:o ePsf] cjlwnfO{ ;d]t hf]8L u0fgf ul/g]5 . 38

-v_ s'g} /fhg}lts kbdf jf s'g} ljifosf] cg';Gwfg, hfFra'em jf 5fglag ug]{ jf s'g} ljifosf] cWoog jf cGj]if0f u/L /fo, dGtJo jf l;kmfl/; k]z ug]{ s'g} kbdf lgo'Qm eO{ sfd ug{ o; pkwf/fdf n]lvPsf] s'g} s'/fn] afwf k'¥ofPsf] dflgg] 5}g . -*_ cWoIf / ;b:osf] kfl/>lds / ;]jfsf cGo zt{x¿ sfg"gåf/f lgwf{/0f eP adf]lhd x'g]5g\ . cWoIf / ;b:o cfˆgf] kbdf axfn /x];Dd lghnfO{ dsf{ kg]{ u/L kfl/>lds / ;]jfsf cGo zt{x¿ ablng] 5}gg\ . -(_ cWoIf / ;b:o eO;s]sf] JolQm cGo ;/sf/L ;]jfdf lgo'Qm x'gsf] lgldQ u|fXo x'g] 5}g . t/ s'g} /fhg}lts kbdf jf s'g} ljifosf] cg';Gwfg, hfFra'em jf 5fglag ug]{ jf s'g} ljifosf] cWoog jf cGj]if0f u/L /fo, dGtJo jf l;kmfl/; k]z ug]{ s'g} kbdf lgo'Qm eO{ sfd ug{ o; pkwf/fdf n]lvPsf] s'g} s'/fn] afwf k'¥ofPsf] dflgg] 5}g . !!@= !!@= /fli6«o n]vfk/ fk/LIf0f cfof]usf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ M -!_= ;+3Lo hgk|ltlglw ;ef, ;jf]{Rr cbfnt, k|b]z hgk|ltlglw ;ef, dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{no tyf cGo ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf] sfof{no, hgtf / g]kfnL ;]gf Pj+ ;z:q k|x/L jf g]kfn k|x/L nufotsf ;a} ;/sf/L sfof{no / cbfnt ;d]t /fHosf] cfDbfgL vr{, ;DklQ tyf bfloTjsf] n]vf sfg"gåf/f lgwf{l/t tl/sf adf]lhd lgoldttf, ldtJolotf, sfo{bIftf, k|efjsfl/tf / cf}lrTo ;d]tsf] ljrf/ u/L cfof]uaf6 n]vfk/LIf0f x'g]5 . -@_ g]kfn ;/sf/ ;b:o /x]sf] If]qLo jf cGt/f{li6|\o ;+3 ;+:yfx?sf] n]vfkl/If0fdf cfof]u ;+nUg x'g ;Sg]5 . -#_ krf; k|ltzteGbf a9L z]o/ jf hfoh]yfdf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] :jfldTj ePsf] ;+ul7t ;+:yfsf] n]vfk/LIf0fsf] nflu n]vfk/LIfs lgo'Qm ubf{ cfof]u;Fu k/fdz{ ul/g]5 . To:tf] ;+ul7t ;+:yfsf] n]vfk/LIf0f ubf{ ckgfpg' kg]{ l;4fGtsf] ;DaGwdf cfof]un] cfjZos lgb]{zg lbg ;Sg]5 . -$_ cfof]un] n]vfk/LIf0f ubf{ b]lvPsf sdL sdhf]/Lsf] ufDeLo{tfnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL cfjZos sf/jfO{ ug{ ;DalGwt lgsfodf l;kmfl/; k7fpg ;Sg]5 . -%_ cfof]usf kbflwsf/L, sd{rf/L / n]vfkl/If0fdf vl6Psf n]vfkl/Ifs tyf la1nfO{ pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhdsf] sfdsf] nflu n]vf ;DaGwL sfuhkq, cfDbfgL vr{, ;DklQ tyf bfloTj h'g;'s} avt k/LIf0f / lg/LIf0f ug{ kfpg] clwsf/ x'g]5 . ;f] cg';f/ dfu u/]sf] h'g;'s} sfuhkq tyf hfgsf/L pknAw u/fpg' ;DalGwt sfof{no k|d'vsf] st{Jo x'g]5 . -^_ cfDbfgL, vr{, ;DklQ, bfloTj jf ;DalGwt sfuhftsf] kl/If0f ubf{ cg';GwfgfTds n]vfkl/If0f ug'{kg]{ b]lvPdf cfof]un] g]kfn ;/sf/;+u cfjZos ;xof]u lng ;Sg]5 . -&_ cfof]un] g]kfn ;/sf/ jf dftxtsf lgsfox?nfO{ sfg"gJbf/f tf]lsP adf]lhd k/fdz{ jf ;Nnfx pknJw u/fpg ;Sg]5 . -*_ pkwf/f -!_ cg';f/ n]vfk/LIf0f ul/g] n]vf ;DalGwt sfg"gsf cwLgdf /xL cfof]u åf/f tf]lsPsf] 9fFrfdf /flvg]5 . 39

