Community Led Total Sanitation Toolkit

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d'bfodf ;/;kmfO k|jw{gsf nflu g]kfndf ;/sf/L Pj+ u}/;/sf/L If]qaf6 ljleGg sfo{ x'bF } cfPsf 5g\ . vf;u/L rkL{ lgdf{0f / k|of]usf nflu ;d'bfosf ;b:ox?nfO{ ljleGg k|sf/sf] ;x'lnot lbOg] ul/Psf] 5 eg] r]tgfd"ns sfo{qmdx?sf dfWodaf6 klg ;/;kmfO k|jw{gsf k|of;x? eO/x]sf 5g\ .

dg}n] plrt 7x¥ofPsf] s'/fnfO{ /fd|/L / lbuf] u/L u|x0f ug]{ dfgjLo :jefj xf] . dflg;sf] oxL :jefjnfO{ dWogh/ u/L ;d'bfosf dflg;x?nfO{ ‘;/;kmfO cfˆgf nflu xf]' eGg] efjgf hufO{ pgLx?af6 g} k|efjsf/L ;/;kmfO sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{ ;xhLs/0f ug]{ k4ltsf] ljsf; ul/Psf] 5, h;nfO{ ‘;d'bfosf] cu'jfOdf ;~rflnt k"0f{ ;/;kmfO k4lt (CLTS)' elgG5 . xfn o; k4ltnfO{ ;|ft] s]Gb| g]kfn ;~hfn (RCNN) sf ;b:o ;+:yfx?n] klg cjnDag ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ . dflg;df kof{Kt r]tgf hfu/0f gul/sg ;~rfng ul/Psf ljsf; k|of;x? lbuf] / k|efjsf/L x'bF g} g\ eGg] s'/f ljutsf ljsf; k|of;x?af6 l;4 eO;s]sf 5g\ . To;}n] dflg;df r]tgf hfu/0f / sfo{qmdk|lt ckgTj hufpg' dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . of] k'l:tsf ;d'bfodf sfo{/t :jf:Yo pTk|/] s, :jf:Yo / ;/;kmfO sfo{stf{ tyf of] k4lt cjnDag ug{ rfxg] ;d'bfosf cu'jfx?nfO{ cfˆgf] ;d'bfodf k"0f{ ;/;kmfO k4lt nfu" ug]{ l;nl;nfdf ;xhLs/0f ug{ ;3fp k'¥ofpgsf nflu tof/ kfl/Psf] xf] . o;n] ;DalGwt JolQmx?nfO{ o; cjwf/0ffsf af/]df /fd|/L a'‰g / ;d'bfo txdf o;sf ljlwx? nfu" ug{ ;3fp k'¥ofpg] ljZjf; lnOPsf] 5 .

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d| f ] b] z df ;/;kmfOsf] cj:yf Hofb} gfh' s 5 . xfn;Dd hg;+Vofsf] $@ k|ltzt dflg;x?n] dfq rkL{ k|of]u ug]{ u/]sf 5g\ -g]kfn hg;f+lVos :jf:Yo ;e]I{ f0f @))^_ . rkL{h:tf] cfwf/e"t ;/;kmfOsf nflu geOgx'g] ;'ljwfsf] cefjn] dflg;nfO{ cg]sk|sf/sf /f]uJoflw nfUg] u5{g,\ h;af6 w]/} dflg;x?sf] csfndf d[To' x'g] ub{5 . g]kfn ;/sf/sf] cg'dfgcg';f/ xfd|f] b]zdf ;/;kmfOsf] sdLn] nfUg] /f]uJoflwsf] cf}ifwf]krf/ ubf{, la/fdL eP/ sfd ug{ g;s]/ v]/ hfg] lbgx? / la/fdLsf] :ofxf/ ;';f/ ubf{ nfUg] ;dosf] ;d]t lx;fa ug]{ xf] eg] Ps jif{df !) ca{ ?k}ofF;Dd vr{ x'g] u/]sf] 5 . o'lg;]kmsf cg';f/ ;/;kmfOsf] sdLn] ubf{ nfUg] /f]uaf6 a;]g{ L kfFr jif{ pd]/ gk'us ] f !# xhf/ afnaflnsfx?sf] d[To' x'g] ub{5 . of] s'g} klg dxfdf/L jf k|fs[lts ljklQn] k'¥ofpg] xfgLeGbf klg a9L xf] . t/ o:tf] l:ylt eOsg klg cem;Dd g]kfndf ;/;kmfO /fHo / gful/s b'js } f] k|fyldstfsf] ;"lrdf kg{ ;s]sf] 5}g . g]kfn ;/sf/n] a;]g{ L ljlgof]hg ug]{ u/]sf] ah]6df ;/;kmfOsf nflu 5'§} ah]6sf] th'd { f ul/Psf] 5}g . ;/;kmfO;DaGwL r]tgfsf] cefjn] ubf{ dflg;x?n] o;sf] dxTj a'‰g ;s]sf 5}gg\ . log} sf/0fx?n] ubf{ xfd|f] b]zsf] ;/;kmfOsf] cj:yf bogLo ePsf] xf] . Psflt/ ;/;kmfOsf] cj:yf o:tf] 5 eg] csf{lt/ ;+oQ ' m /fi6« ;+3n] lj=;+ @)&! ;Dddf ljZjel/ ;/;kmfOsf] ;'ljwf gkfPsf dflg;x?sf] ;+Vof 36fO{ cfwf sd ug]{ nIo lnPsf] 5, h;nfO{ ;/;kmfO;DaGwL ;x;|fAbL nIo elgG5 . g]kfnn] klg of] nIo k"/f ug]{ k|lta4tf hgfO;s]sf] 5 . g]kfn ;/sf/n] t of]eGbf klg 7"nf] nIo lnPsf] 5, Tof] xf] lj=;+= @)&# ;Dddf ;Dk"0f{ g]kfnLnfO{ ;/;kmfOsf] 1

;'ljwf pknAw u/fpg] . t/ ;/;kmfOsf If]qdf ePsf] sfd, o;sf nflu 5'6o \ fOg] ;|ft] ;fwg / sfd ug]{ tf}/tl/sf cflbnfO{ x]bf{ oL nIox? ;dod} k"/f ug{ w]/} d]xg] t / nufgL ug'k{ g]{ b]lvG5 .

;d'bfosf] cu'jfOdf ;~rflnt k"0f{ ;/;kmfO sfo{qmd s] xf] < ;d'bfosf] cu'jfOdf ;~rflnt k"0f{ ;/;kmfO k4ltn] ;d'bfodf ;/;kmfO;DaGwL ;'ljwf / cfgLafgLnfO{ ztk|ltzt, lbuf] / ;j{JofkL agfpg] lbzfdf sfo{ ub{5 . o;n] ;d'bfosf dflg;x?nfO{ pgLx?s} cu'jfOdf ljz]if k|sf/sf] pTk|/] 0ff hufO{ aflx/L ;+:yfx?n] rkL{ lgdf{0fh:tf sfddf lbg] ef}lts cg'bfg lagf g} 3/–3/df rkL{ agfP/ k|of]u u/L ;/;kmfOo'Qm jftfj/0fdf a:g clek|l] /t ub{5 . ;d'bfosf] cu'jfOdf ;~rflnt k"0f{ ;/;kmfO k4ltsf] cjwf/0ff aËnfb]zaf6 ;'? ePsf] xf] . of] k4ltnfO{ ckgfP/ a+unfb]zsf s}of}+ ;d'bfox? k"0f{ ;/;kmfOo'Qm ;d'bfosf ?kdf kl/0ft eO;s]sf 5g\ / a+unfb]zsf] ;/;kmfOsf] l:yltdf klg w]/} g} ;'wf/ cfPsf] 5 . o;} k4ltsf] k|of]uaf6 a+unfb]zn] cfufdL ;g\ @)!) ;Dddf ;Dk"0f{ b]zjf;LnfO{ cfwf/e"t ;/;kmfOsf ;'ljwfx? pknAw u/fO;Sg] nIo;d]t lnPsf] 5 . ;/;kmfO k|jw{g ug{ cToGt ;kmn ;flat ePsf] of] k4lt ' df nf]slk|o ePsf] 5 . cfhef]ln Plzof / clk|msf dxfb]zsf ljleGg d'ns

cg'bfgn] k"0f{ ;/;kmfO cleofgdf s;/L afwf k'¥ofp“5 < ;/;kmfO k|jw{gsf nflu ljleGg ;+3 ;+:yfx?n] nfdf] ;do;Dd k|of; u/] klg cfzf u/]cg';f/sf] pknlAw xfl;n x'g g;s]sf] b]lvof] . cg'bfg lbP/ rkL{ agfpg] kl/kf6Ln] klg rkL{ k|of]udf pNn]Vo ?kdf j[l4 x'g ;s]g . xfn;Ddsf] cg'ejdf cg'bfgd'vL sfo{qmdsf lgDglnlvt sdhf]/Lx? b]vf k/] M
cg'bfgn] rkL{sf] ;Dk"0f{ vr{ Joxf]g{ ;Sb}g
rkL{ agfpg] cg'bfg kfOG5 eGg] cfzfdf /fd|f] aGbf]a:t ePsf kl/jf/x? klg nfdf] ;do;Dd rkL{ gagfO{ a:5g\
dflg;x?n] cg'bfg kfP/ rkL{ agfP klg pgLx?sf] ;/;kmfO;DaGwL cfgLafgL kl/jt{g gePsf] kfOPsf] 5
cg'bfgaf6 agfPsf] rkL{df dflg;x?sf] ckgTj / :jfldTj af]w gx'gfn] T\ o;sf] plrt k|of]u gx'g] ;+efjgf /lx/xG5 2

