Proposed Constitution Of Uml

k|:tfjgf :jtGq / ;fj{ef}d;Qf ;DkGg g]kfnsf] /fHozlQmsf] ;|f]t xfdL ;fj{ef}d tyf /fhsLo ;Qf ;DkGg g]kfnL hgtfn] zflGtk"0f{ hgcfGbf]ngsf] dfWodaf6 ;+l3o nf]stflGqs u0ftGqfTds /fHo Joj:yfsf] O{R5f cleJoQm u/L nf]stGq, zflGt / cu|udgsf] kIfdf k|s6 ePsf] hgOR5fnfO{ ;Ddfg ub}{, o; kl/k|]Iodf Oltxf;sf] ljleGg sfnv08df hLjg pT;u{ ug]{ ;lxbx?nfO{ :d/0f ub}{, lg/+s'z ;fdGtjfbL /fhtGqsf] cGTo eP klg ljBdfg ;fdGtafbsf] k"0f{ cGTo u/L ;+l3o nf]stflGqs u0ftGqfTds /fHoJoj:yfsf] :yfkgf u/L ;+:yfut ljsf; ub}{, ;fdflhs, cfly{s Pjd\ ;fF:s[lts lje]bsf] cGTo u/L g]kfnL hgtfnfO{ ;fdflhs Pjd\ cfly{s Gofo lbnfO{ /fHosf] gLlt lgdf{0f / lg0f{o k|lqmofdf e]befjd'Qm ;dfj]zL efjgfnfO{ cfTd;fy u/L hgtfsf] k|ToIf ;xefuLtfnfO{ ;'lglZrt ub}{, k|lt:kwf{Tds k|ltlglwd"ns jx'bnLo nf]stflGqs zf;g Joj:yf, df}lns Pjd\ dfgj clwsf/ / JolQmut :jtGqtf, jflnu dtflwsf/, cfjlws lgjf{rg,, k'0f{ k|]; :jtGqtf, ;+j}wflgs ;jf]R{ rtf, k|fb]lzs Pjd\ :yflgo :jfoQ ;/sf/, :jtGq, ;Ifd, lgZkIf / hjfkmb]xL Gofokflnsf, tyf sfg"gL /fHosf] cjwf/0ff, nf]stflGqs d'No dfGotfnfO{ cfTd;fy u/L ;dfhjfbsf] cfwf/ lgdf{0f ug]{ cfwf/e"t ;+/rgfnfO{ cfTdf;ft ub}{, g]kfnL hgtf cfkm|gf] nflu cfkm} ;+ljwfg agfpg kfFpg] ;fj{ef}d clwsf/sf] k|of]u u/L ;+ljwfg;efsf] dfWodaf6 hflto ;befj , eflifs Pjd\ ;fF:s[lts ;+/If0f / k|j{wg ub}{, /fli6«o ;fj{ef}ldstf, cv08tf, :jtGqtf, :jfledfg / g]kfnsf] Pstfsf] cfwf/ wd{ lg/k]lIftf, ;dfj]zLtfnfO{ cfTdf;ft u/L of] ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqfTs g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg @)^& ;+ljwfg ;efaf6 kfl/t u/L nfu' ul/Psf] 5 .

1

efu ! k|f/lDes !=

@=

#=

/fi6« g]kfn Ps :jtGq, cleefHo, / ;fj{ef}d;Qf;DkGg /fi6 x'g]5 . g]kfns]f /fli6«o Pstfs]f cfwf/ jx'hflto, jx'wfld{s, jx' ;Ff:s[lts / ljljwtfo'Qm ;dfhsf] /fli6«o lxt tyf ;Dj[l4k|lt cf:yfjfg /xL Pstfsf] ;'qdf cfjWb ;j} g]kfnL hgtf ;dli6 ?kdf /fi6 xf] . ;fj{ef}d;Qf / /fhlso;Qf g]kfnsf] ;fj{ef}d;Qf / /fhlso;Qf g]kfnL hgtfdf lglxt /xg]5 . ;fj{ef}d;Qfsf] k|of]u of] ;+ljwfgdf Joj:yf eP adf]lhd x'g]5 . /fHo != g]kfn Ps :jtGq, cleefHo, ;fj{ef}Df;Qf ;DkGg, wd{ lg/k]If, ;dfj]zL, ;+l3o nf]stflGqs u0ftGqfTds /fHo x'g]5 . ;+l3o, k|fb]lzs / :yflgo ;/sf/sf] cfwf/e"t clwsf/x? cleJoQm k4lt adf]lhd o;} ;+ljwfgsf] cg';"rLdf ;'rLs[t ul/Padf]lhd x'g]5 . @=

$=

%=

^=

&=

g]kfnsf] If]q b]xfP adf]lhd x'g]5M s_ of] ;+ljwfg k|f/fDe x'bfsf jvtsf] If]q, v_ of] ;+ljwfg k|f/De eP kl5 k|fKt x'g] If]q . ;+j}wflgs ;jf]{Rrtf M != of] ;+ljwfg ;+l3o nf]stflGqs u0ftGqfTds g]kfnsf] d"n sfg"g xf] . o; ;+ljwfg;+u jflemg] ;+l3o, k|fb]lzs / :yfgLo sfg"gx? jflemPsf] xb;Dd cdfGo x'g]5 . @= o; ;+ljwfgsf] kfngf ug'{ k|To]s gful/ssf] st{Jo x'g]5 . /fi6«efiff M != g]kfndf jf]lng] ;j} efiffx? /fi6 efiff x'g\ . b]jgfu/L lnlkdf g]kfnL efiff ;+l3o, k|fb]lzs / :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] ;/sf/L sfdsfhsf] efiff x'g]5 . c+u|]hL efiffnfO{ cGt/f{li6«o ;Dks{sf] efiffsf] ?kdf ;j} txsf ;/sf/df nfu' ul/g]5 . @= ;/sf/L sfd sfhsf] efiff g]kfnL / cGt/f{li6«o ;Dks{sf] efiff c+u|]hL jfx]s k|fb]lzs / :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] cGo sfdsfhsf] efiff tf]Sg] clwsf/sf] :jtGqtf k|fb]lzs / :yfgLo ;/sf/nfO{ x'g]5 . /fli6«o em08f M l;ld|s /Ësf] e'OF / uf9f gLnf] /Ësf] lsgf/f ePsf] b'O{ lqsf]0f clnslt hf]l/Psf], dflyNnf] efudf v'k]{ rGb|sf] aLrdf ;f]x|df cf7 sf]0f b]lvg] ;]tf] cfsf/ / tNnf] efudf afx| sf]0fo'Qm ;"o{sf] ;]tf] cfsf/ clÍt ePsf], k/Dk/fut em08f g]kfnsf] /fli6«o em08f xf] . ;f] em08f agfpg] tl/sf / tT;DaGwL c? ljj/0f cg';"rL–! df pNn]v eP adf]lhd x'g]5 . /fli6«o ufg OToflb M -!_ g]kfnsf] /fli6«o ufg / lgzfgf 5fk g]kfn ;/sf/n] lgwf{/0f u/] adf]lhd x'g]5 .

2

gful/stf !=

@=

#=

gful/stf M -!_ ;+ljwfg k|f/Dd x'bfsf] jvtsf] gful/stf M of] ;+ljwfg k|f/De x'Fbfsf jvt g]kfnsf] gful/stf k|fKt u/]sf] / o; efu adf]lhd gflul/stf k|fKt ug{ of]Uo JolQmx? g]kfnsf gful/s x'g]5g\ . -@_ ;+ljwfg k|f/De ePkl5 gful/stfsf] k|fKtLM of] ;+ljwfg k|f/De x'Fbfsf avt g]kfndf :yfoL a;f]jf; ePsf] b]xfPsf] JolQm a+zhsf] cfwf/df g]kfnsf] gful/s x'g]5 M s_ of] ;+ljwfg k|f/De x'g'eGbf cl3 j+zhsf] cfwf/df gful/stf k|fKt u/]sf] JolQm, v_ s'g} JolQmsf] hGd x'Fbfsf jvt lghsf] jfj' jf cfdf g]kfnL gful/s /x]5 eg] To:tf] JolQm, u_ o; ;+ljwfg / k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd g]kfnsf] gful/stf k|fKt JolQmsf] 5f]/f jf 5f]/L dWo] g]kfndf :yfoL j;f]jf; ul/ /x]sf] / ljb]lz gful/stf k|fKt gu/]sf] JolQm -#_ g]kfn z/xbleq km]nf k/]sf] lkt[Tj dft[Tjsf] 7]ufg gePsf] k|To]s gfjfns lghsf] jfj' jf cfdf km]nf gk/];Dd j+zhsf] cfwf/df g]kfnL gful/s x'g]5 . -$_ g]kfnleq ufleg] u/L s'g} If]q k|fKt ePdf ;f] If]qleq j;f]jf; ePsf] JolQm k|rlnt sfg"gsf] clwgdf /xL g]kfnsf] gful/s x'g]5 . -%_ g]kfnL gful/s;+u a}jflxs ;DaGw sfod u/]sL ljb]zL dlxnfn] rfx]df k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd g]kfnL gful/stf lng ;Sg]5 . -^_ o; wf/fdf cGoq h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg ljbzL gful/s;+u ljjfx u/]sL g]kfnL dlxnf gful/saf6 hlGdPsf] JolQmsf] xsdf lghsf] g]kfndf hGd e} g]kfndf g} :yfoL j;f]jf; u/]sf] / jfj'sf] gful/stfsf] cfwf/df lghn] ljb]zsf] d'n'ssf] gful/stf k|fKt u/]sf] /x]g5 eg] lghn] k|rlnt g]kfn sfg"g adf]lhd cª\uLs[t gful/stf k|fKt ug{ ;Sg]5 . ;Ddfgfy{ gful/stf M o; ;+ljwfgsf] k|lts'n gx'g] u/L sfg"gdf Joj:yf eP adf]lhd g]kfn ;/sf/n] s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ ;Ddfgfy{ gful/stf lbg ;Sg]5 . gful/stfsf] k|fKtL / ;dfKtL M gful/stfsf] k|fKtL, ;dfKtL nufPt cGo Joj:yf sfg"g adf]lhd x'g]5 .

3

df}lns xs !=

#=

%=

:jtGqtfsf] xs M != k|To]s JolQmnfO{ hLjgsf] clwsf/ x'g]5 / ;Ddfgk"j{s jfFRg kfpg] xs x'g]5 . @= d[To"b08sf] ;hfoF x'g] u/L sfg"g jgfO{g] 5}g . k|To]s gful/snfO{ b]xfPsf] :jtGqtf x'g]5 M != ljrf/ / cleJolQmsf] :jtGqtf @= ljgf xft xltof/ zflGtk"j{s e]nf x'g] :jtGqtf #= g]kfnsf] s'g} klg k|b]z jf efudf cfjt hfjt / j;f]jf;sf] :jtGqtf $= g]kfnsf] s'g} klg k|b]z jf efudf cfkm\gf] k]zf /f]huf/ / pBf]u Jofkf/ ug]{ :jtGqtf t/ s= dfly g+ ! df pNn]lvt s'g} s'/fn] g]kfnsf] ;fj{ef}d ;Qf cv08tf jf ljleGg hft hftL jf ;+k|bfo ljrsf] ;'–;DjGWfdf vnn kg]{ jf lx+;fTds sfo{ ug{ b'?T;fxg ug]{ jf g]kfn /fHo lj?4sf] b|f]x, ufln JoO{Holt jf cbfntsf] ckx]ngf jf ck/fw ug{ jf ;fj{hlgs lzi6frf/ jf g}ltstfsf] k|lts'n x'g] sfo{df dgflzj k|ltjGw nufpg] u/L sfg"g agfpg /f]s nufPsf] dflgg] 5}g . v= dfly g+ @ df pNn]lvt s'g} s'/fn] g]kfnsf] ;fj{ef}d ;Qf cv08tf jf ljleGg hft hftL jf ;+k|bfo ljrsf] ;' ;DjGWfdf vnn kg]{ jf lx+;fTds sfo{ ug{ b'?T;fxg ug]{ ;fj{hlgs g}ltstfsf] k|lts'n x'g] sfo{df dgflzj k|ltjGw nufpg] u/L sfg"g agfpg /f]s nufPsf] dflgg] 5}g . u= dfly g+ $ df pNn]lvt s'g} s'/fn] hgtfsf] ;fj{hlgs :jf:Yo jf g}ltstfsf] k|lts'n x'g] sfo{df /f]s nufpg] jf s'g} vf; pwf]u Jokf/ jf ;]jf /fHon] dfq ;+rfng ug]{ jf s'g} pwf]u Jofkf/ jf /f]huf/ jf k]zf ug{sf] nfuL s'g} zt{ jf of]Uotf tf]Sg] u/L sfg"g jgfpg /f]s nufPsf] dfgLg] 5}g . %= /fhg}lts bn vf]Ng] :jtGqtf ^= ;+3 ;+:yf vf]Ng] :jtGqtf t/ v08 % / ^ sf] s'g} s'/fn] g]kfnsf] ;fj{ef}d ;Qf cv08tf jf ljleGg hft hftL jf ;+k|bfo ljrsf] ;' ;DjGWfdf vnn kg]{ jf lx+;fTds sfo{ ug{ b'?T;fxg ug]{ jf ;fj{hlgs g}ltstfsf] k|lts'n x'g] sfo{df dgflzj k|ltjGw nufpg] u/L sfg"g agfpg /f]s nufPsf] dflgg] 5}g . ;dfgtfsf] xs M != ;j} JolQm sfg"gsf] b[li6df ;dfg x'g]5g . s;}nfO{ klg sfg"gsf] ;dfg ;+/If0faf6 j+lrt ul/g] 5}g . @= ;fdfGo sfg"gsf] k|of]udf s'g}klg JolQmdfly wd{, j0f{, ln+u, hft, hftL, efiff, j}rfl/s cf:yf, j}jflxs cj:yf, n}lus klxrfg, zfl/l/s czQmtf jf lt dWo] s'g} s'/fsf] cfwf/df e]befj ul/g] 5}g . #= /fHon] JolQmx?sf ljr wd{, j0f{, ln+u, hft, hftL, pTklQ, efiff, j}rfl/s cf:yf, j}jflxs cj:yf, n}lus klxrfg, zfl/l/s czQmtf jf cGo o:t} s'g} klg cfwf/df e]befj ug]{ 5}g . t/ s= dlxnf, blnt, cflbjf;L hghflt, dw]zL, dhb'/, ls;fg, zfl/l/s jf dfgl;s czQmtf ePsf JolQm, lk5l8Psf] ju{, jfns, j[4 jf o:t} cj:yfdf /x]sf JolQmsf] ;+/If0f, zzlQms/0f jf ljsf;sf] nflu sfg"g4f/f ljz]if Joj:yf ug{ /f]s nufPsf] dflgg] 5}g . 4

v=

s'g} sfdsf] nfuL cGt/lglxt cfjZoQmfsf] cfwf/df ;sf/fTds ?kdf sfo{ ug{ o; wf/fdf n]lvPsf] s'g} s'/fn] jfwf k'u]sf] dfgLg] 5}g .

^=

5'jf5't tyf hflto e]befj lj?4sf] xs M != s'g}klg JolQmnfO{ hft, j+z, ;d'bfo jf k]zfsf cfwf/df s'g} lsl;dsf] 5'jf5't tyf e]befj ul/g] 5}g . @= s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ s'g} k|of]udf /x]sf ;]jf ;'ljwf jf pkef]usf s'/fx? k|of]u ug{af6 jf s'g} :yndf k|j]z ug{ jf wfld{s sfo{ ug{af6 jlGrt ul/g] 5}g . #= s'g} j:t', ;]jf jf ;'ljwf pTkfbg jf ljt/0f ubf{ To:tf] ;]jf, ;'ljwf jf j:t' s'g} vf; hft jf hfltsf] JolQmnfO{ vl/b jf k|fKt ug{af6 /f]s nufpg jf To:tf] j:t', ;]jf jf ;'ljwf s'g} vf; hft hfltsf] JolQmnfO{ dfq ljqmL ljt/0f ul/g] 5}g . $= s'g} hft, hflt jf pTklQsf JolQm jf JolQmx?sf] ;d'xsf] pr lgr bzf{pg], hft jf hfltsf] cfwf/df ;fdflhs lje]bnfO{ Gofof]lrt 7x/fpg] jf hflto ;jf]{Rrtf jf 3[0ffdf cfwfl/t ljrf/sf] k|rf/ k|;f/ ug]{ jf hflto lje]bnfO{ s'g} klg lsl;dn] k|fT;fxg ug{ kfOg] 5}g . %= dfly n]lvPsf sfo{x? b08gLo x'g]5 / pNn]lvt sf/0fjf6 lkl8t JolQmn] sfg"g jdf]lhdsf] Ifltk"lt{ kfpg]5 .

&=

k|sfzg, k|zf/0f tyf 5fkfvfgf ;DaGwL xs M != ljB'tLo k|sfzg, k|zf/0f tyf 5fkf nufPtsf cGo h'g;'s} dfWodaf6 s'g} ;dfrf/, ;DkfbsLo, n]v, /rgf jf cGo s'g} kf7\o, >Jo b[Zo ;fdfu|Lsf] k|sfzg tyf k|zf/0f ug{ jf 5fKg k"j{ k|ltjGw nufOg] 5}g . t/ ;fj{ef}d;Qf, /fli6«o Pstf, /fli6«o ;'/Iff, ;fj{hlgs g}ltstf / :jf:Yo, tyf hftLo ;';DaGwdf k|lts"n c;/ kg]{ ePdf nf]stflGqs tyf v'Nnf ;dfhsf d'No dfGotf / cfjZostf eGbf j9L gx'g] u/L sfg"g jgfO{ /f]s nufpg ;lsg] 5 . @= s'g} >Jo, >Jo b[io jf ljB'tLo pks/0fsf] dfWodaf6 s'g} ;fdfu|Lsf] k|sfzg tyf k|zf/0f u/] jf 5fk] jfkt\ To:tf] ;fdfu|L ksfzg tyf k|zf/0f ug]{ jf 5fKg] /]l8of], 6]lnlehg,cgnfO{g jf cGo s'g} lsl;dsf] l8lh6n jf ljB'tLo, 5fkf jf cGo ;+rf/dfWodnfO{ jGb, hkmt\ jf btf{ vf/]h ul/g] 5}g . #= s'g} ;dfrf/, n]v, ;DkfbsLo, /rgf jf cGo s'g} kf7\o ;fdu|L d'b|0f jf k|sfzg u/] jfkt\ s'g} ;dfrf/ kq, klqsf, jf 5fkfvfgf jGb, hkmt\ jf btf{ vf/]h ul/g] 5}g . $= s'g} 5fkf, ljB'tLo k|zf/0f tyf 6]lnkmf]g nufPtsf ;+rf/ ;fwgnfO{ cj?4 ul/g] 5}g .

*=

jftfj/0f ;DaGwL xs M k|To]s JolQmnfO{ :jR5 jftfj/0fdf jfRg kfpg] xs x'g]5 .

(=

:jf:Yo ;DaGwL xs M != k|To]s JolQmnfO{ cfwf/e"t :jf:Yo ;]jf lgz'Ns ?kdf kfpg] xs x'g]5 . @= k|To]s JolQmnfO{ :jf:Yo ;]jfsf] kx'rdflysf] xs x'g]5 . #= s'g} JolQmnfO{ lghsf] hLjg jf dof{bfdf c;/ kg]{ u/L :jf:Yosf] clwsf/af6 jlGrt ul/g] 5}g . 5

$=

k|To]s JolQmnfO{ /fHodf pknAw >f]t / ;fwgn] EofP;Dd :jf:Yosf] clwsf/sf] k|ultzLn sfof{Gjogsf] k'g/fjnf]sg u/Lkfpg] xs x'g5 ] .

!)= lzIffsf] clwsf/ M != k|To]s JolQmnfO{ lgz'Ns / clgjfo{ dfWoflds tx ;Ddsf] lzIffsf] xs x'g]5 . @= k|To]s ;d'bfon] dft[efiffdf lzIff lbg] u/L ljwfno ;+rfng ug{ kfpg] xs x'g]5 . #= k|To]s JolQmnfO{ pRr lzIffsf] kx'Frdflysf] xs x'g]5 . !!= ;+:s[lt ;DaGwL xs M g]kfndf j;f]jf; ug]{ k|To]s JolQm tyf ;d'bfonfO{ cfkm\gf] efiff, lnkL, ;:s[lt, ;fF:s[lts ;Eotf / ;Dkbfsf] ;+/If0f / ;Da4{g ug]{ xs x'g]5 . !@= /f]huf/L ;DaGwL xs M != k|To]s gful/snfO{ /f]huf/Lsf] kx'Frsf] xs x'g]5 . sfg"g jdf]lhd jfx]s s'g} kgL JolQmsf] /f]huf/L cGTo u/Lg] 5}g . @= s'g} kgL ;/sf/L, ;fj{hgLs jf lghL If]qsf h'g ;'s} /f]huf/bftfn] g]kfnL gfu/Lsx?sf] ljrdf /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x?df e]befj ug{ kfpg] 5}g . !#= ;fdflhs ;'/Iff ;DaGwL xs M != k|To]s h]i7 gfu/LsnfO{ sfg"gdf Joj:yf eP jdf]lhd h]i7 gfu/Ls eQf kfpg] xs x'g] 5 . @= k|To]s ue{jlt gfu/LsnfO{ k|;'lt x'bfsf] jvt sfg"gdf tf]lsP jdf]lhd k|;'lt eQf kfpg] xs x'g] 5 . #= zf/L/Ls jf dfglzs ?kdf czQm k|To]s JolQmnfO{ sfg"gdf Joj:yf eP jdf]lhd czQm eQf kfpg] xs x'g] 5 . $= k|To]s j]/f]huf/ gfu/LsnfO{ /fHon] eQfsf] Joj:yf ug]{5 . !$= vfBfGg ;DaGwL xs M != k|To]s JolQmnfO{ vfBfGg / vfB ;Dk|e"tfsf] xs x'g]5 . @= k|To]s JolQmnfO{ vfBfGgsf] kx'Frsf] clwsf/ x'g]5 . #= k|To]s JolQmnfO{ lghsf] hLjg jf dof{bfdf c;/ kg]{ u/L vfBfGgsf] clwsf/af6 jlGrt ul/g] 5}g . $= k|To]s JolQmnfO{ /fHodf pknAw >f]t / ;fwgn] EofP;Dd vfBfGg / vfB ;Dk|e"tfsf] k|ultzLn sfof{Gjog ;DaGwL gLlt / sfg"gsf] k'g/fjnf]sg u/Lkfpg] xs x'g]5 . !%= cfjf; ;DaGwL clwsf/ M != k|To]s gful/snfO{ pko'Qm cfjf;df kx'Frsf] clwsf/ x'g]5 . @= /fHon] s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ plrt k|lqmof gk'/\ofO{ cfjf;af6 lgsfnf ug]{] 5}g . 6

#=

k|To]s gful/snfO{ /fHodf pknAw >f]t / ;fwgn] EofP;Dd cfjf;sf] k|ultzLn sfof{Gjog ;DaGwL gLlt / sfg"gsf] k'g/fjnf]sg u/Lkfpg] xs x'g]5 .

!^= ;DklQ ;DaGwL xs M != s;}nfO{ klg sfg"g jdf]lhd jfx]s ;DklQsf] clwsf/af6 jlGrt ul/g] 5}g . @= k|To]s JolQmnfO{ ;DklQ cfh{g ug]{, ef]u ug]{, j]rljvg ug]{ / ;DklQsf] cGo sf/f]jf/ ug]{ xs x'g]5 . #= ;fj{hlgs lxtsf] nflu jfx]s /fHon] s'g} klg JolQmsf] ;DklQ clwu|x0f jf k|fKt ug]{ To:tf] ;DklQ pk/ s'g} k|sf/n] s'g} clwsf/sf] ;[hgf ul/g] 5}g . $= ;fj{hlgs lxtsf] nflu /fHon] s'g} JolQmsf] ;DklQ clwu|x0f ubf{ jf k|fKt ubf{ jf To:tf] ;DklQ pk/ s'g} clwsf/sf] ;[hgf ubf{ sfg"g jdf]lhd Ifltk"lt{ lbOg] 5 . !&= dlxnfsf] xs M != dlxnf ePs} sf/0fjf6 s'g} lsl;dsf] e]befj u/Lg] 5}g . @= k}lqs ;DklQdf 5f]/f / 5f]/LnfO{ ;dfg xs x'g]5 #= k|To]s dlxnfnfO{ k|hgg\ :jf:Yo tyf k|hgg\ ;DaGwL xs x'g]5 . $= s'g} klg dlxnf lj?4 s'g} lsl;dsf] lx+;f hGo sfo{ ul/g] 5}g . o:tf] sfo{ b08gLo x'g]5 . !*= jfnjflnsfsf] xs M != k|To]s jfn jflnsfnfO{ cfkm\gf] klxrfg tyf gfdsf] xs x'g]5 . @= k|To]s jfn jflnsfnfO{ kfng kf]if0f, cfwf/e"t :jf:Yo / ;fdflhs ;'/Iff k|fKt ug]{ xs x'g]5 . #= k|To]s jfn jflnsfnfO{ zfl/l/s, dfgl;s jf cGo s'g} klg lsl;dsf] zf]if0f lj?4sf] xs x'g]5 . o:tf] sfo{ b08gLo x'g]5 / lkl8t jfnsnfO{ If]ltk"lt{ lbO{g] 5 . $= c;xfo, cgfy, ;':tdgl:ylt, hf]lvddf k/]sf jf cGo o:t} cj:yfdf /x]sf] jfnjflnsfnfO{ /fHoaf6 ljz]if ;'ljwf kfpg] xs x'g]5 . %= c7f/ jif{ pd]/ k'/f gePsf s'g}klg jfn jflnsfnfO{ sf/vfgf, vfgL jf hf]lvdk"0f{ sfddf nufpg jf ;]gf, k|x/L jf 4Gbdf k|of]u ug{ kfO{g] 5}g . kGw| jif{ pd]/ k'/f gePsf s]6fs]l6nfO{ /f]huf/ d'ns sfo{df nufpg kfO{g] 5}g . !(= bf;Tj lj?4sf] xs M != s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ j]r ljvg ug{, bf; t'Nofpg, jfFwf, sd}of, xlnof, r?jf, jf sdnx/L jgfpg jf o:t} bf;Tj k'0f{ >ddf nufpg kfOg] 5}g . @= s;}nfO{ kgL lghsf] O{R5f lj?4df sfd nufpg kfO{g] 5}g . #= pNn]lvt sfo{x? sfg"g 4f/f b08lgo x'g] 5g t/ o; wf/fdf pNn]lvt Joj:yfn] ;fj{hgLs k|of]hgsf] nfuL gfu/LsnfO{ clgjfo{ ;]jfdf nufpg jf cfktsfnLg p2f/ sfo{df nufpg /f]s nufPsf] dfgLg] 5}g .

7

@)= zf]if0f lj?4sf] xs M != k|To]s >ldsnfO{ plrt >d cEof;sf] xs x'g] 5 . @= k|To]s JolQmnfO{ zf]if0f lj?4sf] xs x'g] 5 . k|yf, k/Dk/f jf k|rngsf] gfddf s;}nfO{ kgL zf]if0f ug{ kfO{g] 5}g . #= k|To]s >ldsnfO{ sfg"g 4f/f lgwf{/Lt Go'gtd Hofnf / ;]jfsf] Go'gtd zt{ eGbf sd x'g] u/L sfddf nufpg jf /f]huf/ ;Demf}tf ug{ kfpg] 5}g . @!= >d ;DjGwL xs != k|To]s >ldsnfO{ cf cfkm\gf xs lxtsf] /Iffsf] lgldQ ;+ul7t x'g] / 6\]8 o'lgog vf]Ng] xs x'g]5 . @= k|To]s /f]huf/bftfnfO{ /f]huf/bftf ;+u7g jgfpg kfpg] xs x'g]5 . #= k|To]s 6«]8 o'lgog / /f]huf/bftf ;+u7gnfO{ Ps csf{sf] x:tIf]k ljgf ultljlw ;+rfng ug{ tyf cfGt/Ls Joj:yfkg ug{ / To:tf] ;+:yfnfO{ ;+3 jf dxf;+3df cfj4 x'g] xs x'g] 5 . $= k|To]s 6«8] o'lgog jf /f]huf/bftf jf /f]huf/bftf ;+u7gnfO{ ;fd"lxs ;f}bfjfhLdf efu lng kfpg] xs x'g]5 . $= >d ljjfb ;dfwfgsf] j}sNkLs pkfo gePsf] cj:yfdf k|To]s >lds tyf 6\8«] o'lgognfO{ sfg"g jdf]lhd x8tfn ug{ kfpg] xs x'g] 5 . %= ;dfg sfdsf nflu dlxnf / k'?ifsf ljr s'g} klg k|sf/sf] e]befj ul/g] 5}g . ^= :yfoL jf s/f/ jf cGo tj/n] lgwf{/Lt /f]huf/ ;Demf}tfsf] gfdsf] cfwf/df ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] xsdf >ldsx?sf] ljrdf e]befj ug{ kfO{g] 5}g . @@= wd{ ;DaGwL xs M != k|To]s JolQmnfO{ wd{sf] cjnDag, cEof; / ;+/If0f ug]{ xs x'g]5 . t/ s;}n] s;}sf] OR5f ljkl/t wd{ kl/jt{g ug{ kfpg] 5}g . @= k|To]s wfld{s ;Dk|bfonfO{ sfg"g adf]lhd cfkm\gf] :jtGq cl:tTj sfod /fvL wfld{s :yn / u'7Lsf] ;+rfng / ;+/If0f ug]{ xs x'g]5 . @#= kmf}hbf/L Gofo ;DaGwL xs M != k|To]s JolQmnfO{ JolQmut ;'/Iffsf] xs x'g]5 . s'g} JolQmnfO{ sf/0f ;lxtsf] ;'rgf glbO{ lu/km\tf/ ul/g] 5}g / y'g'jf k"hL{ glbO{ y'gfdf /flvg] 5}g . @= kqmfp k/]sf] JolQmnfO{ kqmfp k/]sf] ;dodf g} cfkm"n] /f]h]sf] sfg'g Joj;foL;+u ;Nnfx lng kfpg] xs x'g]5 . o:tf] JolQmn] cfkm\gf] sfg'g Joj;foL;+u u/]sf] k/fkz{ / lghn] lbPsf] ;Nnfx uf]Ko /xg]5 . s'g} JolQmnfO{ cfkm\gf] sfg'g Joj;foL4f/f cg';Gwfg / k'k{Ifsf] ;dodf k/fdz{ lng] xsaf6 jlGrt ul/g] 5}g . :ki6Ls/0f M o; pkwf/fsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu sfg'g Joj;foL eGgfn] s'g} cbfntdf s'g} JolQmsf] k|ltlglwTj ug{ sfg"gn] clwsf/ lbPsf] JolQmnfO{ hgfp5 . #= k|qmfp ul/Psf] JolQmnfO{ kqmfp ePsf] ;doaf6 jf6fsf] Dofb jfx]s @$ 306fleq d'2f x]g]{ clwsf/L;dIf pkl:yt u/fpg' kg]{5 / o:tf] clwsf/Laf6 cfb]z ePdf jfx]s kqmfp ePsf JolQmnfO{ y'gfdf /flvg] 5}g . 8

$=

%= ^= &= *= (= !)= !!=

!@= !#=

tTsfn k|rlnt sfg"gn] ;hfo gx'g] sfd u/]jfkt\ s'g} JolQm ;hfosf] efuL x'g]5}g / s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ s;'/ ubf{sf] cj:yfdf k|rlnt sfg'gdf tf]lsPeGbf j9L ;hfo lbO{g] 5}g . t/, o'4 ck/fw, dfgjtf lj?4sf] ck/fw / hftLxTofdf ;+nUg /x]sf] 7x/ ePsf] cj:yfdf eg] of] k|fjwfg nfu' x'g] 5}g . s'g} cleof]u nufOPsf] JolQmnfO{ lghn] u/]sf] s;'/ k|dfl0ft geP;Dd s;'/bf/ dflgg] 5}g . s'g} klg JolQm lj?4 cbfntdf Ps} s;'/df Psk6s eGbf j9L ;hfo lbO{g] 5}g . s'g} s;'/sf] cleof]u nfu]sf] JolQmnfO{ cfkm\gf] lj?4 ;fIfL x'g s/ nufOg] 5}g . k|To]s JolQmnfO{ lgh lj?4 nufOPsf] cleof]u / sf/jfxLsf] hfgsf/L kfpg] xs x'g]5 . k|To]s JolQmnfO{ ;Ifd cbfnt jf Golfos lgsfoaf6 :jR5 ;'g'jfO{sf] xs x'g]5 . k|To]s sfg'g adf]lhd cw{Golfos lgsfoaf6 :jR5 ;'g'jfO{sf] xs x'g]5 . k|To]s JolQmnfO{ d'2fsf] ;"rgf, sfuhft / lghsf slj?4df k|of]u ul/Psf k|df0fx?sf] k|ltjfb ug{ Kffpg] xs x'g]5 . s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ cfkm\gf] pkl:yltdf dfq sf/jfxL ul/kfpg], d'2fsf] l56f] sf/jfxL u/Lkfpg], cfkm\gf] ;fIfL k/LIf0f u/Lkfpg], bf]ef;] /fVg kfpg] / Gofosf] ckrngdf sfg'g adf]lhd Ifltk"lt{ kfpg] xs x'g]5 . k|To]s JolQmnfO{ ;"rgf j]u/sf] y'gf / hj/h{:tL j]kQf lj?4sf] xs x'g]5 . c;dy{ / c;xfo kIfnfO{ lgz'Ns sfg"gL ;]jf kfpg] xs x'g]5 .

@$= oftgf lj?4sf] xs M != lu/km\tf/L, cg';Gwfg, txlssft jf k'k{Ifsf] l;nl;nfdf jf c? s'g} lsl;dn] y'gfdf /x]sf] jf g/x]sf] s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ zfl/l/s jf dfgl;s oftgf lbO{g] jf lgh;+u lgd{d, cdfgjLo jf ckdfghgs Jojxf/ ul/g] 5}g . of] wf/fsf] k|of]hgsf] nfuL oftgf eGGffn] ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f u/]sf] s'g} clwsf/Ln] ;f]xL x}l;otdf lbPsf] s'g} zfl/l/s jf dfgl;s oftgf ;d]tnfO{ hgfpg] 5. @= y'gfdf /x]sf] k|To]s JolQmnfO{ dfgjLo Jojxf/ ul/g] 5 . #= oftgf hGo sfo{ b08lgo x'g]5 / sfg"g adf]lhd lkl8t JolQmn] Ifltk'lt{ kfFpg] 5 . @%= ;"rgfsf] xs M sfg'gåf/f uf]Ko elg /f]s nufOPsf] ;'rgf jfx]s k|To]s JolQmnfO{ cfkm\gf] jf ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] s'g} klg ljifosf] ;"rgf dfUg] jf kfpg] xs x'g]5 . t/ ;fj{ef}d;Qf, /fli6«o ;'/Iff, cv08tf , ;'rgfsf] k|s[ltsf] cfwf/df lglZrt ;do ;Dd uf]Ko /fVg' kg]{ h:tf u+le/ ljifox?sf] ;"rgfsf] hfgsf/L lbg /f]s nufpg] u/L sfg"g agfpg of] wf/fn] k|lts'n cz/ kf/]sf] dflgg] 5}g . @^= uf]kgLotfsf] xs M != s'g} klg JolQmsf] hLp, cfjf;, ;DklQ, lnvt tYof+s, rl/q ;DaGwL s'/fx?sf] uf]kgLotf cgltqmDo x'g]5 . @= sfg"g jdf]lhd jfx]s s'g} kgL JolQmnfO{ cg'dtL ljgf lghsf] cfjf; tyf lghL sfo{df c?jf6 x:tIf]k gx'g] s'/fsf] Uof/]G6L u/Lg] 5 .