-(_ pkwf/f -!_ df pNn]v ePsf sfof{nox¿sf] n]vfsf cltl/Qm cGo s'g} sfof{no jf ;+:yfsf] cfof]uaf6 n]vfk/LIf0f ug'{kg]{ u/L sfg"gåf/f Joj:yf ug{ ;lsg]5 . -!)_ hgk|ltlglw ;ef jf ;f]sf] tf]lsPsf] ;ldltn] cfof]u;+u cg'/f]w u/]df laifodf n]vfkl/If0f u/L cg'/f]wstf{;dIf k|ltj]bg k]z ug]{ sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ cfof]usf] x'g]5 . !!#= !!#= jflif{s k|ltj]bgM -!_ cfof]un] cfk"mn] u/]sf] sfdsf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg /fi6«klt;dIf k]z ug{]5 / /fi6«kltn] k|wfgdGqL dfk{mt To:tf] k|ltj]bg ;+3Lo hgk|ltlglw ;ef ;dIf k]z ug]{ Joj:yf ug]{5 . -@_ pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhd k]z ul/g] k|ltj]bgdf cGo s'/fsf] cltl/Qm cfof]uaf6 jif{el/df n]vfk/LIf0f u/]sf lgsfosf] ljj/0f, n]vfk/LIf0faf6 b]lvPsf] a]?h'sf] l:ylt, a]?h' km5\of}{6 ug{ u/]sf] k|of; / a]?h' km5\of}{6sf ;DaGwdf k|fKt pknlAw tyf n]vfk/LIf0f ;DaGwdf eljiodf ug'{ kg{] ;'wf/sf] ljj/0f pNn]v ug'{ kg{]5 .

40

efu !#= !#=

nf]s ;]jf cfof]u !!$= !!$= nf]s ;]jf cfof]uM -!_ g]kfndf Ps nf]s ;]jf cfof]u x'g]5 h;df cWoIf / cfjZostf cg';f/ cGo ;b:ox¿ /xg]5g\ . -@_ /fi6«kltn] cfof]usf cWoIf / ;b:ox¿sf] lgo'lQm ug{]5 / ;+3Lo hgk|ltlglw ;efaf6 cg'df]bg ePkl5 kb axfnL x'g]5 . -#_ nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf ;b:ox¿dWo] oyf;Dej krf; k|ltzt ;b:ox¿ sDtLdf bz aif{ jf ;f] eGbf a9L cjlw;Dd s'g} ;/sf/L ;]jfdf /x]sf JolQmx¿ dWo]af6 / afFsL ;b:ox¿ lj1fg, k|ljlw, snf, ;flxTo, sfg"g, hgk|zf;g, ;dfhzf:q jf /fli6«o hLjgsf cGo If]qdf zf]w, cg';Gwfg, cWofkg jf cGo s'g} dxTjk"0f{ sfo{ u/L Vofltk|fKt u/]sf JolQmx¿ dWo]af6 lgo'Qm x'g]5g\ . -$_ pkwf/f -*_ sf] k|ltjGwfTds jfSof+zsf] v08 -s_ sf] cwLgdf /xL cfof]usf cWoIf / ;b:ox¿sf] kbfjlw lgo'lQmsf] ldltn] % jif{sf] x'g]5 . t/, -s_ ;f] kbfjlw k"/f x'g' cufj} cfof]usf cWoIf / ;b:osf] pd]/ k}+;¶L jif{ k"/f ePdf lgh cfˆgf] kbdf axfn /xg] 5}g . -v_ cfof]usf cWoIf / ;b:onfO{ sfo{Ifdtfsf] cefj, v/fj cfr/0f, OdfGbf/Lk"j{s cfkmgf] kbLo st{Josf] kfng gu/]sf], zf/Ll/s jf dfgl;s sf/0fn] sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug{ c;dy{ ePsf] eGg] cfwf/df /fi6«kltn] tf]s]sf] GofofwLzJbf/f Goflos 5fgjLg u/fO{ k]z ePsf] k|ltj]bgsf cfwf/df ;f] kbaf6 x6fpg ;lsg]5 . -%_ b]xfosf cj:yfdf cfof]usf cWoIf / ;b:osf] kb l/Qm ePsf] dflgg]5 M– -s_ lghn] /fi6«klt ;dIf lnlvt /fhLgfdf lbPdf, -v_ pkwf/f -$_ adf]lhd lghsf] kbfjlw k"/f ePdf jf lgh cfˆgf] kbdf g/x]df, -u_ lghsf] d[To' ePdf . -^_ b]xfo adf]lhdsf] of]Uotf geO{ s'g} JolQm cfof]usf cWoIf / ;b:osf] kbdf lgo'lQmsf] nflu of]Uo x'g] 5}g M– -s_ g]kfn ;/sf/af6 dfGotf k|fKt ljZjljBfnoaf6 :gftsf]Q/ pkflw k|fKt u/]sf], -v_ rfnL; jif{ pd]/ k"/f ePsf], / -u_ pRr g}lts rl/q sfod ePsf] . -&_ nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] cWoIf / ;b:osf] kfl/>lds / ;]jfsf cGo zt{x¿ sfg"gåf/f lgwf{/0f eP adf]lhd x'g]5g\ . -*_ nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] cWoIf jf ;b:o eO;s]sf] JolQm cGo ;/sf/L ;]jfdf lgo'Qm x'gsf] lgldQ u|fXo x'g] 5}g . t/, 41