d'bfosf] cu'jfOdf ;~rflnt k"0f{ ;/;kmfO k4ltn] ;/;kmfO sfo{qmdnfO{ lbuf] / k|efjsf/L agfpg dflg;x?sf] ;/;kmfO;DaGwL cfgLafgLdf ;sf/fTds kl/jt{g Nofpg hf]8 lbG5 . o; sfo{qmdsf cfwf/e"t l;4fGt o;k|sf/ /x]sf 5g\ M–
;d'bfosf v'Nnf 7fpFdf lb;flk;fa ul/+b}g .
;/;kmfOo'Qm rkL{sf] plrt k|of]u ul/G5 .
cg'bfgd'vL sfo{qmdn] dflg;df c?sf] d'v tfSg] afgL a9fpg] ePsfn] o; k4ltcGtu{t rkL{ lgdf{0fsf nflu s'g} klg k|sf/sf] cg'bfg lbOFb}g, ;d'bfosf k|To]s ;b:osf] ;lqmo of]ubfg / ;xeflutfnfO{ dxTj lbOG5 .
;d'bfosf] Pp6} dfq 3/n] klg rkL{ k|of]u gu/]sf] v08df ;d'bfo kmf]xf]/d'Qm x'Fb}g . To;}n] o; k4ltn] ;d'bfosf ;Dk"0f{ 3/kl/jf/nfO{ g} ;/;kmfO cleofgdf ;l/s u/fpg hf]8 lbG5 .
;d'bfosf dflg;x?sf] cfly{s :t/ leGg leGg x'g] ePsfn] cfk"mn] wfGg ;Sg] vfnsf] rkL{ lgdf{0fsf nflu o; k4lt cGtu{t ;d'bfosf ;b:ox?nfO{ rkL{x?sf] ljsNk lbOG5 .
:yfgLo k|ljlw, ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] k|of]udf hf]8 lbOG5 .
;d'bfonfO{ ;/;kmfOsf] cfjZostf dxz'; u/fOG5 .
;d'bfon] g} of]hgf th'{df, sfof{Gjog, cg'udg / d"NofÍg ub{5 .
rkL{sf] ;+Vofsf cfwf/df geO{ v'Nnf ?kdf lb;f gug]{ ;d'bfosf] afgL Jojxf/nfO{ cg'udgsf] ;"rs dflgG5 .
lbuf]kgsf nflu pkef]Qmf ;ldlt tyf :yfgLo lgsfox?;Fusf] ;xof]u / ;dGjonfO{ hf]8 lbOG5 .
o; k4ltcg'?ksf sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{ :yfgLo afl;GbfnfO{ kl/rfng u/L c? ;d'bfox?df o;sf] cg's/0f ug{ u/fpg :yfgLo ?kdf g} o;;DaGwL ;xhstf{ Pj+ g]t[Tjsf] ljsf; ug{ hf]8 lbOG5 .

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;d'bfosf] cu'jfOdf ;~rflnt k"0f{ ;/;kmfO sfo{qmd / k/Dk/fut -cg'bfgd'vL_ ;/;kmfO sfo{qmdaLr leGgtf k/Dk/fut ?kdf ;~rflnt cg'bfgd'vL ;/;kmfO sfo{qmd / ;d'bfosf] cu'jfOdf ;~rflnt k"0f{ ;/;kmfO k4ltcg'?k ;~rflnt sfo{qmdsf] sfo{ ;~rfng k|lqmofdf b]lvPsf cfwf/e"t leGgtfx? o;k|sf/ 5g\ M k/Dk/fut -cg'bfgd'v ' L_ ;/;kmfO sfo{qmd

;d'bfosf] cu'jfOdf ;~rflnt k"0f{ ;/;kmfO sfo{qmd

rkL{ lgdf{0fdf cg'bfg lbOG5

pkef]Qmfn] cfˆg} ;|f]t ;fwgsf] k|of]u u/L rkL{ agfpF5g\

;d'bfodf rkL{sf] ;+Vof u0fgf ul/G5

v'Nnf 7fpFdf lb;f gug]{ ;d'bfosf] u0fgf ul/G5

sfdsf] yfngL cg'bfg lbP/ x'G5

;d' b fosf] r] t gf clej[ l 4 u/L pgL cfTd;DdfgnfO{ k|jw{g u/]/ sfd ;'? x'G5

v'Nnf 7fpFdf lb;f ug]{ afgL sfod} /xG5

v'Nnf 7fpFdf lb;f ug]{ afgL x6\5, -v'Nnf 7fpFdf lb;f ug]{nfO{ hl/jfgf ul/G5_

;d'bfosf ;Ifd / OR5's JolQmn] dfq rkL{ ;d'bfosf ;a} ;b:on] Ifdtfcg';f/sf rkL{ lgdf{0f u/L plrt k|of]u u/]sf] ;'lglZrt lgdf{0f u5{g\ ul/G5 rkL{ lgdf{0f sfo{ l9nf] x'G5 rkL{ lgdf{0f tyf k|of]u l56f] ul/G5 sfo{qmdsf] lbuf]kgfnfO{ sd Wofg lbOG5

;/;kmfOsf] lbuf]kgfnfO{ ljz]if hf]8 lbOG5

sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogdf aflx/L ;+:yfsf] e"ldsf sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogsf ;a} r/0fdf ;d'bfosf] a9L x'G5 k|ToIf ;++nUgtf x'G5 ;/;kmfOnfO{ ;fdflhs k|lti7fsf] ljifo rkL{ lgdf{0f, k|of]u tyf ;/;kmfO;DaGwL agfOFb}g cfgLafgLnfO{ ;fdflhs OHht dflgG5 :yfgLo JolQmx?sf] kl/rfng cfof]hgf :yfgLo ?kdf g]t[Tjsf] ljsf; ul/G5 cjlw;Dd dfq ;Lldt x'G5 afnaflnsf, dlxnf ;d" x tyf :yfgLo afnaflnsf, dlxnf ;d"x tyf :yfgLo df}lns ;d"xx?sf] lg0ff{os e"ldsf dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 ;d"xx?;Fu s'g} ;xof]usf] cfzf ul/+b}g

4

g]kfndf lj=;+= @)^) b]lv ;d'bfosf] cu'jfOdf ;~rflnt k"0f{ ;/;kmfO sfo{qmdsf] yfngL ePsf] xf] . a+unfb]zsf sltko ;d'bfox?df ;d'bfosf] cu'jfOdf ;~rflnt k"0f{ ;/;kmfO cleofgn] kfPsf] ;kmntfaf6 k|l] /t eP/ vfg]kfgL / ;/;kmfO k|jg{ sf If]qdf nfdf] ;dob]lv sfo{/t g]jfn] wflbª lhNnfsf] sfsL{8fF8f, df]/ª lhNnfsf] 8'd]| Pstf rf]s tyf uf]vf{ lhNnfsf] ef]nd{] f k/LIf0fsf ?kdf of] sfo{qmdsf nflu ;xhLs/0f u/]sf] lyof] . df]/ª lhNnfsf] 8'd]| Pstf rf]s g]kfnsf] klxnf] v'Nnf ?kdf lb;f gug]{ ;d'bfo 3f]if0ff ePsf] lyof] . xfn vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO If]qdf sfo{/t s[lif cg';Gwfg tyf ljsf; ;dfh, ECARDS, u|fdL0f vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO r]tgf k|j4{g ;dfh RUWSAPS, u|fdL0f r]tgf tyf ljsf; ;+:yf g]kfn RADO, PsLs[t ljsf; ;dfh IDS, u|fdL0f k'glgdf{0f g]kfn (RRN), jftfj/0f tyf hg:jf:Yo ;+:yf (ENPHO), cflb ;+:yfn] ;d'bfosf] cu'jfOdf ;~rflnt k"0f{ ;/;kmfO sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul//x]sf 5g\ / ;/;kmfO;DaGwL /fli6«o nIo xfl;n ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofO/x]sf 5g\ . oL sfo{qmdx? ;+rfngsf nflu jf6/P8 g]kfn, Knfg g]kfn, o'Pg Xoffla6\of6 cflb ;+:yfn] cfly{s ;xof]u pknAw u/fpFb} cfPsf 5g\ .

sfof{Gjog k|lqmof ;d'bfosf] cu'jfOdf ;/;kmfO sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{sf nflu ;j{ky | d ;d'bfosf ;b:ox?;Fu 3'nldn eO{ ;~rfng ug{ nfluPsf] sfo{qmdsf] p2]Zodfly k|sfz kfg]{ sfd ul/G5 . o;}u/L s'g} klg cg'bfg glbOsg ;d'bfos} cu'jfOdf of] sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug's { f] sf/0f k|i6 kfg]{ sfd ul/G5 . ;d'bfosf ;b:ox?n] sfo{qmdsf] p2]Zo a'em] kl5 v'Nnf 7fpFdf lb;flk;fa ubf{ pgLx?n] s] s:tf]

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;d:of ef]lu/x]sf 5g\ / To;n] s] s:tf] c;/ k'¥ofO/x]sf] 5 eGg] s'/fsf] af]w u/fpg OlUg;g lk=cf/=P= ljlw ckgfOG5 .

OlUg;g lk=cf/=P= ljlw -;d'bfosf] ;/;kmfOsf] cj:yfsf] ljZn]if0f_ cFuh ]| L efiffdf ‘OlUg;g’ eGg] zAbsf] cy{ ‘lemNsf] kfg'’'{ xf] . ;xeflutfTds u|fdL0f n]vfhf]vf (PRA) ljlwnfO{ s]xL kl/dfh{g u/L dflg;sf] 1fg tyf Jojxf/df tTsfn kl/jt{g Nofpg dflg;sf] dgdf r]tgfsf] lemNsf] kfg]{ sfd ul/g]] x'gfn] o;nfO{ ‘OlUg;g lkcf/P’ elgPsf] xf] . ;d'bfonfO{ pgLx?s} ;+nUgtf / ;lqmotfdf rkL{ agfP/ k|of]u ug{] tyf ;/;kmfO;DaGwL afgL Jojxf/df ;sf/fTds kl/jt{g Nofpg] sfddf pTk|l] /t ug{sf nflu of] ljlw ckgfOG5 . o; ljlwn] dflg;sf] dgdf kl/jt{g NofO{ k/Dk/fut ;f]rfO{nfO{ TofuL gofF lx;fan] ;f]Rg afWo u/fpF5 . o; cGtu{t lgDglnlvt k|lqmof ckgfOG5 M

;xhstf{nfO{ ;Nnfx





OlUg;g lkcf/P ;~rfngsf nflu Ps hgf d'Vo ;xhstf{ / Ps hgf ;xfos ;xhstf{sf] cfjZostf kb{5 . o;dWo] Ps hgfn] lb;f ;lxtsf] ;/;kmfO gS;f tof/ ug]{ sfddf ;d'bfosf ;b:ox?nfO{ ;xof]u ug{ ;S5g\ eg] csf{ JolQmn] ;d'bfosf dflg;x?n] af]n]sf s'/fx? l6kf]6 u5{g\ . lb;fsf] n]vfhf]vf, ;/;kmfO ug{ JoQm u/]sf k|lta4tf cflb ;d'bfosf ;b:ox?nfO{ g} n]Vg nufpg' kb{5 . ;d'bfosf] cu'jfOdf ;~rflnt k"0f{ ;/;kmfO sfo{qmdsf] ;'?b]lvsf lqmofsnfkx?df :yfgLo lgsfo;Fu lg/Gt/ ;dGjo u/L pgLx?nfO{ o; k|lqmofdf a9LeGbf a9L ;+nUg u/fpg' kb{5 .

OlUg;g eg]sf] Pslbgsf] dfq k|lqmof xf]Og . h'g lqmofsnfkn] dflg;sf] dgdlitisdf k|efj kfb{5, Tof] g} p;sf nflu OlUg;g xf] .