9

@&= b]z lgsfnf lj?4sf] xs M != s'g}klg gful/snfO{ b]z lgsfnf ul/g] 5}g . @= s'g}klg JolQmnfO{ b]z lgsfnf ubf{ plrt k|lqmof cjnDag ul/g] 5 . @*= dtbfgsf] xs M != k|To]s gful/snfO{ sfg"gdf Joj:yf eP jdf]lhd cfjlws ?kdf x'g] /fli6«o, k|fb]zLs jf :yfgLo lgjf{rgdf jf ;+ljwfg tyf sfg"g jdf]lhdsf] lgsfodf r'Gg] / r'lgg] xs x'g]5 . @= dtbfg u/]sf] jf gu/]sf] cfwf/df s'g} /fi6«;]js jf gfu/LsnfO{ e]befj u/Lg] 5}g . @(= cNk;+Vos tyf ;LdfGts[t ;d'bfox?sf] clwsf/ M != k|To]s hft, hflt, efiff, wd{ jf lglZrt klxrfgsf] cfwf/df tf]lsPsf cNk;+Vos tyf ;LdfGts[t ;d'bfonfO{ /fHosf] ;dfg ;+/If0fsf] xs x'g]5 . @= k|To]s ;d'bfonfO{ sfg'g adf]lhd efiff, wd{, ;:s[lt / klxrfgsf] ;+/If0fsf] xs x'g]5 . #)= cflbjf;L÷hghflt ;DaGwL clwsf/ M /fhgLltdf ;xeflutf / cfly{s ;dflhs tyf ;f:s[lts ljljwtfsf] ;+/If0f ug{ kfpg'sf ;fy} ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] 3f]if0ff cg';f/sf] cflbjf;L hghfltsf] cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/ x'g]5 . #!= k|fs[lts ;|f]t dfly kx'Frsf] clwsf/ M k|To]s ;d'bfonfO{ :yflgo k|fs[lts ;|f]t dfly sfg'g adf]lhd kx'Frsf] clwsf/ x'g]5 . #@= pkef]Qmfsf] clwsf/ M k|To]s JolQmnfO{ u'0f:tl/o j:t' / ;]jfdf ;dfg kFx'r , pkof]u / pkef]usf] clwsf/ x'g]5 . o:tf] ;]jfjf6 lk8Lt pkef]QmfnfO{ sfGf'gdf Joj:yf eP adf]lhd Ifltk'lt{sf] clwsf/ x'g]5 . ##= h]i7 gful/ssf] clwsf/ M k|To]s h]i7 gful/snfO{ dfgl;s zfGtL, zf/Ll/s, cfly{s / ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] xs x'g]5 . #$= c;Qm, ckfËsf] clwsf/ M k|To]s c;Qm, ckfË JolQmnfO{ lzIff, :jf:Yo, ;fdflhs ;'/Iff / /f]huf/Lsf] nflu ljz]if Joj:yfsf] xs x'g]5 . #%= ;+j}wflgs pkrf/sf] xs M o; efu4f/f k|bQ xssf] k|rngsf nfuL o; ;+ljwfg cg';f/ sf/jfxL rnfpg kfFpg] xs ;'/lIft ul/Psf] 5 .

10

…efu $ /fHosf] bfloTj, lgb]{zs l;4fGt tyf gLltx¿ !

/fHosf] bfloTj M /fHosf] bfloTj b]xfo adf]lhd x'g]5M– -s_ zflGt ;'/Iff, sfg"gsf] zf;g / df}lns xsx?sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ug]{, -v_ b]zdf cu|ufdL /fhg}lts–cfly{s / ;fdflhs kl/jt{g ;'lglZrt ug]{, -u_ ljZjJofkL ¿kdf :jLs[t cfwf/e"t dfgj clwsf/, jx'bnLo k|lt:kwf{Tds nf]stflGqs k|0ffnL, hgtfdf lglxt ;fj{ef}d;Qf / hgtfsf] ;jf]{Rrtf, ;+j}wflgs ;Gt'ng / lgoGq0f, sfg"gsf] zf;g, ;fdflhs Gofo / ;dfgtf, :jtGq Gofokflnsf, cfjlws lgjf{rg, gful/s ;dfhsf] cg'udg, k"0f{ k|]; :jtGqtf, hgtfsf] ;"rgfsf] clwsf/, /fhg}lts bnx¿sf lqmofsnfkx¿df kf/blz{tf / hjfkmb]lxtf, hg;xeflutf, lgikIf, ;Ifd tyf :jR5 k|zf;gtGqsf cjwf/0ffx¿sf] k"0f{ kl/kfngf ug]{ /fhg}lts k|0ffnL cjnDag u/L e|i6frf/ b08xLgtfsf] cGTo ub}{ ;'zf;g sfod ug]{, -3_ juL{o, hftLo, eflifs, n}lËs, ;f+:s[lts, wfld{s / If]qLo e]befjsf] cGTo ub}{ dlxnf, blnt, cflbjf;L hghflt, dw]zL, pTkLl8t, pk]lIft, cNk;ª\Vos tyf ;LdfGts[t ;d'bfo / lk5l8Psf If]q nufotsf ;d:ofx¿nfO{ ;+jf]wg ug]{, -8=_ /fHo ;+/rgfsf ;a} cËx¿df dw]zL, blnt, cflbjf;L hghflt, dlxnf, dhb"/, ls;fg, ckfË, lk5l8Psf ju{ / If]q ;a}nfO{ ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zLsf] cfwf/df ;xefuL u/fpg], -r_ ;fdGtjfbsf ;a} ¿kx¿sf] cGTo ug]{ cfly{s ;fdflhs ¿kfGt/0fsf] Go"gtd ;femf sfo{s|d to u/L nfu" ub}{ hfg], -5_ ;fdGtL e"–:jfldTjsf] cGTo ub}{ j}1flgs e"ld;'wf/ sfo{s|d nfu" ug]{ gLlt cjnDag ug]{, -h_ /fli6«o pBf]uwGbf / ;fwg;|f]tsf] ;+/If0f / k|jw{g ug]{ gLlt cg';/0f ug]{, -em_ lzIff, :jf:Yo, cfjf;, /f]huf/L / vfB ;Dk|e'tfdf ;a} gful/ssf] clwsf/ :yflkt ug]{ gLlt lng], -`_ ;'s'Daf;L, sd}of, xlnof, x/jf r/jf nufotsf cfly{s ;fdflhs ¿kn] k5fl8 k/]sf ju{sf] nflu cfly{s ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] Joj:yf ug]{ gLlt lng], -6_ b]zsf] cfly{s–;fdflhs ¿kfGt/0f Pj+ Gofosf ;fy} b]znfO{ l56f] ;d'Ggt / cfly{s ¿kn] ;d[4zfnL agfpg Ps ;femf ljsf; cjwf/0ff lgdf{0f ug]{, -7_ >ldssf k]zfut clwsf/sf] ;'lglZrttf ub}{ pBf]uwGbf, Jofkf/, lgof{t k|j4{g cflbsf nflu nufgL j[l4 u/L /f]huf/L Pj+ cfo cfh{gsf cj;/x¿sf] Jofks j[l4 ug]{ gLlt cg';/0f ug]{, -8_ /fHo kIf ePsf] cGt/f{li6«o ;lGw ;Demf}tfsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ug]{, -9_ ;a} lje]bsf/L sfg"gsf] cGTo ug]{, -0f_ d'n'sdf ljBdfg hn;|f]t nufot k|fs[lts ;|f]t ;fwgsf] /fi6« lxtdf k|of]u ug]{, -t_ ;z:q 4Gbsf ;DaGwdf ul7t cfof]ux?sf l;kmfl/z / k|ltj]bgx?sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ug]{,

@=

/fHosf lgb]{zs l;4fGtx¿M -!_ hgtfsf] hLp, wg, ;dfgtf / :jtGqtfsf] ;+/If0f u/L ;fdflhs, cfly{s Pj+ /fhg}lts If]q nufot /fli6«o hLjgsf ;a} If]qdf Gofok"0f{ Joj:yf sfod u/L v'nf ;dfhdf cfwfl/t nf]ssNof0fsf/L Joj:yfsf] clej[l4 ug{' /fHosf] k|d'v p2]Zo x'g]5 . 11

-@_ ;dfhdf zflGt / Joj:yf sfod u/L dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f / ;Da4{g ub}{ ltgLx?sf] k|efjsf/L pkrf/sf] Joj:yf u/L ;fj{hlgs lxtsf] k|a4{g ug{] /fHosf] p4]Zo x'g]5 . -#_ g]kfnL hgtfsf] ;‹if{sf] k|ltkmn:j¿k k|fKt u0ftGqnfO{ ;+:yfut ub}{ ;f]sf nfex¿sf] pkef]u ug{ kfpg] cj:yfsf] ;[hgf ub}{ ;d'Ggt / ;d[4 g]kfn lgdf{0f ug]{ /fHosf] /fhg}lts p2]Zo x'g]5 . -$_ b]zdf pknAw cfly{s ;|f]t / ;fwgnfO{ ;Lldt JolQmx¿df s]lGb|t x'g glbO{ ;fdflhs Gofosf] cfwf/df cfly{s pknlAwsf] Gofof]lrt ljt/0fsf] Joj:yf ldnfO{ s'g} klg hflt, lnË, ju{, pTklQ jf JolQm pk/ cfly{s zf]if0f x'g gkfpg] Joj:yf u/L cfly{s c;dfgtf x6fpFb} :jb]zL lghL Pj+ ;fj{hlgs pBdnfO{ k|fyldstf / k|>o lbO{ /fli6«o cy{tGqnfO{ :jtGq, cfTdlge{/ Pj+ pGgltzLn u/fpb} ;dfhjfb pGd'v nf]ssNof0fsf/L ldl>t cy{tGqsf] cjnDag ug'{ /fHosf] d"ne"t cfly{s p2]Zo x'g]5 . -%_ ;a} lsl;dsf] cfly{s Pj+ ;fdflhs c;dfgtf x6fO{ ljleGg hft, hflt, wd{, efiff, j0f{, ;d'bfo / ;Dk|bfosf aLr ;fdGh:o :yfkgf u/L Gofo / g}ltstfdf cfwfl/t :j:y ;fdflhs hLjgsf] :yfkgf / ljsf; ug{' /fHosf] ;fdflhs p2]Zo x'g]5 . -^_ b]zsf] ;fj{ef}d;Qf, cv08tf / :jtGqtfnfO{ sfod /fvL cGt/f{li6«o hutdf /fli6«o ;Ddfgsf] clej[l4 ug]{ lbzfdf /fHosf] cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw lgb]{lzt x'g]5 . #=

/fHosf gLltx¿ M -!_ b]zsf] ;Gt'lnt ljsf;sf nflu cfly{s nufgLsf] Gofof]lrt ljt/0f u/L ;a} If]qsf hgtfsf] lzIff, :jf:Yo, oftfoft, cfjf; / /f]huf/L h:tf cfwf/e"t s'/fx¿sf] ljsf; u/L hg;fwf/0fsf] hLjg:t/ j[l4 ug]{ gLlt /fHon] cjnDag ug]{5 . -@_ g]kfnL ;dfhsf] cfly{s ?kfGt/0fsf] d'Vo cfwf/ ;fj{hlgs tyf ;xsf/L If]qnfO{ jgfO{g] 5 . ;fj{hlgs, ;xsfl/tf / lghL If]qsf] dfWodaf6 d'n'sdf cy{tGqsf] ljsf; ug]{ gLlt /fHon] cjnDag ug]{5 . -#_ ljleGg wd{, ;F:s[lt, hflt, ;d'bfo, ;Dk|bfo, pTklQ / efiff efifLx¿sf aLr ;dfgtf Pj+ ;xcl:tTjsf cfwf/df :j:y / ;'dw'/ ;fdflhs ;DaGw ljsl;t u/L ;a}sf] efiff, ;flxTo, lnlk, snf / ;+:s[ltsf] ;dfg ljsf;åf/f b]zsf] ;f+:s[lts ljljwtf sfod /fvL /fli6«o PstfnfO{ ;'b[9 ug]{ gLlt /fHon] cjnDag ug{]5 . -$_ /fli6«o lxt cg's"n pkof]uL Pj+ nfebfos ¿kdf b]zsf] k|fs[lts ;|f]t tyf ;Dkbfsf] kl/rfng ubf{ :yfgLo ;d'bfonfO{ k|fyldstf lbOg] gLlt /fHon] cjnDag ug]{5 . -%_ /fHon] jftfj/0f :jR5 /fVg cfjZos Joj:yf ug]{5 . hg;fwf/0fdf jftfj/0fLo :jR5tfsf] r]tgf a9fO{ ef}lts ljsf; ;DaGwL lqmofsnfkx¿åf/f jftfj/0fdf k|lts"n c;/ kg{ glbg Pj+ jftfj/0f tyf b'n{e jGohGt'sf] ljz]if ;+/If0fdf /fHon] k|fyldstf lbg]5 . -^_ /fHon] hnjfo', hn, hldg, h+un, h/fh'/L, hgzlQm, hgfj/ / hl8j'6L nufPt h}ljs ljljwtfsf] ;+/If0f u/L, tLgsf] bLuf] pkof]u / To;af6 k|fKt nfedf ;dGoflos afF8kmfF8sf] Joj:yf ug]{5 . -&_ /fHon] hUufsf] xbjGbL, k'g/ljt/0f, rSnfjGbL / cg'kl:yt e":JffldTjsf] cGtaf6 pTkfbsTj j[l4 x'g]u/L j}1flgs e" Joj:yfkgsf] gLlt cjnDag ug]{5 . -*_ /fHon] ls;fgnfO{ k|f]T;fxg u/L s[lif If]qdf pTkfbsTj a9fO{ s[lifdf cfwfl/t clwsf+z hgtfsf] cfly{s pGglt x'g] cj:yfx¿sf] l;h{gf u/L s[lifnfO{ pBf]usf] ¿kdf ljsf; ug]{5 .

12

-(_ /fHon] ju{sf kl/jf/x?sf] pTyfg u/L ;dfhjfbd'lv, ;dtfd'ns ;dfh :yfkgf ug{ ;xsfl/tfdf ljz]if hf]8 lbg]5 / /fHon] k|efjsf/L ;fj{hlgs ljt/0f k|0ffnLsf] gLlt cjnDag ug]{5 . j:t' / ;]jf ahf/ sfg"g4f/f lgb]{lzt, Jojl:yt / gLoGq0f ug]{ gLlt lng]5 . -!)_ b]zsf] d'Vo ;fdflhs cfly{s zlQmsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] >dzlQmnfO{ /f]huf/ pknAw u/fO{ sfd kfpg] clwsf/ ;'lglZrt u/L pgLx¿sf] xs / lxtsf] ;+/If0f ub}{ pBdsf] Joj:yfkgdf ;xeflutf a9fpg] gLlt /fHon] cjnDag ug]{5 . -!!_ dlxnf ju{sf] lzIff, :jf:Yo / /f]huf/Lsf] ljz]if Joj:yf u/L /fli6«o ljsf;df clwsflws ;xefuL agfpg] gLlt /fHon] cjnDag ug]{5 . -!@_ /fHon] Psn dlxnf, cgfy, afnaflnsf, c;xfo, j[4, ckfË, czQm / nf]kf]Gd'v hfltsf] ;+/If0f / pGgltsf nflu ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] ljz]if Joj:yf ug]{ gLlt cjnDag ug]{5 . -!#_ lzIff, :jf:Yo, cfjf;, vfBfGg, vfB;Dk|e'tf / /f]huf/Ldf lglZrt ;dosf nflu cf/If0fsf] Joj:yf u/L cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ¿kn] lk5l8Psf cflbjf;L hghflt, dw]zL, blnt nufot ;LdfGts[t ;d'bfo tyf ul/aLsf] /]vfd'gLsf dhb'/ ls;fgsf] pTyfg ug]{ gLlt /fHon] cjnDag ug]{5 . -!$_ b]zsf] pGgltsf nflu lj1fg tyf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;nfO{ k|fyldstf lbg] gLlt /fHon] cjnDag ug{'sf ;fy} :yfgLo k|ljlwsf] ljsf; ug{] gLlt cjnDag ug{]5 . -!%_ /fHon] art kl/rfnsf] gLlt cjnDag ug]{5 . ;dfj]zL ljsf;sf] nflu ;d'bfodf ljQLo ;fwgsf] Gofof]lrt ljt/0f ug]{ gLlt cjnDag ug]{5 . o; k|of]hgsf] lgldQ art tyf C0f ;xsf/L ;+:yfx? kl/rfng ug]{ gLlt lng]5 . /fli6«o ljsf;sf] nflu :jb]zL nufgLnfO{ k|fyldstf lbO{ b]zdf j}b]lzs k"FhL / k|ljlwnfO{ cfslif{t / k|f]T;flxt ug]{ gLlt /fHon] cjnDag ug]{5 . -!^_ ax';ª\Vos u|fdL0f hgtfsf] lxtnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL :yfgLo ;/sf/ dfkm{t u|fdL0f ljsf;sf] ultnfO{ tLa|t/ agfpFb} n}hfg] gLlt /fHon] cjnDag ug]{5 . /fHon] :yfgLo ;/sf/x? :jtGq, :jfoQ / nf]stflGqs xg] gLlt cjnDag ug]{5 . :yfgLo ;/sf/x?df hgtfn] k|ToIf ;xeflutf hgfO{ :yfgLo of]hgf / ljsf; lgdf{0fsf sfdnfO{ k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ug]{ gLlt /fHon] cjnDag ug]{5 . -!&_ /fHon] dlxnf, blnt, cflbjf;L hghflt, dw]zL, d'l:nd, t/fO{sf yf? nufot cNk;ª\Vos, e"ldxLg, ;'s'Daf;L, sd}of, ckfË, lk5l8Psf If]q tyf ;d'bfo / ;d'bfo / cGo o:t} ju{sf nflu ;sf/fTds lje]bsf cfwf/df ljz]if Joj:yf ug]{ gLlt cjnDag ug]{5 . -!*_ /fHon] ljleGg efiff, wd{, ;+:s[lt / ljlewtfsf] ;+/If0f ug{ cGt/fli6«o >d ;+u7gsf] cle;lGw g+=!^( df pNn]lvt k|s[lt cg'?ksf] cfGtl/s cfTd lg0f{osf] clwsf/ sfof{Gjog ug]{ gLlt lng]5 . -!(_ d'Qm sd}ofsf] ;ª\Vof osLg u/L pgLx¿sf] a;f]jf;sf] nflu cfwf/e"t e"ld / /f]huf/Lsf] Joj:yf ug]{ gLlt /fHon] cjnDag ug]{5 . -@)_ ls;fg, dhb'/ nufot >ddf cfl>t ju{sf] ljsf;sf] nflu k|fljlws lzIff, tfnLd, k|lzIf0fsf] cfjZos k"jf{wf/sf] Joj:yf u/L pgLx¿nfO{ /fHosf] ljsf; k|lqmofdf ;xefuL u/fpg] gLlt /fHon] cjnDag ug]{5 . -@!_ j[4, czQm dlxnf tyf a]/f]huf/nfO{ sfg"gdf Joj:yf u/L eQf lbg] gLlt cjnDag ug]{5. -@@_ d'n'sdf ljBdfg k/Dk/fut 1fg, ;Lk / cEof;sf] klxrfg / ;+/If0f ub{} To;nfO{ cfw'lgsLs/0f ug{] gLlt /fHon] cjnDag ug{]5 . -@#_ d'n'sdf :yfkgf ePsf ;fj{hlgs tyf u}/;/sf/L ;+3 ;+:yfsf] ;~rfng / Joj:yfkgdf lgodg ug{ /fHon] ljz]if gLlt cjnDag ug]{5 . 13

-@$_ b]zsf] ljsf;df o'jf hgzlQmnfO{ kl/rfng ug{ /fHon] ljz]if gLlt cjnDag ug]{5 . /fHon] v]ns'bsf If]qdf ljz]if nufgL u/L v]nsf] :t/nfO{ cGt//fli6«o :t/sf] txdf k'/\ofpg] gLlt to ug]{5 . -@%_ u}x| cfjf;Lo g]kfnLx?sf] /fi6«sf] ;du| ljsf;df dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg x'g] s'/fnfO{ Wofgdf /fVb} pgLx?sf] xs lxtsf] ;+/If0fsf] nflu /fHon] cfjZos gLlt lng]5 . -@^_ /fHon] ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] a8fkq, c;+nUgtf, k~rzLnsf] l;4fGt, cGt/f{li6«o sfg"g / ljZjzflGtsf] dfGotfsf] cfwf/df g]kfnsf] k//fi6« gLlt lng]5 . l5d]sL /fi6«x?sf] ;DaGw uf9f jgfOg]5 . -@&_ l5d]sL ldq /fi6«x¿ / ;+;f/sf c? ;a} d'n'sx¿l;t cfly{s, ;fdflhs Pj+ cGo If]qdf ;dfgtfsf] cfwf/df ;xof]ufTds ;';DaGw sfod u/L g]kfndf zflGtnfO{ cGt/f{li6«o dfGotfsf] cfwf/df ;+:yfut ub{} hfg] gLlt /fHon] cjnDag ug]{5 . -@*_ /fHon] lzIff, :jf:Yo, cfjf;, vfBfGg, /f]huf/L / lkpg] kfgLnfO{ JolQm jf ;d'bfosf ?kdf :yfkgf ug{ pknAw >f]tx?sf] clwstd kl/rfng u/L k|ultzLn sfof{Gog ug]{ gLlt cjnDag ug]{5 .

14

sfo{kflnsf ;DaGwL Joj:yf !=

/fi6«klt M – != g]kfndf Pshgf /fi6«klt /xg] 5g . /fi6«klt g]kfn /fi6«sf] k|d'v x'g]5g . @= /fi6«klt g]kfnsf] /fli6«otf Pj+ g]kfnL hgtfsf] Pstfsf] k|lts x'g] 5g\ . #= /fi6«kltaf6 s]Gb|, ;j} k|b]z tyf :yflgo ;/sf/aLr Pstf, ;dGjo / ;befj sfod u/L ;+ljwfgsf] kfngf / ;+/If0f ug'{ k|d'v st{jo x'g5 ] .

@=

/fi6«kltsf] lgjf{rg != /fi6«kltsf] lgjf{rg hg;ef, /fli6«o;ef, k|b]z;efsf ;b:ox? / :yflgo ;/sf/sf k|d'v / pkk|d'vx?sf] lgjf{rs d08njf6 ul/g]5 . @= /fi6«kltdf lgjf{lrt x'gsf] nflu tTsfn sfod /x]sf lgjf{rs d08nsf ;b:ox?sf] jx'dt k|fKt ug'{ kg]{5 . #= klxnf] r/0fsf] lgjf{rgdf s'g} klg pd]b\jf/n] jx'dt k|fKt gu/]df ;j}eGbf j9L dt k|fKt ug]{ b'O hgf pd]bjf/sf] ljrdf k'g lgjf{rg ul/g]5 . To;/L ePsf] bf]>f] r/0fsf] lgjf{rgdf jx'dt k|fKt ug]{ JolQm /fi6«kltdf lgjf{lrt ePsf] dflgg] 5 .

#=

/fi6«kltsf] pDd]bjf/sf] Go"gtd\ of]Uotf != g]kfnsf] gful/stf k|fKt JolQm . @= slDtdf #% jif{sf] pd]/ k'/f ePsf] . #= k|rlng sfg"gn] cof]Uo g7xl/Psf] .

$=

/fi6«kltsf] sfd st{Jo / clwsf/ != of] ;+ljwfg / k|rlnt sfg"Gfn] tf]s]adf]lhd sfo{–;Dkfbg ug]{ clwsf/ / st{Jo x'g]5 . o:tf] sfd /fi6«kltn] k|wfgdGqL, dlGqkl/ifb\ / ;+j}wflgs c+usf] l;kmfl/;df ug]{ 5g\ . t/ /fi6«kltn] k|wfgdGqL, dGqLkl/ifb\ / ;+j}wflgs c+usf] l;kmfl/;df ug]{ egL ls6fgL Joj:yf ePsf]df afx]s ;+ljwfgsf] ;+/If0f / kfngf ug{ afwf k'¥ofPsf] dflgg] 5}g . @= /fi6«klt g]kfnL ;]gfsf] k/d;]gflwklt x'g]5g .

%=

cbfntdf k|Zg p7fpg gkfOg] /fi6«kltn] cfkm\gf] st{Jo kfngfsf] lznlznfdf u/]sf] sfdsf] jf/]df s'g} cbfntdf k|Zg p7fpg kfOGf] 5}g . t/ of] wf/fn] g]kfn ;/sf/ jf ;DjlGwt lgsfosf] ;Nnfx / l;kmf/Lzdf eP u/]sf] sfdsf] ;DjGwdf To:tf] lgsfosf lj?4df k|rlnt sfg"g jdf]lhd cbfnt k|Zg p7fpg ;lsg] ljifonfO{ k|lts'n c;/ kf/]sf] dflgg] 5}g . ^== pk/fi6«klt ;DjGwL JoJf:yf != g]kfndf Pshgf pk/fi6«klt x'g]5g . @= /fi6«kltsf] cg'kl:yltdf lghn] ug]{ sfd pk/fi6«kltn] ug]{5g . 15

&=

pk/fi6«kltsf] lgjf{rg /fi6«kltsf] lgjf{rgsf ;DjGwdf nfu' x'g] k|fjfwfg / of]Uotf ;dfg ?kdf pk/fi6«kltsf] xsdf ;d]t nfu' x'g]5 . t/ /fi6«kltsf] lgjf{rgdf h'g lnu+sf] JolQm lgjf{lrt ePsf] xf] ;f] lnu+sf] JolQm pk/fi6«kltsf] lgjf{rgdf pd]b\jf/ x'g ;Sg] 5}g .

*=

pk/fi6«kltsf] sfd st{Jo / clwsf/ != of] ;+ljwfg / k|rlnt sfg"Gf adf]lhd ;+ljwfgsf] ;+/If0f, kfngf / k|of]u ug'{ tyf /fli6«otfsf] ;+/If0f ug'{ pk /fi6«kltsf] st{Jo / bfloTj x'g]5 . @= o; ;+ljwfgsf] clwgdf /xL /fi6«kltsf] sfddf ;xof]u ug'{ lghsf]] st{Jo x'g]5.

(=

sfo{sfn M– != /fi6«klt / pk/fi6«kltsf] sfo{sfn lgjf{lrt ePsf] ldltn] % jif{sf] x'g]5 . @= lghx? ;f]lx kbdf @ sfo{sfn eGbf j9L pd]b\jf/ x'g of]Uo x'g] 5}gg\ .

!)= ;ky /fi6«kltn] ;+;bdf pkl:yt eO{ ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] k|wfg Gofolwz ;dIf / pk/fi6«kltn] ;+;bdf pkl:yt eO{ /fi6«klt ;dIf cg';'lrdf tf]lsPsf] 9frfdf cfkm\gf] kb tyf uf]klgotfsf] ;ky lng' kg]{5 !!= /fi6«klt / pk/fi6«kltsf] kb l/Qm x'g] cj:yf != /fi6«kltn] pk/fi6«klt ;dIf / pk /fi6«kltn] /fi6«klt ;dIf /flhgfdf lbPdf, @= sfo{Ifdtfsf] cefj, v/fj cfrf/0f, OdfGbf/Lk'j{s cfkm\gf] klbo st{Jo k'/f gu/]sf], cfly{s clgoldttf u/]sf] b]zsf] /fli6«o cv08tf, ;fj{ef}ldstf, ;f+k|fbflos ;befjdf c;/ k'Ug] s'g} sfo{ u/]sf] eGg] cfwf/df sfg'g adf]lhd hg;efdf k]z ePsf] dxfcleof]usf] k|:tfj ;Dk"0f{ ;b:o ;+Vofsf] b'O{ ltxfO{ ax'dtaf6 kfl/t ePdf, #= dfgl;s ;Gt'ng u'dfPdf, $= g}lts ktg b]lvg] kmf}hbf/L cleof]udf ;hfoF kfPdf, %= d[To' ePdf !@= kfl/>lds / ;'ljwf /fi6«klt / pk/fi6«kltsf] ;]jf, ;'ljwf / kfl/>lds sfg'gdf tf]lsP adf]lhd x'g]5 . t/ k|rlnt sfg"Gfn] lbPsf] ;'ljwf / kfl/>lds 36\g] u/L s'g} sfg"g agfpg kfOg] 5}g . !#= sfo{sfl/0fL clwsf/ != g]kfnsf] sfo{sfl/0fL clwsf/ of] ;+ljwfg / cGo sfg"Gf adf]lhd k|wfgdGqL / s]Gb|Lo dGqLkl/ifbdf lglxt /xg]5 . @= of] ;+ljwfg / cGo sfGf'gsf] clwgdf /xL g]kfnsf] ;fzg Joj:yfs]f ;fdfGo lgb]{Zfg, lgoGq0f / ;+rfngsf] cleef/f dGqLkl/ifb pk/ /xg] 5 . 16

# $=

g]kfnsf] sfo{sfl/l0f sfdx? g]kfn ;/sf/sf] gfddf x'g]5 . o; ;+ljwfg adf]lhd k|wfgdGqLn], dGqLkl/ifb jf cGo lgsfon] /fi6«klt ;dIf u/]sf] l;kmfl/;sf] ;DjGwdf s'g} klg cbfntdf k|Zg p7fpg kfOGf] 5}g .

!$= dGqLkl/ifbsf] u7g != k|wfgdGqLsf] cWoIftfdf Ps dGqLkl/ifbsf] u7g x'g]5 . @= dGqLkl/ifbdf j9Ldf ;+l3o Joj:yflksfsf] s'n ;bZo ;+Vofsf] !) k|ltzt ;+Vofdf ga9\g] u/L pkk|wfgdGqL,dGqL / /fHodGqLx? /xg]5g . !% =k|wfgdGqLsf] lgjf{rg != jflns dtflwsf/sf] cfwf/df g]kfn /fHonfO{ Ps lgjf{rg If]q dflg k|ToIf lgjf{rg4f/f k|wfgdGqLsf] lgjf{rg ul/g]5 . ;fdfGtof hg;efsf] lgjf{rg x'g] lbg Ps 5'§} dtkq4f/f k|wfgdGqLsf] lgjf{rg ul/g]5 . !^

k|wfgdGqLsf] pd]b\jf/sf] of]Uotf M != g]kfnsf] gful/stf k|fKt JolQm, @= @% jif{sf] pd]/ k'/f ePsf], #= k|rlnt sfg"gn] cof]Uo gePsf] .

!&= sfo{sfn k|wfgdGqLsf] sfo{sfn lgjf{lrt ePsf] ldltn] % jif{sf] x'g]5 . b'O k6s k|wfgdGqL ePsf] JolQm t]>f] k6ssf\] nfuL pd]b\jf/ x'g of]Uo x'g] 5}gg\ . !*= dGqLkl/ifbsf ;b:ox?sf] dgf]gog != k|wfgdGqLn] cfkm'n] kbef/ u|x0f u/]sf] #) lbg leq dGqLkl/ifbsf ;b:ox?sf] gfd / sfo{ef/ cg'df]bgsf] nflu hg;ef ;dIf k]z ug'{ kg]{5 . @= dGqLk/Lifbsf] ;b:osf nfuL k|wfgdGqL x'g tf]lsPsf] of]Uotf ;DjGwL Joj:yf ;dfg ?kdf nfu' x'g] 5 . #= o;/L cg'df]bgsf nflu k]z ePsf gfdx?df hg;efn] k|To]s JolQmsf] xsdf 5'§f 5'§} lg0f{o ug]{5 . $= dGqLkl/ifbsf] ;b:osf] ?kdf k|:tfljt s'g} JolQmsf] gfd hg;efn] cg'df]bg gu/]df To:tf] JolQmsf] ;§f csf]{ JolQmsf] gfd k|wfgdGqLn] k|:tfj ug{ jf hg;efn] cg'df]bg u/]sf] csf]{ ;b:onfO{ lghsf] sfo{ef/ ;+xfNg lbg ;Sg] 5 . ^= hg;ef jf /fli6«o;efsf] s'g} ;b:o dGqLk/Lifbsf] ;b:osf] ?kdf cg'df]bg ePdf lghsf] hg;efsf] jf /fli6«o;efsf] ;b:otf :jt ;dfKt x'g]5 . &= hg;efn] s'g} JolQmsf] gfd dGqLk/Lifb ;b:osf] ?kdf cg'df]bg gu/]df ;f] sf] sf/0f v'nfpg' kg]{5 .

17

!(= k|wfgdGqL / dlGqk/Lifbsf ;b:ox? kb d'Qm x'g] cj:yf != k|wfgdGqLn] /fi6klt ;dIf / dGqLk/Lifbsf ;b:ox?n] k|wfgdGqL ;dIf lbPsf] /flhgfdf :jLs[t ePdf @= sfo{Ifdtfsf] cefj, v/fj cfrf/0f, OdfGbf/Lk'j{s cfkm\gf] klbo st{Jo k'/f gu/]sf], cfly{s clgoldttf u/]sf] b]zsf] /fli6«o cv08tf, ;fj{ef}ldstf, ;f+k|fbflos ;befjdf cz/ k'Ug] s'g} sfo{ u/]sf] eGg] cfwf/df sfg'g adf]lhd hg;efdf dxfcleof]u k|:tfj k|:t't eO{ ;f] k|:tfj hg;efdf tTsfn sfod /x]sf ;Dk'0f{ ;bZo ;+Vofsf] b'O{ ltxfO{ jx'dtjf6 kfl/t ePdf k|wfg dGqL kbd'Qm x'g]5g . #= dlGqk/Lifbsf ;b:ox? b]xfosf] cj:yfdf kbd'Qmx'g] 5gM != hg;efsf] jx'dt ;b:o s'g} dGqL pk/ cljZjf;sf] k|:tfj kf/Lt u/]df @= k|wfg dGqLn] kbd'Qm u/]df #= d[To' ePdf $= k|wfgdGqL kbd'Qm ePdf o; ;+ljwfg adf]lhd k|wfgdGqLsf] kb l/Qm eO{ csf]{ k|wfgdGqL lgjf{lrt geP ;Dd ;f]xL k|wfgdGqLn] g} sfo{ ;+rfng ug]{5, !_ t/, d[To' jf kbjf6 x6fO{sf]df eg] pkk|wfgdGqL jf jl/i7 dGqLn] csf]{ k|wfgdGqLsf] lgjf{rg geP ;Dd k|wfgdGqLsf] sfo{ef/ ;+xfNg] u/L /fi6«kltn] tf]Sg]5g . @)= ;ky k|wfgdGqLn] /fi6«klt ;dIf / cGo dGqLx?n] k|wfgdGqL ;dIf cg'';'lrdf n]lvPsf] 9fFrfdf kb tyf uf]klgotfsf] ;ky lng]5g . @!= /fi6kltnfO{ ;'rgf lbg' kg]{ b]xfPsf ljifodf /fi6kltnfO{ ;'rgf lbg' k|wfgdGqLsf] st{Jo x'g]5 . s_ g]kfnsf] zf;g Joj:yf ;DjGwL dGqLkl/ifbsf lg0f{ox? Vf _ ;+;bdf k]z ul/g] ljw]osx? Uf_ k//fi6 ;DjGw ;DjGwL ljifox? 3_ /fi6kltjf6 /fli6«o dxTjsf ljifodf dGqLkl/ifbnfO{ cfjZos ;'emfj k|fKt x'g ;Sg]5 . @@= kfl/>lds / ;'ljwf k|wfgdGqL / dGqLkl/ifbsf ;bZox?sf] ;]jf, ;'ljwf / kfl/>lds sfg'gdf tf]lsP adf]lhd x'g]5 .