-s_ nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] ;b:onfO{ cWoIfdf lgo'Qm ug{ o; pkwf/fn] afwf k'¥ofPsf] dflgg] 5}g / ;f] adf]lhd s'g} ;b:o cWoIfsf] kbdf lgo'Qm ePdf lghsf] kbfjlwsf] u0fgf ubf{ ;b:o ePsf] cjlwnfO{ ;d]t hf]8L u0fgf ul/g]5 . -v_ s'g]} /fhg}lts kbdf jf s'g} ljifosf] cg';Gwfg, hfFra'em jf 5fglag ug]{ jf s'g} ljifosf] cWoog jf cGj]if0f u/L /fo, dGtJo jf l;kmfl/; k]z ug]{ s'g} kbdf lgo'Qm eO{ sfd ug{ o; pkwf/fdf n]lvPsf] s'g} s'/fn] afwf k'¥ofPsf] dflgg] 5}g . !!%= !!%= nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/M clwsf/ -!_ lghfdtL ;]jfsf] kbdf lgo'lQmsf] lgldQ pko'Qm pDd]bjf/ 5gf}6 ug{ k/LIff ;~rfng ug'{ nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] st{Jo x'g]5 . :ki6Ls/0fM o; wf/fsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu ;}lgs clws[t jf hjfg / ;z:q k|x/L jf k|x/L sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jf jf kb tyf lghfdtL ;]jf jf kb xf]Og egL P]gåf/f tf]lsPsf] cGo ;]jf jf kb afx]s g]kfn ;/sf/sf c? ;a} ;]jf jf kbnfO{ lghfdtL ;]jf jf kb dflgg]5 . -@_ lghfdtL ;]jfsf] lgj[lQe/0f kfpg] kbdf nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] k/fdz{ ljgf :yfoL lgo'lQm ul/g] 5}g . -#_ b]xfosf ljifodf nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] k/fdz{ lng' kg]{5M– -s_ lghfdtL ;]jfsf] zt{ ;DaGwL sfg"gsf] ljifodf, -v_ lghfdtL ;]jf jf kbdf lgo'lQm, a9'jf / ljefuLo sf/afxL ubf{ ckgfpg' kg]{ l;4fGtsf] ljifodf, -u_ lghfdtL kbdf 5 dlxgfeGbf a9L ;dosf] nflu lgo'lQm ubf{ pDd]bjf/sf] pko'Qmtfsf]ljifodf, -3_ s'g} Ps k|sf/sf] lghfdtL ;]jfsf] kbaf6 csf]{ k|sf/sf] lghfdtL ;]jfsf] kbdf jf cGo ;/sf/L ;]jfaf6 lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;?jf jf a9'jf ubf{ pDd]bjf/sf] pko'Qmtfsf] ljifodf, -ª_ nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] k/fdz{ lng' gkg]{ cj:yfsf] kbdf axfn /x]sf] sd{rf/LnfO{ nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] k/fdz{ lng' kg]{ cj:yfsf] kbdf :yfoL ;?jf jf a9'jf ug]{ ljifodf, / -r_ s'g} klg lghfdtL sd{rf/LnfO{ lbOg] ljefuLo ;hfosf] ljifodf . -$_ pkwf/f -#_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg wf/f !!$ adf]lhd Gofo ;]jf cfof]usf] clwsf/If]qleq kg{] ljifodf ;f]xL adf]lhd x'g]5 . -%_ ;}lgs ;]jf, ;z:q k|x/L ;]jf jf k|x/L ;]jf jf cGo ;/sf/L ;]jfsf] kbdf lgo'lQm / a9'jf ubf{ ckgfpg' kg{] ;fdfGo l;4fGtsf] ljifodf nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] k/fdz{ lng'kg{]5 . -^_ s'g} ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfsf] ;]jfsf sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jfsf zt{ ;DaGwL k|rlnt sfg"g / To:tf] ;]jfsf kbsf] lgo'lQm, a9'jf / ljefuLo sf/afxL ubf{ ckgfpg' kg{] ;fdfGo l;4fGtsf] ljifodf nf]s ;]jf cfof]u;Fu To:tf] ;+:yfn] k/fdz{ lng rfx]df nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] k/fdz{ lbg ;Sg]5 . :ki6Ls/0fM o; wf/fsf] k|of]hgsf nflu æ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfÆ eGgfn] krf; k|ltzt jf ;f]eGbf a9L z]o/ jf hfoh]yfdf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] :jfldTj jf lgoGq0f ePsf] ;+ul7t ;+:yfnfO{ hgfpg]5 .