6

;/dk"0f{ lx“8fO M ;d' b fosf ;b:ox? / ;xhLs/0f ug]{ ;+:yfsf k|ltlglwx?n] ;d'bfosf] v'Nnf 7fpFdf lb;f ug]{ :yfgsf] ;fd"lxs ?kdf e|d0f ug]{ sfo{nfO{ ;/dk"0f{ lxF8fO{ elgG5 . cfk"mn] v'nf 7fpFdf lb;f u/]sf] aflx/L dflg;n] b]Vbf ;d'bfosf ;d'bfosf dflg;x? ;xhstf{x?;Fu v'Nnf dflg;x?nfO{ nfh -z/d_ 7fpFdf ul/Psf] lb;fsf] vf]hL ub}{ nfuL rkL{ agfpg' kg]{ /x]5 eGg] efjgf ljsf; u/fpg of] ljlwn] w]/} d2t ub{5 . v'Nnf 7fpFdf lb;f ug]{ :yfg x]g{] qmddf ;d'bfon] ;xhstf{nfO{ ;se/ l56f] l56f] lxF8fpg] sf]lz; ug{ ;S5g\, t/ ;xhstf{n] lb;f gb]vs ] f] efg ub}{ ToxLF pleP/ 5nkmn ug'k{ b{5 . 5nkmndf ‘of] 7fpFdf lb;f ug{ dlxnf cfpF5g\ ls k'?if <’ ‘of] s;sf] lb;f xf]nf t <’ cflb k|Zg ;f]Wg ;lsG5 . o;n] pgLx?nfO{ rkL{d} lb;f ug'k{ g]{ /x]5 eGg] af]w x'g yfN5 . ;xhstf{n] pQm 7fpFsf] lj:t[t cjnf]sg ub}{ ljleGg k|sf/sf] xfpefpaf6 pgLx¿sf] dgdf v'Nnf 7fpFdf lb;f ug'{ nfh nfUg] s'/f] /x]5 eGg] af]w u/fpg sf]lzz ug'k{ 5{ . lb;f;lxtsf] ;/;kmfO ;fdflhs gS;f ;d'bfosf dflg;x? w]/h } ;f] sxfF lb;f ug{ hfFbf /x]5g\ eGg] s'/fsf] ;lhn}l;t klxrfg ug{sf nflu pgLx?sf] ;xeflutfdf v'Nnf 7fpFdf lb;f ug{ hfg] :yfgnfO{ s]lGb|t u/L ;d'bfosf] lb;f ;lxtsf] ;fdflhs gS;f agfOFb} gS;f agfpg] ljlwnfO{ 7

;xhstf{nfO{ ;Nnfx OlUg;g lkcf/P ubf{ Wofg lbg'kg]{ s'/fx?
OlUg;g lkcf/P ;~rfng ug'{ cl3 ;d'bfosf] /xg;xg, cfgLafgL;Fu kl/lrt x'g], pgLx?;Fu 5nnkmn ug]{ / 3'nldn x'g] .
;d'bfosf dlxnf, k'?if tyf afnaflnsfnfO{ ;fydf lnO{ :yfgLo ?kdf kfOg] afF;, lgufnf], ;G7L cflbsf] k|of]u u/]/ kx]+nf] sfuhsf] em08f agfpg nufpg] .
;d'bfosf k|To]s 3/sf dlxnf, k'¿if, j[4–j[4f, afnaflnsfx¿sf] ;xeflutf /x]sf] e]nfsf] cfof]hgf ug]{,
pQm e]nfdf ;xhstf{n] ;d'bfosf] Wofg cfsif{0f ub}{ ljifoj:t'sf af/]df ki6 kfg]{ . 5nkmndf pkl:yt JolQmx?;Fu ;d'bfodf ;/;kmfOsf] l:ylt s:tf] 5 eGg] s'/f a'‰g ;xof]usf nflu cg'/f]w ug]{ t/ ;d'bfonfO{ s'g} k|sf/sf] ;xof]usf] cfZjf;g eg] glbg] .
OlUg;g lkcf/P ubf{ ;d'bfosf ;b:ox?eGbf km/s / 7"nf] b]lvg] vfnsf cleJolQmx? glbg] . …tkfO{+x?Ú sf] ;f6f] …xfdLÚ eGg] zAb k|of]u ug]{ . pbfx/0fsf nflu …xfdL yfx} gkfO{ cfˆg} lb;f vfFbf /x]5f}+ xlu <Ú+
;d'bfosf] sfdsf] Jo:ttf, k|lts'n df};d -avf{ofd cflb_, wfld{s tyf ;fF:s[lts rf8 kj{, l/ltl/jfh cflbsf a]nfdf OlUg;g lkcf/P gug]{ . pgLx?sf] k'm;{bsf] ;do / df};dL cg's'ntfnfO{ x]/]/ dfq of] sfo{ ug]{ .
s'g} klg ;d'bfo lb;fd'Qm If]q 3f]if0ff x'g ;fdfGotof tLgb]lv rf/ dlxgfsf] ;do pko'Qm x'G5 . tfklg ;d'bfosf] Jojl:yt rkL{ lgdf{0f ug]{ k|lqmof÷rfxgf, afXo kl/l:ylt cflbn] ubf{ of] ;do s]xL nlDag klg ;S5 . t/ tLg–rf/ dlxgf;Dd ;d'bfosf dflg;x?n] ;/;kmfO k|jw{g;DaGwL s'g} klg lqmofsnfk ;~rfng gu/]df OlUg;g lkcf/Psf] k|efj d]l6O;S5 . To:tf] cj:yfdf ;/;kmfO k|jw{gsf nflu pQm ;d'bfodf al;/xg' x'Fb}g .

‘lb;f;lxtsf] ;/;kmfO ;fdflhs gS;f' elgG5 . /ftf] df6f], sd]/f], cFuf/, v/fgL, 3fF;sf 8fnfx? cflbh:tf :yfgLo txd} kfOg] ljleGg j:t'x?sf] k|of]u u/]/ ;d'bfos} ;b:ox?åf/f e'Od +{ f lkcf/P ljlw ckgfO{ o:tf] gS;f agfOG5, h;df rkL{,{ kfgLsf d'xfg tyf wf/fx? Pj+ v'Nnf :yfgdf lb;f ug]{ 7fpFnfO{ ljz]if ?kdf b]vfpg cg'/f]w ul/G5 . lgoldt ?kdf lb;f ug{ hfg] 7fpFafx]s s]6fs]6L, 8

a"9fa"9L, la/fdL cflb tyf kfgL kbf{ lb;f ug{ hfg] :yfgdf klg gS;fÍg ul/G5 . v'Nnf 7fpFdf lb;f ug]{ 7fpFdf wfgsf] e'; jf cGo s'g} kx]n + f] /ª k|of]u ug{ nufP/ gS;f ag]kl5 æ;d'bfo x]bf{ s:tf] nflu/x]sf] 5 <Æ eg]/ ;f]wk] l5 ;d'bfosf dflg;x?df ;/;kmfO ug'k{ g]{ /x]5 eGg] r]tgfsf] lemNsf] 5'65 \ . gS;f agfp“bf ckgfpg' kg]{ k|lqmofx?


;d'bfosf ;a} 3/kl/jf/sf dlxnf k'?ifx?sf] pkl:ylt ePsf] osLg ug]{
afnaflnsfsf] a9LeGbf a9L pkl:ylt /xf];\ eGg] p2]Zon] ;se/ ljBfno ljbf ePsf] lbg /f]Hg] .
;/;kmfOsf] cj:yf ljZn]if0fsf nflu tyf rngrNtLsf] efiffeGbf leGg efiff af]lng ;Sg] x'gfn] ;d'bfoaf6 To;sf nflu cg'dlt lng] .
;d'bfosf dlxnf k'?ifnfO{ :jo+;]jssf ?kdf cl3 af]nfP/ ufpFsf] gS;f sf]g{ nufpg] .
gS;f e/;s l56f] agfpg k|f]T;flxt ug]{, gS;f b'?:t eP gePsf]lt/ w]/} Wofg glbg] .
s;sf] 3/ sxfF k5{ eGg] s'/f yfxf kfpgsf nflu klxn] tof/ kf/]sf] ;d'bfosf 3/d"nLsf] gfdfjnL n]lvPsf] sf8{af]8{sf] 6'qmf pgLx?sf] 3/ ePsf] 7fpFdf /fVg nufpg] .
s;sf] 3/df rkL{ 5 eGg] s'/f yfxf kfpg ;d'bfosf ;b:ox?nfO{ xft p7fpg nufpg] / gS;fdf rkL{ ePsf] ;+s]t /fVg] .
;d'bfodf ljBfno, :jf:Yorf}sL, kfgLsf d'xfgx?, d7dlGb/, s'g 7fpFdf k5{ lrGx nufpg nufpg] .
;d'bfosf ;dfg pd]/ ;d"x -!% b]lv @%, @^ b]lv $), $! b]lv ^) jif{ cflb_ sf rf/b]lv 5 hgf dlxnf k'?ifnfO{ ;fdflhs gS;f agfPsf] 7fpFdf af]nfpg] . pgLx?sf] 3/ kg]{ 7fpFdf pleg nufpg] . pgLx?nfO{ ‘cfh s'g 7fpFdf lb;f ug'{eof]’ eg]/ ;f]Wg] . 3/b]lv pQm 7fpF;;Dd kx]+nf] s]z/L /fVb} lb;f u/]sf] 7fpFdf kx]+nf] s]z/L /fvL To; 7fpFdf lb;f u/]e}+m u/L a:g nufpg] . o;/L g} c? pd]/ ;d"xsf dflg;nfO{ klg af]nfP/ a:g nufpg] . ‘o;/L a:bf s:tf] nflu/x]sf] 5 <’, ‘lb;f ug{ sf];Fu hfg'eof] <’ cflb lh1f;f /fVg] . cGo ;xefuLx?nfO{ klg ‘pxfFx? o;/L a:bf tkfO{x?nfO{ s:tf] nflu/x]sf] 5 <’ eg]/ ;f]Wg] . pgLx?n] ‘nfh nfu]sf]’, ‘cK7\of/f] nfu]sf]’ cflb k|ltlqmof lbG5g\ . 9