18

/fHo k'gM;+/rgfsf] cfwf/ ;+3fTdstfdf cfwfl/t gofF /fhgLlts / k|zf;lgs OsfOsf] ljefhg ubf{ ef}uf]lns cjl:ylt, hg;+Vof / hfltut a;f]jf;sf] cj:yf, dft[efiff / efiffsf] k|of]usf] cj:yf, ;f+:s[lts ;lDdngsf] cj:yf, k|zf;lgs ;'udtf, cfly{s–;fdflhs cGt/;DaGw, ;fwg–;|f]tsf] pknJwtf / P]ltxfl;stf h:tf kIfnfO{ cfwf/ agfOg]5 . pko'{Qm gLlt cg'?k /fhgLlts / k|zf;lgs If]qsf] ljefhg ubf{ hftLo ;d'bfosf] ;3g a;f]af;, eflifs ;3gtf / ljlzi6 ;fF:s[lts If]qx?nfO{ ;s];Dd Pp6} /fhgLlts / k|zf;lgs OsfO{df cfj4 ug]{ gLlt cjnDjg ul/g]5 . ;+3fTdstfdf cfwfl/t zf;gsf] 9fFrf tLg txsf] x'g]5 . o;cGtu{t Pp6f ax'hftLo s]Gb|Lo ;+/rgf x'g]5 . s]Gb|eGbf d'lg g]kfnL ljz]iftf cg'?ksf ljwfosL clwsf/;lxtsf ax'hftLo k|b]zx? /xg]5g\ . To;eGbf tnsf :yfgLo ;/sf/sf jt{dfg ;+/rgfnfO{ dfly pNn]v ul/Psf] gLltsf cfwf/df k'gM;+/rgf ul/g]5 . ;+3Lo OsfO{x?sf] gfdfs/0f ubf{ hftLo, eflifs, ;f+:s[lts / P]ltxfl;s klxrfgnfO{ ;d]t cfwf/ dflgg]5 .

19

efu k|b]z sfo{sfl/0fL fl/0fL != @=

#=

$=

%=

^=

k|b]z ;DjGwL Joj:yf M g]kfndf of] ;+ljwfgsf] cg';'lr=====df n]lvP adf]lhdsf k|b]zx? /xg] 5g . sfo{sf/L0fL clwsf/ x/]s k|b]zsf] sfo{sfl/0fL clwsf/ k|b]zfWoIfdf /xg] 5 . t/ lghn] :jljj]sn] ug]{ elg ls6fgL k'j{s Joj:yf ePsf]df jfx]s k|b\]zfWoIfn] ug]{ ;j} sfdx? cGo lgsfo jf k|b]z dGqLkl/ifbsf] ;Nnfx / l;kmfl/;df x'g]5 . To:tf] ;Nnfx d'lVtof/ dfkm{t k|fKt x'g]5 . k|b]zfWoIf != x/]s k|b]zdf Ps k|b]zfWoIf /xg] 5g . t/ of] Joj:yfn] s'g} Ps k|b];fWoIfnfO{ csf]{ k|b]zsf] ;d]t k|b]zfWoIf eO{ sfd ug{ jfwf k'/\ofPsf] dflgg] 5}g . @= k|b]zfWoIf k|b]zsf] k|d'v x'g] 5g\ . #= k|b]zfWoIfsf] dgf]gog dGqLkl/ifbsf] l;kmfl/;df /fi6«klt4f/f x'g]5 . / lgh o; ;+ljwfg jdf]lhd /fi6kltn] rfx]sf] cjlw ;Dd kbdf jxfn /xg] 5g\ . $= s'Gf} sf/0fn] k|b]zfWoIfsf] kb d'Qm ePsf] cj:yfdf csf]{ k|b]zfWoIfsf] dgf]gog gx'Gh]n ;Dd /fi6kltn] tf]lslbPsf] Joj:yf jdf]lhd x'g] 5 . k|b]zfWoIfsf] of]Uotf b]xfPsf] of]Uotf k'u]sf] JolQm dfq k|b]zfWoIfsf] ?kdf sfd ug{ of]Uo dflgg] 5 . != g]kfnL gful/s @= ljut @) jif{ b]vL :yflo ?kdf g]kfndf a;f]jf; u/]sf] #= #% jif{ pd]/ k'/f ePsf] $= dfgl;s ;Gt'ng gu'dfPsf] %= ei6frf/sf] cleof]u nflu d'4f grn]sf] ^= g}lts ktg b]lvg] kmf}hbf/L cleof]udf ;hfP gkfPsf] &= s'g} sfg"gn] cof]Uo gePsf] k|b]zfWoIfsf] sfd st{Jo / clwsf/ k|b]zfWoIfsf] sfd st{Jo / clwsf/ b]xfP adf]lhd x'g]5 . != ;DjlGwt k|b]zsf] k|d'vsf] x}l;otn] ;+ljwfgsf] ;+/If0f, kfngf / k|of]u ug'{ u/fpg' . @= ;+l3o sfo{sfl/l0fsf] k|ltlglwsf] ?kdf sfd ug'{ . #= ;+ljwfg jdf]lhd k|b]z dGqLkl/ifbsf] u7g ug'{ . $= k|b]zdf ePsf dxTjk'0f{ sfd sf/jflxsf] jf/]df /fi6«klt / k|wfgdGqLnfO{ lgoldt ?Kfdf hfgsf/L u/fpg' . %= k|b]zleq zflGt, ;'Joj:yf / ljsf;sf] sfo{ ug'{ . ^= of] ;+ljwfg / sfg"g adf]lhdsf cGo sfdx? ug'{ . k|b]zfWoIfsf] kb /LQm x'g] cj:yf b]xfPsf] cj:yfdf k|b]zfWoIfsf] kb l/Qm x'g]5 . 20

!= d[To' ePdf @= /fi6«klt ;dIf /flhgfdf lbPdf #= ;+ljwfg adf]lhdsf] of]Uotf gk'u]df jf g/x]df $= sfg"gdf Joj:Yff eP jdf]lhd lgh lj?4 dxfcleof]usf] k|:tfj kfl/t u/]df %= /fi6«kltn] kbd'Qm u/]df &= ;]jf ;'ljwf tyf kfl/>lds k|b]zfWoIfsf] ;]jf ;'ljwf tyf kfl/>lds sfg'gdf Joj:yf eP adf]lhd x'g]5. *= k|b]z dGqLKfl/ifb != of] ;+ljwfg / k|rlnt sfg"Gfdf pNNf]v ePsf k|b]zsf] sfo{sfl/0fL sfo{ ug{sf nflUf k|b]zdf d'lVtof/sf] cWoIftfdf Ps dGqLkl/ifb /xg] 5 . @= k|b]z;efdf slDtdf bz k|ltzt l;6 ;+Vof k|ltlglWfTj ug]{ /fhgLlts bnx?sf] j}7sn] u/]sf] l;kmfl/; adf]lhd k|b]zfWoIfn] Ps d'lVtof/ ;lxt j9Ldf !) hgfsf] dGqLkl/ifbsf] u7g ug]{ 5g . dGqLkl/ifbsf ;b:ox? k|b]z;efsf ;bZo x'g]5g . #= k|b]z dGqLkl/ifbsf] u7g ug]{ k|of]hgsf nflu ;DjlGwt k|b]zdf ePsf] k|b]z ;efsf] lgjf{rg kl/0ffd lgjf{rg cfof]un] ;fj{hlgs u/]sf] ldltn] & lbg leq k|b]zfWoIfn] k|b]z;efdf bz k|ltzt l;6 ;+Vof k|fKt ug]{ bnx?sf] ;+o'Qm j}7s cfjfxfg ug'{ kg]{5 . $= d'lVtof/ tyf cGo dGqLx?n] k|b]zfWoIf ;dIf kb tyf uf]klgotfsf] ;ky lng' kg]{5 . %= Ps} JolQm b'O{ sfo{sfn eGbf j9L d'lVtof/sf] ?kdf sfo{ ug{ of]Uo dflgg] 5}g . ^= k|b]z dGqLkl/ifbsf ;b:ox? JolQmut tyf ;fd'lxs ?kdf k|b]z ;ef k|lt pQ/bflo / hjfkmb]xL x'g]5g . (= kbl/Qmtf b]xfPsf] cj:yfdf dGqLkl/ifbsf ;b:ox?sf] kb l/Qm x'g]5 . != d'lVtof/n] k|b]zfWoIf / dGqLx?n] k|b]zdGqL ;dIf lnlvt /flhgfdf lbPdf . @= k|b]z ;efn] d'lVtof/ jf s'g} dGqLx?sf] lj?4df sfo{Ifdtfsf] cefj, ;+ljwfgsf] ;+/If0f ug{ c;dy{ ePsf], sfo{s'zntf gePsf], ;f+k|fbflos ;befj sfod ug{ c;kmn ePsf] eGg] cfwf/df k|b];;efdf tTsfn sfod /x]sf ;b:ox?sf] jx'dtn] cljZjf;sf] k|:tfj kfl/t u/]df . t/ Ps jif{df Ps k6s eGbf j9L o:tf] k|:tfj Nofpg ;lsg] 5|}g . #= d[To' ePdf $= e|i6frf/sf] cleof]u k|dfl0ft ePdf %= gofF dGqLkl/ifbsf] u7g ePdf !)= csf]{ dGqLkl/ifb u7g geP ;Dd sfo{ ;+rfng ug]{ s'g} sf/0fn] dGqLkl/ifb lj37g ePdf csf]{ dGqLkl/ifbsf] u7g geP ;Dd ;fljss} dGqLkl/ifbn] sfo{ ;+rfng ug]{5 . t/ d'lVtfo/sf] d[To' ePsf] cj:yfdf csf]{ d'lVtof/sf] lgo'lQm geP ;Dd j/Li6 dGqLn] lghsf] sfo{ef/ ;DxfNg] 5 . !!= kfl/>lds tyf ;]jf ;'ljwf dGqLkl/ifbsf ;bZox?sf] kfl/>lds / ;]jf ;'ljwf k|b]z P]gn] Joj:yf eP adf]lhd x'g]5 . t/ To:tf] sfGf"g gag] ;Ddsf] nflu s]Gb|Lo dGqLkl/ifbn] lgwf{/0f u/] adf]lhd x'g]5 .

21

Joj:yfkLsf !=

@=

#=

Joj:yfkLsfsf] u7g /fi6«klt, hg;ef / /fli6«o ;ef gfdsf b'O{ ;bg ;lxtsf] Ps Joj:yfkLsf x'g]5 . h;nfO{ ;+;b egLg]5 . hg;ef != hg;efdf Ps ;o krf; ;b:o /xg] 5g\ . @= of] ;+ljwfg hf/L eP kl5 ;dfg hg;+Vof / ef}uf]nLs cg's'ntfsf] cfwf/df g]kfn /fHonfO{ &% lgjf{rg If]qdf ljefhg u/Lg] 5 . o:tf] lgjf{rg If]qjf6 klxnf] x'g] lgjf{lrt x'g] k|0ffnL cg';f/ lgjf{lrt ;b:o &% hgf, #= ;Dk'0f{ d'n'snfO{ Ps lgjf{rg If]q dfgL /fhg}lts bnnfO{ dt lbg] ;dfg'kftLs lgjf{rg k|0ffnL cg';f/ lgjf{lrt x'g] &% hgf, o;/L &% hgf lgjf{lrt ubf{ 5'6\6f 5'6\} ;'lrdf cfwf/Lt x'g] u/L dw]zL !% hgf, blnt ( hgf, yf? ;lxtsf] cfbLjfl; hghftL @$ hgf, lk5l8Psf] If]qjf6 # hgf, dhb'/jf6 ^ hgf / cGojf6 !* hgf lgjf{lrt x'g]5g\ . o;/L lgjf{lrt ubf{ Ps ltxfO{ dlxnf lgjf{lrt u/Lg] Joj:yf u/Lg] 5 . $= lgjf{rg If]q lgwf{/0f ug]{ k|of]hgsf] nfuL of] ;+ljwfg hf/L eP kl5 hg;efsf] lgjf{rg x'g' cufj} ;j}wfgLs k/Lifbsf] l;kmf/Lzdf /fi6klt 4f/f j9Ldf & hgf ;b:o /x]sf] lgjf{rg If]q lgwf{/0f cfof]u u7g u/Lg] 5 . o:tf] cfof]un] lbPsf] ;'emfj jdf]lhd lgjf{rg If]q lgwf{/0f eP kl5 o:tf] cfof]u lj36g x'g] 5 . o; ;DjGwL cGo s'/fx? sfg"gdf Joj:yf eP jdf]lhd x'g5 ] . %= lgjf{rg If]qjf6 lgjf{lrt x'g] / ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg k|0ffnLjf6 lgjf{lrt x'g] ;b:ox?df Ps ltxfO{ dlxnf ;b:o lgjf{lrt x'g] u/L sfg"gdf Joj:yf u/Lg] 5 . To;/L sfg"g jgfpbf k|To]s cfd lgjf{rgdf Ps ltxfO{ lgjf{rg If]qjf6 dlxnfx?dfq pd]bjf/ x'g] u/L sfg"gdf Joj:yf u/Lg] 5 / k|To]s lgjf{rgdf dlxnf lgjf{rg If]q km/s km/s x'g] u/L uf]nf k|yf4f/f lgwf{/0f u/Lg] 5 . ^= of] ;+ljwfgsf] cGo k|fjwfgsf] clwgdf /xL hg;efsf] sfo{sfn kfr jif{sf] x'g] 5 . &= hg;efsf] sfo{sfn jfls 5b} s'g} ;b:osf] :yfg /LQm ePdf h'g k|0ffnL jdf]lhd lgjf{lrt ePsf] xf] ;f]xL k|0ffnL jdf]lhd kbk'lt{ u/Lg] 5 . t/ lghsf] sfo{sfn Ps jif{eGbf sd dfq jfls ePdf klxnf] x'g] lgjf{lrt x'g] k|0ffnL jdf]lhdsf] pk lgjf{rg u/Lg] 5}g . *= c7f/ jif{ pd]/ k'/f ePsf g]kfnL gfu/LsnfO{ sfg"gdf Joj:yf eP jdf]lhd uf]Ko dtbfgsf] clwsf/ x'g] 5 . (= lgjf{rg ;DjGwL cGo Joj:yf sfg"g jdf]lhd x'g] 5 . /fli6«o ;ef != /fli6«o ;efdf b]xfo jdf]lhdsf krxQ/ hgf ;b:o /xg] 5g . s= k|To]s k|b]zjf6 k|b]z ;ef / :yflgo ;/sf/ cyf{t gu/kflnsfsf] k|d'vx?sf] lgjf{rs d08njf6 Psn ;+qmdl0fo lgjf{rg k|0ffnLsf] cfwf/df slDtdf Ps dlxnf ;lxt ltg hgfsf] b/n] $% hgf, v= hg;efsf ;b:ox?sf] lgjf{rs d08njf6 Psn ;+qmdl0fo lgjf{rg k|0ffnLsf] cfwf/df sfg"gdf Joj:yf eP jdf]lhd Ps ltxfO{ dlxnf ;lxt /fli6«o lhjgdf Voflt k|fKt JolQmTjx?jf6 !% hgf / cNk ;+Vos hftL hghftL dWo]jf6 !% hgf . @= /fli6«o ;efsf] sfo{sfn ^ jif{sf] x'g] 5 . t/ of] ;lDjwfg k|f/De eP kl5 klxnf] k6snfO{ ;b:ox?sf] kbfjlw sfod ubf{ uf]nf xfnL Ps ltxfO{sf] b'O{jif{, Ps ltxfO{sf] rf/ jif{ / Ps 22

$=

%=

^=

&=

*=

ltxfO{sf] 5 jif{ sfod u/Lg] 5 . o;/L uf]nf k|yf4f/f sfo{sfn lgwf{/0f ubf{ Psn ;+qmdl0fo lgjf{rg k|0ffnL sfod x'g] u/L u/Lg] 5 . #= /fli6«o ;efsf] s'g} ;b:osf] kbfjlw jfls 5b} lghsf] kb /LQm ePdf ;f] :yfgsf] k'lt{ lgh h'g k|s[ofjf6 lgjf{lrt ePsf] xf] ;f]xL k|s[of4f/f u/Lg] 5 t/ Ps jif{ eGbf sd cjlw sfo{sfn jfls ePdf k'g lgjf{rg u/Lg] 5}g . ;+;bsf] ;b:o x'gsf nflu of]Uotf s= g]kfnsf] gful/s, v= hg ;efsf] nflu kRrL; jif{ / /fli6«o ;efsf] nflu k}+tL; jif{ pd]/ k"/f ePsf], u= s'g} sfg"gn] cof]Uo gePsf] 3= s'g} nfesf] kb wf/0f gu/]sf] . ª= h3Go kmf}hbf/L cleof]udf ;hfP e'Qmfg u/]sf] bz jif{ k'/f gePsf] r= cfly{s clgoldttf u/]sf] cf/f]k nflu k|dfl0ft gePsf] . :yfg l/Qmtf ;+;b ;bZox?sf] :yfg b]xfPsf] cj:yfdf l/Qm x'g]5 . s= d[To' ePdf v= lnlvt /flhgfdf lbPdf u= of] ;+ljwfg adf]lhdsf] of]Uotf gePdf jf g/x]df 3= kbfjlw ;dfKt ePdf ª= ;DjlGwt ;bgsf] l:js[lt glnO{ nuftf/ #) j6f j}7sdf cg'kl:yt ePdf r= dGqLd08nsf] ;bZo ePdf ;ky hg;efsf ;bZox?n] ;efsf ;efd'v ;dIf / /fli6«o ;efsf ;bZox?n] ;f]xL ;efsf] cWoIf ;dIf ;ky lng' kg]{5 . t/ ;efd'v / cWoIfsf] lgjf{rg geP ;Dd ;f]xL ;efsf h]i7 ;bZon] jfFls ;bZox?nfO{ ;ky u|x0f u/fpg] 5g . o;/L ;ky u/fpg] h]i7 ;bZox?n] /fi6klt ;dIf ;ky lng' kg]{5 . clwj]zgsf] cfJxfg -!_ ;+;bsf] clwj]zgsf] k|To]s jif{sf] jh]6 clwj]zg r}q ! ut] jf6 / ljw]os clwj]zg d+l;/ ! ut]jf6 k|f/De x'g] 5 . -@_ k|wfg dGqLsf] l;kmf/Lzdf /fi6«kltaf6 ;+;bsf] b'j} jf s'g} ;bgsf] clwj]zgsf] cGt x'g]5. -#_ /fi6«kltaf6 hg;efsf] clwj]zg rfn" g/x]sf] jf a}7s :ylut ePsf] cj:yfdf clwj]zg jf a}7s af]nfpg jf~5gLo 5 egL ljifo ;d]t ls6fg u/L hg;efsf] ;Dk"0f{ ;b:o ;+Vofsf] Ps– rf}yfO ;b:ox?n] ;dfj]bg u/]do !% lbg leq To:tf] clwj]zg jf a}7s a:g] ljifo ,ldlt / ;do tf]Sg / To;/L tf]lsPsf] ldlt / ;dodf hg;efsf] clwj]zg k|f/De x'g] jf a}7s a:g]5 . hg;efsf] ;efd'v / pk–;efd'v M -!_ hg;efn] lgjf{rg eO{ klxnf] clwj]zg k|f/De ePsf] #) lbg leq cfˆgf ;b:ox? dWo]af6 s'n ;b:o ;+Vofsf] jx'dt k|fKt ug]{ Pshgf ;efd'v / Pshgf pk–;efd'vsf] lgjf{rg ug]{5 . ;efd'v jf pk–;efd'vsf] kb l/St ePdf hg ;efn] cfˆgf ;b:ox? dWo]af6 lgjf{rg u/L l/St :yfgsf] k"lt{ ug]{5 . t/ hg;efsf] ;efd'v / pk;efd'v Pp6} /fhg}lts bn / Pp6} lnËsf] x'g kfpg] 5}g . 23

-@_ hg;efsf] ;efd'vsf] cg'kl:yltdf pk–;efd'vn] ;efsf] cWoIftf ug]{5 . ;efd'v / pk;efd'vn] kbdf jxfn /x] ;Dd ;DjlGwt /fhg}lts bnsf] x}l;otn] sfo{ ug]{ 5}gg / t6:y e'ldsf lgjf{x ug'{ kg]{ 5 . -#_ hg;efsf] ;efd'v / pk–;efd'vsf] lgjf{rg gePsf] jf b'j} kb l/St ePsf] cj:yfdf ;efsf] a}7ssf] cWoIftf pkl:yt ;b:ox? dWo] pd]/sf] lx;fan] Ho]i7 ;b:on] ug]{5 . -$_ hg;efsf] ;efd'v jf pk–;efd'vsf] kb b]xfosf cj:yfdf l/St x'g]5 M– -s_ lgh hg;efsf] ;b:o g/x]dfÙ jf -v_ lghn] cfˆgf] kbaf6 lnlvt /fhLgfdf lbPdfÙ jf -u_ lghn] kb cg's"n cfr/0f u/]sf] 5}g eGg] k|:tfj hg;efsf] ;Dk"0f{ ;b:o ;+Vofsf] b'O–{ ltxfO ax'dtaf6 kfl/t ePdf . -%_ hg ;efsf] ;efd'vn] kb cg's"nsf] cfr/0f u/]sf] 5}g eGg] k|:tfjpk/ 5nkmn x'g] a}7ssf] cWoIftf pk–;efd'vn] ug]{5 . ;f] k|:tfjsf] 5nkmndf ;efd'vn] efu lng / dt lbg kfpg]5 . (=

/fli6«o ;efsf] cWoIf / pkfWoIf M -!_ klxnf] k6s clwj]zg k|f/De ePkl5 /fli6«o ;efn] oyfzL3| cfˆgf ;b:ox? dWo]af6 s'n ;b:o ;+Vofsf] jx'dt k|fKt ug]{ Pshgf cWoIf / Pshgf pkfWoIfsf] lgjf{rg ug]{5 . cWoIf jf pkfWoIfsf] kb l/St ePdf /fli6«o ;efn] cfˆgf ;b:ox? dWo]af6 lgjf{rg u/L l/St :yfgsf] k"lt{ ug]{5 . t/ cWoIf / pkfWoIf Pp6} /fhg}lts bn / Pp6} lnËsf] x'g kfpg] 5}g . -@_ /fli6«o ;efsf] cWoIfsf]] cg'kl:yltdf pkfWoIfn] /fli6«o ;efsf] cWoIftf ug]{5 . cWoIf / pkfWoIfn] kbdf jxfn /x] ;Dd ;DjlGwt /fhg}lts bnsf] x}l;otn] sfo{ ug]{ 5}gg / t6:y e'ldsf lgjf{x ug'{ kg]{ 5 . -#_ /fli6«o ;efsf] cWoIf / pkfWoIfsf] lgjf{rg gePsf] jf b'j} kb l/St ePsf] cj:yfdf /fli6«o ;efsf] a}7ssf] cWoIftf pkl:yt ;b:ox?dWo] pd]/sf] lx;fan] Ho]i7 ;b:on] ug]{5 . -$_ /fli6«o ;efsf] cWoIf jf pkfWoIfsf] kb b]xfosf] cj:yfdf l/St x'g]5 M– -s_ lgh /fli6«o ;efsf] ;b:o g/x]dfÙ jf -v_ lghn] cfˆgf] kbaf6 lnlvt /fhLgfdf lbPdfÙ jf -u_ lghn] kb cg's"n cfr/0f u/]sf] 5}g eGg] k|:tfj /fli6«o ;efsf] ;Dk"0f{ ;b:o ;+Vofsf] b'O–{ ltxfO ax'dtaf6 kfl/t ePdf . -%_ /fli6«o ;efsf] cWoIfn] kb cg's"n cfr/0f u/]sf] 5}g eGg] k|:tfjpk/ 5nkmn x'g] a}7ssf] cWoIftf pkfWoIfn] ug]{5 . ;f] k|:tfjsf] 5nkmndf cWoIfn] efu lng / dt lbg kfpg]5 . !)= /fi6«kltjf6 ;Daf]wg tyf ;Gb]z M -!_ /fi6«kltaf6 ;+;bsf] s'g} jf b'a} ;bgsf] ;+o'Qm a}7snfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ / To;sf] lgldQ ;b:ox?sf] pkl:yltsf] nfuL cfxjfg ug{ ;Sg]5g\ . -@_ /fi6«kltaf6 hg;efsf] nflu ePsf] lgjf{rg kl5sf] klxnf] clwj]zg / k|To]s ;fnsf] klxnf] clwj]zgsf] k|f/De ePkl5 ;+;bsf] b'a} ;bgsf] ;+o'Qm a}7snfO{ ;Daf]wg x'g]5. -#_ /fi6«kltaf6 ;+;bsf] b'a} jf s'g} ;bgnfO{ ;Gb]z k7fpg ;Sg]5g . To:tf] ;Gb]z k|fKt ug]{ ;bgn] ;f] ;Gb]zdf plNnlvt ljifodfly oyflz3| ljrf/ u/L cfˆgf] /fo /fi6«kltdf r9fpg]5 .

24

!!= u0fk"/s ;+Vof M o; ;+ljwfgdf cGoyf n]lvPsf]df afx]s ;+;bsf] s'g} klg ;bgsf] a}7sdf ;f] ;bgsf] ;Dk"0f{ ;b:o ;+Vofsf] Ps–rf}yfO ;b:o pkl:yt geP;Dd s'g} k|Zg lg0f{osf nflu k|:t't x'g] 5}g . !@= ax;df aGb]h M -!_ g]kfnsf] s'g} cbfnt;dIf ljrf/fwLg /x]sf] s'g} d'2f ;DaGwL s'/fdf ;+;bsf] s'g} ;bgdf 5nkmn ug{ kfOg] 5}g . -@_ s'g} GofofwLzn] cfˆgf] st{Jo kfngfsf] l;nl;nfdf u/]sf] s'g} sfo{sf] ;DaGwdf ;+;bsf] s'g} ;bgdf 5nkmn ug{ kfOg] 5}g . dxfcleof]u k|:tfjdf 5nkmn ubf{ GofofwLzsf] cfr/0fsf] ;DaGwdf s'g} s'/f JoQm ug{ o; pkwf/fn] afwf k'¥ofPsf] dflgg] 5}g . !#= ;b:osf] :yfg l/St /x]sf] cj:yfdf ;bgsf] sfo{ ;~rfng M ;+;bsf] s'g} ;bgsf] s'g} ;b:osf] :yfg l/Qm 5 eg] klg ;bgn] cfˆgf] sfo{ ;~rfng ug{ ;Sg]5 / ;+;bsf] s'g} ;bgsf] sf/jfO{df efu lng gkfpg] s'g} JolQmn] efu lnPsf] s'/f kl5 kQf nfUof] eg] klg eO;s]sf] sfo{ cdfGo x'g] 5}g . !$= dtbfg M o; ;+ljwfgdf cGoyf Joj:yf ul/Psf]df afx]s ;+;bsf] s'g} ;bgdf lg0f{osf] nflu k|:t't ul/Psf] h'g;'s} k|Zgsf] lg0f{o pkl:yt eO{ dtbfg ug]{ ;b:ox?sf] ax'dtaf6 x'g]5 cWoIftf ug]{ JolStnfO{ ;fdfGotM dt lbg] clwsf/ x'g] 5}g . t/ dt a/fa/ ePdf lghn] cfˆgf] lg0ff{os dt lbg]5 . !%= dGqLn] b'j} ;bgsf] a}7sdf efu lng kfpg] M dGqLn] ;+;bsf] s'g} klg ;bg jf To;sf] ;ldltdf pkl:yt x'g / sf/jfO{ tyf 5nkmndf efu lng kfpg]5 t/ dtbfg ug{ kfpg] 5}g . !^= cglwsf/ pkl:yt ePdf jf dtbfg u/]df ;hfo M zky glnO{ jf ;bgsf] ;b:otfsf] lgldQ cfjZos of]Uotfsf] cefj 5 eGg] yfxf kfpFbfkfpFb} klg s'g} JolQm ;b:osf] x}l;otn] ;+;bsf] s'g} ;bgsf] a}7sdf pkl:yt ePdf jf lghn] dtbfg u/]df lghnfO{ ;f] ;bgsf] cWoIftf ug]{ JolQmsf] cfb]zn] To;/L pkl:yt ePsf] jf dtbfg u/]sf] k|To]s lbgsf] Psxhf/ ?k}ofFsf] b/n] ;hfo x'g]5 . ;f] ;hfo ;/sf/L afFsL ;/x c;"n pk/ ul/g]5 . t/ dGqLsf] x}l;otn] ;bgdf pk:yLt x'g kfpg] 5 . !&= ljz]ifflwsf/ M -!_ o; ;+ljwfgsf] cwLgdf /xL ;+;bsf] b'j} ;bgdf k"0f{ jfs\ :jtGqtf /xg]5 / ;bgdf JoQm u/]sf] s'g} s'/f jf lbPsf] s'g} dtnfO{ lnP/ s'g} klg ;b:onfO{ kqmfp ug{, y'gfdf /fVg jf lghpk/ s'g} cbfntdf sf/jfO{ rnfOg] 5}g . -@_ o; ;+ljwfgsf] cwLgdf /xL ;+;bsf] k|To]s ;bgnfO{ cfˆgf] cfGtl/s sfd sf/afO{ lgoldt ug]{ k"0f{ clwsf/ /xg]5 / ;bgsf] s'g} sf/afO{ lgoldt jf clgoldt s] 5 egL lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/ ;DalGwt ;bgnfO{ dfq x'g]5 . o; ;DaGwdf s'g} cbfntdf k|Zg p7fOg] 5}g . -#_ o; ;+ljwfgsf] cwLgdf /xL ;+;bsf] s'g} ;bgsf] s'g} klg sf/afO{nfO{ To;sf] c;n lgotaf/] zª\sf p7fO{ s'g} 6Lsf–l6Kk0fL ul/g] 5}g / s'g} ;b:on] af]n]sf] s'g} s'/fsf] ;DaGwdf hfgL–hfgL unt jf e|fds cy{ nufO{ s'g} k|sf/sf] k|sfzg ul/g] 5}g . -$_ of] Joj:yf ;bgsf] a}7sdf efu lng kfpg] ;b:o afx]ssf cGo JolQmsf xsdf klg nfu" x'g]5 . -%_ o; ;+ljwfgsf] cwLgdf /xL ;+;bsf] s'g} ;bgn] lbPsf] clwsf/ cGtu{t s'g} lnvt, k|ltj]bg, dtbfg jf sf/afO{ k|sflzt u/]sf] ljifonfO{ lnP/ s'g} JolQmpk/ cbfntdf sf/afO{ rNg] 5}g . 25

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:ki6Ls/0f M o; k|of]hgsf] nflu æ;bgÆ eGgfn] ;bgsf] ;ldltnfO{ ;d]t ;Demg' k5{ / ;f] zAbn] ;+;bsf] ;+o'Qm a}7s jf ;+o'Qm ;ldltsf] a}7snfO{ ;d]t hgfpF5 . -^_ ;+;bsf] s'g} klg ;b:onfO{ clwj]zg af]nfOPsf] ;"rgf hf/L ePkl5 clwj]zg rn'~h]n;Ddsf] cjlwe/ kqmfp ul/g] 5}g . t/ s'g} kmf}hbf/L cleof]udf s'g} ;b:onfO{ sfg"g cg';f/ kqmfp ug{ o; pkwf/fn] afwf k'¥ofPs]f dflgg] 5}g . To;/L s'g} ;b:o kqmfp ul/Pdf kqmfp ug]{ clwsf/Ln] To;sf] ;"rgf ;DalGwt ;bgsf] cWoIftf ug]{ JolQmnfO{ t'?Gt lbg' kg]{5 . -&_ ;+;bsf] s'g} ;bgsf] ljz]ifflwsf/sf] xggnfO{ ;+;bsf] cjx]ngf dflgg]5 / s'g} ljz]ifflwsf/sf] xgg ePsf] 5 jf 5}g eGg] lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/ ;DalGwt ;bgnfO{ dfq x'g]5 . -*_ s;}n] ;+;bsf] s'g} ;bgsf] cjx]ngf u/]df ;DalGwt ;bgsf] cWoIftf ug]{ JolQmn] ;bgsf] lg0f{oaf6 ;f] JolQmnfO{ ;r]t u/fpg, g;Lxt lbg jf tLg dlxgfdf ga9\g] u/L ;f] ;bgsf] clwj]zg rn'Gh]n;Dd s}b ug{ jf kfFr xhf/ ?k}ofF;Dd hl/jfgf ug{ ;Sg]5 . To:tf] hl/jfgf ;/sf/L afFsL ;/x c;"n pk/ ul/g]5 . t/ ;bgnfO{ ;Gtf]if x'g] u/L cleo'Qmn] Ifdf ofrgf u/]df ;bgn] Ifdf k|bfg ug{ jf tf]ls;s]sf] ;hfonfO{ dfkmL ug{ jf 36fpg ;Sg]5 . -(_ o; ;+ljwfgdf pNn]v ul/Pb]lv afx]s ljz]ifflwsf/ ;DaGwL cGo s'/fx? sfg"gåf/f lgwf{l/t ul/P adf]lhd x'g]5g\ . sfo{ ;~rfng ljlw M -!_ o; ;+ljwfgsf] cwLgdf /xL ;+;bsf] k|To]s ;bgn] cfˆgf] sfo{ ;~rfng ug{, a}7ssf] ;'Joj:yf sfod /fVg / ;ldltx?sf] u7g, sfd, sf/afO{ / s'g} ;bg jf ;ldltsf] cGo s'/f lgoldt ug{sf] nflu lgodfjnL agfpg]5 . To:tf] lgodfjnL /fi6«kltaf6 :jLs[t ePkl5 nfu" x'g]5 . -@_ /fi6«kltaf6 ;+;bsf] ;+o'Qm a}7ssf] sfo{ ;~rfng / ;+;bsf] ;+o'Qm ;ldltsf] u7g / sfd sf/afO{ hg;efsf] ;efd'v / /fli6«o ;efsf] cWoIfsf] l;kmfl/zdf agfPsf] lgodfjnL adf]lhd x'g]5 . -#_ lgodfjnL gag];Dd ;+o'Qm j}7ssf] sfd ;efd'v / cWoIfn] sfo{Joj:yf k/fdz{ ;ldtLsf] l;kmf/Lzdf jgfPsf] lgodfjnL adf]lhd x'g]5g\ . ;ldlt M hg;efn] cfly{s tyf >d ;DjGw ;ldtL, ;fj{hlgs n]vf, dfgj clwsf/ / k//fi6« ;DaGw, k|fb]zLs dfldnf tyf k|fs[lts ;|f]t ;fwg, jftfj/0f ;+/If0f, hg;+Vof / cfjZostfg';f/ cGo ljifosf ;ldltx?sf] u7g / Joj:yf lgodfjnLåf/f ug{ ;Sg]5 . ;+o'Qm ;ldlt M -!_ b'O{ ;bgsf aLrsf] sfo{ k|0ffnLnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{, s'g} ljw]osdf /x]sf] dtleGgtf cGt ug{ jf cGo s'g} vf; sfo{sf nflu b'j} ;bgsf] ;+o'St ;ldlt u7g ul/of];\ egL s'g} ;bgn] k|:tfj kfl/t u/]df ;+o'Qm ;ldltsf] u7g ul/g]5 . -@_ ;+o'St ;ldltdf hg;efsf] ;b:o b'O{hgf / /fli6«o ;efsf] ;b:o Pshgfsf cg'kftdf a9Ldf kGw|hgf ;b:ox? /xg] 5g\ . ;+;bsf] ;lrjfno M -!_ /fi6«kltjf6 hg;efsf] ;lrjnfO{ ;f] ;efsf] ;efd'vsf] / /fli6«o ;efsf] ;lrjnfO{ ;f] ;efsf] cWoIfsf] l;kmfl/zdf / ;+;bsf] dxf;lrjnfO{ ;efd'v / cWoIf b'j};+u k/fdz{ u/L lgo'Qm x'g]5 . 26

-@_ ;+;bsf] sfd sf/afO{ ;~rfng ug{ cfjZos ;lrjfnosf] :yfkgf / ;f] ;DaGwL cGo s'/f sfg"gn] lgwf{/0f u/] adf]lhd x'g]5 . @@= k|ltlglw dtbfg ;DjGwL ljz]if Joj:Yff -!_ ;+;bsf] ;b:o lj/fdL eO{ c:ktfndf egf{ ePsf] jf 8fS6/sf] l;kmf/Lzdf 3/df jl; pkrf/ u/]sf] sf/0f s'g} ;b:o j}7sdf pk:yLt x'g g;Sg] ePdf ;DjGwLt ;+;b ;b:on] ;f]xL bnsf] s'g} csf]{ ;b:onfO{ ;+;lbo bnsf] g]tfsf] /f]xj/df k|ltlglw dtbfgsf] clwsf/ lbg ;Sg] 5 . -@_ k|ltlglw dtbfgsf] clwsf/ Ps hgfsf] dfq :jLsf/ ug{ ;lsg] 5 . o;/L k|ltlglw dtbfgsf] clwsf/ k|fKt JolQm pk:yLt ePdf lghn] k|ltlglwTj ug]{ JolQm ;d]t pk:yLt ePsf] dfgLg] 5 / ;f]xL jdf]lhd u0k'/s ;+Vof u0fgf u/Lg] 5 . -#_ jblgot ;fy tyf cfly{s k|nf]egsf] nfuL k|ltlglw dtbfgsf] clwsf/ lbP lnPsf] /x]5 eg] To:tf b'j} ;b:osf] ;+;b kb ;dfKt x'g]5 . @#= jx;df k|of]u x'g] efiff -!_ ;+;bdf g]kfnL efiffdf 5nkmndf efu lng' kg]{ 5 . s'g} ;+;b ;b:onfO{ ;+s]lts efiff dfq jf]Ng ;Sg] ePdf jf g]kfnL efiff jf]Ng gcfPdf dfq[efiffdf jx; ug{ ;lsg] 5 . -@_ g]kfnL efiff jf]Ng g;Sg] s'/fsf] hgfp lbO{ dft[efiffsf] nfuL / ;+s]lts efiffsf] nfuL b]fefif]sf] Joj:yf ug{ cfkm' lgjf{lrt eO{ cfPsf] #) lbg leq ;+;b ;lrjfnonfO{ hgfp lbg' kg]{ 5 . o;/L hgfp k|fKt eP kl5 ;+s]lts jf dft[efiffsf] pNyfsf] Joj:yf ;lrjfnon] ldnfpg] 5 . @$= kfl/>lds M hg ;efsf] ;efd'v / pk–;efd'v, /fli6«o ;efsf] cWoIf / pkfWoIf tyf ;+;bsf ;b:ox?sf] kfl/>lds / ;'ljwf sfg"gåf/f lgwf{l/t x'g]5 .