42

-&_ nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] cfˆgf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ dWo] s'g} sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ cfˆgf] s'g} ;b:o jf ;b:ox¿sf] ;ldlt jf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] sd{rf/LnfO{ tf]lsPsf] zt{sf] cwLgdf /xL k|of]u tyf kfng ug]{ u/L ;'Dkg ;Sg]5 . -*_ o; ;+ljwfgsf] cwLgdf /xL nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] cGo sfd, st{Jo / sfo{ljlw sfg"gåf/f lgwf{/0f eP adf]lhd x'g]5 . !!^= !!^= jflif{s k|ltj]bgM -!_ cfof]un] cfk"mn] u/]sf] sfdsf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg /fi6«klt;dIf k]z ug{]5 / /fi6«kltn] k|wfgdGqL dfk{mt To:tf] k|ltj]bg ;+3Lo hgk|ltlglw ;ef ;dIf k]z ug]{ Joj:yf ug]{5 . -@_ pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhd k]z ul/g] k|ltj]bgdf cGo s'/fsf] cltl/Qm nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] jif{el/df pDd]bjf/ 5gf}6 ug{ lnPsf] k/LIffsf] ljj/0f, ;f] k/LIffdf pQL0f{ k/LIffyL{ ;DaGwL ljj/0f, ljleGg lgsfonfO{ k/fdz{ lbPsf] ljj/0f, lghfdtL sd{rf/LnfO{ ljefuLo sf/afxL / ;hfo ubf{ lbPsf] k/fdz{sf] ljj/0f / k/fdz{ adf]lhdsf] sfd eP gePsf] ljj/0f, s'g} ;/sf/L ;]jfsf] kbsf] lgo'lQm, a9'jf / ljefuLo sf/afxL ubf{ ckgfpg' kg{] ;fdfGo l;4fGtsf] af/]df k/fdz{ lbPsf] eP ;f]sf] ljj/0f / eljiodf lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ;'wf/sf] ljj/0f ;d]t pNn]v ug'{ kg{]5 .

43

efu !$

lgjf{rg cfof]u !!&= !&= lgjf{rg cfof]uM -!_ g]kfndf Ps lgjf{rg cfof]u x'g]5 h;df k|d'v lgjf{rg cfo'Qm / cfjZostfg';f/ cGo lgjf{rg cfo'Qmx¿ /xg]5g\ . k|d'v lgjf{rg cfo'Qmsf cltl/Qm cGo lgjf{rg cfo'Qm lgo'Qm ePdf k|d'v lgjf{rg cfo'Qmn] lgjf{rg cfof]usf] cWoIf eO{ sfd ug{]5 . -@_ /fi6«kltn] cfof]usf k|d'v lgjf{rg cfo'Qm / lgjf{rg cfo'Qmx¿sf] lgo'lQm ug{]5 / ;+3Lo hgk|ltlglw ;efaf6 cg'df]bg ePkl5 kb axfnL x'g]5 . -#_ pkwf/f -&_ sf] k|ltjGwfTds jfSof+zsf] v08 -s_ sf] cwLgdf /xL cfof]usf k|d'v lgjf{rg cfo'Qm / lgjf{rg cfo'Qmx¿sf] kbfjlw lgo'lQmsf] ldltn] % jif{sf] x'g]5 . t/, -s_ ;f] kbfjlw k"/f x'g' cufj} cfof]usf k|d'v lgjf{rg cfo'Qm / lgjf{rg cfo'Qmx¿sf] pd]/ k}+;¶L jif{ k"/f ePdf lgh cfˆgf] kbdf axfn /xg] 5}g . -v_ cfof]usf k|d'v lgjf{rg cfo'Qm jf lgjf{rg cfo'QmnfO{ sfo{Ifdtfsf] cefj, v/fj cfr/0f, OdfGbf/Lk"j{s cfkmgf] kbLo st{Josf] kfng gu/]sf], zf/Ll/s jf dfgl;s sf/0fn] sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug{ c;dy{ ePsf] eGg] cfwf/df /fi6«kltn] tf]s]sf] GofofwLzJbf/f Goflos 5fgjLg u/fO{ k]z ePsf] k|ltj]bgsf cfwf/df ;f] kbaf6 x6fpg ;lsg]5 . -$_ k|d'v lgjf{rg cfo'Qm / lgjf{rg cfo'Qmx¿sf xsdf lgjf{rg cjlwe/sf nflu cf+lzs kbfjlw /xg] u/L lgo'lQm ug{ ;lsg]5 . -%_ b]xfosf cj:yfdf cfof]usf k|d'v lgjf{rg cfo'Qm / lgjf{rg cfo'Qmx¿sf] kb l/Qm ePsf] dflgg]5 M– -s_ lghn] /fi6«klt ;dIf lnlvt /fhLgfdf lbPdf, -v_ pkwf/f -$_ adf]lhd lghsf] kbfjlw k"/f ePdf jf lgh cfˆgf] kbdf g/x]df, -u_ lghsf] d[To' ePdf . -^_ b]xfo adf]lhdsf] of]Uotf geO{ s'g} JolQm cfof]usf k|d'v lgjf{rg cfo'Qm / lgjf{rg cfo'Qmx¿sf] kbdf lgo'lQmsf] nflu of]Uo x'g] 5}g M– -s_ g]kfn ;/sf/af6 dfGotf k|fKt ljZjljBfnoaf6 :gftsf]Q/ pkflw k|fKt u/]sf], -v_ rfnL; jif{ pd]/ k"/f ePsf], / -u_ pRr g}lts rl/q sfod ePsf] . -&_ cfof]usf] k|d'v lgjf{rg cfo'Qm / lgjf{rg cfo'Qmx¿sf] kfl/>lds / ;]jfsf cGo zt{x¿ sfg"gåf/f lgwf{/0f eP adf]lhd x'g]5g\ . -*_ k|d'v lgjf{rg cfo'Qm / lgjf{rg cfo'Qm eO;s]sf] JolQm cGo ;/sf/L ;]jfdf lgo'Qm x'gsf] lgldQ u|fXo x'g]5}g . t/, -s_ lgjf{rg cfo'QmnfO{ k|d'v lgjf{rg cfo'Qmdf lgo'Qm ug{ o; pkwf/fn] afwf k'¥ofPsf] dflgg] 5}g / ;f] adf]lhd s'g} cfo'Qm k|d'v cfo'Qmsf] kbdf lgo'Qm ePdf lghsf] kbfjlwsf] u0fgf ubf{ cfo'Qm ePsf] cjlwnfO{ ;d]t hf]8L u0fgf ul/g]5 . 44