pgLx?nfO{ cfk"mn] lb;f u/]sf] 7fpFdf a:g ;xof]u ul/lbPsf]df wGojfb lbg] . cGo ;d"xnfO{ klg wGojfb lbg] .
ca afnaflnsf, j[4, la/fdLx?n] sxfF lb;f u5{g\ eg]/ ;f]Wg] . c? dflg; uPsf 7fpFdf pgLx? hfg ;S5g\ t < eg]/ ;f]Wg] . pgLx?n] lb;f ug]{ 7fpFdf kx]+nf] /ªn] +;+s]t ug{ nufpg] .
gS;f k"0f{ePkl5 pgLx?nfO{ tkfO{+n] of] s] agfPsf] < s'g ufpFsf] gS;f agfPsf] eg]/ ;f]Wg] . kx]+nf] /ªn] s] ;+s]t ub{5 < eg]/ ;f]Wg] . kx]+nf] /ªn] ufpFsf] v'Nnf 7fpFdf lb;} lb;f /x]5 eGg] s'/f dxz'; x'G5 . lb;fsf] n] v fhf] v f ;d'bfosf dflg;x?n] agfPsf] ;fdflhs gS;fdf ;a}eGbf a9L lb;f 5 eGg] s'/f dxz'; u/]kl5 oxL 5nkmnnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbFb} ‘Ps hgf dflg;n] Ps lbgdf slt lb;f u5{ <’, ‘;fgf] aRrfn] Ps lbgdf slt lb;f u5{ <’ cflb k|Zgx? ;f]Wg] . o; qmddf ljleGg cg'dfgx? ;lxtsf pQ/x? cfpg ;S5g\ . h:t} M cfwf lsnf], Ps kfp, 8]9 kfp cflb . pgLx?n] lbPsf] pQ/df 5nkmn u/fO{ ;xdltdf cfpg] . o;}u/L ;d'bfodf hDdf slt 3/w'/L 5g\ < k|To]s 3/df slt ;b:o 5g\ < ;d'bfosf] hg;+Vof slt 5 < slt dflg;n] rkL{df lb;f ub{5g\ / slt hgfn] v'nf 7fpFdf lb;f ub{5g\ < ;d'bfosf v'Nnf 7fpFdf Ps lbgdf slt lb;f hDdf x'G5 < o;}u/L Ps xKtf, Ps dlxgf / Ps jif{df slt lb;f hDdf x'G5 eGg] s'/fsf] n]vfhf]vf ug]{ . pbxf/0fsf nflu M %% 3/ ePsf] Pp6f ufpF 5 . pQm ufpFdf kfFr 3/x¿n] kSsL rkL{ lgdf{0f u/L k|of]u ug]{ u/]sf 5g\ . ;f] ufpFdf k| l t3/ ;/b/ ^ hgf ;b:o /x]5g\ eg] %) 3/sf 7"nf÷;fgf u/L tLg ;o hgfn] v'Nnf 7fpFdf lb;f ug]{ u/]sf /x]5g\ . Ps hgf dflg;n] Ps 10

;d'bfodf v'Nnf 7fpFdf hDdf x'g] lb;fsf] n]vfhf]vf ul/+b}

lbgdf ;/b/ @ ;o %) u|fd lb;f ub{5 elgG5, t;y{ M ;do

hg;+Vof

! lbg

#))

! xKtf

#))

! dlxgf #)) ! jif{

#))

hDdf lb;f #)) x @%) Ö &%))) u|fd -&% lsnf]_ &% x &

Ö %@% lsnf]

%@% x #) Ö !%,&%) lsnf] -!%&=% SjL06n_ !%&=% x !@ Ö !,*() SjL06n -!*( 6g_

o:tf] n]vfhf]vf ;lhnf]l;t a'‰gsf nflu :yfgLo rngrNtLsf ;fdu|Lx?af6 lb;f pTkfbgsf] lx;fa ug'{ a9L pko'Qm x'G5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu o; ;d'bfodf Ps dlxgfdf v'Nnf 7fpFdf !) 8f]sf], !) 9SsL jf !) tuf/L lb;f hDdf x'bF f]/x]5 . ;d'bfosf v'Nnf 7fpFdf w]/} lb;f hDdf hDdf eO/x]sf] 5 eGg] s'/fsf] af]w u/fpgsf nflu of] ljlw cgkfOG5 . d' v ;Dd lb;f k' U g] af6f] s f] gS;f jf lb;fsf] axfj dflysf] cEof;kl5 e] n fdf pkl:yt dflg;x?nfO{ v' n f 7fpFdf 5l/P/ /x]sf] lb;f sxfF k'U5 eGg] 5nkmn ug' { kb{ 5 . of] 5nkmnnfO{ cl3 a9fpg ljleGg lsl;dsf k|Zg ug{ ;lsG5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu ‘of] 7fpFdf olt w]/} lb;f hDdf x'Fbf] /x]5, lb;fn] of] 7fpFnfO{ lgs} prf] agfPsf] xf]nf xlu <’ e]nfsf ;xefuLx?n] o;sf] pQ/df lb;f To;/L y'lk|P/ ga:g] pQ/ lbG5g\ . To;kl5 ‘p;f] eP oqf] w]/} lb;f sxFf hfG5 xf]nf t <’ eg]/ ;f]Wg ;lsG5 . o; k|Zgsf] pQ/df ;d'bfosf dflg;x?n] ‘lb;f df6f]df ldl;of], kfgLn] aufof], xfjfn] p8fof], s's/' , ;Fu ' /' , s'v/' f, xFf;, le+muf, sL/f, km6\ofª\uf| cflbn] vfP’ cflb pQ/ lbg ;S5g\ . 11

;xhstf{nfO{ ;Nnfx






;d'bfodf w]/} af]Ng]sf] dfq geO{ sd af]Ng] dflg;x?sf] egfOnfO{ klg Wofg lbP/ df}sf lbg] 5nkmndf ;xefuLx?n] v'Nnf 7fpFsf] lb;f ljleGg dfWodaf6 dflg;sf] d'vdf klg kg{ ;S5 eGg] pQ/ lbg ;S5g\ . o:tf] egfO{ cfPdf pQ/bftfnfO{ cufl8 af]nfO{ p;nfO{ JofVof ug{ nufpg] . v'Nnf 7fpFsf] lb;f ck|ToIf ?kdf dflg;sf] d'vdf kbf]{ /x]5 eGg] efjgf hufpg] . t/ o;f] ubf{ ;d'bfosf dflg;x?sf] cfTd;Ddfgdf rf]6 k'Ug glbg ;fjwfgL ckgfpg] .

ca ;xefuLx?sf] pQ/df cfwfl/t eP/ 5nkmnnfO{ cl3 a9fpg' kb{5 . olb pgLx?n] lemFuf jf 3/kfn'jf hgfj/n] lb;f dflg;sf] vfg]s/' fdf k'¥ofpF5 eGg] pQ/ lbP eg] ;f]xLcg';f/ 5nkmn cl3 a9fpg' kb{5 . t/ o:tf] pQ/ lbPgg\ eg] ‘lb;fdf s] a:5 <’ eGg] k|Zg ;f]Wg' kb{5 . ;fdfGotof ‘lb;fdf lemFuf a:5' eGg] pQ/ cfpF5 . To;kl5 ‘Tof] lemFuf p8]/ sxfF hfG5 <’ eg]/ ;f]Wg'kb{5 . pQ/df ‘ljleGg 7fpFdf a:5, vfg]s/' fdf klg a:5’ eGg] pQ/ cfpF5 . ;xhstf{n] ‘vfg]s/' fdf a:g cfpFbf t lemFufn] xftv'§f kv]6f wf]P/ cfpF5 xf]nf xlu <’ eGg] k|ltlqmof lbg' kb{5 . e]nfsf ;xefuLx?df o:tf] k|ltlqmofn] xfF;f] k}mlnG5 / ‘lemfFuf t TolQs} cfP/ a:5 lg’ eGg] pQ/ cfpF5 . ;xhstf{n] k'g M ‘To;/L a;]sf] vfgf t xfdL vfFbg} f}+ xf]nf xlu <’ eg]/ ;f]wk] l5 ‘vfOxflnG5 lg, gvfP/ s] ug]'{ cflb pQ/x? cfpF5g\ . ‘To;f] xf] eg] xfdL vfgf dfq vfG5f}+ xf]nf ls lemFufsf] v'§fdf 6fFl;Psf] lb;f klg vfG5f}+ xf]nf <’ eg]/ ;xhstf{n] ;f]Wg'k5{ . o;df ;fdfGotof ;xefuLx?n] ;xdlt hgfpF5g\ . cGTodf ‘To;f] eP Ps jif{df slt lb;f xfd|f] d'vdf k5{ xf]nf’ eGg] k|Zg /fv]/ ;xefuLx?df lh1f;f hufpg' kb{5 . ;xefuLx?n] ck|ToIf ?kaf6 v'Nnf 7fpFdf /x]sf] lb;f vfOG5 eGg] s'/f :jLsf/ u/]kl5 ;d'bfosf ;a} 3/n] rkL{ agfpg' k5{ eGg] ;Gb]z lbgsf nflu 5nkmn cl3 a9fpg' kb{5 . o;sf nflu ;xhstf{n] ‘rkL{ ePsf] 3/df t lemFuf, xfF; s'v/' f cflb lb;f af]s/] hfFbg} g\ xf]nf’ eGg' kb{5 . o;df ‘lemFuf / kz'kG5LnfO{ s'g 3/df rkL{ 5 eGg] s] yfxf <, uOxfN5 lg’ eGg] pQ/ cfpg ;S5 . t/ 12

;xhstf{n] ‘x}g hfFbg} xf]nf < Tof] 3/df t rkL{ 5 lg’ eg]kl5 ‘lemFuf t cGtlt/af6 klg p8]/ uOxfN5’ eGg] pQ/ cfpF5 . ;xhstf{n] ‘To;f] eP rkL{ x'gs ] f] vfg]s/' fdf klg lb;f kg{ ;S5 t <’ eg]/ ;xefuLx?nfO{ ;f]wk] l5 pgLx?n] ‘kSs} klg k5{' eGg] pQ/ lbG5g\ . ;xhstf{n] ‘lemFufn] s;sf] lb;f vfg]s/' fdf k'¥ofpF5 <’ eg]/ ;f]wkl5 ‘aflx/ lb;f ug]s { f]’ eGg] pQ/ cfpF5 . ‘To;f]eP ;d'bfosf s]xL 3/df dfq} rkL{ agfpFbd} f dflg;sf] d'vdf lb;f hfg aGb x'bF f]/x]5 t <’ eGg] k|Zg ;f]Wg' kb{5 . ;xefuLx?n] ‘;a} 3/df rkL{ agfpg} kg]{ /x]5’ eGg] pQ/ lbG5g\ .

;xhstf{nfO{ ;Nnfx






of] 5nkmnsf] pbfx/0fdfq xf] . ;xhstf{n] ;d'bfosf] cj:yf x]/]/ 5nkmnnfO{ cl3 a9fpg' kb{5 . h'g ?kdf 5nkmn cl3 a9fP klg ;d'bfos} ;b:ox?af6 v'Nnf 7fpFsf] lb;f ck|ToIf ?kaf6 dflg;sf] d'vdf k5{ eGg] s'/f lgsfNg' kb{5 . ;d'bfosf ;b:ox?nfO{ gS;fsf dfWodaf6eGbf Jofjxfl/s cEof;sf dfWodaf6 a'emfpg' pko'Qm x'G5 . ;d'bfodf rkL{ lgdf{0fsf nflu xfdL;Fu k};f 5}g eGg] s'/fx? cfPdf :jf:Yo pkrf/df x'g] vr{sf] lx;fa u/]/ dx;'; u/fpg ;lsG5 .