27

Joj:yfkg sfo{ljlw !=

@=

ljw]os k|:t't ug]{ ljlw M -!_ ;+;bsf] s'g} klg ;bgdf ljw]os k|:t't ug{ ;lsg]5 . t/ cy{ ljw]os k|ltlglw ;efdf dfq k|:t't ul/g]5 . -@_ cy{ ljw]os, g]kfnL ;]gf jf ;z:q k|x/L tyf ;'/Iff ;DjGwL / k|b]z tyf :yflgo ;/sf/sf] clwsf/If]q ;DjGwL ljw]os ;/sf/L ljw]ossf] ?kdf dfq k|:t't ul/g]5 . -#_ æcy{ ljw]osÆ eGgfn] b]xfodf plNnlvt ;a} jf s'g} ljifol;t ;DaGw /fVg] ljw]osnfO{ hgfpF5 M– -s_ s/ nufpg], p7fpg], vf/]h ug]{, 5"6 lbg], kl/jt{g ug]{ jf s/ k|0ffnLnfO{ Jojl:yt ug]{ ljifo, -v_ ;l~rt sf]if jf cGo s'g} ;/sf/L sf]ifsf] ;+/If0f ug]{, To:tf] sf]ifdf /sd hDdf ug]{ jf To:tf] sf]ifaf6 s'g} /sd ljlgof]hg jf vr{ ug]{ jf ljlgof]hg jf vr{ ug{ vf]lhPsf] /sd 36fpg], a9fpg] jf vf/]h ug]{ ljifo, -u_ g]kfn ;/sf/n] C0f k|fKt ug]{ jf hdfgt lbg] ljifo Jojl:yt ug]{ jf ;/sf/n] lnPsf] jf lng] cfly{s bfloTj ;DaGwL sfg"g ;+zf]wg ug]{ ljifo, -3_ ;/sf/L sf]ifdf k|fKt x'g] ;a} k|sf/sf] /fh:j, C0f c;'nLaf6 k|fKt /sd / cg'bfgsf] /sd lhDdf /fVg], nufgL ug]{ jf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] n]vfsf] n]vf k/LIf0f ug]{ ljifo jf -ª_ pko'{Qm ljifox?;Fu k|ToIf ;DaGw ePsf k|f;+lus ljifox? . -$_ s'g} ljw]os cy{ ljw]os xf] xf]Og eGg] k|Zg p7]df ;efd'vsf] lg0f{o clGtd x'g]5 . ljw]os kfl/t ug]{ ljlw M -!_ ;+;bsf] Pp6f ;bgn] kfl/t u/]sf] ljw]os oyfzL3| csf]{ ;bgdf k7fOg]5 / ;f] ;bgn] kfl/t u/]kl5 k|dfl0fs/0fsf] nflu /fi6«klt ;dIf k]z ul/]g]5 . -@_ hg;efn] kfl/t u/]sf] cy{ ljw]os /fli6«o ;efdf k7fOg]5 . /fli6«o ;efn] ;f] ljw]osdf 5nkmn u/L ljw]os k|fKt u/]sf] kGw| lbgleq s'g} ;'emfj eP ;'emfj ;lxt hg;efdf lkmtf{ k7fpg' k5{ . #_ pkwf/f -@_ adf]lhd ;'emfj ;lxt lkmtf{ cfPsf] ljw]osdf hg;efn] 5nkmn u/L plrt b]v]sf] ;'emfj ;dfj]z u/L k|dfl0fs/0fsf] nflu /fi6«klt ;dIf k]z ug]{5. -$_ pkwf/f -@_ adf]lhd cy{ ljw]os k|fKt u/]sf] kGw| lbg;Dddf /fli6«o ;efn] ;f] ljw]os lkmtf{ u/]g eg] klg hg;efn] k|dfl0fs/0fsf] nflu /fi6«klt ;dIf k]z ug{ ;Sg]5 . -%_ hg;efn] kfl/t u/L /fli6«o ;efdf k7fPsf] cy{ ljw]os jfx]s cGo ljw]os /fli6«o ;efn] cfkm";dIf k|fKt ePsf] k}tfln; lbg leq kfl/t u/L jf ;'emfj ;lxt lkmtf{ k7fpg' kg]{5 . pQm ;dofjlwleq /fli6«o ;efn] ;f] ljw]os lkmtf{ u/]g eg] klg hg;efn] tTsfn sfod /x]sf] ;b:o ;+Vofsf] krf; k|ltzteGbf a9L ;b:ox?sf] lg0f{oaf6 ;f] ljw]os k|dfl0fs/0fsf] nflu /fi6«klt ;dIf k]z ug{ ;Sg]5 . -^_ s'g} ;bgn] kfl/t u/]sf] ljw]os csf]{ ;bgn] c:jLs[t u/]df jf ;+zf]wg;lxt kfl/t u/]df ;f] ljw]os pTklQ ePsf] ;bgdf lkmtf{ k7fpg' k5{ . -&_ pkwf/f -^_ cg';f/ /fli6«o ;efaf6 c:jLs[t eO{ jf ;+zf]wg ;lxt hg;efdf lkmtf{ cfPsf] ljw]ospk/ ljrf/ u/L hg;efsf] tTsfn sfod /x]sf] ;b:o ;+Vofsf] krf; k|ltzteGbf j9L 28

#= $=

%=

;b:ox?n] k|:t't ?kdf jf ;+zf]wg ;lxt k'gM kfl/t u/]df ;f] ljw]os k|dfl0fs/0fsf] nflu /fi6«klt ;dIfdf k]z ul/g]5 . -*_ pkwf/f -^_ cg';f/ hg;efaf6 ;+zf]wg ;lxt /fli6«o ;efdf lkmtf{ cfPsf] ljw]os /fli6«o ;efn] klg ;f] ;+zf]wg ;lxt kfl/t u/]df k|dfl0fs/0fsf] nflu /fi6«klt ;dIf k]z ul/g]5 . -(_ b]xfosf] ljw]os b'j} ;bgsf] ;+o'St a}7sdf k|:t't ul/g]5 / ;+o'St a}7sn] ljw]osnfO{ k|:t't ?kdf jf ;+zf]wg ;lxt kfl/t u/]df ljw]os pTklQ ePsf] ;bgn] k|df0fLs/0fsf nflu ;dIf k]z ug]{5 M– -s_ /fli6«o ;efn] kfl/t u/]sf] t/ hg;efn] c:jLsf/ u/]sf] jf -v_ hg;efn] ;+zf]wg ;lxt /fli6«o ;efdf lkmtf{ k7fPsf], t/ /fli6«o ;ef;f] ;+zf]wgdf ;xdt x'g g;s]sf] . -!)_ s'g} ljw]os ljrf/fwLg /x]sf] cj:yfdf ;bgsf] clwj]zgsf] cGTo eP klg ;f] ljw]osdfly cfufdL clwj]zgdf sf/afO{ x'g ;Sg]5 . t/ s'g} ljw]os hg;efdf k|:t't eO{ ljrf/fwLg /x]sf] jf ;f] ;bgn] kfl/t u/L /fli6«o ;efdf k7fPsf] t/ ;f] ;bgdf ljrf/fwLg /x]sf] cj:yfdf hg;efsf] sfo{sfn ;dfKt ePdf To:tf] ljw]os lgliqmo ePsf] dflgg]5 . -!!_ ljw]os kf/Lt ubf{ o; ;lDjwfgsf cGo k|fjwfgsf] clwgdf /lx k|To]s ;bg jf ;+o'Qm ;bgsf] u0fk'/s ;+Vof s'n ;b:o ;+Vofsf] sDtLdf krf; k|ltzt eGbf jl9 ;b:osf]] pk:yLt x'g' kg]{5 . ljw]os lkmtf{ lng] M ljw]os k|:t'tstf{ ;b:on] ;bgsf] :jLs[lt lnO{ ljw]os lkmtf{ lng ;Sg]5 . ljw]osdf :jLs[lt M -!_ /fi6«kltsf] :jLs[ltsf] nflu k]z ul/g] ljw]os pTklQ ePsf] ;bgsf] ;efd'v jf cWoIfn] cfˆgf] x:tfIf/n] k|dfl0ft u/L k]z ug'{ k5{ . t/ cy{ ljw]ossf xsdf cy{ ljw]os xf] egL ;efd'vn] k|dfl0ft ug'{ kg]{5 . -@_ o; wf/f adf]lhd :jLs[ltsf] nflu ;dIf k]z ePsf] ljw]osdf /fi6«kltsf] :jLs[lt k|fKt eP kl5 To;sf] ;"rgf oyf;Dej rfF8f] b'j} ;bgnfO{ lbOg]5 . -#_ cy{ ljw]os afx]s cGo ljw]ossf] ;DaGwdf k'gM ljrf/ljdz{ x'g' cfjZos 5 eGg] nfu]df /fi6«kltn] ljw]os k]z ePsf] Ps dlxgfleq ;Gb]z ;lxt ljw]os pTklQ ePsf] ;bgdf lkmtf{ k7fpg ;Sg]5 . -$_ /fi6«kltaf6 s'g} ljw]os ;Gb]z ;lxt lkmtf{ ul/Pdf To; ljw]osdfly b'a} ;bgsf] ;+o'Qm a}7sdf k'glj{rf/ u/L ;f] ljw]os k|:t't ?kdf jf ;+zf]wg ;lxt kfl/t eO{ k'gM k]z ug{ ;lsg]5 . -%_ /fi6«kltaf6 of] wf/f adf]lhd s'g} ljw]osdf k|dfl0fs/0f ePkl5 ;f] ljw]os P]g aGg]5 . cWofb]z M -!_ ;+;bsf] b'j} ;bgsf] clwj]zg rln/x]sf] cj:yfdf afx]s cGo cj:yfdf tTsfn s]xL ug{ cfjZos k/]sf] 5 eGg] s'/fdf dGqLk/LifbnfO{ nfu]df o; ;+ljwfgdf n]lvPsf s'/fx?sf] k|lts"n gx'g] u/L dGqLk/Lifbsf] l;kmf/Lzdf /fi6«kltaf6 cfjZos cWofb]z hf/L ug{ ;lsg]5 . -@_ pkwf/f -!_ cg';f/ hf/L ePsf] cWofb]z P]g ;/x dfGo x'g]5 . t/ o:tf] k|To]s cWofb]z – -s_ hf/L ePkl5 a;]sf] ;+;bsf] b'j} ;bgdf k]z ul/g]5 / b'j} ;bgn] :jLsf/ gu/]df :jtM lgliqmo x'g]5, -v_ dGqLk/Lifbsf] l;kmf/Lzdf /fi6«kltaf6 h'g;'s} avt vf/]h x'g ;Sg]5 / 29

-u_ v08 -s_ jf -v_ adf]lhd lgliqmo jf vf/]h gePdf hf/L ePsf] 5 dlxgfkl5 jf b'a} ;bgsf] a}7s a;]sf] ;f7L lbgkl5 :jtM lgliqmo x'g]5 . :ki6Ls/0f M ;+;bsf ;bgx?sf] a}7s cl3kl5 u/L a;]df o; pkwf/fsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu a}7s a;]sf] u0fgf ubf{ h'g ;bgsf] a}7s kl5 a;]sf] 5 ;f] ldltaf6 ul/g]5 . -#_ o; ;ljwfg jdf]lhd hf/L ePsf] cWofb]z lgZs[o jf vf/]h ePkl5 ;f]xL k|s[lt / ;f]xL sfdsf] nfuLsf] nfuL csf]{ cWofb]z hf/L x'g ;Sg] 5}g .

30

cfly{s sfo{ k|0ffnL !=

@=

#=

$=

sfg"g adf]lhd afx]s s/ nufpg jf C0f lng gkfOg] M -!_ sfg"g adf]lhd afx]s s'g} s/ nufOg] / p7fOg] 5}g . -@_ sfg"g adf]lhd afx]s ;/sf/åf/f s'g} C0f lnOg] / hdfgt lbOg] 5}g . ;l~rt sf]if M g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ k|fKt x'g] ;a} k|sf/sf /fh:j, /fh:jsf] lwtf]df lnOPsf ;a} shf{x? / P]gsf] clwsf/ cGtu{t lbOPsf] h'g;'s} C0f c;"n x'Fbf k|fKt ePsf] ;a} wg P]gåf/f csf]{ s'g} Joj:yf gul/Pdf Ps ;/sf/L sf]ifdf cfDbfgL afFlwg]5 h;nfO{ ;l~rt sf]if elgg]5 . t/ u'l7 /sdsf ;DjGwdf sfg"gdf Joj:yf eP jdf]lhd x'g] 5 . ;l~rt sf]if jf ;/sf/L sf]ifaf6 Joo M b]xfosf /sd afx]s ;l~rt sf]if jf cGo s'g} ;/sf/L sf]ifaf6 s'g} /sd lemSg ;lsg] 5}g M– -s_ ;l~rt sf]ifdfly Jooef/ ePsf] /sd, -v_ ljlgof]hg ug]{ P]gåf/f vr{ x'g] /sd, -u_ ljlgof]hg ljw]os ljrf/fwLg /x]sf cj:yfdf k]:sLsf] ?kdf P]gåf/f vr{ x'g] /sd, jf -3_ ljz]if cj:yfdf Joosf] ljj/0f dfq ePsf] pwf/f] vr{ P]gåf/f Joo x'g] /sd . t/ cfsl:ds sf]ifsf xsdf o; ;+ljwfgsf cGo k|fjwfgdf pNn]v eP adf]lhd x'g]5 . ;l~rt sf]ifdfly Jooef/ M b]xfosf ljifo;Fu ;DalGwt vr{x? ;l~rt sf]ifdfly Jooef/ x'g]5g\ / o:tf] Joosf] nflu ;+;bsf] jflif{s :jLs[lt cfjZos kg]{ 5}g M– -s_ g]kfnsf] /fi6klt, pk/fi6klt ;DjGwL P]g 4f/f Joj:yf u/LPsf] /sd , -v_ k|wfg GofofwLz tyf ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf cGo GofofwLzx?nfO{ lbOg] kfl/>lds, ;'ljwf / lgj[lQe/0fsf] /sd, -u_ lgDglnlvt kbflwsf/LnfO{ lbOg] kfl/>lds / ;'ljwfsf /sdx? M– -!_ hg ;efsf ;efd'v / pk–;efd'v, -@_ /fli6«o ;efsf cWoIf / pkfWoIf, -#_ clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf k|d'v cfo'Qm / cGo cfo'Qmx?, -$_ n]vf k/LIf0f cfof]usf] cWoIf / ;b:ox?, -%_ nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf cWoIf / ;b:ox? / -^_ k|d'v lgjf{rg cfo'Qm / lgjf{rg cfo'Qmx? . -&_ /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]usf cWoIf / ;b:ox? . -3_ ;jf]{Rr cbfnt, clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u, n]vf k/LIf0f cfof]u, nf]s ;]jf cfof]u / lgjf{rg cfof]u, dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u ;DaGwL k|zf;lgs Joox?, -ª_ g]kfnsf] ;/sf/sf] bfloTjsf] C0f ;DaGwL Jooef/, -r_ g]kfnsf] ;/sf/sf] lj?4 cbfntaf6 ePsf] km};nf jf cf1lKt cg';f/ ltg'{ kg]{ /sd / -5_ sfg"gn] ;l~rt sf]ifdfly Jooef/ x'g] egL lgwf] u/]sf] /sd .

31

%=

/fh:j / Joosf] cg'dfg M -!_ /fi6«kltaf6 k|To]s cfly{s jif{sf] ;DaGwdf ;+;bsf] ;+o'Qm a}7s ;dIf b]xfosf s'/fx? ;d]t v'nfO{ jflif{s cg'dfg k]z ug{ nufO{g]5 M– -s_ /fh:jsf] cg'dfg, -v_ ;l~rt sf]ifdfly Jooef/ x'g] cfjZos /sdx? / -u_ ljlgof]hg P]gåf/f Joo x'g] cfjZos /sdx? . -@_ pkwf/f -!_ cg';f/ jflif{s cg'dfg k]z ubf{ ut cfly{s jif{df k|To]s dGqfnonfO{ 5'6\ofOPsf] vr{sf] /sd / ;f] vr{ cg';f/sf] nIo xfl;n eof] ePg To;sf] ljj/0f klg ;fy} k]z ug'{ kg]{5 . ^= ljlgof]hg P]g M ljlgof]hg P]g cg';f/ Joo x'g] cfjZos /sd zLif{sx?df lglb{i6 u/L ljlgof]hg ljw]osdf /flvg]5g\ &= k"/s cg'dfg M -!_ s'g} cfly{s jif{df b]xfosf] cj:yf kg{ cfPdf /fi6kltaf6 k|ltlglw ;ef;dIf k"/s cg'dfg k]z ug{ nufO{g]5 M– -s_ rfn" cfly{s jif{sf lgldQ ljlgof]hg P]gåf/f s'g} ;]jfsf] nflu vr{ ug{ clwsf/ lbOPsf] /sd ckof{Kt ePdf jf To; jif{sf] lgldQ ljlgof]hg P]gn] clwsf/ glbPsf] gofF ;]jfdf vr{ ug{ h?/t k/]df jf -v_ To; cfly{s jif{df s'g} ljlgof]hg P]gåf/f clws[t ePsf] /sdeGbf a9L vr{ x'g uPdf . -@_ k"/s cg'dfgdf /flvPsf] /sd zLif{sx?df lglb{i6 u/L k"/s ljlgof]hg ljw]osdf /flvg]5g\ . *= k]:sL vr{ M -!_ o; efudf h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg ljlgof]hg ljw]os ljrf/fwLg /x]sf] cj:yfdf cfly{s jif{sf nflu cg'dfg ul/Psf] Joosf] s'g} c+z cufj} k]:sLsf ?kdf P]gåf/f vr{ ug{ ;lsg]5 . -@_ /fh:j / Joosf] cg'dfg k]z gul/P;Dd k]:sL vr{ ljw]os k|:t't ul/g] 5}g / k]:sLsf] /sd cfly{s jif{sf] Joo cg'dfgsf] t[tLof+zeGbf a9L x'g] 5}g . -#_ k]:sL vr{ P]g cg';f/ vr{ ePsf] /sd ljlgof]hg ljw]osdf ;dfj]z ul/g]5 . (= pwf/f] vr{ M o; efudf h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg k|fs[lts sf/0f jf afx\o cfqmd0fsf] cfzª\sf jf cfGtl/s lj£g jf cGo sf/0fn] ubf{ :yfgLo jf /fi6«JofkL ;ª\s6sf] cj:yf ePdf /fh:j / Joosf] cg'dfg ug{ cJofjxfl/s jf /fHosf] ;'/Iff jf lxtsf b[li6n] cjf~5gLo b]lvPdf /fi6kltjf6 Joosf] ljj/0f dfq ePsf] pwf/f] vr{ ljw]os hg;ef ;dIf k]z u/Lg] 5 . !)= cfsl:ds sf]if M P]gåf/f cfsl:ds sf]ifsf gfdn] Pp6f sf]if :yfkgf ug{ ;lsg]5 / pQm sf]ifdf ;do ;dodf P]gåf/f lgwf{/0f eP cg';f/sf] /sd hDdf ul/g]5 . ;f] sf]if g]kfnsf] ;/sf/sf] lgoGq0fdf /xg]5 . g]kfnsf] ;/sf/n] ;f] sf]ifaf6 cfsl:ds sfo{sf] nflu vr{ ug{ ;Sg]5 . To:tf] vr{sf] /sd P]gåf/f oyfzL3| ;f]wegf{ ul/g]5 . !!= cfly{s sfo{ljlw ;DaGwL P]g M P]gåf/f ljlgof]lht Ps zLif{saf6 csf]{ zLif{sdf /sd ;fg]{ s'/f / c? cfly{s sfo{ljlw ;DaGwL s'/f P]gåf/f Jojl:yt x'g]5 . 32

k|b]z ;ef s=

u7g != != @= #=

/ ;+rfng k|b]z ;efsf] u7g k|To]s k|b]zdf Ps k|b]z ;ef x'g] 5 . k|b]z ;efdf krf; ;b:o /xg] 5g\ . ;Dk'0f{ k|b]znfO{ Ps lgjf{rg If]q dfgL /fhg}lts bnnfO{ dt lbg] ;dfg'kftLs lgjf{rg k|0ffnL cg';f/ lgjf{lrt x'g] %) hgf, o;/L %) hgf pd]bjf/ p7fpbf / lgjf{lrt ubf{ /fhg}lts bnsf] ;'lrdf sDtLdf Ps ltxfO{ dlxnf, blnt % hgf / dhb'/jf6 % hgf / k|b]zsf] l;dfGts[t cfbLjf;L hghflt jf6 ^ hgfnfO{ sfg"gdf Joj:yf eP jdf]lhd k|ltlglwTj u/fpg' kg]{ 5 . $= of] ;+ljwfgsf] cGo k|jfwfgsf] clwgdf /xL k|b]z ;efsf] sfo{sfn kfr jif{sf] x'g] 5 . %= k|b]z ;efsf] sfo{sfn jfls 5b} s'g} ;b:osf] :yfg /LQm ePdf ;dfg'kflts ;'lrdf /x]sf] ;DjGwLt bnsf] ;DjGwLt If]qsf] pd]bjf/ dWo] bnn] r'g]sf] k|ltlglw lgjf{lrt ePsf] dfgLg] 5 t/ sfo{sfn ^ dlxgf eGbf sd ePdf gof dgf]gog u/Lg] 5}g . @= ;+;bsf] ;b:o x'gsf nflu of]Uotf s= ;DjGwLt k|b]zsf] dtbftf gfdfjnLdf gfd ;dfj]z ePsf] g]kfnsf] gful/s, v= slDtdf kRrL; jif{ pd]/ k"/f ePsf], u= s'g} sfg"gn] cof]Uo gePsf] 3= s'g} nfesf] kb wf/0f u/]sf] ª= kmf}hbf/L cleof]udf ;hfoF gkfPsf] #= :yfg l/Qmtf k|b]z ;efsf] ;bZox?sf] :yfg b]xfPsf] cj:yfdf l/Qm x'g]5 . s= d[To' ePdf v= lnlvt /flhgfdf lbPdf u= of] ;+ljwfg adf]lhdsf] of]Uotf gePdf jf g/x]df 3= kbfjlw ;dfKt ePdf ª= ;efsf] l:js[lt glnO{ nuftf/ #) j6f j}7sdf cg'kl:yt ePdf r= dGqLd08nsf] ;bZo ePdf jf s]Gb|Lo dGqLd08nsf] ;b:o ePdf jf ;+;b jf :yflgo ;/sf/sf] lgjf{rgdf pd]bjf/ ePdf $= ;ky k|b]z ;efsf ;bZox?n] ;efsf ;efd'v ;dIf ;ky lng' kg]{5 . t/ ;efd'vsf] lgjf{rg geP ;Dd ;efsf h]i7 ;bZon] jfFls ;bZox?nfO{ ;ky u|x0f u/fpg] 5g . o;/L ;ky u/fpg] h]i7 ;bZox?n] k|b]zfWoIf ;dIf ;ky lng' kg]{5 . %= clwj]zgsf] cfJxfg ljsNk ! -!_ k|w]zfWoIfn] k|b]z ;efsf] nflu lgjf{rg ePsf] Ps dlxgfleq ;efsf] clwj]zg cfJxfg ug]{]5 . To;kl5 o; ;+ljwfg adf]lhd k|b]zfWoIfaf6 ;do ;dodf cGo clwj]zg cfJxfg ul/g]5 . 33

t/ Pp6f clwj]zgsf] ;dflKt / csf]{ clwj]zgsf] k|f/Desf aLrsf] cjlw !@ dlxgfeGbf a9L x'g] 5}g. ljsNk @ -!_ k|b]z ;efsf] clwj]zg >fj0f ! ut] jf6 k|f/De x'g] 5 . -@_ d'lVtof/sf] l;kmf/Lzdf k|b]zfWoIfn] ;efsf] clwj]zgsf] cGt x'g]5 . -#_ k|bz ] fWoIfaf6 k|b]z;efsf] clwj]zg rfn" g/x]sf] jf a}7s :ylut ePsf] cj:yfdf clwj]zg jf a}7s af]nfpg jf~5gLo 5 egL k|b]z;efsf] ;Dk"0f{ ;b:o ;+Vofsf] Ps–rf}yfO ;b:ox?n] ;dfj]bg u/]df To:tf] clwj]zg jf a}7s a:g] ldlt / ;do tf]Sg / To;/L tf]lsPsf] ldlt / ;dodf k|b]z;efsf] clwj]zg k|f/De x'g] jf a}7s a:g]5 . ^= k|b]z ;efsf] ;efd'v / pk–;efd'v M -!_ k|b]z ;efn] lgjf{rg eO{ klxnf] clwj]zg k|f/De ePsf] #) lbg leq cfˆgf ;b:ox? dWo]af6 s'n ;b:o ;+Vofsf] jx'dt k|fKt ug]{ Pshgf ;efd'v / Pshgf pk–;efd'vsf] lgjf{rg ug]5 { . ;efd'v jf pk–;efd'vsf] kb l/St ePdf k|b]z ;efn] cfˆgf ;b:ox? dWo]af6 lgjf{rg u/L l/St :yfgsf] k"lt{ ug]{5 . t/ k|b]z;efsf] ;efd'v / pk;efd'v Pp6} /fhg}lts bn / Pp6} lnËsf] x'g kfpg] 5}g . -@_ k|b]z ;efsf] ;efd'vsf] cg'kl:yltdf pk–;efd'vn] ;efsf] cWoIftf ug]{5 . ;efd'v / pk;efd'vn] kbdf jxfn /x] ;Dd ;DjlGwt /fhg}lts bnsf] x}l;otn] sfo{ ug]{ 5}gg / t6:y e'ldsf lgjf{x ug'{ kg]{ 5 . -#_ k|b]z;efsf] ;efd'v / pk–;efd'vsf] lgjf{rg gePsf] jf b'j} kb l/St ePsf] cj:yfdf ;efsf] a}7ssf] cWoIftf pkl:yt ;b:ox? dWo] pd]/sf] lx;fan] Ho]i7 ;b:on] ug]{5 . -$_ k|b]z;efsf] ;efd'v jf pk–;efd'vsf] kb b]xfosf cj:yfdf l/St x'g]5 M– -s_ lgh k|b]z;efsf] ;b:o g/x]dfÙ jf -v_ lghn] cfˆgf] kbaf6 lnlvt /fhLgfdf lbPdfÙ jf -u_ lghn] kb cg's"n cfr/0f u/]sf] 5}g eGg] k|:tfj k|b]z;efsf] ;Dk"0f{ ;b:o ;+Vofsf] b'O–{ ltxfO ax'dtaf6 kfl/t ePdf . -%_ k|b]z ;efsf] ;efd'vn] kb cg's"nsf] cfr/0f u/]sf] 5}g eGg] k|:tfjpk/ 5nkmn x'g] a}7ssf] cWoIftf pk–;efd'vn] ug]{5 . ;f] k|:tfjsf] 5nkmndf ;efd'vn] efu lng / dt lbg kfpg]5 . &= k|b]zfWoIfjf6 ;Daf]wg tyf ;Gb]z M -!_ k|b]zfWoIfaf6 k|b]z ;efsf] a}7snfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ / To;sf] lgldQ ;b:ox?sf] pkl:yltsf] nfuL cfxjfg ug{ ;Sg]5g\ . -@_ k|b]zfWoIfn] ;efnfO{ ;Gb]z k7fpg ;Sg]5g . To:tf] ;Gb]z k|fKt eP kl5 ;efn] ;f] ;Gb]zdf plNnlvt ljifodfly oyflz3| ljrf/ u/L cfˆgf] /fo k|b]zfWoIfnfO{ r9fpg]5. *= u0fk"/s ;+Vof M o; ;+ljwfgdf cGoyf n]lvPsf]df afx]s ;efsf] ;Dk"0f{ ;b:o ;+Vofsf] krf; k|ltzt ;b:o pkl:yt geP;Dd s'g} k|Zg lg0f{osf nflu k|:t't x'g] 5}g . (=

ax;df aGb]h M -!_ g]kfnsf] s'g} cbfnt;dIf ljrf/fwLg /x]sf] s'g} d'2f ;DaGwL s'/fdf ;efdf 5nkmn ug{ kfOg] 5}g . 34

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-@_ s'g} GofofwLzn] cfˆgf] st{Jo kfngfsf] l;nl;nfdf u/]sf] s'g} sfo{sf] ;DaGwdf 5nkmn ug{ kfOg] 5}g . dxfcleof]u k|:tfjdf 5nkmn ubf{ GofofwLzsf] cfr/0fsf] ;DaGwdf s'g} s'/f JoQm ug{ o; pkwf/fn] afwf k'¥ofPsf] dflgg] 5}g . ;b:osf] :yfg l/St /x]sf] cj:yfdf ;bgsf] sfo{ ;~rfng M ;efsf] s'g} ;b:osf] :yfg l/Qm 5 eg] klg ;efn] cfˆgf] sfo{ ;~rfng ug{ ;Sg]5 / ;efsf] s'g} sf/jfO{df efu lng gkfpg] s'g} JolQmn] efu lnPsf] s'/f kl5 kQf nfUof] eg] klg eO;s]sf] sfo{ cdfGo x'g] 5}g . dtbfg M o; ;+ljwfgdf cGoyf Joj:yf ul/Psf]df afx]s k|b]z ;efsf] lg0f{osf] nflu k|:t't ul/Psf] h'g;'s} k|Zgsf] lg0f{o pkl:yt eO{ dtbfg ug]{ ;b:ox?sf] ax'dtaf6 x'g]5 cWoIftf ug]{ JolStnfO{ ;fdfGotM dt lbg] clwsf/ x'g] 5}g . t/ dt a/fa/ ePdf lghn] cfˆgf] lg0ff{os dt lbg]5 . dGqLn] ;efsf] a}7sdf efu lng kfpg] M d'lVtof/ tyf k|b]z dGqLn] ;DjGwLt k|b]z ;ef jf To;sf] ;ldltdf pkl:yt x'g / sf/jfO{ tyf 5nkmndf efu lng kfpg]5 t/ dtbfg ug{ kfpg] 5}g . cglwsf/ pkl:yt ePdf jf dtbfg u/]df ;hfo M zky glnO{ jf ;bgsf] ;b:otfsf] lgldQ cfjZos of]Uotfsf] cefj 5 eGg] yfxf kfpFbf kfpFb} klg s'g} JolQm ;b:osf] x}l;otn] k|b]z ;efsf] s'g} ;bgsf] a}7sdf pkl:yt ePdf jf lghn] dtbfg u/]df lghnfO{ ;f] ;bgsf] cWoIftf ug]{ JolQmsf] cfb]zn] To;/L pkl:yt ePsf] jf dtbfg u/]sf] k|To]s lbgsf] Psxhf/ ?k}ofFsf] b/n] ;hfo x'g]5 . ;f] ;hfo ;/sf/L afFsL ;/x c;"n pk/ ul/g]5 . t/ dGqLsf] x}l;otn] ;bgdf pk:yLt x'g kfpg] 5 . ljz]ifflwsf/ M -!_ o; ;+ljwfgsf] cwLgdf /xL k|b]z ;efdf k"0f{ jfs\ :jtGqtf /xg]5 / ;bgdf JoQm u/]sf] s'g} s'/f jf lbPsf] s'g} dtnfO{ lnP/ s'g} klg ;b:onfO{ kqmfp ug{, y'gfdf /fVg jf lghpk/ s'g} cbfntdf sf/jfO{ rnfOg] 5}g . -@_ o; ;+ljwfgsf] cwLgdf /xL ;efnfO{ cfˆgf] cfGtl/s sfd sf/afO{ lgoldt ug]{ k"0f{ clwsf/ /xg]5 / ;bgsf] s'g} sf/afO{ lgoldt jf clgoldt s] 5 egL lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/ ;DalGwt k|b]z ;efnfO{ dfq x'g]5 . o; ;DaGwdf s'g} cbfntdf k|Zg p7fOg] 5}g . -#_ o; ;+ljwfgsf] cwLgdf /xL ;efsf] s'g} klg sf/afO{nfO{ To;sf] c;n lgotaf/] zª\sf p7fO{ s'g} 6Lsf–l6Kk0fL ul/g] 5}g / s'g} ;b:on] af]n]sf] s'g} s'/fsf] ;DaGwdf hfgL–hfgL unt jf e|fds cy{ nufO{ s'g} k|sf/sf] k|sfzg ul/g] 5}g . -$_ of] Joj:yf ;bgsf] a}7sdf efu lng kfpg] ;b:o afx]ssf cGo JolQmsf xsdf klg nfu" x'g]5 . -%_ o; ;+ljwfgsf] cwLgdf /xL ;efn] lbPsf] clwsf/ cGtu{t s'g} lnvt, k|ltj]bg, dtbfg jf sf/afO{ k|sflzt u/]sf] ljifonfO{ lnP/ s'g} JolQmpk/ cbfntdf sf/afO{ rNg] 5}g . :ki6Ls/0f M o; k|of]hgsf] nflu æ;efÆ eGgfn] ;ldltnfO{ ;d]t ;Demg' k5{ . -^_ k|b]z ;efsf] s'g} klg ;b:onfO{ clwj]zg af]nfOPsf] ;"rgf hf/L ePkl5 clwj]zg rn'~h]n;Ddsf] cjlwe/ kqmfp ul/g] 5}g . t/ s'g} kmf}hbf/L cleof]udf s'g} ;b:onfO{ sfg"g cg';f/ kqmfp ug{ o; pkwf/fn] afwf k'¥ofPs]f dflgg] 5}g . To;/L s'g} ;b:o kqmfp ul/Pdf kqmfp ug]{ clwsf/Ln] To;sf] ;"rgf ;DalGwt ;efsf] cWoIftf ug]{ JolQmnfO{ t'?Gt lbg' kg]{5 . -&_ ;efsf] ljz]ifflwsf/sf] xggnfO{ ;efsf] cjx]ngf dflgg]5 / s'g} ljz]ifflwsf/sf] xgg ePsf] 5 jf 5}g eGg] lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/ ;DalGwt ;efnfO{ dfq x'g]5 . 35

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-*_ s;}n] ;efsf] s'g} ;bgsf] cjx]ngf u/]df ;DalGwt ;efsf] cWoIftf ug]{ JolQmn] ;efsf] lg0f{oaf6 ;f] JolQmnfO{ ;r]t u/fpg, g;Lxt lbg jf tLg dlxgfdf ga9\g] u/L ;f] ;bgsf] clwj]zg rn'Gh]n;Dd s}b ug{ jf kfFr xhf/ ?k}ofF;Dd hl/jfgf ug{ ;Sg]5 . To:tf] hl/jfgf ;/sf/L afFsL ;/x c;"n pk/ ul/g]5 . t/ ;efnfO{ ;Gtf]if x'g] u/L cleo'Qmn] Ifdf ofrgf u/]df ;efn] Ifdf k|bfg ug{ jf tf]ls;s]sf] ;hfonfO{ dfkmL ug{ jf 36fpg ;Sg]5 . -(_ o; ;+ljwfgdf pNn]v ul/Pb]lv afx]s ljz]ifflwsf/ ;DaGwL cGo s'/fx? sfg"gåf/f lgwf{l/t ul/P adf]lhd x'g]5g\ . sfo{ ;~rfng ljlw M -!_ o; ;+ljwfgsf] cwLgdf /xL ;efn] cfˆgf] sfo{ ;~rfng ug{, a}7ssf] ;'Joj:yf sfod /fVg / ;ldltx?sf] u7g, sfd, sf/afO{ / s'g} ;ldltsf] cGo s'/f lgoldt ug{sf] nflu lgodfjnL agfpg]5 . To:tf] lgodfjnL k|b]zfWoIfaf6 :jLs[t ePkl5 nfu" x'g]5 . -@_ lgodfjnL gag];Dd j}7ssf] sfd k|b]z ;efsf ;efd'vn] sfo{Joj:yf k/fdz{ ;ldtLsf] l;kmf/Lzdf jgfPsf] lgodfjnL adf]lhd x'g]5g\ . ;ldlt M k|b]z ;efn] cfly{s tyf >d ;DjGw ;ldtL, of]hgf tyf ljsf; ;ldtL, ;fj{hlgs n]vf, ;'zf;g tyf dfgj clwsf/ ;ldtL nufot cfjZoQmf cg';f/ cGo ljifosf ;ldltx?sf] u7g / Joj:yf lgodfjnLåf/f ug{ ;Sg]5 . ;efsf] ;lrjfno M -!_ /fi6«kltjf6 hg;efsf] ;lrjnfO{ ;f] ;efsf] ;efd'vsf] / /fli6«o ;efsf] ;lrjnfO{ ;f] ;efsf] cWoIfsf] l;kmfl/zdf / ;+;bsf] dxf;lrjnfO{ ;efd'v / cWoIf b'j};+u k/fdz{ u/L lgo'Qm x'g]5 . -@_ ;+;bsf] sfd sf/afO{ ;~rfng ug{ cfjZos ;lrjfnosf] :yfkgf / ;f] ;DaGwL cGo s'/f sfg"gn] lgwf{/0f u/] adf]lhd x'g]5 . k|ltlglw dtbfg ;DjGwL ljz]if Joj:Yff -!_ ;efsf] ;b:o lj/fdL eO{ c:ktfndf egf{ ePsf] jf 8fS6/sf] l;kmf/Lzdf 3/df jl; pkrf/ u/]sf] sf/0f s'g} ;b:o j}7sdf pk:yLt x'g g;Sg] ePdf ;DjGwLt ;ef ;b:on] ;f]xL bnsf] s'g} csf]{ ;b:onfO{ ;+;lbo bnsf] g]tfsf] /f]xj/df k|ltlglw dtbfgsf] clwsf/ lbg ;Sg] 5 . -@_ k|ltlglw dtbfgsf] clwsf/ Ps hgfsf] dfq :jLsf/ ug{ ;lsg] 5 . o;/L k|ltlglw dtbfgsf] clwsf/ k|fKt JolQm pk:yLt ePdf lghn] k|ltlglwTj ug]{ JolQm ;d]t pk:yLt ePsf] dfgLg] 5 / ;f]xL jdf]lhd u0k'/s ;+Vof u0fgf u/Lg] 5 . -#_ jblgot ;fy tyf cfly{s k|nf]egsf] nfuL k|ltlglw dtbfgsf] clwsf/ lbP lnPsf] /x]5 eg] To:tf b'j} ;b:osf] ;ef kb ;dfKt x'g]5 .