-v_ s'g} /fhg}lts kbdf jf s'g} ljifosf] cg';Gwfg, hfFra'em jf 5fglag ug{] jf s'g} ljifosf] cWoog jf cGj]if0f u/L /fo, dGtJo jf l;kmfl/; k]z ug{] s'g} kbdf lgo'Qm eO{ sfd ug{ o; pkwf/fdf n]lvPsf] s'g} s'/fn] afwf k'¥ofPsf] dflgg] 5}g . !!*= !!*= lgjf{rg cfof]usf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/M clwsf/ -!_ of] ;+ljwfg / cGo sfg"gsf] cwLgdf /xL ;+ljwfg ;ef, wf/f =====adf]lhd x'g] hgdt ;ª\u|x tyf :yfgLo lgsfosf] lgjf{rgsf] ;~rfng, /]vb]v, lgb{]zg / lgoGq0f lgjf{rg cfof]uaf6 x'g]5 . ;f] k|of]hgsf] nflu dtbftfx¿sf] gfdfjnL tof/ ug{] sfo{ lgjf{rg cfof]un] ug{]5 . -@_ ;+ljwfg ;ef ;b:osf] nflu pDd]bjf/Lsf] dgf]gog btf{ eO;s]sf] t/ lgjf{rg k"/f gx'Fb} s'g} pDd]bjf/ wf/f ==== cg';f/ cof]Uo 5 jf x'g uPsf] 5 eGg] k|Zg p7]df To;sf] lg0f{o lgjf{rg cfof]un] ug]{5 . -#_ lgjf{rg cfof]un] cfˆgf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ dWo] s'g} sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ k|d'v lgjf{rg cfo'Qm, lgjf{rg cfo'Qm jf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] sd{rf/LnfO{ tf]lsPsf] zt{sf] cwLgdf /xL k|of]u tyf kfng ug{ kfpg] u/L ;'Dkg ;Sg]5 . -$_ o; ;+ljwfgsf] cwLgdf /xL lgjf{rg cfof]usf cGo sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ tyf sfo{ljlw sfg"gåf/f lgwf{/0f eP adf]lhd x'g]5g\ . !!(= !( g]kfn ;/sf/n] lgjf{rg cfof]unfO{ cfjZos sd{rf/L pknAw u/fpg' kgM] kg { o; ;+ljwfg adf]lhd lgjf{rg cfof]unfO{ cfˆgf] sfd k"/f ug{ cfjZos kg{] sd{rf/L / cGo s'/fx¿ g]kfn ;/sf/n] pknAw u/fpg]5 .

45

efu !%

/fli6«o ;]gf !@)= g]kfndf Ps /fli6|o ;]gf /xg]5 . !@!= hgd'lQm ;]gf / g]kfnL ;]gfsf] ;dfof]hg kZrft jGg] ;]gf ;dfj]zL ,;dfg'kflts / /fli6«o rl/qsf] x'g]5 . !@@ !@@= /fli6«o ;]gf lgdf{0f kl/rfng / Joj:yfkgsfnflu Ps pRr:tl/o ;'/Iff cfof]u /xg]5 . !@#= !@#= /fli6«o ;'/Iff / lxtnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL !* jif{eGbf dflysf :j:Yo gful/s ;j}nfO{ ;}lgs lzIff / tflndsf] Joj:yf ul/g]5 . !@$= !@$= ;+3Lo /fHok|0ffnLsf] cjwf/0ff / dfGotf cg';f/ ;}Gojn ;+3Lo dfdnf x'g]5 eg] O{sfO{x?n] cf–cfkmg} cw{–;}lgs jn jf hgldlnl;of lgdf{0f ug{] Joj:yf ul/g]5 . !@%= !@%= ;Ldf ;'/Iff jn, cf}Bf]lus ;'/Iff jn, jg ;'/Iff jn, nf]sdfu{ ;'/Iff jn, u|fld0f ;'/Iff jn cflb k|0ffnLsf] ljlzi6Ls/0f ul/g]5 . !@^ !@^= /fli6«o ;]gf k"0f{t lgjf{lrt ;+:yfsf] clwgdf x'g]5 . !@& !@&= /fli6«o ;]gfsf] k/dflwklt /fi6«klt x'g]5g . !@*= !@*= /fli6«o ;]gfsf] kl/rfng Joj:yfkg / hgtfk|ltsf] pQ/bfloTj, pko'Qm ;+Vof lgwf{/0f, cfw'lgsLs/0f / ;dofg's'n ;'/Iff gLltsf] lgdf{0f ;'/Iff cfof]usf] l;kmfl/;df /fi6«kltjf6 x'g]5 . !@(= !@(= /fli6«o ;]gfsf] ;+/rgf ;'/Iff gLlt / Joj:yfkg ;d]tsf ljifox?sf] cg'df]bg ;/sf/ / ;+3Lo hgk|ltlglw ;efaf6 u/fpg' kg]{5 .