;xefuLx?n] lb;f vfOFbf] /x]5 eGg] s'/f :jLsf/ u/]kl5 ‘ca pk|fGt lb;f gvfg xfdLn] s] ug'k{ nf{ < cflb k|Zg ;f]Wb} Jofks 5nkmn u/L ;d'bfonfO{ ;/;kmfOk|lt leq}af6 hfu?s agfpg] sfd ug'k{ 5{ . ;d'bfosf ;b:ox?n] rkL{ lgdf{0fdf ;x'lnot glbOP rkL{ agfpg d'l:sn x'g] wf/0ff JoQm ug{ ;S5g\ . ;xhstf{n] pgLx?nfO{ ;x'lnotdf kfPsf] s'/fk|lt ckgTj x'bF g} eGg] s'/f a'emfpg' kb{5 . o;sf nflu pgLx?nfO{ ‘tkfO{x+ ?sf] of] 3/ s;n] agfOlbPsf] <’, ‘r'nf] rf}sf] s;n] agfOlbPsf] <’, ‘3/sf] 5fgf r'lxFbf s;n] 6flnlbG5 <’, ‘of] ufpFsf ;a} 3/ Ps}gf; 5g\ t <’, ‘bfh'efO{ 5'l§Fbf klxn] g} r'nf] agfP/ 5'l§G5g\ <’, ‘afnLgfnLdf /f]u nfUbf, afnaRrf la/fdL x'bF f xfdL s'g} bfqL lgsfosf] ;xof]usf] af6f] x]5f}{+ t <’ h:tf k|Zg u/]/ rkL{ klg cfk"mnfO{ geOgx'g] s'/f ePsfn] rkL{ lgdf{0fsf nflu ;x'lnot cfjZos kb}g{ eGg]af]w u/fpg' kb{5 . 13

:jf:Yo pkrf/df x'g] vr{sf] lx;fa xfd|fh ] :tf] cNkljsl;t b]zdf hgtfsf] s'n cfDbfgLsf] 7"nf] lx:;f :jf:Yo pkrf/df vr{ x'g] u/]sf] s'/f ljleGg cWoog cg';Gwfgn] b]vfPsf 5g\ . o;/L :jf:Yo pkrf/df x'g] vr{dWo] sl/a *) k|ltzt vr{ b'lift kfgL tyf ;/;kmfOsf] sdLsf sf/0faf6 pTkGg x'g] /f]usf] pkrf/df vr{ x'g] u/]sf] 5 . ;DalGwt ;d'bfoaf6 aflif{s slt hlt /sd :jf:Yo pkrf/sf] gfddf ufpFaf6 aflx/ uO/x]sf] /x]5 eGg] s'/fsf] lx;fa u/]/ b]vfpg ;lsG5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu M s'g} ufpFdf k|lt3/ ;/b/ ^ hgf ;b:o ePsf %) 3/x¿ /x]5g\ . k|To]s 3/df x/]s jif{ ;/b/ rf/ hgf ladf/L x'g] u/]sf /x]5g\ . ;d'bfonfO{ a9Lh;f] nfUg] /f]ux? s] x'g\ < eg]/ ;f]wL k|fyldstfsf cfwf/df n]Vb} hfg'xf];\ . w]/h } ;f] /f]ux? ;kmf kfgL / plrt ;/;kmfOsf] cefjn] nfUg] u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . ca k|To]s JolQmsf] pkrf/df Ps k6sdf ;/b/ slt /sd vr{ ug]{ ul/G5 eGg] k|Zg u/]/ lx;fa ub}{ hfg'xf];\ . ;d'bfon] vr{sf] cg'dfg ub}{ hfg]5g\ . h:tf]M Ps hgfsf] pkrf/sf nflu ;/b/ kfFr ;o ?k}ofF vr} x'g] u/]sf] /x]5 eg] %) 3/df rf/ hgfsf b/n] ladf/L xFb ' f, hDdf ladf/L ;+Vof b'O{ ;o hgfsf]] pkrf/ vr{ @)) X %)) = Ps nfv ?k}ofF x'g cfpF5 . cGTodf ;/;kmfO;DaGwL cfgLafgLdf kl/jt{g u/]sf v08df o:tf /f]ux?sf] w]/} xb;Dd /f]syfd eO{ pkrf/df nfUg] vr{ hf]luG5 eGg] s'/f ;d'bfonfO{ atfpg'xf];\ .

kfgL tyf vfgfdf k| b " i f0f ePsf] yfxf kfpg] k| o f] u fTds ljlwx¿ ;d'bfodf 5l/P/ /x]sf] lb;f vfgf tyf kfgLdf s;/L ldl;G5 eGg] s'/fsf] af]w u/fpg lgDglnlvt ljlwx? k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 M
kfgLnfO{ k|b"lift u/]/ M Pp6f zLzfsf] lunf;df ;kmf lkpg] kfgL xfn]/ e]nfdf pkl:yt s'g} JolQmnfO{ lkpg lbg] . km]l/ ;f] lunf;df ;kmf kfgL xfn]/ ;a}n] b]Vg] u/L Pp6f skfn -/f}+_ lb;fdf 5'jfP/ / lunf;sf] kfgLdf rf]Ag] . clg Tof] kfgL s'g} JolQm gtf]sL s;}nfO{ lkpg eGg] . o;k6s s;}n] klg kfgL lkpg dfGb}gg\ . o;kl5 ‘of] kfgL lkpg lsg gdfGg'ePsf], kfgLdf t lb;fsf] c+z b]lvPsf] 5}g t <’ eg]/ ;f]Wg] . cGTodf e]nfdf pkl:yt JolQmx?nfO{ ‘kmf]xf]/ nfu]sf] Pp6f /f}+n] 5f]Psf] kfgL xfdL vfFb}gf}+, t/ le+mufsf 5 j6f v'§f rf]laPsf] kfgL vfG5f}+’ eGg] lgisif{ lbPkl5 dflg;x?n] vfg]s'/f tyf kfgLdf x'g] k|b"if0fsf af/]df yfxf kfpF5g\ / ;/;kmfOk|lt ;r]t x'G5g\ . 14


vfgfnfO{ k|bl" ift u/]/ M ;a}n] b]Vg] u/L Pp6f Kn]6df bxL / csf]{ Kn]6df s]z/L / lrgL ld;fP/ lemFuf elGsg] 7fpFdf ;Fu;Fu} cfwf 306f hlt /fVg] . cfwf 306fkl5 x]bf{ bxLdf s]z/L ldl;P/ bxL kx]+nf] ePsf] b]lvg]5 . o;kl5 ;d'bfonfO{ bxL s;/L kx]+nf] eof] < eg]/ ;f]Wg] . o; cEof;af6 lgZro g} le+mufn] bxLdf s]z/L ;f/]sf] tYo yfxf x'G5 . le+mufn] oxL k|lqmofåf/f xfd|f] vfgfdf lb;f ;fb{5 / xfdLn] lb;f vfg] u/]sf 5f}+ eGg] s'/fsf] af]w ;d'bfonfO{ x' G 5 .
k| l ta4tf hgfpg] / xf} ; nf hufpg] sfo{ M ;xhstf{ n ] ;d' b fosf ;b:ox?nfO{ s;n] slt lbgleq ck|ToIf ?kn] lb;f vfg 5f8\g] jf slt lbgleqdf v'Nnf 7fpFdf lb;f ug{ aGb ug]{ < eGg] k|Zg ;f]Wg] . ‘olt lbgleqdf v'Nnf 7fpFdf lb;f ug{ 5f8\5'’ eGg]sf] gfd l6kf]6 ug{ nufpg] . ;aeGbf sd ;dodf rkL{ agfpg] k|lta4tf JoQm ug]{nfO{ cufl8 af]nfP/ tfnL ahfP/ lghsf] sb/ ug]{ / qmdzM ;a}nfO{ o;/L g} sb/ ug]{ . Pp6} e]nfdf ;d'bfosf ;a} ;b:on] v'Nnf 7fpFdf lb;f gug]{ k|lta4tf JoQm gug{ ;S5g\ . pgLx?nfO{ ;s];Dd l56f] k|lta4 JoQm ug{ cfXjfg ub}{ cGTodf ‘cab]lv xfdL lb;f gvfg]', ‘;/;kmfOdf gd"gf aG5f}+’, ‘3/ cfFug ;kmf /fV5f}+’ cflb gf/f nufpg k|f]T;flxt ug]{ . 3/ g+=

3/d'nLsf] gfd

v'Nnf ?kdf lb;f gug]{ k|lta4tf JoQm u/]sf] ;do

!

a'l4dfg tfdfª

b'O{ dlxgf ;Dddf

@

dgaxfb'/ las

;ft lbg ;Dddf

#

jL/ axfb'/ p/fj

tLg dlxgf;Dddf

$

/fds'df/L bhL{

Ps dlxgf ;Dddf

%

lbg]z bfxfn

;ft lbg ;Dddf


;ldlt u7g M ;d'bfosf ;b:ox?n] v'Nnf 7fpFdf lb;f gug]{ k|lta4tf JoQm u/]kl5 oL k|lta4tfx? k"/f eP gePsf] s;/L yfxf kfpg] < o;sf] cg'udg s;n] / s;/L x]g]{ eGg] s'/fx? ;d'bfo;dIf /fVg] . pgLx?n] o;sf nflu ;ldlt agfpg] k|:tfj ug{ ;S5g\ . gu/]sf v08df cfk}m+ n] ;ldltsf] cfjZostf atfpg] . olb ;d'bfodf k'/fg} ;ldlt 5 eg] ;f]xL ;ldltnfO{ of] lhDd]jf/L lbg kxn ug]{ . k'/fgf] ;ldlt gePsf] v08df gofF ;ldlt agfpg' k5{ jf k'/fgf] ;ldltsf] k'gu{7g ug'{k5{ eGg] ;a}sf] /fo cfPsf v08df ;ldltnfO{ ;dfj]zL 15