!(= jx;df k|of]u x'g] efiff -!_ ;efdf g]kfnL efiffdf jf k|b]z ;efsf] lgjofjnLn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] efiffdf 5nkmndf efu lng' kg]{5 . s'g} ;b:onfO{ ;f+s]lts efiff dfq jf]Ng ;Sg] ePdf jf g]kfnL efiff jf]Ng gcfPdf dfq[efiffdf jx; ug{ ;lsg] 5 . -@_ tf]lsPsf] efiff jf]Ng g;Sg] s'/fsf] hgfp lbO{ dft[efiffsf] nfuL / ;+s]lts efiffsf] nfuL b]fefif]sf] Joj:yf ug{ cfkm' lgjf{lrt eO{ cfPsf] #) lbg leq ;ef ;lrjfnonfO{ hgfp lbg' kg]{ 36

5 . o;/L hgfp k|fKt eP kl5 ;+s]lts jf dft[efiffsf] pNyfsf] Joj:yf ;efsf] ;lrjfnon] ldnfpg] 5 . @)= kfl/>lds M k|b]z ;efsf] ;efd'v / pk–;efd'v, / ;b:ox?sf] kfl/>lds / ;'ljwf k|b]z ;ef 4f/f kf/Lt sfg"gåf/f lgwf{l/t x'g]5 . v=

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@!= ljw]os k|:t't ug]{ ljlw M -!_ ;+ljwfg adf]lhd k|b]z;efdf k]z ug{ ;lsg] ljw]os k|b]z;efdf s'g} kgL ;b:on] k|:t't ug{ ;Sg]5 . -@_ cy{ ljw]os ;/sf/L ljw]ossf] ?kdfdfq k|:t't ul/g]5 . -#_ æcy{ ljw]osÆ eGgfn] b]xfodf plNnlvt ;a} jf s'g} ljifol;t ;DaGw /fVg] ljw]osnfO{ hgfpF5 M– -s_ ;+ljwfg jdf]lhd k|b]z ;/sf/sf] If]qflwsf/ leq kg]{ s/ nufpg], p7fpg], vf/]h ug]{, 5"6 lbg], kl/jt{g ug]{ jf s/ k|0ffnLnfO{ Jojl:yt ug]{ ljifo, -v_ k|b]z ;/sf/ sf]ifsf] ;+/If0f ug]{, To:tf] sf]ifdf /sd hDdf ug]{ jf To:tf] sf]ifaf6 s'g} /sd ljlgof]hg jf vr{ ug]{ jf ljlgof]hg jf vr{ ug{ vf]lhPsf] /sd 36fpg], a9fpg] jf vf/]h ug]{ ljifo, -u_ k|b]z ;/sf/sf] sf]ifdf k|fKt x'g] ;a} k|sf/sf] /fh:j, C0f c;'nLaf6 k|fKt /sd / cg'bfgsf] /sd lhDdf /fVg], nufgL ug]{ jf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] n]vfsf] n]vf k/LIf0f ug]{ ljifo jf -3_ pko'{Qm ljifox?;Fu k|ToIf ;DaGw ePsf k|f;+lus ljifox? . -$_ s'g} ljw]os cy{ ljw]os xf] xf]Og eGg] k|Zg p7]df k|b]z ;efsf] ;efd'vsf] lg0f{o clGtd x'g]5 . @@= ljw]os kfl/t ug]{ ljlw M -!_ k|b]z ;efdf ljw]os k|:t't ug{ rfxfg] ;b:on] ljw]os k|:t't ug'{ eGbf slDtdf & lbg cufj} ;f] sf] ;'rgf k|b]z ;efsf] ;lrjfnonfO{ lbg' kg]{ 5 . -@_ ljw]os k]z x'g] b'O{ lbg cufj} k|To]s ;b:onfO{ ljw]ossf] k|lt pknJw u/fO{g] 5 . -#_ ljw]os k|:t't stf{ ;b:on] ;ef ;dIf ljw]osdfyL ljrf/ u/Lof]; eGg] k|:tfj k|:t't ug{ ;Sg] 5. -$_ pkwf/ -#_ jdf]lhdsf] k|:tfj :jLs[t ePdf To:tf] ljw]os dfyLsf] bkmfjf/ 5nkmn ;ef jf ;DjGwLt ;ldtLdf ;efd'vn] tf]s] jdf]lhd x'g] 5 . -%_ ;efdf bkmfjf/ 5nkmn ePsf]df ;f] ;dfKtL kl5 / ;ldtLdf 5nkmn ePsf] ;ldtLsf] k|ltj]bg dfyLsf] 5nkmn ;dfKtL kl5 ljw]os k|:t't stf{ ;b:on] ljw]os kf/Lt u/Lof]; eGg] k|:tfj k|:t't ug]{ 5 . -^_ pkwf/f -%_ jdf]lhd k|:t't ePsf] k|:tfj ;efsf] s'n ;b:o ;+Vofsf] ;fdfGo jx'dtjf6 :jLs[t ePdf ljw]os kf/Lt ePsf] dfgLg] 5 . -&_ ljw]os k|:t't stf{ ;b:on] ;efsf] :jLs[ltlnO{ ljo]os lkmtf{ lng ;Sg] 5 . @#= ljw]ossf] k|dfl0fs/0f 37

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-!_ k|b]z;efn] kfl/t u/]sf] ljw]os k|df0fLs/0fsf] nflu k|b]zfWoIf ;dIf k]z ul/]g]5 . -@_ cy{ ljw]os afx]s cGo ljw]ossf] ;DaGwdf k'gM ljrf/ljdz{ x'g' cfjZos 5 eGg] nfu]df k|b]zfWoIfn] ljw]os k]z ePsf] Ps dlxgfleq ;Gb]z ;lxt ;efdf lkmtf{ k7fpg ;Sg]5 . -#_ k|b]zfWoIfaf6 s'g} ljw]os ;Gb]z ;lxt lkmtf{ ul/Pdf To; ljw]osdfly ;efsf] a}7sdf k'glj{rf/ u/L ;f] ljw]os k|:t't ?kdf jf ;+zf]wg ;lxt kfl/t eO{ k'gM k]z ug{ ;lsg]5 . -$_ k|b]zfWoIfaf6 of] wf/f adf]lhd s'g} ljw]osdf k|dfl0fs/0f ePkl5 ;f] ljw]os k|b]z P]g aGg]5 . cfly{s sfo{ k|0ffnL sfg"g adf]lhd afx]s s/ nufpg jf C0f lng gkfOg] M -!_ k|b]z ;efsf] If]qflwsf/ leq kg]{ ljifodf k|b]z P]g adf]lhd afx]s s'g} s/ nufOg] / p7fOg] 5}g . -@_ k|b]z P]g adf]lhd afx]s ;/sf/åf/f s'g} C0f lnOg] / hdfgt lbOg] 5}g . /fh:j / Joosf] cg'dfg M -!_ k|b]zfWoIfaf6 k|To]s cfly{s jif{sf] ;DaGwdf k|b]z ;ef ;dIf /fh:jsf] cg'dfg / ljlgof]hg P]g4f/f Joo x'g] cfjZos /sdx?;d]t v'nfO{ jflif{s cg'dfg k]z ug{ nufO{g]5 . -@_ pkwf/f -!_ cg';f/ jflif{s cg'dfg k]z ubf{ ut cfly{s jif{df k|b]zsf] k|To]s sfdsf] nfuL 5'6\ofOPsf] vr{sf] /sd / ;f] vr{ cg';f/sf] nIo xfl;n eof] ePg To;sf] ljj/0f klg ;fy} k]z ug'{ kg]{5 . ljlgof]hg P]g M ljlgof]hg P]g cg';f/ Joo x'g] cfjZos /sd zLif{sx?df lglb{i6 u/L ljlgof]hg ljw]osdf /flvg]5g\ k"/s cg'dfg M -!_ s'g} cfly{s jif{df b]xfosf] cj:yf kg{ cfPdf k|b]zfWoIfaf6 k|b]z;ef;dIf k"/s cg'dfg k]z ug{ nufO{g5 ] M– -s_ rfn" cfly{s jif{sf lgldQ ljlgof]hg P]gåf/f s'g} ;]jfsf] nflu vr{ ug{ clwsf/ lbOPsf] /sd ckof{Kt ePdf jf To; jif{sf] lgldQ ljlgof]hg P]gn] clwsf/ glbPsf] gofF ;]jfdf vr{ ug{ h?/t k/]df jf -v_ To; cfly{s jif{df s'g} ljlgof]hg P]gåf/f clws[t ePsf] /sdeGbf a9L vr{ x'g uPdf . -@_ k"/s cg'dfgdf /flvPsf] /sd zLif{sx?df lglb{i6 u/L k"/s ljlgof]hg ljw]osdf /flvg]5g\ . k]:sL vr{ M -!_ o; efudf h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg ljlgof]hg ljw]os ljrf/fwLg /x]sf] cj:yfdf cfly{s jif{sf nflu cg'dfg ul/Psf] Joosf] s'g} c+z cufj} k]:sLsf ?kdf P]gåf/f vr{ ug{ ;lsg]5 . -@_ /fh:j / Joosf] cg'dfg k]z gul/P;Dd k]:sL vr{ ljw]os k|:t't ul/g] 5}g / k]:sLsf] /sd cfly{s jif{sf] Joo cg'dfgsf] t[tLof+zeGbf a9L x'g] 5}g . -#_ k]:sL vr{ P]g cg';f/ vr{ ePsf] /sd ljlgof]hg ljw]osdf ;dfj]z ul/g]5 . pwf/f] vr{ M o; efudf h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg k|fs[lts sf/0f jf afx\o cfqmd0fsf] cfzª\sf jf cfGtl/s lj£g jf cGo sf/0fn] ubf{ :yfgLo jf /fi6«JofkL ;ª\s6sf] cj:yf ePdf /fh:j / Joosf] cg'dfg ug{ cJofjxfl/s jf /fHosf] ;'/Iff jf lxtsf b[li6n] cjf~5gLo b]lvPdf k|b]zfWoIfjf6 Joosf] ljj/0f dfq ePsf] pwf/f] vr{ ljw]os hg;ef ;dIf k]z u/Lg] 5 . 38

#)= cfsl:ds sf]if M P]gåf/f cfsl:ds sf]ifsf gfdn] Pp6f sf]if :yfkgf ug{ ;lsg]5 / pQm sf]ifdf ;do ;dodf P]gåf/f lgwf{/0f eP cg';f/sf] /sd hDdf ul/g]5 . ;f] sf]if k|b]z ;/sf/sf] lgoGq0fdf /xg]5 . k|b]z ;/sf/n] ;f] sf]ifaf6 cfsl:ds sfo{sf] nflu vr{ ug{ ;Sg]5 . To:tf] vr{sf] /sd P]gåf/f oyfzL3| ;f]wegf{ ul/g]5 . #!= cfly{s sfo{ljlw ;DaGwL P]g M P]gåf/f ljlgof]lht Ps zLif{saf6 csf]{ zLif{sdf /sd ;fg]{ s'/f / c? cfly{s sfo{ljlw ;DaGwL s'/f P]gåf/f Jojl:yt x'g]5 .

39

Gofokflnsf !_

Gofo ;DjGwL clwsf/sf] k|of]u cbfntjf6 x'g] M != g]kfnsf] Gofo ;DalGw clwsf/ of] ;+ljwfg, sfg"g tyf Gofosf dfGo l;4fGt cg';f/ cbfnt tyf cGo GofoLs lgsfoaf6 k|of]u ul/g] 5 . @= :jtGq, ;Ifd, lgikIf, pQ/bfoL / hjfkmb]xL Gofokflnsf ;DalGw cjwf/0ff / d"No dfGotfsf] cg';/0f u/L cbfnt tyf Goflos lgsfosf] :yfkgf x'g]5 . @= g]kfnsf cbfntx? M– != g]kfndf lgDg lnlvt cbfntx? x'g]5g\ M s= ;jf]{Rr cbfnt v= k|b]z cbfnt u= lhNnf cbfnt 3= :yfgLo j}slNks cbfnt @= dfly pNn]lvt cbfntx? afx]s vf; lsl;dsf d'2fsf] sf/jfxL / lsgf/f ug{sf nfuL P]gåf/f cGo cbfnt, GofoLs lgsfo jf Gofoflws/0fsf] :yfkgf ug{ ;Sg] 5 . t/ s= s'g} vf; d'2fsf] nfuL cbfnt GofoLs lgsfo jf Gofoflws/0f :yfkgf / u7g ul/g] 5}g . v= s'g} GofoLs lgsfo jf Gofoflws/0fjf6 s}b ;hfo x'g] u/L ePsf] lg0f{o cbfntjf6 ;b/ eP kl5 dfq nfu' x'g] jf To:tf] d'2fsf] sf/jfxL jf lsgf/f ug]{ clwsf/ cbfntnfO{ dfq x'g] u/L sfg"g jgfO{g] 5 . #= ;jf]{Rr cbfnt != Gofokflnsfsf] ;a} eGbf dflyNnf] tx ;jf]{Rr cbfnt x'g]5 . g]kfnsf cGo ;a} cbfntx? / Gofolos lgsfox? ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] dftxtdf /xg] 5g\ . o;n] cfkm\gf dftxtsf ;a} cbfnt Pad GofoLs lgsfox?sf] lgl/If0f Pj+ ;'kl/j]If0f ug]{ / cfjZos lgb]{zg lbg ;d]t ;Sg] 5 . @= ;af]{Rr cbfnt cGtu{t :yfoL ;+j}wflgs Ohnfz x'g] 5 . cGt/ ;/sf/ tyf k|b]z ljjfb / u+le/ Pj+ /fli6«o dxTjsf] ;+j}wflgs ljjfbx?, cGt/f{li6«o ;GwL ;Demf}tfx?sf] AofVof ;+j}wflgs O{hnf;jf6 lg?k0f x'g] 5 . #= ;jf]{Rr cbfnt clen]v cbfnt x'g] 5 . $= ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf k|wfg GofofwLz ;lxt @% hgf :yfoL GofofwLz x'g] 5g . d'2fsf]] ;+Vofdf j[l4 ePsf] sf/0f Gofoflwz yk ug'{ kg]{ ePdf jl9df kfr hgf ;Dd clt/LQm GofofwLz ;d]t lgo"lQm ug{ ;lsg]5 . $= ;af]{Rr cbfntsf Gofolw;x?sf] lgo"lQm, of]Uotf / ;]jfsf zt{x? M != /fi6«kltaf6 ;+a}wflgs kl/ifbsf] l;kmfl/;df k|wfgGofofwL; / Gofo kl/ifbsf] l;kmfl/;df ;af]{Rr cbfntsf cGo GofofwL;x?sf] lgo"lQm x'g]5 . o;/L Gofoflwz lgo'lQm ug'{ cufl8 hg;efsf] ;'g'jfO{ ;ldtLjf6 sfg"gdf Joj:yf eP jdf]lhd ;'g'jfO{ x'g] 5 . @= ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] :yfoL GofofwLzsf] kbdf sDtLdf ltg aif{ sfd u/]sf] / slDtdf ltg jif{ kbfjlw jfls ePsf] AolQm k|wfg Gofolw;sf] kbdf lgo"lQmsf nflu of]Uo dflgg] 5 . #= k|b]z cbfntsf] Gofolw;sf] x}]l;otdf jf Gofo ;]afsf] ;f] ;/xsf] kbdf sDtLdf !) aif{ sfd u/]sf] jf sfg"gdf :gfts eO{ jl/i7 clwaQmf jf clwjQmfsf] x}l;otn] sDtLdf @) jif{ sfg"g 40

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Aoa;fo u/]sf] jf Gofo jf sfg"gsf] If]qdf slDtdf @) aif{ sfd ul/ lalzi6 sfg"glabsf] ?kdf Vofltk|fKt AolQm dfq ;af]{Rr cbfntsf] Gofolw;sf] kbdf lgo"lQmsf nflu of]Uo x'g] 5 . :kli6s/0f of] ;+lawfg nfu' x'g' eGbf cl3 k'g/fa]bg cbfntdf Gofolwz eO{ sfd u/]sf] calwnfO{ of] pkwf/fsf] k|of]hgsf nflu k|b]z cbfntsf] Gofoflw;sf] x}l;otdf sfd u/]sf] dflgg] 5 . k|wfg Gofoflw;sf] kb l/Qm ePdf jf s'g} klg sf/0faf6 k|wfg Gofolw; cbfntdf pk:yLt eO{ cfkmgf] kbsf] sfd ug{ c;dy{ ePdf /fi6«kltn] ;af]]{Rr cbfntsf al/i6td Gofoflw;nfO{ sfodd'sfod k|wfg Gofoflw;sf] sfo{ ug{sf nflu tf]Sg ;Sg]5. ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf Gofoflwz lgo'lQm ubf{ cfwf k|fb]zLs cbfntsf Gofoflwz dWo]jf6 / cfwf sfg"g Joj;foL tyf sfg"gljb dWo]jf6 u/Lg] 5 . k|wfg Gofolw; / ;af]{Rr cbfntsf cGo Gofolw;x? b]xfosf] ca:yfdf cfkm\gf] kbaf6 d'Qm x'g]5g M s_ d[To' ePdf v_ k|wfg Gofolw;n] /fi6«klt ;dIf / cGo Gofolw;n] k|wfg Gofoflw; ;dIf /flhgfdf lbPdf, u_ zfl/l/s / dfgl;s ?kdf c:j:y eO{ sfd ug{ c;dy{ 5 elg ;+a}]wflgs kl/ifbaf6 ul7t lrlsT;sx?sf] af]8{af6 l;kmfl/; eO{ ;+;bsf] b'O{ ltxfO{jf6 kb d'Qm ug]{ k|:tfj kf/Lt ePdf, 3_ k}};lÝ aif{sf] pd]/ k'/f ePdf, ª_ s'g} kmf}hbfl/ cleof]u nflu d'2f bfo/ ePdf, / r_ o; ;+ljwfg jdf]lhdsf] dfxfcleof]usf] k|:tfa kfl/t ePdf, t/ dxfcleof]usf] k|:tfj ;+;bdf k]z eP kl5 To:tf] k|wfg Gofoflwz jf Gofoflwzn] cfkm\gf] kbsf] sfo{ ug{ kfpg] 5}gg\ . k|wfg Gofolw; jf ;af]{Rr cbfntsf cGo Gofolw;x?sf] kfl/>lds eQf, labf, lga[lte/0f, pkbfg / ;]afsf cGo zt{x? sfg"gdf Aoa:yf eP adf]lhd x'g]5, t/ kfl/>lds ;'lawf jf ;]afsf cGo zt{x?df k|lts'n c;/ kfg]{ ul/ sfg"g lgdf{0f ul/g] 5}g . k|wfg Gofolw; jf ;af]{Rr cbfntsf] Gofolwz e} ;s]sf] AolQm ;/sf/af6 lgo"Qm x'g] s'g} klg kbsf nflu of]Uo x'g] 5}g / lghn] s'g} klg cbfnt jf Goflos lgsfodf ax; k}/lj ug]{ kfpg] 5}g . t/ Goflos hfFra'em ug]{ jf Gofo jf sfg"g ;DaGwL cWoog vf]h jf cGa]if0f ul/ /fo, dGtAo jf l;kmfl/z k]z ug]{ s'g} kbdf lgo"Qm eO{ sfd ug{ afwf k'/\ofPsf] dflgg] 5}g .

;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] clwsf/ If]q M != o; ;+ljwfgåf/f k|bQ df}lns xspk/ cg'lrt aGb]h nufOPsf]n] jf cGo s'g} sf/0fn] s'g} sfg"g of] ;+ljwfg;Fu aflemPsf] x'Fbf ;f] sfg"g jf To;sf] s'g} efu ab/ 3f]lift u/L kfpF egL s'g} klg g]kfnL gful/sn] ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf lgj]bg lbg ;Sg]5 / ;f] cg';f/ s'g} sfg"g ;+ljwfgl;t aflemPsf] b]lvPdf ;f] sfg"gnfO{ k|f/Deb]lv g} jf lg0f{o ePsf] ldltb]lv cdfGo / ab/ 3f]lift ug]{ c;fwf/0f clwsf/ ;jf]{Rr cbfntnfO{ x'g]5. @= o; ;+ljwfgåf/f k|bQ clwsf/sf] k|of]u u/L k|b]z ;efn] jf :yflgo ;efn] jgfPsf] jf ;f] txsf] ;/sf/n] jgfPsf] s'g} sfg"g s]Gb|sf] sfg"g ;+u jflemPdf jf o; ;+ljwfg 4f/f k|bQ df}lns 41

xspk/ cg'lrt aGb]h nufOPsf]n] jf cGo s'g} sf/0fn] To:tf] s'g} sfg"g jf To;sf] s'g} efu ab/ 3f]lift u/L kfpF egL s'g} klg g]kfnL gful/sn] ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf lgj]bg lbg ;Sg]5 / ;f] cg';f/ s'g} sfg"g ;+ljwfgjf s]Gb|sf] sfg"g l;t aflemPsf] b]lvPdf ;f] sfg"gnfO{ k|f/Deb]lv g} jf lg0f{o ePsf] ldltb]lv cdfGo / ab/ 3f]lift ug]{ c;fwf/0f clwsf/ ;jf]{Rr cbfntnfO{ x'g]5. #= o; ;+ljwfgåf/f k|bQ df}lns xssf] k|rngsf] nflu jf csf]{ pkrf/sf] Joj:yf gePsf] jf csf]{ pkrf/sf] Joj:yf eP klg ;f] pkrf/ ckof{Kt jf k|efjxLg b]lvPsf] cGo s'g} sfg"gL xssf] k|rngsf] nflu jf ;fj{hlgs xs jf ;/f]sf/sf] s'g} ljjfbdf ;dfj]z ePsf] s'g} ;+j}wflgs jf sfg"gL k|Zgsf] lg?k0fsf] nflu cfjZos / pko'Qm cfb]z hf/L u/L To:tf] xssf] k|rng u/fpg] jf ljjfb 6'Ëf] nufpg] c;fwf/0f clwsf/ ;jf]{Rr cbfntnfO{ x'g]5 . ;f] k|of]hgsf] nflu k"0f{ ?kdf Gofo u/L plrt pkrf/ k|bfg ug{ ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] aGbLk|ToIfLs/0f, k/dfb]z, pTk|]if0f, k|ltif]w, clwsf/k[R5f nufot h'g;'s} pko'Qm cfb]z hf/L ug{ ;Sg]5 . t/– clwsf/ If]qsf] cefj ePsf]df afx]s ;+;bn] rnfPsf] ljz]ifflwsf/sf] sf/afO{ / tT;DaGwdf tf]s]sf] ;hfodf o; pkwf/f cGtu{t ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] x:tIf]k ug]{ 5}g . $= cGt/fli6«o ;GwL ;Demf{}tf ;DjGwL s'g} ljjfb pTkGg ePdf jf o; ;+ljwfg jdf]lhd s'g} k|b]znfO{ k|bfg u/]sf] clwsf/sf ;DjGwdf jf k|b]zx?sf] ljrdf clwsf/sf] ljifodf s'g} ljjfb pTkGg ePdf jf k|b]zx?sf] ljrdf jf k|b]z / s]Gb| ;/sf/sf] ljrdf pTkGg s'g} kgL ljjfbsf] 6'Ëf] nufpg] clwsf/ ;jf]{Rr cbfntnfO{ x'g]5 . ;f] k|of]hgsf]] s'g} k|b]z tyf s]Gb| ;/sf/ jf To;sf] s'g} lgsfosf] gfddf pko'Qm cfb]z hf/L ug{ c;fwf/0f clwsf/ ;jf]{Rr cbfntnfO{ x'g]5 . %= ;jf]{Rr cbfntnfO{ sfg"gdf Joj:yf eP adf]lhd z'? d'2f x]g]{ clwsf/ x'g] 5 . ^= sfg"gdf Joj:Yff eP jdf]lhd ;j} k|b]z cbfnt tyf Goflos lgsfon] u/]sf] lg0f{o pk/ k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg] clwsf/ x'g]5 . &= ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] cfkm"n] u/]sf] km};nf pk/ sfg"gdf Joj:yf eP adf]lhd k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{ ;Sg]5 . k'g/fjnf]sg pk/sf] lga]bgsf] ;'g'jfO{ klxn] d'2f km};nf jf cfb]z ug]{ GofofwLz jfx]ssf cGo GofofwLzaf6 ul/g] 5 . *= /fi6«kltaf6 of] ;+ljwfg jf cGo s'g} sfg"gsf] JofVof ;DaGwL s'g} hl6n sfg"gL k|Zgdf ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] /fo a'‰g rfx]df ;f] k|Zg pk/ ljrf/ u/L ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] cfˆgf] /fo ;lxtsf] k|ltj]bg r9fpg' kg]{5 . (= ;jf]{Rr cbfntnfO{ cfkm\gf] dftxtsf cbfnt jf GofoLs lgsfosf] ;'kl/j]If0f ug]{ / cfjZos lgb]{zg lbg] clwsf/ x'g] 5 . !)= ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] cGo clwsf/ tyf sfo{ljlw sfg"gåf/f tf]lsP adf]lhd x'g]5 . ^=

k|b]z != @= #=

cbfnt ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] k/fdz{df g]kfn ;/sf/n] d'sfd ;d]t tf]ls k|b]z cbfnt u7g ug]{ 5 . k|b]z cbfntdf Ps d'Vo Gofolw; / ( hgf ;Dd Gofolwzx? /xg] 5g\ . k|b]z cbfntsf d'Vo Gofolw; / Gofolw;sf] lgo"lQm Gofo kl/ifbsf] l;kmfl/;df /fi6kltaf6 ul/g] 5 . $= lhNnf cbfnt jf ;f] ;/xsf] cbfntsf] Gofolw;sf] x}]l;otdf jf Gofo ;]afsf] ;f] ;/xsf] kbdf sDtLdf ;ft aif{ sfd u/]sf] jf sfg"gdf :gfts eO{ jl/i7 clwaQmf jf clwjQmfsf] x}l;otn] kGw| jif{ sfg"g Aoa;fo u/]sf] jf Gofo jf sfg"gsf] If]qdf slDtdf kGw| aif{ sfd ul/ lalzi6 sfg"glabsf] ?kdf Vofltk|fKt AolQm dfq k|b]z cbfntsf] d'Vo Gofoflw; jf Gofoflwz kbdf lgo"lQmsf nflu of]Uo x'g] 5 . 42

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k|b]z cbfntsf Gofoflwz lgo'lQm ubf{ cfwf lhNnf Gofoflwz jf Gofo;]jfjf6 / cfwf sfg"g Joj;foL tyf sfg"gljb dWo]jf6 u/Lg] 5 . k|b]z cbfntsf Gofolw;x?sf] lga[lte/0f, kfl/>ldls, ;]af zt{ / ;'lawf ;DaGwdf P]gdf Aoa:yf eP adf]lhd x'g]5 . k|b]z cbfntsf d'Vo Gofolw; jf Gofolw; b]xfosf] ca:yfdf kbd'Qm x'g]5g\ M s_ d[To' ePdf v_ d'Vo Gofolw;n] k|wfg Gofoflw; ;dIf / cGo Gofolw;n] d'Vo Gofolw; ;dIf /flhgfdf lbPdf, u_ zfl/l/s / dfgl;s ?kdf c:j:y eO{ sfd ug{ c;dy{ 5 elg Gofo kl/ifbaf6 ul7t lrlsT;sx?sf] af]8{af6 l;kmfl/; eO{ Gofo k/Lifbn] cg'df]bg u/]df, 3_ k}};lÝ aif{sf] pd]/ k'/f ePdf . ª_ s'g} kmf}hbfl/ cleof]u nflu d'2f bfo/ ePdf, / r_ v/fa cfr/0f, sfo{Ifdtfsf] cefa, / cfkmgf] klbo st{Ao kfngf gu/]sf] elg Gofok/Lifbjf6 kbd'Qm u/LPdf . t/ o; v08 adf]lhd kbd'Qm ug'{ cufl8 ;kmfO{sf] df]}sfaf6 alGrt ul/g] 5}g

k|b]z cbfntsf] clwsf/ If]q M != o; ;+ljwfgåf/f k|bQ df}lns xspk/ cg'lrt aGb]h nufOPsf]n] jf cGo s'g} sf/0fn] k|b]zn] jgfPsf] s'g} sfg"g of] ;+ljwfg;Fu aflemPsf] x'Fbf ;f] sfg"g jf To;sf] s'g} efu ab/ 3f]lift u/L kfpF egL s'g} klg g]kfnL gful/sn] ;DjGwLt k|b]z cbfntdf lgj]bg lbg ;Sg]5 . o;/L g} k|b]zsf] s'g} sfg"g s]Gb|sf] sfg"g ;+u jflemPdf jf :yflgo ;ef jf ;/sf/n] jgfPsf] sfg"g k|b]z sfg"g ;+u jflemPdf s'g} g]kfnL gfu/Lsn] To:tf] sfg"g jb/ ug{ k|b]z cbfntdf lgj]bg lbg ;Sg] 5 . ;f] cg';f/ s'g} sfg"g aflemPsf] b]lvPdf ;f] sfg"gnfO{ k|f/Deb]lv g} jf lg0f{o ePsf] ldltb]lv cdfGo / ab/ 3f]lift ug]{ c;fwf/0f clwsf/ k|b]z cbfntnfO{ x'g]5 . @= k|b]z leqsf] s'g} ljifodf o; ;+ljwfgåf/f k|bQ df}lns xssf] k|rngsf] nflu jf csf]{ pkrf/sf] Joj:yf gePsf] jf csf]{ pkrf/sf] Joj:yf eP klg ;f] pkrf/ ckof{Kt jf k|efjxLg b]lvPsf] cGo s'g} sfg"gL xssf] k|rngsf] nflu jf ;fj{hlgs xs jf ;/f]sf/sf] s'g} ljjfb ;dfj]z ePsf] s'g} ;+j}wflgs jf sfg"gL k|Zgsf] lg?k0fsf] nflu cfjZos / pko'Qm cfb]z hf/L u/L To:tf] xssf] k|rng u/fpg] jf ljjfb 6'Ëf] nufpg] c;fwf/0f clwsf/ k|b]z cbfntnfO{ x'g]5 . ;f] k|of]hgsf] nflu k"0f{ ?kdf Gofo u/L plrt pkrf/ k|bfg ug{ k|b]z cbfntn] aGbLk|ToIfLs/0f, k/dfb]z, pTk|]if0f, k|ltif]w, clwsf/k[R5f nufot h'g;'s} pko'Qm cfb]z hf/L ug{ ;Sg]5 . #= o; ;+ljwfg jdf]lhd s'g} :yflgo lgsfo jf ;/sf/nfO{ k|bfg u/]sf] clwsf/sf ;DjGwdf jf :yflgo lgsfox?sf] ljrdf clwsf/sf] ljifodf s'g} ljjfb pTkGg ePdf jf :yflgo ;/sf/x?sf] ljrdf jf :yflgo ;/sf/ / k|b]z ;/sf/sf] ljrdf pTkGg s'g} kgL ljjfbsf] 6'Ëf] nufpg] clwsf/ k|b]z cbfntnfO{ x'g]5 . ;f] k|of]hgsf]] k|b]z ;/sf/ tyf :yflgo ;/sf/ jf To;sf] s'g} lgsfosf] gfddf pko'Qm cfb]z hf/L ug{ c;fwf/0f clwsf/ k|b]z cbfntnfO{ x'g]5 . $= k|b]z cbfntnfO{ sfg"gdf Joj:yf eP adf]lhd z'? d'2f x]g]{ clwsf/ x'g] 5 . %= sfg"gdf Joj:Yff eP jdf]lhd k|b]z leqsf ;j} lhNnf cbfnt tyf Goflos lgsfon] u/]sf] lg0f{o pk/ k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg] clwsf/ x'g]5 . %= cfkm\gf] k|b]z leqsf tNnf cbfnt jf GofoLs lgsfosf] ;'kl/j]If0f lgl/If0f ug]{ / cfjZos lgb]{zg lbg] clwsf/ k|b]z cbfntnfO{ x'g] 5 . 43

^= &=

k|b]zfWoIfaf6 of] ;+ljwfg jf cGo s'g} sfg"gsf] JofVof ;DaGwL s'g} hl6n sfg"gL k|Zgdf k|b]z cbfntsf] /fo a'‰g rfx]df ;f] k|Zg pk/ ljrf/ u/L k|b]z cbfntn] cfˆgf] /fo ;lxtsf] k|ltj]bg r9fpg' kg]{5 . cGo clwsf/ sfg"gdf Joj:yf eP jdf]lhd x'g] 5 .