46

efu !^ !^

;+s6sfnLg clwsf/ !#)= #)= ;+s6sfnLg clwsf/ M -!_ g]kfn /fHosf] ;fj{ef}d;Qf, cv08tf jf s'g} efusf] ;'/Iffdf o'4, afXo cfqmd0f, ;z:q ljb|f]x, u+le/ k|fs[lts k|sf]k jf r/d cfly{s lj>[ª\vntfsf] sf/0fn]] uDeL/ ;Í6 pTkGg ePdf /fi6|kltn]] g]kfn /fHoe/ jf s'g} vf; If]qdf nfu" x'g] u/L ;Í6sfnLg cj:yfsf] 3f]if0ff ug{ jf cfb]z hf/L ug{ ;Sg]5 . -@_= pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhd ul/Psf] 3f]if0ff jf cfb]z ;f] cfb]z ePsf] ldltn] Ps dlxgfleq cg'df]bgsf] nflu ;+3Lo hgk|ltlglw;efsf] a}7sdf k]z ul/g]5 . -#_= pkwf/f -@_ adf]lhd cg'df]bgsf] nflu k]z ePsf] 3f]if0ff jf cfb]z ;+3Lo hgk|ltlglw;efsf] a}7sdf pkl:yt ;b:ox¿sf] b'O–{ ltxfO ax'dtn] cg'df]bg u/]df 3f]if0ff jf cfb]z ePsf] ldltn] tLg dlxgf;Dd nfu" /xg]5 . -$_= pkwf/f -@_ adf]lhd Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf]] a}7sdf cg'df]bgsf] nflu k]z ePsf] 3f]if0ff jf cfb]z pkwf/f -#_ adf]lhd cg'df]bg gePdf ;f] 3f]if0ff jf cfb]z :jtM lgliqmo ePsf] dflgg]5 . -%_= pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhd ;Í6sfnLg cj:yfsf] 3f]if0ff jf cfb]z ePkl5 To:tf] cj:yfsf] lgjf/0f ug{ /fi6|kltn] cfjZos cfb]z hf/L ug{ ;Sg]5 . To;/L hf/L ePsf] cfb]z ;Í6sfnLg cj:yf axfn /x];Dd sfg"g ;/x nfu" x'g]5 . -^_= /fi6«kltaf6 pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhd ;Í6sfnLg cj:yfsf] 3f]if0ff jf cfb]z ul/+bf ;f] 3f]if0ff jf cfb]z axfn /x];Ddsf] nflu gful/ssf df}lns xs lgnDag ug{ ;lsg]5 . ;+ljwfgsf] s'g} wf/f lgnDag ul/Psf]df ;f] wf/fn] k|bfg u/]sf] df}lns xssf] k|rngsf] nflu s'g} cbfntdf lgj]bg lbg jf To; ;DaGwdf s'g} cbfntdf k|Zg p7fpg ;lsg] 5}g . -&_= pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhd ul/Psf] ;Í6sfnLg cj:yfsf] 3f]if0ff jf cfb]z /fi6|kltn] ;f] 3f]if0ff jf cfb]z axfn /x];Dd h'g;'s} avt klg lkmtf{ lng ;lsg]5 .

47

efu !&

;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg !#!= #!= ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wgM -!_ ;+ljwfgsf] s'g} wf/fnfO{ ;+zf]wg jf vf/]h ug]{ ljw]os ;+3Lo hgk|ltlglw ;ef ;dIf k|:t't ug{ ;lsg]5 . -@_ pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhd k]z ePsf] ljw]os ;+3Lo hgk|ltlglw ;efdf tTsfn sfod /x]sf ;Dk"0f{ ;b:o ;+Vofsf] sDtLdf b'O{ ltxfO{ ;b:ox¿sf] ax'dtaf6 :jLs[t ePdf ljw]os kfl/t ePsf] dflgg]5 .