agfpg k|To]s 6f]n, dlxnf k'?if, hflt hghflt ;a}nfO{ ;f] ;ldltdf /fVg cfjZos 5 ls 5}g < eGg] s'/f ;f]Wg] . pgLx?n] ;a}nfO{ /fVg cfjZos 5 eGg] pQ/ lbg]5g\ . ;ldltsf ;b:ox? 5gf]6 ePkl5 pgLx?dWoaf6 kbflwsf/L 5gf]6 ug{ ;xhLs/0f ug]{ / ;f] ;ldltnfO{ cfk"mn] k|of]u u/]sf sfuhkq, k]lG;n, dfs{/ cflb lhDdf lbg] .
gf/f h'n'z;lxt em08f uf8\g] sfo{ M gf/fx? tof/ ug]{ . h:t} M v'Nnf 7fpFdf gxUg], af6f]3f6f] ;kmf /fVg], 3/ cfFug ;kmf /fVg], rkL{ agfP/ k|of]u ug]{ cflb . o;kl5 gf/f nufpF b } klxn] tof/ u/]sf em08fx? e]nfdf pkl:yt ;a}nfO{ lbP/ lb;f;lxtsf] ;/;kmfO gS;fdf lb;f b]vfOPsf 7fpFx?sf] e|d0f u/L lb;f e]l6Psf 7fpFdf pQm em08f uf8\g nufpg] . ufl8Psf ;d'bfodf dflg;x? v'Nnf lb;f ePsf em08fn] ubf{ pgLx?n] :yfgdf em08f uf8\g] sfo{df ;l/s x'Fb} ;d'bfodf v'Nnf 7fpFdf oqtq lb;f ul/Psf] k|i6;Fu b]Vg ;S5g\ . h;n] ubf{ pgLx?nfO{ nfh nfU5 / ;/;kmfOsf] cfk\mgf] afgLk|lt 3[0ff hfUb5 . kl/0ffd:j?k dflg;x?n] lb;f vfOFbf]/x]5 eGg] s'/f a'e]m/ ;/;kmfOsf] dxTjnfO{ cfTd;ft u/]kl5 v'Nnf 7fpFdf lb;f ug]{ afgL TofuL c:yfoL jf :yfoL h] eP klg cfk\mgf] Ifdtfn] Eofpg] vfnsf rkL{ agfO{ To;sf] k|of]u ug{ yfN5g\ . em08f ePsf 7fpFdf csf]{k6s b]lv dflg;x?n] ;fdfGotof lb;f ub}{gg\ .
v'Nnf ?kdf lb;f gug]{ cleofgsf] sfof{ G jog, cg'udg / d"Nofª\sg r/0f M OlUg;g lkcf/P kl5 ;ldltsf] a}7s af]nfO{ ;d'bfonfO{ slxn];Dddf ‘v'Nnf lb;fd'Qm If]q' sf ?kdf 3f]if0ff ug]{ xf], ;f]sf] ldlt tf]sL ;f]xL cg';f/sf] sfo{of]hgf tof/ ug{ ;xhLs/0f ug]{ . o;sf nflu ;ldlt, ;d'bfosf dlxnf k'?if tyf afnaflnsfx?n] ug]{ sfdsf] ljefhg ug'{kb{5 . o;/L tof/ ul/Psf] sfo{of]hgfcg';f/ sfd ePgePsf] cg'udg ug]{, d"NofÍg ug]{ / gePdf ;'wf/sf of]hgfx? agfpg ;ldltnfO{ ;xhLs/0f ug]{ .

16

v'Nnf ?kdf lb;f gug]{ cleofgsf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu lgDglnlvt sfo{x? cl3 a9fpg] M
afn Sna, dlxnf ;d"x :yfgLo df}lns ;d"xx?sf] u7g ug]{ .
OlUg;g lkcf/Psf] ;dodf v'Nnf lb;f gug{ k|lta4tf hgfPsf JolQmx?sf] gfd sf8{ af]8{df n]vL ;d'bfosf ;a}n] b]Vg] 7fpFdf 6fF:g] / k|lta4tf k"/f ug]{x?sf] gfddf lrGx nufpFb} hfg] . F
OlUg;g lkcf/Psf ;dodf tof/ kfl/Psf] lb;f;lxtsf] ;/;kmfO ;fdflhs gS;fnfO{ ;kmf u/L ptf/ u/] / d" N ofÍg÷ cg'udg ;xhstf{nfO{ ;Nnfx ;" r gf kf6L agfpg
afn Sna, dlxnf ;d"x tyf ;ldltsf] nufpg] . o; kf6Lsf] a}7s slxn] slxn] a:g] eGg] lglZrt Psflt/ ;fdflhs gS;f u/L ;f]xL ldltdf a}7s a;]sf] ;'lglZrt / csf{lt/ 3/d'nLsf] ug{ ;xhLs/0f ug]{ . gfd / 3/ gDa/
lhNnf afn sNof0f ;ldltdf afn Sna n] l vPsf] x' g ' k b{ 5 . btf{ ug{ ;xhLs/0f ug]{ tyf afn Snasf] pQm ;" r gf kf6L Joj:yfkg kIfdf hf]8 lbg] . ;d'bfosf] kfos kg]{ 7fpFdf /fvL rkL{ agfpg] JolQmsf] 3/ gDa/df gofF rkL{ ag]sf] ;+s]t ug]{ .
;"rgf kf6L / cg'udg÷ d"NofÍg af]8{sf] gd'gf /fVg]
eO/x]sf sfdsf] d"NofÍg ug{ ;d'bfodf l56f]–l56f] e|d0f ug]{ .
;ldltåf/f lglZrt ;do tf]sL v'Nnf 7fpF+df lb;f gug{ ;"rgf k|sflzt ug]{ tyf ;f];DaGwL gLlt lgod agfO{ sfof{Gjog u/fpg] . ;ldltn] tf]lsPsf] ;doleqdf v'Nnf 7fpFdf lb;f ug{ g5f8\g] JolQmsf] gfd ;fj{hlgs 7fpFdf 6fF:g], v'Nnf 7fpFdf lb;f ug]{x?nfO{ b]v]df l;7L ahfP/ eufpg], v'Nnf 7fpFdf lb;f ug]{ JolQmsf] klxrfg ePdf p;sf] lb;f glhs} lghsf] gfd n]v]sf] em08f uf8\g], hl/jfgf ug]{ cflb h:tf sfo{x? ug{ ;S5g\ .
;d'bfosf dflg;x?n] k|lta4tf hgfPcg';f/sf] sfd u/]sf] ;'lglZrt ug{, ;ldltsf] sfo{of]hgf cg';f/ ePgePsf] s'/fsf] ;'lglZrt ug{ cg'udg d"NofÍg ug]{ . cg'udg d"NofÍg ljleGg tl/sfn] ug{ ;lsG5, h:t} – a}7s, 5nkmn, :ynut e|d0f, kfl/jfl/s cg'udg ;"rs tyf kmf/d e/]/, d"NofÍg af]8{ e/]/ cflb . 17

cg'ug kmf/dsf] pbfx/0f 3/ g+= ! @ # $

3/d'nLsf] gfd

slxn] agfpg]

rkL{ ePsf]

rkL{ lgdf{0f tyf k|of]u ldlt lgdf{0f ;'? rkL{ 3/ rkL} k|of]u ;+o'Qm lgdf{0f k|of]u @)^$ @)^$ d+l;/ @)^$ d+l;/ – c;f]h % #) $ – – – –

a'l4dfg b'O{ tfdfª dlxgfleq dgs'df/ las –

–

jL/ axfb'/ p/fj /fds'df/L bhL{

–

–

–

–

–

@)^$ c;f]h #

@)^$ c;f]h #)

@)^$ c;f]h#)

tLg dlxgfleq Ps dlxgfleq

–

3/ g+ ! ;Fu –

o:tf] kmf/dnfO{ ;ldltsf] /lhi6/df / sf8{af]8d { f ptf/L ufpFsf] kfos kg]{ 7fpFdf jf ;"rgfaf]8{ ePdf To;df 6fF:g ;lsG5 . ;d'bfodf rkL{ lgdf{0f / k|of]udf ePsf] k|ultcg';f/ o;nfO{ ;ldltn] tf]ss ] f] JolQmn] eg'{ kb{5 .
;ldltåf/f cfk\ m gf] ;d' b fonfO{ b] V g rfx] s f] cj:yfsf] tof/L M ;ldltsf] a}7sdf afn ;d"x, dlxnf ;ldlt cflbsf] pkl:yltdf JolQmut, 3/fo;L / jftfj/0fLo ;/;kmfOdf cfˆgf] ufpFsf] klxn]sf] cj:yf / cfk"mn] b]Vg rfx]sf] cj:yfsf] a'Fbfut ;"rs tof/ ug{ nufpg] . of] sfo{ ;d"x ljefhg u/]/, 5nkmn u/]/ ug{ ;lsG5 / cGTodf ;fd'lxs lgisif{ lgsfNg ;lsG5 . JolQmut ;/;kmfOtk{m klxn]sf] b]Vg rfx]sf] cj:yf cj:yf v'Nnf rkL{df lb;f 7fp“df lb;f ug]{ afgLsf] ug]{ rng ljsf; ePsf] x'g]5

18

3/f;oL ;/;kmfOtk{m klxn]sf] b]Vg rfx]sf] cj:yf cj:yf 3/af6 lg:sg] kmf]xf]/ htftt} kmfNg] rng

jftfj/0fLo ;/;kmfO klxn]sf] b]{ Vg rfx]sf] cj:yf cj:yf

3/af6 lg:sg] af6f]3f6f], af6f]3f6f], kmf]xf]/ lglZrt kfgLsf] kfgLsf] d'xfg 7fp“df tx d'xfg cf;kf;df nufpg] afgLsf] cf;kf;df lb;f ug]{ ljsf; ePsf] lb;f ug]{ rngsf] cGTo x'g]5 rng ePsf] x'g]5


cjnf]sg e|d0f M c?n] eg]sf] ;'g]sf] eGbf cfk"mn] b]v]sf] ljZjf; ug]{ afgL x'G5 . To;}n] of] sfo{qmd ;DkGg ePsf :yfgx?df ;d'bfosf] cg'sn " tfcg';f/ ;ldlt, afn Sna, dlxnf ;d"x, ljleGg ;d"x, ;d'bfosf cGo k|ltlglwx?nfO{ e|d0f u/fpg] . o;/L e|d0f ug'{k"j{ e|d0f ug]{ ;d'bfodf klxn] g} kqfrf/ ug'{kb{5 . e|d0fstf{x?n] 5nkmn ubf{ jf k|Zg ;f]Wbf ljifoj:t'df a9L Wofg lbg'k5{ .
lel8of]÷gf6s k|bz{g M ;+ej ePdf ljutdf ;DkGg cfof]hgfx?sf] lqmofsnfk lvlrPsf] lel8of] k|bz{g u/fpg] . ;d' b fonfO{ s'g ljifoj:t'df r]tgf÷dxz';sf] cfjZostf 5 eGg] s'/f 7x/ u/L ;f]xL ;d'bfosf ; b : o x ? , afnaflnsfnfO{ kl/rfng u/L ;8s gf6ssf] cfof]hgf ug{ r]tgf hfu/0fsf nflu ;8s gf6s k|bz{g ;lsG5 .
:jf:Yo, ;/;kmfO / cf/f] U otf k| j w{ g sf nflu uf] i 7L M :jf:Yo / ;/;kmfO;Dawdf hflt, :yfg / kl/j]z ;'xfpFbf] ;d;fdlos ljifoj:t'nfO{ ;d]6]/ ;ldltnfO{ tflnd lbg] . v'Nnf ?kdf lb;f aGb u/fpg] vfnsf ljifoj:t'nfO{ klxnf] r/0fdf /fVg] / cGo ljifoj:t'nfO{ bf];|f] uf]i7Ldf ;dfj]; ug]{ .
lb;f k/LIf0f M dflg;n] cfFvfn] b]v]sf] s'/f a9L k|efjsf/L x'g] x'gfn] ;]jf ;'ljwf pknAw ePsf 7fpFx?df :jf:Yo k|of]uzfnfsf k|fljlwsx?sf] ;xof]udf ;d'bfodf ToxfFsf afnaflnsf, dlxnf k'?ifx?sf] lb;f k/LIf0f u/L pgLx? :jo+nfO{ To;sf] kl/0ffd b]vfpg] . o;n] ubf{ pgLx?nfO{ v'Nnf 7fpFdf ul/Psf] lb;fn] k'¥ofpg] gsf/fTds c;/af/] dxz'; x'G5 . h'sf b]lvPsf ladf/LnfO{ cf}iflwsf nflu :jf:Yo rf}sLdf ;dGjo ug{ ;xof]u ug]{ .
;/;kmfO ld:qL tflnd ;~rfng M s'g} ;d'bfodf rkL{ lgdf+{0f ug]{ bIf ld:qL gePdf ;d'bfosf ;b:ox?nfO{ rkL{ ld:qL tflnd lbg] .
rkL{sf k|sf/x? af/] hfgsf/L M ljleGg ;d'bfodf lgdf{0f ePsf jf x'g ;Sg] rkL{sf k|sf/ af/]df hfgsf/L lbg] .