*=

lhNnf tyf ;f] ;/xsf :yflgo cbfnt M != sfg"gdf Joj:yf eP adf]lhdsf] ;Vof / :yfgdf lhNnf cbfnt jf :yflgo cbfnt /xg] 5g\ . @= cbfntdf sfg"gdf Joj:yf eP jdf]lhd d'2f ;+Vofsf] cfwf/df cfjZoQmf cg';f/sf Gofolw;x? /xg] 5g\ . #= cbfntsf Gofolwzsf] lgo"lQm Gofo kl/ifbsf] l;kmfl/;df k|wfgGofolw;af6 ul/g]5 . $= sfg"gdf :gftsf]kflw k|fKt ul/ Gofo;]afsf] /fhkqf+lst l4lto >]0fLsf] kbdf sDtLdf rf/ jif{ sfd u/]sf] jf sfg"gdf :gftsf]kflw ul/ clwjQmfsf] x}l;otn] sDtLdf !) jif{ jsfnt u/]sf] g]kfnL gful/s lhNnf cbfnt jf ;f] ;/xsf cbfntsf] GofofwLzsf] kbdf lgo'lQm x'g of]Uo x'g]5 . %= cbfntsf Gofolw;x?sf] lga[lte/0f, kfl/>lds, ;]af zt{ / ;'lawf ;DaGwdf P]gdf Aoa:yf eP adf]lhd x'g]5 . ^= cbfntsf Gofolw; b]xfo adf]lhdsf] ca:yfdf kbd'Qm x'g]5 M s_ d[To' ePdf v_ k|b]z cbfntsf d'Vo Gofoflw; ;dIf /flhgfdf lbPdf u_ zfl/l/s / dfgl;s ?kdf c:j:y eO{ sfd ug{ c;dy{ 5 elg Gofo kl/ifbaf6 ul7t lrlsT;sx?sf] af]8{ af6 l;kmfl/; eO{ Gofok/Lifbjf6 cg'df]bg ePdf, 3_ k}};lÝ aif{sf] pd]/ k'/f ePdf . ª_ s'g} kmf}hbfl/ cleof]u nflu d'2f bfo/ ePdf, / r_ v/fa cfr/0f, sfo{Ifdtfsf] cefa, / cfkmgf] klbo st{Ao kfngf gu/]sf] elg Gofok/Lifbjf6 kbd'Qm u/LPdf . t/ o; v08 adf]lhd kbd'Qm ug'{ cufl8 ;kmfO{sf] df]}sfaf6 alGrt ul/g] 5}g (= lhNnf jf ;f] ;/xsf cbfntsf] clwsf/ If]q M !_ o; ;+lawfg / k|rlnt sfg"gdf cGo cbfntx?n] x]g{ tf]lsPsf d'2f afx]s ;Dk'0f{ d'2fx?sf] z'? sfaf{lx / lsgf/f ug]{ clwsf/ cbfntnfO{ x'g]5 . @_ cfkmgf] If]q leq aGbLk|ToIfLs/0fsf] l/6 x]g]{ clwsf/ If]q x'g]5 . #_ sfg"g lgdf{0f ubf{ b'lgof jfbL ePsf] d'2fdf / s}b ;hfo ePsf] jfx]s cGo d'2fdf d]nldnfknfO{ k|f]T;flxt ug]{ Joj:yf ug{ ;Sg]5 . !) :yfgLo j}slNks cbfnt M :yfgLo txdf ldnfkq, 5nkmn, dWo:ytf ug]{ lgsfo dfkm{t ljjfbsf] lg?k0f ug]{ u/L :yfgLo j}slNks cbfntx?sf] u7g ul/g]5 . !!= Gofo kl/ifb M !_ o; ;+lawfg adf]lhdsf Gofoflwzx?sf] lgo'lQm ;?jf, cg'zf;g ;DaGwL sfaf{lx avf{:tL / Gofo k|zf;g ;DaGwL cGo s'/fx?sf] l;kmfl/; ug{ b]xfo adf]lhdsf] cWoIf / ;b:o /xg] ul/ Ps Gofo kl/ifb x'g]5 . 44

s_ v_ u_ 3_

k|wfg Gofoflw; =======================================================cWoIf ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf ali7td\ Gofoflwz ================================;b:o sfg'g tyf Gofo dGqL==================================================;b:o ;jf]R{ r cbfntsf] Gofoflwz x'g] of]Uotf k'/f u/]sf] al/i7 clwaQmf jf clwaQmf dWo]jf6 g]kfn af/ P;f]l;o;gn] dgf]gog u/]sf] b'O{ hgf ====;b:o @= pkwf/f ! sf] v08 u adf]lhdsf] ;b:osf] kbfalw # aif{ sf] x'g]5 / lghsf] kfl/>lds, ;]jf, zt{ / ;'lawf / kb d'Qm x'g] ca:yf ;af]{Rr cbfntsf Gofolwz ;/x x'g]5 . #= Gofo kl/ifbsf sfd st{Ao / clwsf/ sfg"gdf Aoa:yf eP adf]lhd x'g]5 . !@= GofofwLzx?nfO{ s'g} kbdf ;?jf ug{ jf sfddf nufpg gx'g] M s'g} GofofwLzx?nfO{ Ps cbfntaf6 csf]{ cbfntdf ;?jf ug{ jf Gofo;+u ;DalGwt sfd sfhdf jfx]s cGo s'g} kbdf ;?jf ug{ jf sfddf nufpg] jf sfhdf v6fpg kfO{g] 5}g . t/ != Gofokl/ifb\sf] k/fdz{ lnO{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] GofofwLzx?nfO{ Goflos hfFrj'emsf] sfddf jf s]xL vf; cjlwsf] nflu sfg"g jf Gofo ;DaGwL cg';Gwfg, cGj]if0f jf /fli6«o ;/f]sf/sf] cGo s'g} sfddf v6fpg ;lsg] 5 . @= k|b]z cbfntdf lgo'Qm u/LPsf] cj:yfdf jfx]s lhNnf cbfnt jf ;f] ;/xsf cbfntsf GofoflwznfO{ ;f]xL k|b]z leq dfq ;?jf ug]{ Joj:yf u/Lg] 5 . !#= Gofo ;]jf cfof]u M– !_ Gofo k|zf;gsf] nfuL cfjZos sd{rf/Lx?sf] lgo'lQm, ;?jf, a9'jf ug{ Ps Gofo ;]jf cfof]u /xg] 5 . @_ Gofo ;]af cfof]udf b]xfo adf]lhd cWoIf / ;b:o /xg] 5g\ M s_ ;af]{Rr cbfnt sf al/i7 Gofolw; kb]g =============================cWoIf v_ nf]s ;]af cfof]usf] cWoIf kb]g======================================== ;b:o u_ dxfGofolwaQmf kb]g =======================================================;b:o #_ Gofo ;]af cfof]usf cGo sfd st{Ao / clwsf/ sfg"g df Aoa:yf eP adf]lhd x'g]5 . !$= cbfntsf] cfb]z / lg0f{o dfGg' kg]{ M– !_ d'2f dfldnfsf] /f]xdf cbfntn] lbPsf] cfb]z jf lg0f{osf] ;a}n] kfngf ug'{ kg]{5 . @_ d'2f dfldnfsf /f]xdf ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] u/]sf] sfg"gsf] JofVof jf k|ltkfbg u/s]f sfg"gL l;4fGt g]kfn ;/sf/, ;j} k|b]z tyf :yflgo ;/sf/,;a} c8\8f cbfntx? tyf JolQmx?n] dfGg' kg{]5 . !%= jflif{s k|ltj]bg M– !_ ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] k|To]s jif{ cfkm\gf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg /fi6«klt ;dIf k]z ug]{5 / To:tf] k|ltj]bg ;+;b ;dIf k]z ul/g]5 . @_ pkwf/f ! adf]lhdsf] jflif{s k|ltj]bgdf b]xfo adf]lhdsf ljj/0f ;d]t v'nfpg' kb{5 s_ ;af]{Rr cbfnt / dftxt cbfntdf btf{ ePsf d'2fsf] JofVofTds laa/0f 45

v_ v08 s df pNn]v eP adf]lhd btf{ ePsf d'2f dWo km2f]{6 ePsf / gePsf d'2fsf] ;Vof / km5f]{of]6 x'g g;s]sf] sf/0f, u_ ;af]{Rr cbfntaf6 k|ltkfbg gFof glh/x?sf] laa/0f, 3_ ;af]{Rr cbfntaf6 k'g/fanf]sg ePsf] d'2fsf] ;Vof, ª_ ;af]{Rr cbfntn] dftxtsf cbfntsf] s'g} Gofolw;sf] Gofo ;Dkfbgsf] ;DaGwdf sfo{Ifdtf ;DaGwL laifodf s'g} Goflos l6Kkl0f u/]sf] eP ;f]sf] laa/0f, r_ km};nf sfof{Gaog ;DaGwL laa/0f, h_ ;af]{Rr cbfnt tyf dftxtsf cbfntnfO{ lalgof]hg ePsf] ah]6 / vr{sf] laa/0f, em_ ;af]{Rr cbfntn] pkwf/f ! adf]lhd k|lta]bg k]z ubf{ Gofo kl/ifb / Gofo;]af cfof]uaf6 ePsf] sfd sfaf{lx sf] laa/0f ;d]t pNn]v ug'{ kg]{5. !^= ah]6 M– g]kfnsf] Gofokflnsfsf] nfuL ;fdfGotof s]Gb| ;/sf/ tyf k|b]z ;/sf/n] ah]6sf] % k|ltztn] x'g] /sd 5'§fpg kg]{5.

46

:yfgLo ;/sf/ !=

:yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g ;DaGwL l;4fGt tyf gLltx? M -!_ :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;gsf dfWodaf6 :yfgLo :t/b]lv g} hgtfsf] ;fj{ef}d;Qfsf] k|of]u ug{] cg's"n jftfj/0f agfO{ b]zsf] zf;g Joj:yfdf hgtfsf] a9LeGbf a9L ;xeflutf / ;dfj]zL k|ltlglwTjsf] k|jw{g ul/g]5 / :yfgLo txb]lv g} nf]stGqsf] ;+:yfut ljsf; ul/g]5 . -@_ hgtfnfO{ :yfgLo :t/df g} ;]jf pknAw u/fpg / zf;gdf hjfkmb]lxtfsf] clea[l4 u/fpg ljs]Gb|Ls/0f tyf clwsf/ / sfo{lhDd]jf/Lsf] lgIf]k0fsf cfwf/df :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g ;DaGwL k4lt / ;+/rgf lgdf{0f ul/g]5 . -#_ ;a} txsf ;/sf/x?df lk5l8Psf ju{ ;d'bfo, hfthflt, lnË, If]qsf] ;dfj]zL k|ltlglwTj / ;xeflutfnfO{ k|a4{g ul/g]5 . -$_ :yfgLo ;/sf/nfO{ ;'lDkPsf sfd, st{Jo, lhDd]jf/L / hjfkmb]xL jxg ug{sf nflu cfjZos kg]{ ;|f]t ;fwgx? ;+sng / kl/rfng ug]{ clwsf/ ;+u;+u} lgIf]k0f ug]{ gLlt lnOg]5 . -%_ :yfgLo lgsfodf :yfgLo hgtfsf] nflu ;f]Rg] / hjfkmb]xL jxg ug{ ;Sg] ;+:yfut ;+oGq / sfo{ut ;+/rgfsf] lgdf{0f u/L ljsf; ug]{ gLlt lnOg]5 . -^_ :yfgLo lgsfox?nfO{ lgIf]lkt sfo{ ubf{ k|hftflGqs k|lqmof, kf/bzL{ Jojxf/, hgpQ/bfloTj / hgtfsf] ;dfj]zL ;xeflutfdf cfwfl/t gful/s ;dfhsf] :yfkgf ug]{tkm{ pGd'v u/fpg] gLlt lnOg]5 . -&_ lbuf] ljsf;sf] nflu cfwfl/t ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ sfo{df :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;gdf lghL If]qnfO{ ;xefuL x'g k|f]T;flxt ug]{ gLlt lnOg]5 .

@=

:yfgLo ;/sf/sf] u7g M -!_ g]kfn u0f/fHo e/L ufpmF / gu/ nufotsf lgjf{lrt hgk|ltlglwd"ns :yfgLo :jfoQ ;/sf/x? /xg]5g . -@_ ;a} txsf :yfgLo ;/sf/x?sf] cfjlws lgjf{rgaf6 u7g ul/g]5 . o:tf] lgjf{rg ;+3Lo sfg'gn] tf]s] jdf]lhd g]kfn u0f/fHoe/L ;femf ;dotflnsf cg';f/ Jojl:yt ul/g]5 . -#_ :jfoQ :yfgLo ;/sf/x? cljlR5Gg, pQ/flwsf/Ljfnf :jzfl;t :jfoQ OsfO{ x'g]5g . -$_ :yfgLo :jfoQ ;/sf/nfO{ ;+ljwfg sfg'gsf] kl/lwleq /xL cfˆgf] dfldnfdf :jtGq?kdf sfo{ ug]{ clwsf/ /xg]5 . -%_ hg;+Vof, ef}uf]lnstf, ;]jf s]Gb|;Dd hgtfsf] kx'Fr, >f]t ;fwgsf] ;DefJotf / cj:yf, ;femf ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts, eflifs d"No / dfGotf, P]ltxfl;stf, cflb cfwf/df :jfoQ ufpmF, gu/ nufotsf :yfgLo ;/sf/x? u7g x'g]5g . -^_ :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] jlu{s/0f / ;+Vof lgwf{/0fsf dfkb08 ;+3Lo sfg"gn] tf]s] adf]lhd x'g]5 .

#=

:yfgLo ;/sf/sf] ;Ldfgf lgwf{/0f k4lt / k|lqmof M -!_ ;DalGwt If]qsf hgtf / ;/sf/x? ;d]t ;xefuL x'g] nf]stflGqs lg0f{o ljlwsf cfwf/df :jfoQ :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] ;Ldfgf lgwf{/0f, x]/km]/ / yk36 x'g] k|lqmofnfO{ ;+3Lo ljwflosfn] agfPsf] sfg"gaf6 Jojl:yt ul/g]5 .

47

-@_ :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g OsfO{sf lgjf{lrt ljwflosL c+usf] b'O{ ltxfO{ jx'dtsf] lg0f{on] s'g} Pp6f :yfgLo ;/sf/ csf]{ :yfgLo ;/sf/;Fu ldNg jf :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] s'g} efu cnUu} a:g k|:tfj Nofpg ;Sg]5 . o:tf] k|:tfj slDtdf !% aif{df Ps k6sdfq Nofpg ;lsg]5 . -#_ s'g} csf]{ :yfgLo ;/sf/;Fu ldNg] lg0f{onfO{ h;;Fu ldNg vf]h]sf] xf] To; :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] lgjf{lrt ljwflosL cFusf] b'O{ ltxfO{ ax'dtn] kfl/t u/]sf] v08df o:tf] lg0f{onfO{ ldl;g hfg] / ld;fpg vf]Hg] :yfgLo ;/sf/ b'a} If]qsf hgtfsf] hgdt;+u|xaf6 kfl/t eO{ k|b]z / ;+3Lo ;/sf/af6 cg'df]bg ePkl5 nfu" x'g]5 . -$_ s'g} :yfgLo ;/sf/af6 cnu eO{ 5'§} a:g pkwf/f -@_ jdf]lhd kfl/t k|:tfj ;DalGwt :yfgLo ;/sf/ If]qsf hgtfsf] hgdt;+u|xaf6 kfl/t ePdf k|b]z / ;+3Lo ;/sf/af6 cg'df]bg ePkl5 nfu" x'g]5 . t/ pkwf/f -!_ / -@_ adf]lhdsf] k|lqmofn] g]kfn u0f/fHosf] /fli6«o cv08tf, /fli6«o Pstf, ;fj{ef}d;Qf, ;fj{hlgs zflGtdf vnn kg]{ s'g} ultljlw ePsf] cj:yfdf ;+3Lo ;/sf/n] ;DalGwt k|b]z ;/sf/;Fusf] ;dGjodf x:tIf]k u/L ;+3Lo sfg"gdf Joj:yf eP adf]lhd pQm :yfgLo ;/sf/ ;~rfngsf] Joj:yf ug]{5 . -%_ of] ;+ljwfg k|f/De ePkl5 klxnf] Ps k6snfO{ ;+3Lo ljwflosfaf6 ul7t cfof]usf] l;kmfl/z / ;DalGwt :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] lg0f{osf cfwf/df ljBdfg :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] ;+Vof, cfsf/, ;Ldfgf lgwf{/0f, x]/km]/ ul/g]5 . $=

:yfgLo ;efsf] u7g / lgjf{rg M -!_ :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] ;jf]{Rr ljwflosL c+usf?kdf :yfgLo ;ef /xg]5 . -@_ cfjlws / k|ToIf lgjf{rg k|0ffnLsf dfWodaf6 ;a} txsf :yfgLo ;efsf] u7g ul/g]5 . -#_ :yffgLo ;efdf lgjf{lrt x'g] kbx?df :yfgLo txdf hg;+Vofsf] ;dfg'kflts cfwf/df dlxnf nufot jlu{s[t lk5l8Psf ;d'bfosf] ;dfj]zL k|ltlglwTj u/fOg]5 . -$_ :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] jlu{s/0f cg';f/ hg;+Vofsf cfwf/df :yfgLo ;ef / sfo{sf/Lsf hgk|ltlglwx?sf] ;+Vof lgwf{/0f ul/g]5 . hgk|ltlglwx?sf] To:tf] ;+Vof k|b]z Joj:yflksfsf] -b'O{ ltxfO{ jf cfwf<_ eGbf a9L x'g]5}g . -%_ :yfgLo ;/sf/ ;efsf ;b:o / sfo{sf/Lsf kbflwsf/Lx?sf] ;]jf;'ljwf;DaGwL Joj:yf ;DalGwt :yfgLo ;efn] sfg'gdf tf]s] jdf]lhd tf]s] jdf]lhd x'g]5 . o:tf] ;]jf ;'ljwf :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] cfGtl/s cfo>f]tsf] % jf & =k|ltzt eGbf a9L x'g]5}g .

%=

:yfgLo ;/sf/ sfo{sf/L0fLsf] u7g M -!_ ;a} txsf :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] sfo{sf/L0fLsf] lgjf{rg k|ToIf lgjf{rg k|0ffnLaf6 ul/g]5 . -@_ :yfgLo ;/sf/sf sfo{sfl/0fLdf sfg'gdf tf]s] adf]lhd ;dfj]zL ;xeflutf / k|ltlglwTj /xg] Joj:yf ul/g]5 . -#_ :yfgLo ;/sf/ sfo{sfl/0fL kbflwsf/Lsf] kbfjlw % aif{sf] x'g]5 .

^=

k|TofJxfgsf] Joj:yf M -!_ sfo{Ifdtfsf] cefj / v/fa cfr/0f ePsf] j:t'lgi7 cfwf/ / sf/0fx? ;lxt :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] sfo{sf/L0fLsf kbflwsf/Lx?pk/ :yfgLo;efsf Ps rf}yfO{ ;b:ox?af6 k|TofJxfgsf] k|:tfj /fVg ;lsg]5 . :yfgLo ;/sf/sf hgk|ltlglw, kbflwsf/Lx?sf] cfrf/;+lxtf :yfgLo ;/sf/n] th'{df u/]sf] sfg'g jdf]lhd x'g]5 . 48

-@_ pkwf/f -!_ jdf]lhdsf] k|:tfj :yfgLo ;efsf ;Dk"0f{ ;b:o;+Vofsf] b'O{ ltxfO{af6 kfl/t ePsf] cj:yfdf To:tf] kbflwsf/L kbd'Qm x'g]5 . lgh kbd'Qm ePkl5 h'g k|lqmofaf6 lgjf{lrt ePsf] xf] ;f]xL k|lqmofaf6 pQm kb k"lt{ ul/g]5 . t/ pkwf/f -!_ jdf]lhdsf] k|:tfj s'g} kbflwsf/Lsf] Ps aif{sf] sfo{sfn Joltt geO{ / lghsf] sfo{sfn ;dfKt x'g' ^ dlxgf dfq kbfjwL afFls /xFbfsf] cj:yfdf Nofpg ;lsg]5}g / k|TofJxfgsf] k|:tfj Ps aif{sf] cGt/fndf Pp6fdfq /fVg ;lsg]5 . &=

:yfgLo ;/sf/sf sfo{x? M -!_ :yfgLo ;/sf/x?aLr b]xfPsf l;4fGtsf cfwf/df sfo{lhDd]jf/L afF8kmfF6 ul/g]5 . -s_ lgjf{lrt hgk|ltlglwd'ns :yfgLo ;/sf/df dfq sfo{, clwsf/ / lhDd]jf/Lsf] afF8kmfF6 / lgIf]k0f ul/g]5 . -v_ :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] If]qflwsf/leqsf of]hgf tyf sfo{ ;DkfbgnfO{ x:tIf]k ug]{ jf ;Lldt t'Nofpg] vfnsf dflyNnf ;/sf/sf s'g} klg ;dfgfGt/ ;+/rgfx? /xg]5}g . -u_ ;+ljwfgdf ls6fgL;fy gtf]lsPsf k/Dk/fut sfo{x? / clwsf/If]qsf] k|of]u sfg'g jgfO{ :yfgLo ;/sf/x?n] ug{ ;Sg]5g . -@_ txut :yfgLo ;/sf/sf sfo{x? ;+ljwfgdf cg';"lrs[t eP jdf]lhd x'g]5 .

*=

:yfgLo ;/sf/sf] ljwflosL clwsf/If]q M -!_ :yfgLo ;/sf/nfO{ cfˆgf dfdnfx?df ;+ljwfgsf] kl/lwleq /xL lgod, ljlgod jgfpg] clwsf/ x'g]5 . -@_ :yfgLo;efx? cfkm\gf] ;+u7g, ;+/rgf, sfo{k|0ffnL, gLlt, lgod th'{df ljifox?h:tf dfldnfx? sfg'g agfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ :jtGq x'g]5g . -#_ :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] ;LdfÍg, gfdfs/0f nufot uDeL/ ;fj{hlgs dxTjsf ljsf; of]hgf / sfo{qmdsf ljifodf lg0f{o ubf{ :yfgLo;efsf] b'O{ ltxfO{ ax'dtaf6dfq ul/g]5 . -$_ :yfgLo ;/sf/n] ;+3Lo / k|b]z ljwflosfn] tf]s]sf ljifoIf]qleq /xL k'/s sfg'g jgfpg ;Sg]5g . -%_ :yfgLo ;/sf/n] sfg'g jgfpg] cfGtl/s sfo{ljlw nf]stflGqs x'g]5 / o; ;+ljwfgdf k|b]z ljwflosfsf] ljifodf Joj:yf eP cg';f/ x'g]5 . -^_ ;+3Lo / k|b]z ;/sf/n] :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g ;DaGwL sfg'g agfpFbf jf lg0f{o ubf{ b]xfPdf pNn]lvt l;4fGtnfO{ cfTd;ft ul/g]5 . -s_ ;+3Lo÷k|flGto ;/sf/sf] ljwflosL clwsf/sf] k|of]u :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;gnfO{ ;Lldt ug]{ u/L ul/g]5}g . -v_ :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g ;DaGwL o; ;+ljwfgdf ePsf Joj:yfdf ;+zf]wg jf yk36 ubf{ :yfgLo ;/sf/ ;d]tsf] ;xeflutf / ;xdltdf ug]{ k4lt / k|lqmof cjnDjg ul/g]5 . o;sf nflu :yfgLo ;/sf/, :yfgLo ;/sf/sf ;+ul7t ;+3 dxf;+3x?;+usf] 5nkmn, ;xdlt / k/fdz{nfO{ sfg'g agfO{ Jojl:yt ul/g]5 .

(=

sfg'g aflemPdf ug]{ M -!_ ;+3Lo / k|b]z sfg'g;Fu :yfgLo ;/sf/sf sfg'g aflemPdf dflyNnf ;/sf/sf] sfg'gn] k|fyldstf kfpg]5 . 49

-@_ k|rlnt :yfgLo ;/sf/sf k|yfhGo / k/Dk/fut sfg'gx? dflyNnf ;/sf/af6 vf/]h jf ;+zf]wg geP;Dd ;f]xL?kdf nfu" x'g]5g . !)=

:yfgLo ;/sf/af/]sf] ljQLo Joj:yf M -!_ :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g OsfO{x?nfO{ cfˆgf] If]qleq >f]tsf] klxrfg, kl/rfng, Joj:yfkg / pkef]u ug]{ clwsf/ x'g]5 . -@_ :yfgLo ;/sf/nfO{ /fh:j ;+sng tyf afF8kmfF8 -sharing_ df ;+nUg x'g] / /fli6«o /fhZjsf] Gofof]lrt c+z k|fKt ug]{ clwsf/ x'g]5 . -#_ :yfgLo ;/sf/nfO{ cfˆgf] clwsf/ / sfo{lhDd]jf/Lsf If]qdf plrt s/ lgwf{/0f ug]{, s/sf If]qx? lgwf{/0f ug]{, ;+sng ug]{ clwsf/ x'g]5 . -$_ :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g OsfOx? cfkm\gf] ;DklQsf] Joj:yfkg ug{ / kl/rfng ug{ :jtGq / :jfoQ x'g]5g . -%_ k|To]s txsf ;/sf/x?n] ;dfgLs/0f cg'bfg k|fKt ug]{ / afF8kmfF8 ug]{ k4lt sfg'g4f/f Jojl:yt ul/g]5 . -^_ :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g OsfOx?sf] ljQLo rfxgf tyf :jfy{x?nfO{ ;Djf]wg ug{, cGt/ ;/sf/L afF8kmfF8, ;dfgLs/0fsf ;"rsx? tof/ ug]{, /fhZj kl/rfng tyf Joj:yfkgsf ;"qx?, dfkb08 th'{df ug]{, cg'udg ug]{ / cfk;L ljjfbsf If]qdf dWo:ytf ;d]t ug]{ sfo{ ug{sf nflu :yfgLo ;/sf/sf tkm{af6 ;d]t ;xeflutf / k|ltlglwTj /xg] u/L Ps ;+3Lo ljQLo cfof]usf] u7g ul/g]5 .

!!=

k|zf;sLo ;+/rgf lgwf{/0f ug]{ / :yfgLo ;]jfsf] Joj:yf M -!_ :yfgLo ;/sf/n] cfˆgf] nflu cfjZostf cg';f/sf ljifout ljefu, zfvf pkzfvf / cw{:jfoQ ;+:yfgx? u7g u/L sfo{ ug{ ;Sg]5g . -@_ :yfgLo ;/sf/sf sd{rfl/sf] 5gf}6, a9'jf, ;]jf ;'ljwfsf zt{ lgwf{/0f tyf sfof{Gjogsf nflu ;+3Lo nf]s;]jf cfof]usf cnfjf k|b]z tyf cfjZostf cg';f/ :yfgLo ;]jf cfof]u u7g ul/g]5 . -#_ xfn :yfgLo ;/sf/ txdf sfo{/t lghfdlt ;]jfsf sd{rf/Lx? tt\ txsf] :yfgLo ;/sf/df ;dfof]hg x'g] Joj:yf ul/g]5 .

!@=

cGt/;/sf/ cfk;L ljjfb ;dfwfg k4lt, ;+oGq / k|lqmof M ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo ;/sf/aLr o; ;+ljwfgdf Joj:yf eP cg';f/sf clwsf/ / sfo{lhDd]jf/Lsf] k|of]usf ljifodf pTkGg ljjfb ;dfwfgsf nflu ;s];Dd cfk;L jftf{ / dWo:ytfaf6 ;dfwfg ul/g]5 . o; k|of]hgsf nflu :yfgLo ;/sf/sf ;+3 dxf;+3x?n] cGt/;/sf/ ljjfb ;dfwfgsf nflu ;femf d~r pknAw u/fpg]5g . -@_ cGt/;/sf/ ljjfb ;dfwfgsf nflu ;+3Lo ;/sf/ txdf /fli6«o;ef / k|b]z;ef cGtu{t Ps ;ldlt /xg]5 . -#_ cfk;L jftf{ / dWo:ytfaf6 ;dfwfg x'g g;s]sf cGt/;/sf/aLrsf uDeL/ ljjfbsf ljifodf dfq Gofofnoaf6 lg/f]k0f ul/g]5 .

50

!#=

:yfgLo ;/sf/sf ;+3 dxf;+3 ;DaGwL Joj:yf M -!_ :yfgLo ;/sf/x?n] cfˆgf] xslxtsf] k|aw{gsf nflu ;+3 dxf;+3 :yfkgf ug]{ clwsf/ /xg]5 . -@_ :yfgLo ;/sf/sf ;+3 dxf;+3x?n] :yfgLo :jfoQ ;/sf/sf] kIfdf jsfnlt tyf kIfkf]if0f ug]{, k|b]z jf ;+3Lo Joj:yflksf, ljQLo cfof]u nufot cfjZostf cg';f/sf ;+3Lo ;+/rgfdf tf]lsPsf] k|ltlglw rog ug]{, cGt/ :yfgLo ;/sf/ ljjfb ;dfwfgsf nflu ;femf d~r k|bfg ug]{ / ;b:o :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] Ifdtf ljsf; ug]{ sfo{If]q /xg]5 .

!$=

:yfgLo ;/sf/sf] cg'udg, ;'kl/j]If0f M -!_ :yfgLo ;/sf/n] ;+ljwfg tyf sfg'gsf] kfngf u/] gu/]sf] ljifodf dfq Ps tx dflysf ;/sf/n] cg'udg, d"Nof+sg, ;+a}wflgs tyf sfg'gL lgoGq0f ug{;Sg]5g . -@_ :yfgLo ;/sf/n] u/]sf lg0f{osf] u'0f jf bf]ifdf dflyNnf txsf ;/sf/n] x:tIf]k ug]{5}gg .