48

efu efu !*

ljljw !#@= #@= g]kfnL b"t / ljz]if k|ltlglwM /fi6|kltn] g]kfnL b"t / s'g} vf; k|of]hgsf] nflu ljz]if k|ltlglw lgo'Qm ug{ ;Sg]5 . !##= ##= dfkmLM /fi6«kltn] h'g;'s} cbfnt, ljz]if cbfnt, ;}lgs cbfnt jf cGo s'g} Goflos, cw{ Goflos jf k|zf;sLo kbflwsf/L jf lgsfon] u/]sf] ;hfonfO{ dfkmL, d'ntjL, kl/jt{g jf sd ug{ ;Sg]5 . !#$= pkflw, ;Ddfg / lje"if0fM -!_ /fi6|kltaf6 /fHosf tkm{af6 lbOg] pkflw, ;Ddfg / lje"if0fx¿ k|bfg x'g]5g\ . -@_= g]kfn ;/sf/af6 :jLs[lt k|fKt gu/L g]kfnsf] s'g} gful/sn] s'g} ljb]zL d'n'ssf] ;/sf/af6 k|bfg ul/g] pkflw, ;Ddfg jf lje"if0f u|x0f ug{ x'Fb}g . !#%= !#%= ;lGw jf ;Demf}tfsf] cg'df]bg, ;lDdng, :jLs[lt jf ;dy{gM -!_ g]kfn /fHo jf g]kfn ;/sf/ kIf x'g] ;lGw jf ;Demf}tf ug]{ clwsf/ /fi6«kltnfO{ x'g]5 . pQm ;lGw jf ;+emf}tfsf] cg'df]bg, ;lDdng, :jLs[lt jf ;dy{g sfg"gåf/f lgwf{/0f eP adf]lhd x'g]5 . -#_= pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhd sfg"g agfpFbf cGo s'/fsf] cltl/Qm b]xfosf ljifosf ;GwL jf ;Demf}tfsf] cg'df]bg, ;lDdng, :jLs[lt jf ;dy{g /fli6«o ;ef / ;+3Lo hgk|ltlglw ;efdf tTsfn sfod /x]sf ;Dk"0f{ ;b:ox¿sf] b'O{ ltxfO{ ax'dtn] ug'{ kg]{5 M– -s_ zflGt / d}qL, -v_ ;'/Iff Pj+ ;fdl/s ;DaGw, -u_ g]kfn /fHosf] l;dfgf, / -3_ k|fs[lts ;|f]t tyf To;sf] pkof]usf] afF8kmfF8 . t/ v08 -s_ / -3_ df plNnlvt ljifosf ;lGw jf ;Demf}tf dWo] /fi6«nfO{ Jofks, uDeL/ jf bL3{sfnLg c;/ gkg{] ;fwf/0f k|s[ltsf ;lGw jf ;Demf}tfsf] cg'df]bg, ;lDdng, :jLs[lt jf ;dy{g /fli6«o ;ef / ;+3Lo hgk|ltlglw ;efsf] a}7sdf pkl:yt ;b:ox¿sf] ;fwf/0f ax'dtaf6 x'g ;Sg]5 . -$_= of] ;+ljwfg k|f/De ePkl5 x'g] s'g} ;lGw jf ;Demf}tf o; wf/f adf]lhd cg'df]bg, ;lDdng, :jLs[lt jf ;dy{g geP;Dd g]kfn ;/sf/ jf g]kfn /fHosf] xsdf nfu" ePsf] dflgg] 5}g . -%_= pkwf/f -!_ / -@_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg g]kfn /fHosf] k|fb]lzs cv08tfdf k|lts"n c;/ kg{] u/L s'g} ;lGw jf ;Demf}tf ul/g] 5}g . !#^= !#^= hgdt ;+u|xaf6 lg0f{o ug{ ;lsg]M -!_ o; ;+ljwfgdf cGoq Joj:yf ePsf]df afx]s /fli6«o dxTjsf] s'g} ljifodf hgdt ;+u|xaf6 lg0f{o ug{ cfjZos 5 egL ;+3Lo hgk|ltlglw;efn] tTsfn sfod /x]sf ;Dk"0f{ ;b:ox¿sf] b'O{ ltxfO{ ;b:osf] ax'dtaf6 lg0f{o u/]df To:tf] ljifodf hgdt ;+u|xaf6 lg0f{o lng ;lsg]5 . -^_= pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhdsf] k|lqmofaf6 lg0f{o lnOg] sfo{ljlw sfg"gåf/f lgwf{/0f eP adf]lhd x'g]5 .

49

!#&= \sfp k'msfpg] clwsf/M /fi6«kltn] of] ;+ljwfgsf] sfof{Gjog ug{ s'g} afwf c8\sfp !#&= afwf c8\ c8sfp k/]df To:tf] afwf c8\sfp k'msfpg cfb]z hf/L ug{ ;Sg]5 / o:tf] cfb]z ;+3Lo hgk|ltlglw ;efaf6 Ps dlxgfleq cg'df]bg u/fpg' kg{]5 .