19


;/;kmfO ahf/sf] k|jw{ g M ;/;kmfO ahf/sf] vf]hL ug]{ , :yfgLo Jofkf/Lx? jf cGo OR5's JolQmnfO{ ;/;kmfO;DaGwL ;fdu| L laqmL ug{ k|f]T;fxg ug]{ .
;/;kmfOsf] dxTj a'emfpg] vfnsf :jf:Yo / ;/;kmfO ;d'bfodf lb;f k/LIf0f ul/+b} lqmofsnfk ;~rfng ug]{ M pbfx/0fsf nflu s'g} a}7sdf dflg;x?nfO{ xft w'g] cEof; u/fpg' eGbf vfgf agfpg], vfgf vfg] / v'jfpg] a]nfdf g} pgLx?nfO{ ;f];DaGwL hfgsf/L lbPdf a9L k|efjsf/L x'G5 . o; cGtu{t aRrfn] vfgf vfO/x]sf] a]nfdf p;sf] xft w'g nufP/ wf]Psf] d}nf kfgL s'g} ;kmf lunf;df /fv]/ of] kfgL xfdL vfg ;S5f}+ eg]/ ;f]Wg ;lsG5 .

cfwf/e"t ;/;kmfOsf ;"rsx? != ;d'bfosf ;a} 3/ kl/jf/sf ;b:ox?af6 :j:yk|b rkL{sf] k|of]u -v'Nnf 7fpFdf lb;f lk;fa ug]{ rngsf] cGTo_ ug]{ @= aRrfsf] lb;f lk;fasf] plrt tl/sfn] tx nufpg] #= rkL{ hfFbf 5'§} rKknsf] k|of]u $= hf]lvdk"0f{ cj:yf -lb;f u/]kl5, vfgf ksfpg' tyf vfg' cl3, aRrfnfO{ v'jfpg' cl3, kmf]xf]/ 5f]Pkl5_ df ;fa'g jf v/fgL kfgLn] ldrLldrL xft x'g] %= vfg]s'/f / kfgL 5f]k]/ /fVg] ^= 3/ cfFug, wf/f tyf 6\o'jj]n jl/kl/ ;kmf /fVg]] &= ;fj{hlgs :yn, af6f]3f6f] ;kmf /fVg] *= lkpg] kfgL, wf/f tyf 6\oj" j]n jl/k/L ;kmf ePsf] (= v]/ uPsf] kfgLsf] plrt Aoj:yfkg ePsf] !)=3/af6 lg:sg] kmf]xf]/ tyf Knfli6shGo kmf]xf]/ lglZrt 7fpFdf tx nufpg] !!= JolQmut ;/;kmfOdf Wofg lbg]

20


afn Snasf kbflwsf/Lx?åf/f v'Nnf ?kdf lb;f ug]{x?sf] u:tL ug]{, pgLx?sf] sf6'{g agfP/ ;fj{hlgs ?kdf 6fF:g] cflb sfo{ klg ug{ ;lsG5 .
6f]n lzIff, kl/jf/ lzIff ;~rfng u/L dx;'; af]w u/fpg] . pko'Qm ;Gb]z, pko'Qm ;dodf, pko'Qm JolQm;Dd k'¥ofpg] . h:t} xft w'g] cEof; u/fpFbf vfgf vfg] ;dodf u/fpg] .
;d'bfodf ;~rflnt ;/;kmfO;DaGwL lqmofsnfkx?sf af/]df ;~rf/ dfWodaf6 ;a}nfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg] .

;fdflhs lgod tyf k'/:sf/sf] Aoj:yf cg'udgsf cfwf/df ;fdfGotof lgDgk|sf/sf ;fdflhs lgod tyf k'/:sf/sf k|fjwfgx? to ug{ ;lsG5 M
v'Nnf 7fpFdf lb;f ug]{ tyf rkL{sf] k|of]u gug]{x?nfO{ kfgLsf] ;'ljwfaf6 jl~rt ug]{ .
v'Nnf 7fpFdf lb;f ug]{nfO{ gub hl/jfgf u/L ;fd'bflos sf]ifdf hDdf ug]{ tyf v'Nnf 7fpFdf lb;f u/]sf] s'/f ;ldlt;dIf k'¥ofpg]nfO{ ;d]t pQm /sdsf] s]xL c+ z pknAw u/fpg] . olb v'Nnf 7fpFdf lb;f ug]{sf] klxrfg gePdf pQm lb;f ul/Psf] 6f]nsf k|To]s 3/kl/jf/af6 plrt /]vb]v gu/]afkt gub rkL{sf] plrt k|of]u ug]{ dlxnfnfO{ hl/jfgf ug]{ . k'/:sf/ k|bfg ul/+b}
afnaflnsfx?n] s;}nfO{ v'Nnf 7fpFdf lb;f u/]sf] b]v]df l;¶L k'ms]/ tyf xf]xNnf u/]/ pgLx?nfO{ eufpg] sfo{ ug{ ;S5g\ .

OlUg;g lkcf/Pkl5 ;d'bfosf dflg;x?n] klxn] lb;f ug]{ u/]sf] 7fpF 5f8]/ s]xL k/ hfg ;S5g\ . o;nfO{ v'Nnf 7fpFdf lb;f ug{ 5f8\g pgLx?n] ;'? u/]sf] klxnf] sbdsf ?kdf lng'k5{ .

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v'Nnf 7fpFdf lb;f ul/Psf] kfOPdf ToxfF em08f uf8L lb;f ug]{sf] gfd n]Vg] .
v'Nnf 7fpFdf lb;f ug]{ dflg;x?sf] gfd tyf pgLx?sf] Joª\Uolrq agfO{ ;"rgfkf6L jf ;fj{hlgs :yndf 6fF:g] .
dflg;x?nfO{ hl/jfgf dfq ul/g] geO{ ;j{k|yd rkL{ agfpg], rkL{{ ;a}eGbf ;kmf;'U3/ /fVg], 3/cfFug ;a}eGbf ;kmf;'U3/ /fVg] cflbh:tf ljleGg dfkb08x? agfO{ k'/:s[t ug{ klg cfjZos 5 . ;d'bfodf ;a} sfd sfo{of]hgfcg';f/ cl3 a9\b} uPkl5 ;d'bfo v'Nnf lb;fd'Qm If]qsf ?kdf 3f]if0ff ug{ pko'Qm eP gePsf] ;'lglZrt ug{ ;ldlt, dlxnf ;d"x, afnSna dlxnf k'?if cflbsf] ;+oQ ' m a}7s a;]/ ;dLIff ug'{ kb{5 . s]xL 3/x?df rkL{ aGg afFsL ePdf slxn];Dddf rkL{ aGg] xf], ;+oQ ' m ?kdf rkL{ k|of]u ug]{ ul/Psf] xf] ls < cflb s'/f kQf nufpg' kb{5 . rkL{ aGg afFsL ePsf 3/x?n] s] sf/0fn] rkL{ agfpg g;s]sf x'g\ eGg] kQf nufO{ p;nfO{ ;d'bfo, ;ldlt s'g} ;d"xn] s] s:tf] ;xof]u ug]{ xf] eGg] s'/fsf] lg0f{o ug{ ;S5 .

cfk\mg} nflu rkL{ agfp“bf k'/:sf/ zf}rfno agfPafkt ufpFel/df k|yd 3f]lift x'Fbf s0f{axfb'/ /fO{ cln nhfP . k]zfn] sf7 ld:qL pgL . t/ s]z k'mNg nfUbf klg b'O{ dlxgf cl3;Dd cf]t nfUg] af; 5]p cfˆgf] rkL{ lyPg . …c?sf nflu xf]Og, cfk"m / cfˆg} kl/jf/sf nflu rkL{ agfpFbf klg k'/:sf/ <Ú df]/ªsf] pnf{af/L – & 8'd|]sf $$ jifL{o /fO{n] eg] – v} of] t uha} eof], d t km:6 kf] ePF5' .Ú pnf{af/Ldf kg]{ dx]Gb| /fhdfu{af6 sl/j b'O{ lsnf]ld6/ pQ/ nfUbf k'lug] 8'd|] Pstfrf]s k|j]zdfu{df af6f5]p Pp6f 7"nf] af]8{ 5 . ufpFsf] gS;f, hËn / :yfgLojf;Lsf] gfd plNnlvt af]8{df 3/;Fu} zf}rfno ePsf] ;+s]t 5 . oxL af]8{df v'Nnf …d}bfgÚ a;]sfx?sf] lrq klg 5, h;df qm; ul/Psf] 5 . of] ;+s]t xf], v'Nnf …d}bfgÚ a:g lgif]lwt ufpFsf] . tLg dlxgf cl3af6 oxfFsf] ;/;kmfO ;d"x / gjk|ltef afn Snan] rnfPsf] cleofg cGtu{t 6f]nsf ;Dk"0f{ 3/n] rkL{ agfPsf 5g\ . 3f]if0ff sfo{qmddf s0f{axfb'/;lxt kfFr hgf k'/:s[t eP . pgL;Fu} :yfgLo:t/df pknAw ;|f]t;fwg k|of]u u/]/ /fd|f] ;kmf rkL{ agfpg] lbnLk /fO{, 6]saxfb'/ 9sfn, s'naxfb'/ du/ / zld{nf /fO{ k'/:s[t ePsf lyP . k'/:sf/ lyof], afN6L, du, ;fa'g / bfFt df‰g] d~hg;Fu} a|; . /fhld:qLsf] sfd ubf{ Hofnf lnP/ c?sf nflu rkL{ agfPsf] cg'ej ;Fufn]sf %) jifL{o ld>Lnfn p/fj clxn] wdfwd cfˆgf nflu rkL{ agfpFb}5g\ . …klxn] 3/ glhs hËn 5, s] km/s k5{ elgof] Ú pgn] eg] …ca t ufpFsf e'/fn] nfh dg'{ kf/] .Ú x'g klg afnaflnsfn] laxfg} p7]/ v'Nnf 7fpFdf d}bfg a:g]x?nfO{ b]v]/ l;¶L k'mSg], pgLx?sf] gfd / sf6'{g ufpFsf] ;"rgf kf6Ldf 6fF:g] sfd yfn]kl5 ufpFn]n] cf–cfˆgf 3/ 3/df rkL{ agfpg yfn]sf lyP . – eLd l3ld/] -@)^@ d+l;/ % ut]sf] sflGtk'/ b}lgsaf6 lnOPsf]_