!%=

:yfgLo ;/sf/;DaGwL cGo Joj:yf M -!_ :yfgLo ;/sf/n] o; ;+ljwfgdf pNn]v eP adf]lhd k|Tofof]lht clwsf/sf] k|of]u ug{ / cfkm"df ePsf clwsf/sf] k|Tofof]hg ug{ ;Sg]5 . -@_ :yfgLo ;/sf/ ;DaGwL cGo Joj:yf ;+3Lon] sfg'gn] tf]s] adf]lhd x'g]5 .

clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u !=

clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u M -!_ g]kfndf Ps clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u x'g]5 . h;df k|d'v cfo'Qm / cfjZos ;+Vofdf cGo cfo'Qmx? /xg]5g\ . k|d'v cfo'Qmn] clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf] cWoIf eO{ sfd ug]{5 . -@_ clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf] clwgdf /xg] u/L x/]s k|b]zdf o;sf] sfof{no /xg]5 . -#_ /fi6«kltn] ;+j}wflgs kl/ifb\sf] l;kmfl/zdf k|d'v cfo'Qm / cGo cfo'Qmx?sf] lgo'lQm ug]{5 . -$_ k|d'v cfo'Qm / cGo cfo'Qmx?sf] kbfjlw lgo'lQmsf] ldltn] ^ jif{sf] x'g]5 . t/, s= ;f] kfbfjlw k'/f x'g' cufj} k|d'v cfo'Qm / cfo'Qmx?sf] pd]/ ^% jif{ k"/f ePdf lgh cfˆgf] kbdf jxfn /xg] 5}g . v= k|d'v cfo'Qm / cfo'QmnfO{ ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf GofofwLz ;/x ;dfg cfwf/df / ;dfg tl/sfn] kbaf6 x6pg ;lsg]5 . -%_ b]xfPsf cj:yfdf k|d'v cfo'Qm jf cfo'Qmsf] kb l/Qm ePsf] dflgg] 5 M– s= lghn] /fi6«kklt;dIf lnlvt /flhgfdf lbPdf, v= pkwf/f $ adf]lhd lghsf] kbfjlw k'/f ePdf jf lgh cfˆgf] kbdf g/x]df, -^_ b]xfP adf]lhdsf] of]Uotf geO{ s'g} JolQm k|d'v cfo'Qm jf cfo'Qmsf] kbdf lgo'lQmsf nflu of]Uo x'g]5}g M– s= g]kfn ;/sf/4f/f dfGotfk|fKt ljZjljBfnoaf6 :gftsf]Q/kflw k|fKt u/]sf], v= lgo'lQm x'bfsf jvt s'g} /fhg}lts bnsf] ;b:otf g/x]sf], 51

u=

@=

#=

$=

n]vf /fh:j, OlGhlgol/8= sfg"g, ljsf; jf cg';Gwgsf] If]qdf slDtdf !% jif{sf] cg'ej / Vofltk|fKt u/]sf], 3= $% jif{ pd]/ k"/f ePsf] . -&_ k|d'v cfo'Qm jf cfo'Qmsf] kfl/>lds ;]jf / cGo zt{x? sfg"g4f/f lgwf{/0f ePadf]lhd x'g]5 . k|d'v cfo'Qm / cfo'Qm cfkm\gf] kbdf jxfn /x];Dd lghnfO{ dsf{kg]{ u/L kfl/>lds / cGo ;]jfsf zt{x? jblng] 5}gg\ . -*_ k|d'v cfo'Qm jf cfo'Qm e};s]sf] JolQm ;/sf/L ;]jfdf lgo'lQm x'gsf] nflu u|fXo x'g]5}g . t/, s= clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]un] cfo'QmnfO{ k|d'v cfo'Qmsf] kbdf lgo'lQm ug{ o; pkwf/fn] jfwf k'/\ofPsf] dflgg]5}g / ;f] adf]lhd s'g} cfo'Qm k|d'v cfo'Qmdf lgo'Qm ePdf lghsf] kbfjlwsf] u0fgf ubf{ cfo'Qm ePsf] kbfjlw;d]tnfO{ hf]8L kbfjlwsf] u0fgf ul/g]5 . v= s'g} /fhg}lts kbdf jf s'g} ljifosf] cg';Gwfg, hfFrj'em jf 5fgljg ug]{ jf s'g} ljifosf] cWoog jf cGj]if u/L /fo, dGtJo jf l;kmfl/z ug]{ s'g} kbdf lgo'Qm e} sfd ug{ o;pkwf/fn] jfwf k'/\ofPsf] dflgg]5}g clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ M -!_ ;fj{hlgs kbwf/0f u/]sf] JolQmn] gLltut e|i6frf/ u/]df, tf]lsPsf] /sdeGbf j9L lxgfldgf jf e|i6frf/ u/]df jf clVtof/sf] b'?kof]u u/]sf] ;DaGwdf clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]un] sfg"gadf]lhd cg';Gwfg / txlssft ug{ jf u/fpg ;Sg]5 . t/ o; ;+ljwfgdf 5'6\6} Joj:yf ePsf] kbflwsf/L / cGo sfg"gn] 5'6\6} Joj:yf ePsf] kbflwsf/Lsf] xsdf of] pkwf/f nfu'x'g] 5}g . -@_ dxfcleof]usf] k|:tfj4f/f kbd'Qm x'g] ;j} ;+j}wflgs kbflwsf/L / Gofokl/ifb\af6 ;f]xL cleof]udf kbd'Qm x'g] ;j} GofofwLzx?, ;}lgs P]g adf]lhd sf/jfxL x'g] JolQmsf xsdf o;/L kbd'Qm x'g] ;j} JolQmx?, u}/ ;/sf/L ;+3;:yf jf lgsfo, cz'n pk/ ug'{kg]{ u/L tf]lsPsf] /sdeGbf dfly ;f] /sd lt/L cz'n pk/ gePsf JolQmx?, ;fj{hlgs kb Tofu] jf /flhgfdf lbPsf]df jfx]ssf cj:yfdf ;fj{hlgs ;DklQ lxgfljgf ug]{ JolQmpk/;d]t sfg"g adf]lhd txlssft / cg';Gwfg ug{ ;Sg]5 . jflif{s k|ltj]bg M -!_ ;+ljwfgdf n]lvPadf]lhd clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]un] cfkm"n] u/]sf] sfdsf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg /fi6klt;dIf k]z ug]{5 . /fi6kltn] k|wfgdlGqdfkm{t o:tf] k|ltj]bg ;+;bdf k]; ug]{5 . -@_ pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhd k]z ul/g] k|ltj]bgdf cGo s'/fsf] cltlQm clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]udf jif{el/ k/]sf ph'/L, cg';Gwfg txlssft u/L sfg"g adf]lhd clwsf/ k|fKt cbfntdf bfo/ u/]sf] / tfd]nLdf /fv]sf] d'2fsf] ;+Vof, cg'lrt sfo{u/]sf]df ;r]t u/fPsf] jf ljefuLo sf/jfxL jf cGo sf/jfxLsf nflu n]lv k7fPsf] ;+Vof, e|i6frf/ lgjf/0fsf] ;DaGwdf ePsf] pknAwL tyf ;f]sf] ;DaGwdf eljiodf ug'{kg]{ ;'wf/sf ljj/0f pNn]v ug'{kg]{5 cDj'8\;Dofgsf] sfof{no M -!_ k|To]s k|b]zdf Ps cDj'8\;Dofgsf] sfof{no /xg]5 . cDj'8\Dofgsf] sfof{nodf Ps hgf k|d'v cDj'8\;Dofg / cGo b'O{ cDj'8\;Dofg /xg]5g\ . k|d'v cDj'8\;Dofg / Pshgf cDj'8\;Dofgsf] lgo'lQm ;+j}wflgs kl/ifb\sf] l;kmfl/;df k|wfgdlGqn] / cGo Pshgf ;b:osf] xsdf k|flGto ;/sf/sf] l;kmfl/zdf k|b]zfWoIfn] ug]{5 . o:tf] l;kml/;df k|fb]lzs ;+;bdf ;'g'jfO{sf] Joj:yf ul/g]5 . -@_ cDj'8\;Dofgsf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ M 52

;fgfltgf e|i6frf/ u/]df, clgoldttf u/]df, clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u / txlssft ug]{ elg tflsPsf ljifodf jfx]ssf ljifox? cDj'8\;Dofgsf sfd st{Jo / clwsf/ x'g]5 . -#_ of]Uotf M cDj'8\;Dofgsf] nflu lgDg adf]lhd of]Uotf x'g'kg]{5 M s= :gftsf]kflw k|fKt u/]sf], v= #% jif{ pd]/ k'/f u/]sf], u= s'g} sfg"gn] cof]Uo gePsf] . -$_ jflif{s k|ltj]bg M ;+ljwfg adf]lhd cDj'8\;Dofgsf] sfof{non] u/]sf] sfdsf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg k|b]zfWoIf ;dIf k]z ug'{kg]{5 . k|b]zfWoIfn] o:tf] k|ltj]bg k|b]z dlGqdfkm{t k|b]z ;efdf k]; ug]{5 . -%_ pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhd k]z ul/g] k|ltj]bgdf cGo s'/fsf] cltlQm clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]udf jif{el/ k/]sf ph'/L, cg';Gwfg txlssft u/L sfg"g adf]lhd clwsf/ k|fKt cbfntdf bfo/ u/]sf] / tfd]nLdf /fv]sf] d'2fsf] ;+Vof, cg'lrt sfo{u/]sf]df ;r]t u/fPsf] jf ljefuLo sf/jfxL jf cGo sf/jfxLsf nflu n]lv k7fPsf] ;+Vof, e|i6frf/ lgjf/0fsf] ;DaGwdf ePsf] pknAwL tyf ;f]sf] ;DaGwdf eljiodf ug'{kg]{ ;'wf/sf ljj/0f pNn]v ug'{kg]{5 .

n]vf k/LIf0f cfof]u !=

n]vf k/LIf0f cfof]u M -!_ g]kfndf Ps n]vf k/LIfs cfof]u /xg] 5 / pQm cfof]udf cWoIf ;lxt tLg hgf ;b:o /xg]5g\ . -@_ /fi6«kltn] ;+j}wflgs kl/ifb\sf] l;kmfl/zdf n]vf k/LIfssf] cWoIf / ;b:osf] lgo'Qm ug]{5 . -#_ pkwf/f -&_ sf] k|ltjGwfTds jfSofz+sf] clwgdf /xL n]vf k/LIf0f cfof]usf cWoIf / ;b:ox?sf] kbfjlw lgo'lQmsf] ldltn] 5 jif{sf] x'g]5 . t/, -s_ ;f] kbfjlw k"/fx'g'cufj} n]vfk/LIf0f cfof]usf] cWoIf / ;b:ox?sf] pd]/ ^% jif{ k"/f ePdf lgh cfkm\gf] kbdf jxfn /xg]5}g . -v_ n]vf k/LIfs cfof]usf cWoIf / ;b:ox?nfO{ ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] Gofoflwz;/x ;dfg cfwf/df / ;dfg tl/sfn] ;f] kbaf6 x6fpg ;lsg]5 . -$_ b]xfPsf] cj:yfdf n]vf k/LIfs cfof]usf] cWoIf / ;b:ox?sf] kb l/Qm ePsf] dflgg]5 . s= lghn] /fi6«klt;dIf /flhgfdf lbPdf, v= pkwf/f -#_ adf]lhd kbfjlw k"/f ePdf jf cfkm\gf] kbdf g/x]df, u= lghsf] d[To" ePdf . -%_ b]xfo adf]lhdsf] of]Uotf geO{ s'g} JolQm n]vf k/LIf0f cfof]usf] cWoIf / ;b:o kbdf lgo'lQmsf] nflu of]Uo x'g]5}g M s= g]kfn ;/sf/4f/f dfGotf k|fKt ljZjljBfnoaf6 n]vf, Joj:yfkg jf jfl0fHozf:qdf :gftsf]Q/ pkflw k|fKt u/]sf] jf rf68{ Psfp06]06 pQL0f{ u/L g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ljlzi6 >]l0fdf sfd u/]sf] jf n]vf k/LIf0f ;DaGwL sfddf slDtdf @) jif{ cg'ej k|fKt u/]sf], v= lgo'lQm x'Fbfsf jvt s'g} /fhg}lts bnsf] ;b:o g/x]sf], 53

u= $% jif{ pd]/ k"/f ePsf], / 3= pRr g}lts rl/q sfod ePsf] . -^_ n]vfk/LIf0f cfof]usf] cWoIf / ;b:ox?sf] kfl/>lds tyf ;]jfsf cGo zt{ sfg'g4f/f lgwf{/0f ePadf]lhd x'g]5g\ . cWoIf / ;b:ox? cfkm\gf] kbdf jxfn /x];Dd lghx?nfO{ dsf{ kg]{ u/L kfl/>lds / ;]jfsf cGo zt{x? ablng] 5}gg\ . -&_ n]vfk/LIfs cfof]usf cWoIf / ;b:o e} ;s]sf] JolQm cGo ;/sf/L ;]jfdf lgo'lQm x'gsf lgldQ u|fx\o x'g] 5}gg\ . t/ s'g} /fhg}lts kbdf jf s'g} ljifosf] cg';Gwfg, hfFrj'em jf 5fgljg ug]{ jf s'g} ljifosf] cWoog jf cGj]if0f u/L /fo, dGtJo jf l;kmfl/; k]; ug]{ s'g} kbdf lgo'lQm eO{ sfd ug{ o; pkwf/fdf n]lvPsf] s'g} s'/fn] jfwf k'/\ofPsf] dflgg] 5}g . -*_ ;Dk"0f{ n]vf k/LIfsx? n]vf k/LIf0f cfof]uk|lt pQ/bfoL x'g]5g\ . -(_ n]vf k/LIfssf] cfrf/ ;+lxtf sfg'gdf Joj:yf ul/Padf]lhd x'g]5 . @= n]vfk/LIf0f cfof]usf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ M -!_ ;jf]{Rr cbfnt, ;+;b, clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u, n]vf k/LIfs cfof]u, nf]s ;]jf cfof]u, lgjf{rg cfof]u, /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u, dfxfGoflwjQmfsf] sfof{no tyf cGo ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf] sfof{no / g]kfnL ;]gf Pjd\ z;:q k|x/L jf g]kfn k|x/L nufPtsf ;j} ;/sf/L sfof{no / cbfntsf] n]vf sfg'g4f/f lgwf{l/t tl/sf adf]lhd lgoldttf, ldtJooLtf, sfo{bIftf, k|efjsfl/tf / cf}lrTo ;d]tsf] ljrf/ u/L n]vf k/LIf0f cfof]uaf6 n]vf k/LIf0f x'g]5 . -@_ krf; k|ltzteGbf j9L z]o/ jf hfoh]yfdf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] :jfldTj ePsf] ;+ul7t ;+:yfsf] n]vf k/LIf0fsf] nflu n]vfk/LIfs lgo'Qm ubf{ n]vf k/LIf0f cfof]usf] cWoIfsf] k/fdz{ ul/g]5 . To:tf] ;+:yfsf] n]vf k/LIf0f ckgfpg' kg]{ l;4fGtsf] ;DaGwdf n]vf k/LIf0f cfof]un] cfjZos lgb]{zg lbg ;Sg]5 . -#_ n]vf k/LIf0f cfof]unfO{ pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhdsf] sfdsf] nflu n]vf ;DaGwL sfuhkq h'g;'s} jvt x]g{ kfpg] clwsf/ x''g]5 . ;f] cg';f/ n]vf k/LIfs cfof]u jf To;sf] s'g} sd{rf/Ln] dfu u/]sf] h'g;'s} sfuhkq tyf hfgsf/L pknAw u/fpg' ;DalGwt sfof{no k|d'vsf] st{Jo x'g]5 . -$_ pkwf/f -!_ cg';f/ n]vf k/LIf0f ul/g] n]vf ;DaGwL sfg'gsf clwgdf /xL n]vf k/LIfs cfof]u4f/f tf]lsPsf] 9fFrfdf /flvg]5 . -%_ pkwf/f -!_ df pNn]v ePsf sfof{nox?sf n]vfsf cltl/Qm cGo s'g} sfof{no jf ;+:yfsf] n]vf k/LIfs cfof]uaf6 n]vf k/LIf0f ug'{kg]{ u/L sfg"g4f/f Joj:yf ug{ ;lsg]5 . -^_ n]vf k/LIfssf] cfrf/;+lxtf sfg"gdf n]lvPadf]lhd x'g]5g\ . n]vf k/LIfs lj?4sf] ph'/L pk/ cfof]udf ;'g'jfO{ x'g]5 . #= jflif{s k|ltj]bg M -!_ n]vf k/LIfs cfof]un] cfkm"n] u/]sf] sfdsf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg cWoIf dfkm{t /fi6«klt;dIf k]z ug]{5 / /fi6«kltn] To:tf] k|ltj]bg k|wfgdlGqdfkm{t ;+;b ;dIf k]z ug]{ Joj:yf ug]{5 . -@_ pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhd k]z ul/g] k|ltj]bgdf cGo s'/fsf] cltl/Qm n]vf k/LIf0f cfof]uaf6 jif{e/Ldf n]vf k/LIf0f u/]sf lgsfosf] ljj/0f, n]vfk/LIf0faf6 b]lvPsf] a]?h'sf] l:ylt, a]?h' km5\of}{6 ug{ u/]sf] k|of; / a]?h' km5\of}{6sf ;DaGwdf k|fKt pknlAw tyf n]vfk/LIf0f ;DaGwdf eljiodf ug'{ kg]{ ;'wf/sf] ljj/0f{sf ;fy} cl3Nnf] jif{sf] k|ltj]bgsf] ;DaGwdf ;+;bn] ;'emfj lbPsf]df ;f] cg'?k eP u/]sf sfdsf] af/]df;d]t pNn]v ug'{ kg]{5 .

54

nf]s ;]jf cfof]u !=

nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] u7g M != g]kfndf Ps nf]s;]jf cfof]u x'g]5 h;df cWoIf / 5 hgf ;Dd ;b:ox? /xg]5g\ . @= /fi6kltjf6 ;+jw} flgs k/Lifbsf] l;kmf/Lzdf nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf cWoIf / ;b:ox?sf] lgo'lQm u/Lg] 5 . #= nf]s ;]jf cfof]udf sDtLdf krf; k|ltzt ;b:ox? kGw| jif{ jf ;f] eGbf jl9 cjlw ;Dd s'g} ;/sf/L ;]jfdf /x]sf] JolQm dWo]jf6 / jfls ;b:ox? lj1fg, snf, ;flxTo, sfg"g jf /fli6o hLjgsf cGo dxTjk'0f{ If]qdf zf]w, cg';Gwfg, cWofkg jf cGo s'g} dxTjk'0f{ sfo{ u/L Voflt k|fKt u/]sf] JolQm dWo]jf6 lgo'Qm x'g]5 . $= nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] cWoIf / ;b:osf] kbfjlw lgo'lQm ldltn] ^ jif{ x'g] 5 . lghsf] k'g lgo'lQm x'g ;Sg] 5 . t/ s_

%=

^=

&= *=

;f] kbfjlw k'/fx'g' cufj} nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] cWoIf jf ;b:osf] pd]/ k};7\7L jif{ k'/f ePdf lgh cfkm\gf] kbdf jxfn /xg] 5}g . v_ nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] cWoIf / ;b:onfO{ ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] GofofwLz ;/x ;dfg cfwf/df ;dfg t/Lsfn] ;f] kbjf6 x6fpg ;lsg] 5 . b]xfosf] cj:Yffdf nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] cWoIf / ;b:osf] kb /LQm ePsf] dflgg] 5 M s_ lghn] /fi6klt ;dIfdf /fhLgfdf lbPdf, v_ kbfjlw k'/f ePdf jf lgh kbdf jxfn g/x]df u_ lghsf] d[To' ePdf b]xfo jdf]lhd geO{ s'g} JolQm nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] cWoIf jf ;b:o kbdf lgo'lQmsf] nfuL of]Uo x'g] 5}g M s_ g]kfn ;/sf/jf6 dfGotf k|fKt ljZj ljwfnojf6 :gftsf]Q/ pkflw k|fKt u/]sf], v_ lgo'lQm x'bfsf jvt s'g} /fhg}lts bnsf] ;b:o g/x]sf], u_ rfln; jif{ pd]/ k'/f ePsf], 3_ pRr g}lts r/Lq sfod ePsf] . nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] cWoIf / ;b:ox?sf] kfl/>lds tyf ;]jfsf cGo zt{ sfg'g4f/f lgwf{/0f ePadf]lhd x'g]5g\ . cWoIf / ;b:ox? cfkm\gf] kbdf jxfn /x];Dd lghx?nfO{ dsf{ kg]{ u/L kfl/>lds / ;]jfsf cGo zt{x? ablng] 5}gg\ . nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf cWoIf / ;b:o e} ;s]sf] JolQm cGo ;/sf/L ;]jfdf lgo'lQm x'gsf lgldQ u|fx\o x'g] 5}gg\ . t/ s= nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] ;b:onfO{ cWoIf kbdf lgo'lQm ug{ o; pkwf/fn] jfwf k'/\ofPsf] dflgg]5}g / ;f] adf]lhd s'g} ;b:o cWoIf kbdf lgo'Qm ePdf lghsf] kbfjlwsf] u0fgf ubf{ ;b:o ePsf] kbfjlw;d]tnfO{ hf]8L kbfjlwsf] u0fgf ul/g]5 . v= s'g} /fhg}lts kbdf jf s'g} ljifosf] cg';Gwfg, hfFrj'em jf 5fgljg ug]{ jf s'g} ljifosf] cWoog jf cGj]if0f u/L /fo, dGtJo jf l;kmfl/; k]; ug]{ s'g} kbdf lgo'lQm eO{ sfd ug{ o; pkwf/fdf n]lvPsf] s'g} s'/fn] jfwf k'/\ofPsf] dflgg] 5}g .

55

@=

nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ M -!_ s]Gb|Lo lghfdtL ;]jfsf] kbdf lgo'lQmsf] lgldQ pko'Qm pDd]bjf/ 5gf}6 ug{ k/LIffx? ;~rfng ug'{ nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] st{Jo x'g]5 . :ki6Ls/0f M o; wf/fsf] tfTko{sf] nflu ;}lgs clws[t jf hjfg / z;:q / hgkb k|x/L sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jf jf kb tyf lghfdtL ;]jf jf kb xf]Og egL P]gåf/f tf]lsPsf] cGo ;]jf jf kbafx]s g]kfnsf] ;/sf/sf c? ;a} ;]jf jf kbnfO{ lghfdtL ;]jf jf kb dflgg]5 . -@_ lghfdtL ;]jfsf] lgj[lQe/0f kfpg] kbdf nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] k/fdz{ ljgf :yfoL lgo'lQm ul/g] 5}g . -#_ b]xfosf ljifodf nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] k/fdz{ lng' kg]{5 M– -s_ lghfdtL ;]jfsf] zt{ ;DaGwL sfg"gsf] ljifodf -v_ lghfdtL ;]jf jf kbdf lgo'lQm, a9'jf / ljefuLo sf/jfO{ ubf{ ckgfpg' kg]{ l;4fGtsf] ljifodf -u_ lghfdtL kbdf 5 dlxgfeGbf a9L ;dosf] nflu lgo'lQm ubf{ pDd]bjf/sf] pko'Qmtfsf] ljifodf -3_ s'g} Ps k|sf/sf] lghfdtL ;]jfsf] kbaf6 csf]{ k|sf/sf] lghfdtL ;]jfsf] kbdf jf cGo ;/sf/L ;]jfaf6 lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;?jf jf a9'jf ubf{ pDd]bjf/sf] pko'Qmtfsf] ljifodf -ª_ nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] k/fdz{ lng' gkg]{ cj:yfsf] kbdf axfn /x]sf] sd{rf/LnfO{ nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] k/fdz{ lng' kg]{ cj:yfsf] kbdf :yfoL ;?jf jf a9'jf ug]{ ljifodf / -r_ s'g} klg lghfdtL sd{rf/LnfO{ lbOg] ljefuLo ;hfosf] ljifodf . -$_ dfyL h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg o; ;+ljwfg adf]lhd Gofo ;]jf cfof]usf] clwsf/If]qleq kg]{ ljifodf ;f]xL adf]lhd x'g]5 . -%_ nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] cfˆgf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ dWo] s'g} sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ cfˆgf] s'g} ;b:o jf ;b:ox?sf] ;ldlt jf g]kfnsf] ;/sf/sf] sd{rf/LnfO{ tf]lsPsf] zt{sf] cwLgdf /xL k|of]u tyf kfng ug]{ u/L ;'Dkg ;Sg]5 . -^_ o; ;+ljwfgsf] cwLgdf /xL nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] cGo sfd, st{Jo / sfo{ljlw sfg"gåf/f lgwf{l/t eP adf]lhd x'g]5 .

#=

k|b]z nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] u7g -!_ k|b]z / :yflgo ;/sf/ tyf k|b]z cGt/utsf cGo ;/sf/L sd{rf/L lgo'lQm,;?jf / a9'jf ;DjGwL sfd ug{sf] nfuL k|To]s k|b]zdf Ps cWoIf ;lxt ltg ;blZo k|b]z nf]s;]jf cfof]u u7g u/Lg] 5 . -@_ k|b]z nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf cWoIf / ;bZox?sf] lgo'lQm k|b]z ;/sf/sf] l;kmfl/;df sfg"gdf Joj:yf eP adf]lhdsf] ;'gj' fO{ u/L ;DjlGwt k|b]zfWoIfjf6 x'g]5 . -#_ k|b]z nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] ;b:ox? nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] ;b:o ;/x ;dfg of]Uotfsf cfwf/df lgo'lQm x'g] 5g / ;dfg ?kdf kbd'Qm x'g] 5g . t/ dxfcleof]u nfufO{g] cj:yfdf eg] ;f] k|:tfj ;DjlGwt k|b]z ;efjf6 kf/Lt ePsf] x'g' kg]{ 5 . -%_ k|b]z nf]s;]jf cfof]usf ;b:ox? nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] ;b:o kbdf lgo'Qm ug{ dfly n]lvPsf] s'g} s'/fn] jfwf kg]{ 5}g .

56

$=

jflif{s k|ltj]bg M -!_ nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] cfkm"n] u/]sf] sfdsf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg cWoIf dfkm{t /fi6«klt;dIf k]z ug]5 { / /fi6«kltn] To:tf] k|ltj]bg k|wfgdlGq dfkm{t ;+;b ;dIf k]z ug]{ Joj:yf ug]{5 . -@_ k|b]z ;]jf cfof]un] cfkm'n] u/]sf]sfdsf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg cWoIf dfkm{t k|b]zfWoIf ;dIf k]z ug]{ 5 / k|b]zfWoIfn] d'lVtof/ dfkm{t k|b]z ;efdf k]z ug{] Joj:Yff ug]{ 5 .

57

lgjf{rg cfof]u !=

g]kfndf Ps lgjf{rg cfof]u x'g]5, h;df k|d'v lgjf{rg cfo'Qm / cfjZostf cg';f/ cGo lgjf{rg cfo'Qmx? /xg]5g\ . @= b]xfPsf of]Uotf gk'u]sf] JolQm k|d'v lgjf{rg cfo'Qm / lgjfr{g cfo'Qm sfod /xg ;Sg] 5}g M s= dfGotfk|fKt ljZjljBfnoaf6 :gftsf]kflw k|fKt u/]sf], v= lgo'Qm x'Fbfsf jvt s'g} /fhg}lts bnsf] ;b:o g/x]sf], u= k}tfnL; jif{ pd]/ k"/f ePsf], / 3= g}lts ktg b]lvg] kmf}hbf/L cleof]udf cbfntaf6 s;'/bf/ 7x/ ePdf #= ;+j}wflgs kl/ifb\sf] l;kmfl/;df k|d'v lgjf{rg cfo'Qm / lgjf{rg cfo'Qmsf] lgo'lQm /fi6kltaf6 x'g]5 . $= o; pkwf/fsf cGo Joj:yfx?sf clwgdf /lx k|d'v lgjf{rg cfo'Qm / lgjf{rg cfo'Qmx?sf] kbfjlw lgo'Qm ePsf] ldltn ^ jif{sf] x'g]5 . %= k|d'v lgjf{rg cfo'Qm / lgjf{rg cfo'Qm k};7L jif{sf] pd]/ k"/f geP;Dd cfkm\gf] kbdf axfn /xg]5g\ . ^= k|d'v lgjf{rg cfo'Qm / lgjf{rg cfo'QmnfO{ ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] GofofwLz ;/x ;dfg cfwf/df / ;dfg tl/sfn] x6fpg ;lsg] 5 . &= b]xfPsf] cj:yfdf k|d'v lgjf{rg cfo'Qm / lgjf{rg cfo'Qmsf] kb l/Qm ePsf] dflgg]5M s= /fi6klt ;dIf lnlvt /flhgfdf lbPdf, v= pkwf/f -@_ adf]lhd of]Uotf gePsf] k|dfl0ft ePdf, u= pkwf/f -$_ adf]lhdsf] kbfjlw k'/f ePdf, 3= pwf/f -%_ adf]lhdsf] pd]/ k'/f ePdf, / 8= pkwf/f -^_ adf]lhd x6fOPdf . *= k|d'v lgjf{rg cfo'Qm / lgjf{rg cfo'Qmsf] kfl/>lds / ;]jfsf cGo zt{x? sfg"g4f/f lgwf{/0f eP adf]lhd x'g]5g\ . o;/L sfg"g4f/f kfl/>lds / ;]jfsf cGo zt{ lgwf{/0f ubf{ lghx?nfO{ dsf{ kg]{ u/L jblng] 5}g . (= k|d'v lgjf{rg cfo'Qm / lgjf{rg cfo'Qm eO;s]sf] JolQm cGo ;/sf/L ;]jfdf lgo'lQmsf] nflu u|fX\o x'g]5}g . lgjf{rg cfof]usf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ M -!_ of] ;+ljwfg / cGo sfg"gsf] clwgdf /xL hgdt ;+u|x tyf s]lGb|o, k|fb]z / :yfgLo ;d]t ;j} txsf] lgjf{rgsf] ;+rfng, /]vb]v, lgb]{zg / lgoGq0f lgjf{rg cfof]uaf6 ul/g]5 . -@_ pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhdsf] lgjf{rgsf] ;+rfng, /]vb]v, lgb]{zg / lgoGq0f ;DaGwL Joj:yf tyf cGo sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ sfg"gdf Joj:yf ePadf]lhd x'g]5 . -#_ lgjf{rg cfof]un] cfkm"nfO{ k|fKt sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ dWo] s'g} sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ cfkm\gf] s'g} ;b:o jf ;b:ox?sf] ;ldlt jf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] jf k|b]z ;/sf/sf] sd{rf/LnfO{ tf]lsPsf] zt{sf] clwgdf /xL k|of]u tyf kfngf ug]{ u/L ;'DkGg ;Sg]5 . lgjf{rg cfof]unfO{ cfjZos sd{rf/L pknAw u/fpg' kg]{ M o; ;+ljwfg adf]lhd lgjf{rg cfof]unfO{ cfkm\gf] sfd st{Jo / clwsf/ k"/f ug{ cfjZos kg]{ sd{rf/L, ef}lts k"jf{wf/ tyf cGo >f]t / ;fwg g]kfn ;/sf/ jf k|b]z ;/sf/n] pknAw u/fpg]5 .

58

dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u !=

g]kfndf Ps :jtGq / ;Ifd /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u x'g]5 . k|b]zdf k|fb]lzs dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u x'g]5 . @= dfgj clwsf/sf] If]qdf ljlzi6 of]ubfg k'/\ofPsf] s'g} JolQm jf ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] GofowLz e} sfd u/]sf] JolQm /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]usf] cWoIf x'g]5 . #= /fi6kltn] ;+j}wflgs kl/ifb\sf] l;kmfl/;df /fli6«o dfgjclwsf/ cfof]usf] cWoIf / ;b:osf] lgo'lQm ug]{5g\ . $= k|fb]lzs dfgj clwsf/ cfof]usf] cWoIf /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]un] tf]s]sf] JolQm x'g]5 . cGo b'Ohgf ;b:o? k|b]z ;/sf/sf] l;kmfl/zdf /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]un] ug]{5 . %= dfgj clwsf/sf] If]qdf of]ubfg k'/\ofPsf ljleGg If]qsf JolQmx?nfO{ ;dfj]zLtfsf] cfwf/df $ hgf ;Dd /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/sf] ;b:o kbdf lgo'Qm ul/g]5 . ^= cfof]un] dlxnf, blnt, dhb'/, hghflt, dw]zL jf o:t} k|s[ltsf cfof]usf cWoIfx?nfO{ cfjZostf cg';f/ j}7sdf cfdlGqt ug{ ;Sg]5 . &= /fli6«o / k|fb]lzs dfgj clwsf/ cfof]usf] cWoIf / ;b:ox?sf] kbfjlw qmdz 5 / kfFr jif{sf] x'g]5 . *= /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]usf cWoIf / ;b:ox?nfO{ ;+;bn] cljZjf;sf] k|:tfj kfl/t u/L / k|fb]lzs dfgj clwsf/ cfof]usf] ;b:onfO{ k|fb]lzs ;+;bn] cljZjf;sf] k|:tfj kfl/t u/L x6fpg ;Sg] 5 . *= /fi6klt ;dIf /flhgfdf lbPdf, cljZjf;sf] k|:tfj kfl/t ePdf, kbfjlw ;dfKt ePdf jf d[To" ePdf /fli6«o / k|fb]lzs dfgj clwsf/ cfof]usf] cWoIf / ;b:ox?sf] kb l/Qm ePsf] dflgg]5 . (= /fli6«o / k|fb]lzs dfgj clwsf/ cfof]usf] cWoIf / ;b:osf] lgldQ :gftsf]kflw xfl;n u/]sf] / pRr g}lts rl/q ePsf] JolQm of]Uotf k'u]sf] x'g'kg]{5 . !)= /fli6«o / k|fb]lzs cfof]usf cWoIf / ;b:osf] kfl/>lds / ;]jf ;'ljwfsf cGo zt{x? sfg"gdf lgwf{/0f eP adf]lhd x'g]5 . !!= cfof]usf cWoIf / ;b:ox?sf] kfl/>lds / ;]jfsf zt{x? lghx?nfO{ dsf{ kg]{u/L jblng] 5}gg\ . !@= /fli6«o / k|fb]lzs dfgj clwsf/ cfof]usf cWoIf / ;b:ox? /fhg}lts kb jf hfFrj'em / cWoog cg';Gwfgsf kbeGbf cGo kbx?df lgo'lQmsf] nflu cof]Uo dflgg] 5 . dfgj clwsf/ cfof]usf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ M != dfgj clwsf/sf] ;Ddfg, ;+/If0f / ;Dj4{g tyf To;sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{GjonfO{ ;'lglZrt ug'{ cfof]usf] st{Jo x'g]5 . @= o; k|of]hgsf] nflu cfof]un] b]xfP adf]lhd sfd ug]{5 M != ljleGg ;|f]tjf6 k|fKt dfgj clwsf/ pn+3gsf 36gfx?sf] 5fg ljg tyf cg';Gwfg u/L bf];Lpk/ sf/jfxL ug{ l;kmfl/; ug]{, @= dfgj clwsf/ pn+3g;+u ;DalGwt JolQmnfO{ ljefuLo sf/jfxL ug{ l;kmfl/; ug]{, #= dfgj clwsf/ pn+3gsf 36gfdf ;+nUg b]lvPsf JolQmx?nfO{ cbfntdf d'2f bfo/ ug{ l;kmfl/; ug]{, $= dfgj clwsf/sf] ;r]tgf clej[l4 ug{ gful/s ;dfh;+u ;DaGjo / ;xsfo{ ug]{, %= cfof]usf l;kmfl/;x? sfof{Gjog gePsf cj:yfdf ;jf]{Rr jf k|fb]lzs cbfntx?df d'2f bfo/ ug]{, 59

^= &= *=

dfgj clwsf/;+u ;DalGwt sfg"g lgdf{0f, ;+zf]wg jf k'g/fjnf]sg ug{ g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ l;kmfl/z ug]{, dfgj clwsf/ ;DaGwL ;lGwsf] kIf /fi6 aGg jf To:tf ;+lwx?sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ug{ ;/sf/nfO{ l;kmfl/; ug]{, dfgj clwsf/df pn+3gdf ;+nUg JolQmx?sf] gfd ;+sng u/L ;fj{hlgs clen]v tof/ ug]{,

dfgj clwsf/ cfof]usf] clwsf/ M != s'g} JolQmnfO{ cfof]u ;dIf pkl:yt u/fO{ hfgsf/L jf jofg lng] jf jskq u/fpg], k|df0f j'em\g], bzL k|df0f bflvn ug{ nufpg] ;DaGwdf cbfntnfO{ eP ;/xsf] clwsf/ k|of]u ug]{ . @= dfgj clwsf/;+u ;DalGwt 36gfdf s;}sf] cfjf; jf sfof{nodf ljgf ;"rgf k|j]z ug]{, vfg tnf;L ug]{, tyf To:tf 36gf;+u lnvt, k|df0f jf ;j't sAhfdf lng], #= s'g} JolQmsf] dfgj clwsf/sf] pn++3g e}/x]sf] hfgsf/L eO{ tTsfn sf/jfxL ug'{kg]{ cfjZos sf/jfxL ug{ kg]{ ePdf ;/sf/L sfof{no jf cGo 7fFpdf k|j]z ug]{ / p4f/ ug]{, $= dfgj clwsf/ pn+3g ePsf] lkl8t JolQmnfO{ Ifltk"lt{ lbg cfb]z lbg], %= dfgj clwsf/sf] k|efjsf/L ;+/If0f / ;Da4{gdf cfjZos clwsf/sf] k|of]u ug]{ . jflif{s k|ltj]bg tof/ ug]{ M != /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]un] cfkm\gf] k|ltj]bg k|wfgdlGq dfkm{t ;+;bdf k]z ug]{5 . @= k|fb]lzs cfof]usf] k|ltj]bg d'VodlGq dfkm{t k|fb]lzs ;+;bdf k]z ug]{5 . #= k|ltj]bgdf cfof]usf sfd, k|efjsfl/tf / eljZosf] sfdsf] r'gf}lt;d]t k|:t't ug'{kg]{5 . $= cfof]un] cfufdL jif{sf] vr{sf] clkn jflif{s k|ltj]bg;+u} ;+;bdf k|:t't ug'{kg]{5 .

60

dxfGofolwjQmf !=

@=

#= $=

dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] lgo'lQm M != g]kfndf Ps dxfGofoflwjQmf x'g] 5g\ . lghsf] lgo'lQm k|wfgdlGqsf] l;kmfl/;df /fi6kltaf6 x'g]5 . dxfGoflwjQmf k|wfgdlGqsf] OR5f cg';f/sf] cjlw;Dd cfkm\gf] kbdf jxfn /xg]5 . @= ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] GofowLzsf] of]Uotf k'u]sf] JolQm dxfGoflwjQmfsf] kbdf lgo'Qm x'g ;Sg]5 . #= b]xfosf] cj:Yffdf dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] kb /LQm ePsf] dflgg] 5 M s= k|wfgdlGq dfkm{t /fi6klt ;dIf lnlvt /flhgfdf lbPdf, v= k|wfgdlGqsf] l;kmfl/;df /fi6kltaf6 kbd'Qm ePdf, u= lghsf] d[To" ePdf k|b]z GofoflwjQmfsf] lgo'lQm M != k|To]s k|b]zdf k|b]z GofoflwjQmfx? /xg] 5g\ . lghx?sf] lgo'lQm d'lVtof/sf] l;kmf/Lzdf k|b]zfWoIfjf6 x'g] 5 . k|b]z GofoflwjQmf d'lVtof/sf] OR5f cg';f/sf] cjlw;Dd cfkm\gf] kbdf jxfn /xg]5 . @= k|b]z cbfntsf] GofowLzsf] of]Uotf k'u]sf] JolQm k|b]z GoflwjQmfsf] kbdf lgo'Qm x'g ;Sg]5 . #= b]xfosf] cj:Yffdf k|b]z GofoflwjQmfsf] kb /LQm ePsf] dflgg] 5 M s= d'lVtof/ dfkm{t k|b]zfWoIf ;dIf lnlvt /flhgfdf lbPdf, v= d'lVtof/sf] l;kmfl/;df k|b]zfWoIfaf6 kbd'Qm ePdf, u= lghsf] d[To" ePdf dxfGofolwjQmf / GofolwjQmfsf] kf/L>lds tyf ;]jfsf cGo zt{x? sfg"g4f/f lgwf{/0f ePadf]lhd x'g]5 . dxfGoflwjQmf / GofolwjQmfsf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ M -!_ dxfGofoflwjQmf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] d'Vo sfg"gL ;Nnfxsf/ x'g]5 . ;+j}wflgs Pj+ sfg"gL ljifodf g]kfn ;/sf/ / g]kfn ;/sf/n] tf]s]sf cGo clwsf/LnfO{ /fo ;Nnfx lbg' lghsf] st{Jo x'g]5 . -@_ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] xs, lxt jf ;/f]sf/ lglxt /x]sf] d'2fdf dxfGofolwjQmfn] ;/sf/sf] k|ltlglwTj ug]{5 . o; ;+ljwfgdf cGoyf n]lvPb]lv jfx]s s'g} cbfntdf d'2f rnfpg] jf grnfpg] eGg] ljifodf cfwf/ / sf/0f;lxtsf] clGtd lg0f{o ug{ kfpg] clwsf/ dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] x'g]5 . -#_ GofolwjQmf k|fb]lzs ;/sf/sf] d'Vo sfg'gL ;Nnfxsf/ x'g]5 . k|b]z ;/sf/, lgsfo jf :yfgLo ;/sf/sf ;+j}wflgs / sfg"gL ljifodf k|b]z ;/sf/ / k|b]z ;/sf/n] tf]ss ] f] cGo clwsf/LnfO{ /fo ;Nnfx lbg' lghsf] st{Jo x'g]5 . -$_ k|ffb]lzs ;/sf/sf] xs, lxt jf ;/f]sf/ lglxt /x]sf] d'2fdf GofolwjQmfn] ;/sf/sf] k|ltlglwTj ug]{5 . k|b]z leqsf] cbfntdf d'2f rnfpg] jf grnfpg] eGg] clGtd lg0f{o ug]{ 5 . t/ dxfGofoflwjQmfn] lnlvt ?kdf s'g} d'2f rnfpg] jf grnfpg] u/L lbPsf] lgb]{zgsf] kfngf ug'{ k|b]z GofoflwjQmfsf] st{Jo x'g] 5 .