50

efu !(

;ª\ \qmd0fsfnLg Joj:yf ;ªqmd0fsfnLg !#*= !#*= dlGqkl/ifb\ dlGqkl/ifb\ ;DaGwL Joj:yfM -!_ of] ;+ljwfg k|f/De x'bF fsf avt sfod /x]sf] dlGqkl/ifb\ o;} ;+ljwfg cGtu{t u7g ePsf] dflgg]5 . (2) o; ;+ljwfg adf]lhd dlGqkl/ifb\ u7g geP;Dd pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhdsf] dlGqkl/ifb\ sfod /xg]5 . !#(= !#(= ;+3Lo hgk|ltlglw ;ef ;DaGwL Joj:yfM -!_ of] ;+ljwfg hf/L x'gf;fy o; ;+ljwfg adf]lhdsf] ;+3Lo hgk|ltlglw;efsf] lgjf{rg ul/g]5 . ;f] lgjf{rg ;DkGg geP;Dd xfn sfod /x]sf] ;+ljwfg;efn] g} ;+3Lo hgk|ltlglw;efsf] sfd ug]{5 . (3) of] ;+ljwfg hf/L x'Fbfsf] avt ;+ljwfg;efdf ljrf/fwLg /x]sf ljw]osx¿ o; ;+ljwfg adf]lhdsf] ;+3Lo hgk|ltlglw;efsf] x}l;otdf sfd ug]{ u/L x:tfGt/0f x'g]5g\ . (4) of] ;+ljwfg hf/L x'Fbfsf avt sfod /x]sf] ;+ljwfg;ef ;lrjfno / ;f] ;lrjfnodf sfo{/t kbflwsf/L / sd{rf/Lx? cGoyf Joj:yf ePdf jfx]s o;} ;+ljwfg adf]lhd sfod x'g] ;+3Lo hgk|ltlglw;ef ;lrjfno / lgo'lQm ePsf kbflwsf/L / sd{rf/L dflgg]5g\ . !$)= !$)= Gofokflnsf ;DaGwL Joj:yfM -!_ of] ;+ljwfg k|f/De x'Fbfsf avt sfod /x]sf ;jf]{Rr cbfnt, k'g/fj]bg cbfnt / lhNnf cbfntx¿ o;} ;+ljwfg adf]lhd tf]lsP jdf]lhdsf cbfntL ;+/rgf lgdf{0f geP;Dd o;} ;+ljwfg jdf]lhd :yfkgf ePsf] dflgg]5 / of] ;+ljwfg k|f/De x'g' cl3 bfo/ ePsf d'2fx¿ tt\ tt\ cbfntaf6 lg¿k0f ug{ of] ;+ljwfgn] jfwf k'¥ofPsf] dflgg] 5}g . -@_ of] ;+ljwfg k|f/De ePkl5 ;jf{]Rr cbfnt, k'g/fj]bg cbfnt / lhNnf cbfntx¿df axfn /x]sf GofofwLzx¿ o; ;+ljwfg jdf]lhd lgo'Qm ePdf jfx]s :jtM cfˆgf] kbaf6 d'Qm x'g]5 . !$!= !$!= ;+j}wflgs lgsfo / kbflwsf/Lx¿ ;DaGwL Joj:yfM -!_ of] ;+ljwfg k|f/De x'Fbfsf avt sfod /x]sf ;+j}wflgs lgsfo / kbflwsf/Lx¿ dWo] o; ;+ljwfgdf pNn]v gul/Psf ;+j}wflgs lgsfo / kbflwsf/Lx¿ of] ;+ljwfg k|f/De ePkl5 :jt kbd'Qm x'g]5g\ / o;;+ljwfgdf pNn]v ePsf lgsfo / kbflwsf/Lx?sf xsdf csf]{ Joj:yf geP;Ddsfnflu dfq} sfod /xg] 5g\ . (5) of] ;+ljwfg k|f/De x'Fbfsf avt sfod /x]sf ;+j}wflgs lgsfox¿ o; ;+ljwfg jdf]lhd k'gu{7g / k'glg{o'lQm gu/];Ddsfnflu dfq o;} ;+ljwfg adf]lhd :yfkgf ePsf] dflgg] 5g\ / k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd tL lgsfox¿df ljrf/fwLg /x]sf ljifox¿nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg o; ;+ljwfgn] jfwf k'¥ofPsf] dflgg] 5}g . !$@= $@= jt{dfg sfg"g nfu" /xg]M -!_ o; cl3 ;+ljwfg;efåf/f eP u/]sf lg0f{o / sfd sf/afxL of] ;+ljwfg;Fu gaflemPsf] xb;Dd o;} ;+ljwfg adf]lhd eP u/]sf] dflgg]5g\ . -@_ of] ;+ljwfg nfu" x'Fbfsf avt sfod /x]sf sfg"gx¿ vf/]h of ;+zf]wg geP;Dd sfod /xg]5g\ . 51

t/ of] ;+ljwfg;Fu aflemPsf] sfg"g of] ;+ljwfg k|f/De ePsf] tLg dlxgfkl5 aflemPsf] xb;Dd :jtM cdfGo x'g]5 . efu @)

kl/efiff !$#= $#= ljifo jf k|;Ën] csf{] cy{ gnfu]df o; ;+ljwfgdf,– -s_ æwf/fÆ eGgfn] of] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f ;Demg' k5{ . -v_ æg]kfnÆ eGgfn] g]kfn /fHo ;Demg' k5{ . -u_ ægful/sÆ eGgfn] g]kfnsf] gful/s ;Demg' k5{ . -3_ æljw]osÆ eGgfn] ;+ljwfg ;efdf k]z ePsf] ;+ljwfg jf P]gsf] d:of}bf ;Demg' k5{ . -ª_ ækfl/>ldsÆ eGgfn] tna, eQf, lgj[lQe/0f / cGo s'g} lsl;dsf] kfl/>lds tyf ;'ljwf ;d]t ;Demg' k5{ . -@_ ljifo jf k|;Ën] csf]{ cy{ gnfu]df o; ;+ljwfgdf JoQm ePsf s'/fx¿sf] cwLgdf /xL sfg"g JofVof ;DaGwL k|rlnt sfg"gL Joj:yf g]kfn sfg"gsf] JofVofdf nfu" eP ;/x o; ;+ljwfgsf] JofVofdf klg nfu" x'g]5 .

52

efu @!

;+lIfKt gfd, k|f/De / vf/]hL !$$= !$$= ;+lIfKt gfd / k|f/DeM -!_ of] ;+ljwfgnfO{ æu0ftGq g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)^&Æ elgg]5 . (2) of] ;+ljwfg ;Djt\ b'O{xhf/ ;t;¶L ;fn h]i7 dlxgfsf] Ps ut] ;f]daf/b]lv k|f/De x'g]5 . !$%= !$%= vf/]hLM g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# vf/]h ul/Psf] 5 .

-gf] gf]6 M ;+ljwfgsf] of] k|f/lDes vfsf ;fj{hlgs ax;sf] lglDt k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . ;a}af6 :j:y 5nkmn / ;'emfjsf] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 . _

53