61

-%_ of] ;+ljwfgsf] cwLgdf /xL dxfGofoflwjQmf / k|b]z GofolwjQmfnfO{ cfˆgf] st{Jo kfng ubf{ b]xfosf sfd ug{] clwsf/ x'g]5M– -s_ g]kfn ;/sf/ jfbL jf k|ltjfbL eO{ bfo/ ePsf d'2f dfldnfdf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 k|lt/Iff ug]{, -v_ d'2f dfldnfsf /f]xdf ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] u/]sf] sfg"gsf] JofVof jf k|ltkfbg u/]sf] sfg"gL l;4fGtsf] sfof{Gjog eP jf gePsf] cg'udg ug]{ u/fpg], -u_ lx/f;tdf /x]sf] JolQmnfO{ o; ;+ljwfgsf] cwLgdf /xL dfgjf]lrt Jojxf/ gu/]sf] jf To:tf] JolQmnfO{ cfkmGt;Fu jf sfg"g Joj;foL dfkm{t e]63f6 ug{ glbPsf] eGg] ph'/L k/]df jf hfgsf/L x'g cfPdf 5fglag u/L To:tf] x'gaf6 /f]Sg ;DalGwt clwsf/LnfO{ cfjZos lgb{]zg lbg] . -^_ o; wf/fdf n]lvPsf sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/sf] cltl/Qm dxfGofoflwjQmf / k|b]z GofolwjQmfsf] cGo sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ of] ;+ljwfg / cGo sfg"gåf/f lgwf{/0f eP adf]lhd x'g]5 . -&_ cfˆgf] kbLo st{Josf] kfngf ubf{ dxfGofoflwjQmfnfO{ g]kfnsf] h'g;'s} cbfnt, sfof{no / kbflwsf/L ;dIf pkl:yt x'g] clwsf/ x'g]5 / k|b]z GofolwjQmfnfO{ cfkm\gf] ef}uf]lns If]q leqsf s'g} klg cbfntdf pkl:yt eO{ k|lt/Iff ug]{ clwsf/ x'g]5 . -*_ dxfGofoflwjQmf jf k|b]z GofolwjQmfn] of] ;+ljwfg adf]lhd cfˆgf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ tf]lsPsf] zt{sf] cwLgdf /xL k|of]u / kfng ug]{ u/L dftxtsf clws[tnfO{ ;'Dkg ;Sg]5 . -(_ dxfGofolwjQmfn] ;+;b jf To;sf] s'g} ;ldtLdf / GofolwjQmfn] k|b]z ;ef jf To;sf] s'g} ;ldltdf pkl:yt eO{ cfkm\gf] egfO{ /fVg ;Sg]5 . %= s]lGb|o ck/fw cg';Gwfg ljefu M != dxfGofolwjQmfsf] dftxt /xg] u/L Ps s]lGb|o ck/fw cg';Gwfg ljefu u7g x'g]5. @= o:tf] ljefun] cGt/ k|fb]zLs ck/fw / ulDe/ k|sf/sf ck/fwx?sf] cg';Gwfg / cleof]hg ug]{5 . #= o:tf] ljefun] sfg"gdf Joj:Yff eP jdf]lhd cfkm\gf] If]qflwsf/ leq /xL s'g} d'2f cfkm} u|x0f ug{ jf s]Gb| jf k|b]z ;/sf/sf] l;kmfl/;df s'g} d'2fsf] cg';Gwfg / txlssft ug]{ jf d'2fsf kIfsf] lgj]bgsf] ulDeo{tfsf cfwf/df cg';Gwfg ug]{ clwsf/ x'g5 ] . $= o; ;DjGwL cGo Joj:Yff sfg"gdf Joj:Yff eP jdf]lhd x'g]5 . ^= jflif{s k|ltj]bg M -!_ dxfGofoflwjQmfn] k|To]s jif{ of] ;+ljwfg / cGo sfg"g adf]lhd cfk"mn] ;Dkfbg u/]sf] sfdsf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg tof/ u/L /fi6klt ;dIf k]z ug]{5 / /fi6kltn] To:tf] k|ltj]bg k|wfgdGqL dfkm{t ;+;b ;dIf k]z ug]{ Joj:yf ug]{5 . -@_ k|b]zGofoflwjQmfn] k|To]s jif{ of] ;+ljwfg / cGo sfg"g adf]lhd cfk"mn] ;Dkfbg u/]sf] sfdsf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg tof/ u/L k|b]zfWoIf ;dIf k]z ug]{5 / k|b]zfWoIfn] To:tf] k|ltj]bg d'lVtof/ dfkm{t k|b]z;ef ;dIf k]z ug]{ Joj:yf ug]{5 .

62

/fli6«o ;'/Iff / ;+s6sfn ;]gf ;DaGwL Joj:yf M -!_ g]kfndf g]kfnL ;]gfsf] Ps ;+u7g /xg]5 . -@_ /fi6«klt g]kfnL ;]gfsf] ;jf]{Rr k/dflwklt x'g]5 . -#_ k|wfg ;]gfkltsf] lgo'lQm /fli6«o ;'/Iff kl/ifb\sf] l;kmfl/;df /fi6«kltjf6 x'g5 ] . -$_ g]kfnL ;]gfsf] lgoGq0f, kl/rfng / Joj:yfkg sfg'g adf]lhd ;'/Iff kl/ifb\sf] l;kmfl/;df /fi6kltjf6 x'g5 ] . -%_ g]kfnL ;]gf ;DaGwL cGo s'/fx? sfg'gdf Joj:yf eP adf]lhd x'g]5 . @=

/fli6«o ;'/Iff kl/ifb\ kl/ifb\ M -!_ g]kfndf Ps /fli6o ;'/Iff k/Lifb /xg] 5, h;df b]xfo /xg]5g\ M s= k|wfgdGqL v= /Iff dGqL u= k|wfgdGqLn] tf]s]sf] dGqL -@_

-#_ -$_ -%_ -^_

jdf]lhd cWoIf / ;b:ox? cWoIf ;b:o ;b:o

k|wfg dGqL / /Iff dGqL jf u[x dGqL Pp6} JolQm /x]sf] cj:yfdf k|wfg dGqLn] tf]s]sf] jl/i7td dGqL /fli6«o ;'/Iff kl/ifb\sf] ;b:o x'g]5 . ;'/Iff k/Lifbsf] j}7sdf cfjZoQmf cg';f/ k|wfg ;]gfklt, z;:q k|x/L dxflg/LIfs tyf u'Ktr/ ljefusf] k|d'v tyf cGo JolQmnfO{ ;d]t cfdGq0f ug{ ;lsg] 5 . /fli6«o ;'/Iff kl/ifb\sf] ;lrasf] sfd /Iff dGqfnosf] ;lrjn] ug]{5 / lghsf] cg'kl:yltdf k|wfgdGqLn] tf]s]sf] clws[tn] ug]{5 . /fli6«o ;'/Iff kl/ifb\n] cfkm\gf] j}7sdf cfjZostf cg';f/ cGo JolQmnfO{ klg cfdGq0f ul/g]5 . k|wfg dGqL4f/f /fli6o ;'/Iff ;Nnfxsf/ lgo'Qm ePsf] cj:Yffdf lgh cfdGqLt ;b:osf] ?kdf ;xefuL x'g]5g . /fli6«o ;'/Iff kl/ifb\n] cfkm\gf] sfo{ljlw cfkm} lgwf{/Lt tyf Jojl:yt ug{ ;Sg]5 .

#=

z;:q k|x/L tyf hgky k|x/L ;DjGwL Joj:yf M -!_ z;:q k|x/L tyf /fli6o ;'/Iffsf] nfuL cfjZos u'Ktr/ ;+oGqsf] u7g, lgoGq0f, ;+rfng ug]{ bfoLTj s]Gb|Lo u[x dGqfnodf /xg] 5 . o; ;DjGwL cGo Joj:yf P]g 4f/f lgwf{/0f x'g] 5 . -@_ xltof/sf] k|of]u ug]{ jfx]s cGo hgky k|x/Lsf] u7g, ;+rfng tyf lgoGq0f k|b]z;ef4f/f kf/Lt sfg"gsf] clwgdf /xL k|b]z ;/sf/n] ug]{ 5 . k|b]z ;/sf/sf] dftfxtdf ;+rfngx'g] hgky k|x/LnfO{ k|b]z k|x/L egLg] 5 . t/ cGt/ k|b]z ck/fw cg';Gwfg, s]Gb|sf] lhDd]jf/Ldf k/]sf] ck/fwsf] cg';Gwfg / xft xltof/ tyf v/ vhfgf k|of]u ug]{ hgky k|x/Lsf] k|of]u / ;+rfng ug]{ Joj:Yff s]Gb| ;/sf/sf] dftfxtdf x'g]5 .

$=

;+s6sfnLg clwsf/ M -!_ g]kfnsf] ;fj{ef}d;Qf, cv08tf jf s'g} efusf] ;'/Iffdf o'4, jfx\o cfqmd0f, ;z:q ljb|f]x jf r/d cfly{s lj>[ª\vntfsf] sf/0fn] ulDe/ ;+s6 pTkGg ePdf dGqLkl/ifb\sf] 63

l;kmfl/;df /fi6«kltn] g]kfn e/ jf s'g} k|b]z jf s'g} :yflgo ;/sf/sf] If]qdf jf s'g} vf; If]qdf nfu' x'g] u/L ;+s6sfnLg cj:yfsf] 3f]if0ff ug{ ;Sg]5 . -@_ pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhd ul/Psf] 3f]if0ff jf cfb]z ePsf] ldltn] tLg dlxgfleq cg'df]bgsf] nflu hg;efsf] j}7sdf k]z ul/g]5 . -#_ pkwf/f -@_ adf]lhd cg'df]bgsf] nflu k]z ePsf] 3f]if0ff jf cfb]z hg;efsf] j}7sdf pkl:yt ;b:ox?sf] b'O{ ltxfO{ ax'dtn] cg'df]bg u/]df 3f]if0ff jf cfb]z ePsf] ldltn] 5 dlxgf;Dd nfu' /xg]5 . -$_ pkwf/f -@_ adf]lhd hg;efsf] a}7sdf cg'df]bgsf] nflu k]z ePsf] 3f]if0ff jf cfb]z pkwf/f -#_ adf]lhd cg'df]bg gePdf ;f] 3f]if0ff jf cfb]z :jtM lgliqmo ePsf] dflgg]5 . -%_ pkwf/f -!_ sf] cj:yf cem} ljBdfg 5 egL pkwf/f -#_ adf]lhd Dofb e'QmfgL gx'b} hg;efsf] a}7sdf pkl:yt ;b:ox?sf] b'O{ ltxfO{ ax'dtn] k|:tfj4f/f lg0f{o u/L csf]{ Ps k6s tLg dlxgfdf ga9fO{ ;f] k|:tfjdf tf]lsPsf cjlwsf] nflu ;+s6sfnLg cj:yfsf] 3f]if0ff jf cfb]zsf] Dofb a9fpg ;Sg]5 . -^_ pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhd ;+s6sfnLg cj:yfsf] 3f]if0ff jf cfb]z ePkl5 To:tf] cj:yfsf] lgjf/0f ug{ dGqL kl/ifb\sf] l;kmfl/;df /fi6«kltn] cfjZos cfb]z hf/L ug{ ;Sg]5 . To;/L hf/L ePsf] cfb]z ;+s6sfnLg cj:yf axfn /x];Dd sfg'g ;/x nfu' x'g]5 . -&_ /fi6kltaf6 pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhd ;+s6sfnLg cj:yfsf] 3f]if0ff jf cfb]z ul/bf ;f] 3f]if0ff jf cfb]z axfn /x];Ddsf] nflu s]xL l;dLt df}lns xs lgnDag ug{ ;lsg]5 . -*_ ;+s6sfnLg cj:yfdf lgnlDat df}lns xssf] k|rngsf] nflu ;f] cjlwdf s'g} cbfntdf lgj]bg lbg / k|Zg p7fpg kfOg] 5}g . -(_ ;+s6sfnLg cfb]z axfn /x]sf] cj:yfdf s'g} kbflwsf/Ln] sfg'g ljkl/t jf ablgot;fy s'g} sfd u/]af6 s;}nfO{ s'g} k|sf/sf] Iflt ePsf] /x]5 eg] lghn] ;f] 3f]if0ff jf cfb]z ;dfKt ePsf] ldltn] tLg dlxgfleq cfkm"nfO{ k/]sf] Iflt jfkt Ifltk'lt{sf] bfjL ug{ ;Sg]5 / bfjL dgfl;j 7x/fPdf cbfntn] plrt Ifltk"lt{ e/fO{lbg ;Sg]5 . -!)_ pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhd ul/Psf] ;+s6sfnLg cj:yfsf] 3f]if0ff jf cfb]z ;f] 3f]if0ff jf cfb]z jxfn /x];Dd /fi6kltaf6 h'g;'s} jvt klg lkmtf{ lng ;lsg]5 .

64

/fhg}lts bn ;DaGwL Joj:yf !=

@=

/fhg}lts bnnfO{ k|ltjGw nufpg aGb]hM -!_ /fhg}lts bnx?dfly k|ltjGw nufpg] u/L s'g} sfg"g jgfOg] 5}g / To:tf] k|ltaGw nufpg] u/L agfOPsf] sfg"g jf ul/Psf] s'g} Joj:yf jf lg0f{o of] ;+ljwfgsf] k|lts"n dflgg] / :jtM cdfGo x'g]5 . t/, s'g} /fhg}lts bnsf] ;b:otf k|fKt ug{ s]jn wd{, hft, hflt, efiff jf lnËsf] cfwf/df g]kfnL gful/spk/ e]befjk"0f{ aGb]h nufOPsf] jf s'g} /fhg}lts ;+u7g jf bnsf] gfd, p2]Zo, lrGx jf em08f d'n'ssf] wfld{s jf ;fDk|bflos PstfnfO{ vnn kfg{] jf d'n'snfO{ ljvl08t ug{] k|s[ltsf] jf To:tf] bnsf] ljwfg jf lgodfjnLdf lgb{nLo jf PsbnLo Joj:yfsf] ;Daw{g / ;+/If0f ug]{ p2]Zo /x]5 eg] To:tf] ;+u7g jf /fhg}lts bnnfO{ k|ltjGw nufpg] u/L sfg"g agfpg of] wf/fn] /f]s nufPsf] dflgg] 5}g . -@_ s'g} Pp6} /fhg}lts bn jf Ps} lsl;dsf] /fhg}lts ljrf/wf/f, bz{g jf sfo{qmd ePsf JolQmx¿n] dfq lgjf{rg, b]zsf] /fhg}lts k|0ffnL jf /fHo Joj:yf ;~rfngdf efu lng kfpg] jf ;lDdlnt x'g kfpg] u/L agfPsf] sfg"g, ul/Psf] s'g} Joj:yf jf lg0f{o o; ;+ljwfg k|lts"n / :jtM cdfGo x'g]5 . /fhg}lts bnsf] ¿kdf lgjf{rgsf] nflu dfGotf k|fKt ug{ btf{ u/fpg' kg{]M -!_ lgjf{rgsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu lgjf{rg cfof]uaf6 dfGotf k|fKt ug{ rfxg] k|To]s /fhg}lts bnn] lgjf{rg cfof]uåf/f lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] sfo{ljlw k"/f u/L lgjf{rg cfof]udf btf{ u/fpg' kg{]5 . o; cg';f/ btf{ gug]{ /fhg}lts bnx¿sf] gfd lgjf{rg cfof]usf] ;"rLaf6 x6fOg]5 . -@_ pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhd btf{sf] nflu lgj]bg ubf{ k|:tfj btf{ ug{ ul/Psf] /fhg}lts bnsf] ljwfg, 3f]if0ffkq / lgodfjnL k]z u/L cGo s'/fsf] cltl/Qm b]xfosf] ljj/0f v'nfpg' kg{]5M– -s_ /fhg}lts bnsf] gfd / To;sf] k|wfg sfof{no /xg] 7]ufgf, -v_ /fhg}lts bnsf] sfo{sfl/0fL ;ldlt jf ;f] ;/xsf] ;ldltsf ;b:o tyf cGo kbflwsf/Lsf] gfd / 7]ufgf, -u_ /fhg}lts bnsf] cfo;|f]tsf] sf]if / ;f] h'6fpg] ;|f]tsf] ljj/0f . -#_ pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhd btf{sf] nflu lgj]bg lb+bf s'g} klg /fhg}lts bnn] b]xfosf zt{x¿ k"/f u/]sf] x'g' kg{]5M– -s_ /fhg}lts bnsf] ljwfg / lgodfjnL nf]stflGqs x'g' k5{, -v_ /fhg}lts bnsf] ljwfg jf lgodfjnLdf sDtLdf kfFr jif{df Ps k6s ;f] bnsf k|To]s txsf kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] lgjf{rg x'g] Joj:yf x'g' k5{, -u_ ljleGg :t/sf sfo{sfl/0fL ;ldltdf dlxnf, blnt nufot pk]lIft / pTkLl8t If]qsf ;b:ox¿ ;d]t /xg] ;dfj]zL Joj:yf ul/Psf] x'g' k5{, -3_ bnsf] ljwfgdf bnsf ;b:ox¿nfO{ cg'zfl;t t'Nofpg] k|efjsf/L Joj:yf ul/Psf] x'g' k5{ . #= o; efudf n]lvPb]lv afx]s /fhg}lts bnsf] :yfkgf, btf{, dfGotf tyf cGo s'/fx¿ sfg"gdf Joj:yf eP adf]lhd x'g]5 .

65

;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg !=

;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg ubf{ ;+3Lo ;+;bsf] s'g} klg ;bgdf ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg ljw]os k|:t't ug{ ;lsg] 5 . ;+zf]wgsf] ljw]os ;+l3o ;+;bsf] b'j} ;bgaf6 s'n ;b:o ;Vofsf] b'O{ tLxfO{ jx'dtaf6 kfl/t u/L ax'dt ;+Vofdf k|fb]lzs ;efn] cg'df]bg u/]df ;+zf]wg ljw]os kfl/t ePsf] dflgg] 5.

66

ljljw != ;+j}wflgs kl/ifb\ M -!_ o; ;+ljwfg adf]lhd ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf kbflwsf/Lx?sf] lgo'lQmsf] l;kmfl/z ug{ Pp6f ;+j}wflgs kl/ifb\ x'g]5 h;df b]xfo adf]lhdsf cWoIf / ;b:ox? /xg]5g\ M– -s_ k|wfgdGqL cWoIf -v_ k|wfg GofofwLz ;b:o -u_ hg;efsf] ;efd'v ;b:o -3_ /fli6«o ;efsf cWoIf ;b:o -ª_ hg;efdf ljkIfL bnsf] g]tf ;b:o -@_ k|wfg GofofwLzsf] lgo'lQmsf] l;kmfl/z ubf{ ;+j}wflgs kl/ifb\df Gofo dGqL / ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] Ps hgf GofofwLz ;d]t ;b:osf] ?kdf /xg]5g\ . -#_ ;+j}wflgs kl/ifb\sf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ of] ;+ljwfg / cGo sfg"gåf/f lgwf{l/t eP adf]lhd x'g]5 . -$_ pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhd u7g ePsf] ;+j}wflgs kl/ifb\n] cfˆgf] sfo{ljlw cfkm} Jojl:yt ug{ ;Sg]5 . @= g]kfnL /fhb"t / ljz]if k|ltlglw M -!_ s]Gb|Lo dGqLd08nsf] lzkmf/Lzdf /fi6kltjf6 g]kfnL /fhb"t lgo'Qm x'g]5 . #= dfkmL M k|wfgdGqLsf] l;kmf/Lzdf /fi6kltaf6 h'g;'s} cbfnt, ljz]if cbfnt, ;}lgs cbfnt jf cGo s'g} Goflos, cw{ Goflos jf k|zf;sLo kbflwsf/L jf lgsfon] u/]sf] ;hfonfO{ dfkmL, d'ntaL, kl/jt{g jf sd ug{ ;lsg]5 . $= pkflw, ;Ddfg / lje"if0f M -!_ /fi6«kltaf6 /fHosf tkm{af6 lbOg] pkflw, ;Ddfg / lje"if0fx? k|bfg x'g]5g\ . -@_ g]kfn ;/sf/af6 :jLs[lt k|fKt gu/L g]kfnsf] s'g} gful/sn] s'g} b]zsf] ;/sf/af6 k|bfg ul/g] pkflw, ;Ddfg jf lje"if0f u|x0f ug{ x'Fb}g . %= lghfdlt sd{rf/L tyf k|x/L k|zf;g ;DjGwL ljz]if Joj:yf M -!_ g]kfn ;/sf/n] of] ;+ljwfg hf/L eP kl5 s]Gb| ;/sf/sf] dftfxtdf cfjZos kg]{, k|To]s k|b]z ;/sf/sf] dftfxtdf cfjZos kg]{ sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;+Vof cfsng ug]{ 5 . -@_ o;/L ;+Vof Plsg u/LP kl5 xfn sfo{/t hgky k|x/L / lghfdlt sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ s]Gb| jf k|b]z dWo] s'g} Ps :yfg 5gf}6 ug{ / k|b]z 5gf}6 u/LPsf] eP s'g k|b]z /xg] xf] ;f] ;DjGwdf /f]Hg] cj;/ lbO{g] 5 . -#_ o;/L /f]Hg cj;/ lbPsf]df cg'dfltg ;+Vof gk'u ePdf yk egf{ ug]{ / jl9 ePdf sfg"g jdf]lhd s6f}lt ug]{ jf gk'u ePsf] k|b]zdf :yfgfGt/0f ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfOg] 5 . ^= ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf kbflwsf/Lx?sf] ;'g'jfO{ / gful/stf ;DaGwL Joj:yf M -!_ o; ;+ljwfg adf]lhd ;+j}wflgs kl/ifb\sf] l;kmfl/;df lgo'Qm x'g] ;+j}wflgs kb tyf ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf Gofoflwz / /fhb't\sf] kbdf lgo'lQm k"j{ lghx?sf] sfg"gdf Joj:yf eP adf]lhd ;+;bLo ;'g'jfO{ x'g]5 . -@_ o; ;+ljwfg adf]lhd lgo'Qm x'g] ;+j}wflgs kbx?df hGd jf j+zhsf gftfn] g]kfnsf] gful/s ePsf] JolQm jf cËLs[t gful/stf k|fKt u/L sDtLdf lj; jif{ g]kfndf a;f]af; u/]sf] JolQm dfq lgo'lQmsf] nflu of]Uo dflgg]5 . 67

&= ;lGw jf ;Demf}tfsf] cg'df]bg, ;lDdng, :jLs[lt jf ;dy{g M -!_ g]kfn /fHo jf g]kfnsf] ;/sf/ kIf x'g] ;lGw jf ;Demf}tfx?sf] cg'df]bg, ;lDdng, :jLs[lt jf ;dy{g sfg"gåf/f lgwf{l/t eP adf]lhd x'g]5 . -@_ pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhd sfg"g agfpFbf c? s'/fsf cltl/Qm b]xfosf ljifosf ;lGw jf ;Demf}tfx?sf] cg'df]bg, ;lDdng, :jLs[lt jf ;dy{g ;+;bsf] b'j} ;bgsf] ;+o'Qm a}7sdf pkl:yt ;b:ox?sf] b'O–{ ltxfO ax'dtn] ug'{kg]{ zt{ /flvg]5 M– -s_ zflGt / d}qL -v_ ;'/Iff Pj+ ;fdl/s ;DaGw -u_ g]kfn /fHosf]l;dfgf / -3_ k|fs[lts ;|f]t tyf To;sf] pkof]usf] afF8kmfF8 . t/ v08 -s_ / -3_ df pNn]lvt ljifosf ;lGw jf ;Demf}tfx? dWo] /fi6«nfO{ Jofks, uDeL/ jf bL3{sfnLg c;/ gkg]{ ;fwf/0f k|s[ltsf ;lGw jf ;Demf}tfx?sf] cg'df]bg, ;lDdng, :jLs[lt jf ;dy{g hg ;efsf] a}7sdf pkl:yt ;b:ox?sf] ;fwf/0f ax'dtaf6 x'g ;Sg]5 . -#_ of] ;+ljwfg k|f/De ePkl5 x'g] s'g} ;lGw jf ;Demf}tf o; wf/f adf]lhd cg'df]bg, ;lDdng, :jLs[lt jf ;dy{g geP;Dd g]kfnsf] ;/sf/ jf g]kfn /fHosf]xsdf nfu" ePsf] dflgg] 5}g . -$_ pkwf/f -!_ / -@_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg g]kfn /fHosf] k|fb]lzs cv08tfdf k|lts"n c;/ kg]{ u/L s'g} ;lGw jf ;Demf}tf ul/g] 5}g . (= cfof]usf] u7g M != dlxnf, blnt, ls;fg, ckfË, cflbjf;L hghflt, t/fO{sf cflbjf;L yf?, d]w]zL, d'l:nd, o"jf, afnaflnsf / lk5l8Psf ;d'bfo nufotsf hflt If]qsf] xs lxtsf] ;+/If0f / k|j4{g ug{ :jtGq / ;Ifd cfof]ux?sf] u7g ul/g]5 . @= pBf]u sn–sf/vfgsf] ;' ;+rfng / dhb'/x?sf] xs lxtsf] ;+/If0f / ;Daw{gsf] nflu /fli6«o >d cfof]u u7g ul/g]5 . !)= hgdt ;+u|x ;DaGwL Joj:yf M /fli6«o dxTjsf] s'g} ljifodf hgdt ;+u|xaf6 lg0f{oaf6 cfjZos 5 egL ;+3Lo b'j} ;bgdf tTsfn sfod /x]sf ;Dk"0f{ ;b:o ;+Vofsf] b'O{ ltxfO{ ;b:ox?sf] ax'dtaf6 lg0f{o u/]df To:tf] ljifodf hgdt ;+u|xaf6 lg0f{o lng ;lsg]5 . !!= pRr :t/Lo cg'udg ;ldltsf] u7g ;DaGwL Joj:yf M ;+j}wflgs c+ux?sf] sfd–sfjf{xLnfO{ k|efjsf/L, hgtfk|lt hjfb]xL, pQ/bfoL / kf/bzL{ agfpgsf] lglDt cg'udg ug{ ;+3Lo ;+;bsf] b'j} ;bgaf6 lgjf{lrt Ps pRr :t/Lo cg'udg ;ldltsf] u7g ul/g]5 . !@= afwf c8sfp km'sfpg] clwsf/ M of] ;+ljwfg sfof{lGjt ug{ s'g} afwf c8sfp k/]df To:tf] afwf c8sfp km'sfpg] clwsf/ /fi6kltnfO{ x'g] 5 . /fi6kltn] o; ;DjGwdf hf/L u/]sf] cfb]z hg;efsf] b'O{ ltxfO{ jx'dtsf] pk:yLt eO{ ;f]sf] jx'dtjf6 cg'df]bg eP kl5 sfo{Gjog x'g] 5 . !#= ;dfj]zLs/0f ;DjGwL Joj:yf M != s]Gb|, k|b]z tyf :yflgo ;/sf/sf] txdf ;dfg txdf Ps eGbf jl9 kbx? /xL lgjf{lrt x'g] kbx?df / lgo'lQmx'g] kbdf jlu{o, hflto, If]lqo tyf ln8\uLo ;dfj]zLs/0f u/Lg] 5 . ;dfj]zLs/0f ;DjGwL Joj:yf P]g4f/f lgwf{/0f u/Lg] 5 . 68

@= #= $=

k|b]z tyf :yflgo lgsfon] ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] lglt cjnDjg ubf{ ;f] k|b]z tyf :yflgo ;/sf/sf] If]qsf hg;+Vofdf klxnf] / b]f>f] lx:;f cf]u6\g] ;d'bfo jfx]ssf] ;d'bfonfO{ ;dfj]zLs/0f u/Lg] 5 . o; ;lDjwfgsf] cGo k|fjwfgx?df h] ;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] ePtfklg ;dfj]zLs/0f P]g 4f/f lgwf{/0f u/LPsf] Joj:Yff :jt ;+ljwfgdf k/]sf] dfgL sfo{Gjog x'g]5 . ;dfj]zLs/0f ;DjGwL lglt k|To]s bz jif{df k'g/fjnf]sg u/Lg] 5 / qmdz v'nf k|lt:kwf{sf] cfwf/ If]q lj:tf/ ug]{ lglt lnO{g] 5 .

69

kl/efiff / JofVof !=

kl/efiff / JofVof M -!_ ljifo jf k|;Ën] csf]{ cy{ gnfu]df o; ;+ljwfgdf – -s_ æwf/fÆ eGgfn] of] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f ;Demg' k5{ -v_ æg]kfnÆ eGgfn] g]kfn clw/fHo ;Demg' k5{ -u_ ægful/sÆ eGgfn] g]kfnsf] gful/s ;Demg' k5{ -3_ æljw]osÆ eGgfn] ;+;bdf k]z ePsf] P]gsf] d:of}bfnfO{ ;Demg' k5{ -ª_ æ;dfj]bgÆ eGgfn] lgj]bg k]z ug]{ JolQmsf] ;xL k/]sf] lnvt ;Demg' k5{ -r_ ækfl/>ldsÆ eGgfn] tna, eQf, lgj[lQe/0f / cGo s'g} lsl;dsf] kfl/>lds ;d]t ;Demg' k5{ . -@_ ljifo jf k|;Ën] csf]{ cy{ gnfu]df o; ;+ljwfgdf JoQm ePsf s'/fx?sf] cwLgdf /xL g]kfn sfg"g JofVof ;DaGwL P]g, @)!) g]kfn sfg"gsf] JofVofdf nfu" eP ;/x o; ;+ljwfgsf] JofVofdf klg nfu" x'g]5 .

70

;+qmd0fsfnLg Joj:yf != @=

#=

$=

%=

^=

dlGqkl/ifb\ ;DaGwL Joj:yfM of] ;+ljwfg k|f/De x'Fbfsf avt sfod /x]sf] dlGqkl/ifb\ o;} ;+ljwfg cGtu{t u7g ePsf] dflgg]5 . ;+ljwfg ;efn] ;+;bsf] sfd ug]{ M -!_ of] ;+ljwfg hf/L x'gf;fy o; ;+ljwfg ;ef g} ;+;bdf k/L0ft x'g]5 . / o; ;+ljwfg jdf]lhd b'j} ;bgn] ;Dkfbg ug]{ sfo{ o;} ;efn] ug]{ 5 . -@_ of] ;+ljwfg hf/L x'Fbfsf avt sfod /x]sf] ;+;b ;lrjfno / ;f] ;lrjfnodf sfo{/t kbflwsf/L / sd{rf/L o;} ;+ljwfg adf]lhd sf] ;+;b ;lrjfno / lgo'lQm ePsf kbflwsf/L / sd{rf/L dflgg]5g\ . Gofokflnsf ;DaGwL Joj:yfM of] ;+ljwfg k|f/De x'Fbfsf avt sfod /x]sf ;jf]{Rr cbfnt, k'g/fj]bg cbfnt / lhNnf cbfntx¿ o;} ;+ljwfg adf]lhd :yfkgf ePsf] ;jf]{Rr cbfnt, k|b]z cbfnt / lhNnf cbfntx¿ dflgg]5 / of] ;+ljwfg k|f/De x'g' cl3 bfo/ ePsf d'2fx¿ tt\ tt\ cbfntaf6 lg¿k0f ug{ of] ;+ljwfgn] jfwf k'¥ofPsf] dflgg] 5}g . k|b]z ;/sf/sf] u7g M != of] ;+ljwfg hf/L eP kl5 dlGq k/Lifbjf6 ;j} k|b]zsfnfuL k|b]wfWoIf / d'lVtof/sf] lgo'lQm u/L k7fO{g] 5 . @= o;/L lgo'Qm ePsf kbflwsf/Ln] ;f] k|b]zsf /fhg}lts bn;+uk/fdz{ u/L cGt/Ld k|b]z ;/sf/ u7g x'g] 5 . #= o;/L ul7t k|b]z ;/sf/n] u7g ePsf] ldtLn] ( dlxgf leq k|b]z tyf :yflgo ;efsf] lgjf{rg u/L ;Sg' kg]{ 5 . $= k|b]z ;ef jf :yflgo ;ef u7g geP ;Dd s]Gb|n] jgfPsf] sfg"g jdf]lhd k|b]zsf] sfo{ ;+rfng x'g] 5 . ;+j}wflgs lgsfo / kbflwsf/Lx¿ ;DaGwL Joj:yfM -!_ of] ;+ljwfg k|f/De x'Fbfsf avt sfod /x]sf ;+j}wflgs lgsfo / kbflwsf/Lx¿ dWo] o; ;+ljwfgdf pNn]v gul/Psf ;+j}wflgs lgsfo / kbflwsf/Lx¿ of] ;+ljwfg k|f/De ePkl5 sfod /xg] 5}gg\ . -@_ of] ;+ljwfg k|f/De x'Fbfsf avt sfod /x]sf ;+j}wflgs lgsfox¿ o;} ;+ljwfg adf]lhd :yfkgf ePsf] dflgg] 5g\ / k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd tL lgsfox¿df ljrf/fwLg /x]sf ljifox¿nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg o; ;+ljwfgn] jfwf k'¥ofPsf] dflgg] 5}g . ;+j}wflgs c+u / ltgsf kbflwsf/Lx¿nfO{ nf]stflGqs d"No dfGotf cg'¿k ;'wf/ ub}{ n}hfg cfjZos sfg"gL Joj:yf ul/g]5 . jt{dfg sfg"g nfu" /xg]M -!_ ljwfg ;ef tyf Joj:yfkLs ;+;båf/f eP u/]sf lg0f{o / sfd sf/afxL of] ;+ljwfg;Fu gaflemPsf] xb;Dd o;} ;+ljwfg adf]lhd eP u/]sf] dflgg]5g\ . -@_ of] ;+ljwfg nfu" x'Fbfsf avt sfod /x]sf sfg"gx¿ vf/]h of ;+zf]wg geP;Dd sfod /xg]5g\ . t/ of] ;+ljwfg;Fu aflemPsf] sfg"g of] ;+ljwfg k|f/De ePsf] tLg dlxgfkl5 aflemPsf] xb;Dd :jtM cdfGo x'g]5 .

71

;+lIfKt gfd, k|f/De / vf/]hL ;+lIfKt gfd / k|f/De M -!_ of] ;+ljwfgnfO{ æu0ftGq g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)^&Æ elgg] 5 . -@_ of] ;+ljwfg ;Djt\ b'O{xhf/ ;t;¶L h]i7 rf}w ut]jf6 k|f/De x'g]5 . -#_ of] ;+ljwfg hf/L eP kl5 g]kfnsf] cGt/Ld ;+ljwfg @)^# vf/]h x'g] 5 / ;f] ;+ljwfg jdf]lhd eP u/]sf] sfd o;} ;Djwfg jdf]lhd ePsf] dflgg] 5 .

72

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74