22

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d'bfosf ;a} 3/kl/jf/x?n] cf–cfk\mgf 3/df rkL{ agfP/ To;sf] plrt k|of]u ug{ yfn]kl5 tyf ;d'bfodf ca v'Nnf 7fpFdf lb;f ul/+bg} eGg] s'/f ;'lglZrt ePkl5 ;d'bfosf] cu'jfOdf ;d'bfonfO{ ‘v'Nnf lb;fd'Qm If]q’ sf ?kdf 3f]if0ff ul/G5 . o;sf nflu lgDg k|lqmofx? ckgfOG5 . ;dLIff a}7sn] ;d'bfonfO{ v'Nnf lb;fd'Qm If]q 3f]if0ff ug{ pko'Qm b]vd] f ;ldltsf] a}7s a;]/ 3f]if0ff k|lqmofsf] sfo{of]hgf agfpg' kb{5 . sfo{of]hgfdf :ki6;Fu sfdsf] afF8kmfF8 ug'k{ b{5 . ;~rf/ Joj:yfkg, d~r Joj:yfkg, ;d'bfosf] cg'udg, cltly Joj:yfkg, rkL{sf] d"NofÍgsf nflu pk;ldltx? ;ldlt u7g ug'k{ b{5 . o;}u/L k'/:sf/sf nflu ;fdu|L vl/b ug]{ lhDd]jf/L klg a}7sn] tf]Sg'kb{5 . rkL{] d"NofÍg pk;ldltn] ljleGg kIfaf6 rkL{sf] d"NofÍg ug'k{ b{5 . /fd|f] aGbf]a:t ePsf JolQmn] /fd|f] rkL{ agfpg ;S5g\ . pgLx?nfO{ dfq k'/:s[t ubf{ sdhf]/ aGbf]a:t ePsf, Psn tyf j[4fcj:yfsf dlxnf k'?ifx?dfly Gofo x'g ;Sb}g . To;}n] ;aeGbf klxn] rkL{ agfpg], rkL{nfO{ ;a}eGbf ;kmf /fvL plrt k|of]u ug],{ ;aeGbf sd aGbf]a:t ePsf] kl/jf/dWo]af6 ;a}eGbf klxn] rkL{ agfpg], :yfgLo ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]u u/]/ rkL{ agfpg] cflb kIfsf] d"NofÍg ug'k{ b{5 . d"NofÍg ubf{ rkL{ 3/sf] cj:yf, 9f]sf, 5fgf, rKknsf] Joj:yf, rkL{ j/k/sf] jftfj/0f, uGw eP gePsf] cflb s'/fnfO{ ljz]if Wofg lbg'kb{5 . rkL{ 3/sf] cj:yf, 9f]sf, 5fgf, rKknsf] Joj:yf, rkL{ j/k/sf] jftfj/0f, uGw eP gePsf] cflb s'/fnfO{ d"NofÍgsf] cfwf/ agfpg' kb{5 . 3f]if0ff ;df/f]xdf ;d'bfosf ;b:ox?, ;xhLs/0f ug]{ ;+:yfsf k|ltlglw, :yfgLo ;/sf/L tyf u};;sf k|ltlglw, ;~rf/sdL{x?x?nfO{ lgdGq0ff ug'{ kb{5 . 23

3f]if0ff ;df/f]xdf cfkm\gf] ;d'bfosf] cnfjf l5d]sL ;d'bfox?, :yfgLo ;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L ;+3;+:yfsf k|ltlglw, ;~rf/sdL{x?, ;xhLs/0f ug]{ ;+:yfsf k|ltlglwx?nfO{ lgdGq0ff ug'{ kb{5 . ;xhstf{n] 3f]if0ff ;df/f]xsf] cfof]hgf ;d'bfo :jo+nfO{ g} ug{ pTk|l] /t ug'k{ b{5 . of] k|lqmof k"0f{ ?kdf ;d'bfosf] cu'jfOdf ePsfn] ;efsf] pb\3f]if0f, cWoIftf / k|dv ' cltlydf ;s];Dd ;d'bfos} dflg;x? /xg' pko'Qm x'G5 . 3f]if0ff ;efnfO{ b'O{ r/0fdf ljefhg ug'{ pko'Qm x'G5 . klxnf] r/0fdf cWoIf / k|dv ' cltlysf] cf;g u|x0f, :jfut dGtJo, ;+ej ePdf :jfut uLt, ;d'bfodf ul7t ;ldlt, afn Sna, dlxnf ;d"x cflbsf] lrgf/L, pgLx?n] u/]sf] k|lqmofsf] k|:t'tL, k|ult k|ltj]bgsf] k|:t'tLsf] ug{ nufpg' kb{5 . o;}u/L ;/kmfO sfo{qmddf ;+nUg x'bF f ;d'bfosf ;b:ox?n] xfl;n u/]sf /f]rs cg'ejx?sf] 5f]6s/L k|:t'tLs/0f ug{ ;s] /fd|f] x'G5 . klxnf] r/0fsf] cGTodf cltlyx?nfO{ ;d'bfosf] e|d0f u/fpg' kb{5 . sfo{qmdsf] bf];f| ] r/0fdf pb\3f]ifsn] cltlyx?nfO{ cfˆgf] ;d'bfo s:tf] nfUof] eGg] ljifodf dGtJo JoQm ug{ tyf ca of] ;d'bfo v'Nnf lb;fd'Qm If]qsf ?kdf 3f]if0ff ug{ of]Uo eP gePsf] atfOlbg cfu|x ug'{ kb{5 . sfo{qmdsf aLr–aLrdf ;+ej ePdf :yfgLo dflg;x?sf] ;+nUgtfdf ;f+:s[lts sfo{qmd, ;/;kmfOnfO{ k|jw{g ug]{ vfnsf ;8s gf6s cflb k|:t't ug{ ;lsG5 . ;d'bfonfO{ v'Nnf lb;fd'Qm If]q 3f]if0ff ug{ ;a}sf] ;xdlt lnO{ ;d'bfosf dlxnf, k'?if, afnaflnsf cflbaf6 ;+oQ ' m ?kdf ‘o; ;d'bfodf s;}af6 klg v'Nnf ?kdf lb;flk;fa ul/+bg} ' eGg] n]vs ] f] af]8{ cgfj/0f ug{ nufpg' kb{5 . o;kl5 d"NofÍg pk ;ldltsf] lg0f{osf cfwf/df ;/;kmfOdf pTs[i6 7xl/Psf JolQmx?nfO{ k'/:sf/ tyf afn SnanfO{ kf7\o tyf v]ns'bsf ;fdu|L ljt/0f ug'{ kb{5 . o;/L g} ;xhstf{ ;+:yfsf tk{maf6 ;ldltsf cWoIfdfk{mt\ ;d'bfonfO{ k|z; + f kq ljt/0f ug'k{ b{5 . v'Nnf lb;fd'Qm If]qsf] 3f]if0ff k"0f{ ;/;kmfO cleofgsf] cfwf/e"t r/0f xf] . v'Nnf lb;fd'Qm If]q 3f]if0ff ePkl5 of] r/0f k"/f x'G5 .

24

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d'bfosf] cu'jfOdf ;~rflnt k"0f{ ;/;kmfO k4ltsf] nIo v'Nnf lb;fd'Qm If]q dfq agfpg] geO{ ;d'bfodf JolQmut / jftfj/0fLo ;/;kmfO sfod ePsf], dflg;x?sf] ;/;kmfO;DaGwL cfgLafgLdf ;sf/fTds / lbuf] kl/jt{g cfPsf] cj:yf sfod ug'{ xf] . of] k|lqmof nfdf] x'G5 . v'Nnf lb;fd'Qm If]q o;sf] klxnf] zt{ xf] . ;d'bfodf k"0f{ ;/;kmfO cleofg ;'? ug{ lgDglnlvt sbdx? rfNg' kb{5 M
;d'bfo÷;ldlt;Fu a;]/ pgLx?n] b]Vg rfx]sf] k"0f{ ;/;kmfOsf] cj:yfaf/] 5nkmn ug]{ .
o; k|lqmofnfO{ ;xhLs/0f ug]{ ;+:yfåf/f k"0f{ ;/;kmfOsf nflu lgwf{l/t ;"rsx? ;dfj]z ePsf] ;'lglZrt ug]{ .
slxn];Dddf ;d'bfonfO{ k"0f{ ;/;kmfOo'Qm If]q agfpg] xf], To;sf] sfo{of]hgf agfpg] .
;ldltnfO{ cfjZos kg]{ ;xof]u -sfkL, snd / cGo ;fdu|L_ pknAw u/fpg] .
;d'bfodf :jf:Yo / ;/;kmfO;DaGwL kl/jf/ lzIff / 6f]n lzIff ;~rfng ug]{ .
;xhLs/0f ug]{ ;+:yf tyf ;d'bfo:t/af6 ;/;kmfOsf] cfgLafgLdf lbuf] kl/jt{g ePsf] ;'lglZrt ug{ ;do ;dodf cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg ug]{ .
;/;kmfOsf] cfgLafgLdf lbuf] kl/jt{g ePsf] ;'lglZrt ePdf ;d'bfonfO{ k"0f{;/;kmfO o'Qm ;d'bfosf ?kdf 3f]if0ff ug]{ .

:yfgLo :t/df g]tT[ jsf] ljsf; ‘;d'bfosf] cu'jfOdf ;~rflnt k"0f{ ;/;kmfO k4lt' cg';/0f u/L ;~rfng ul/Psf sfo{qmdx?sf] th'd { f ug],{ sfof{Gjog ug],{ cfjZos lgodx? agfpg], sfo{qmdsf] cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg ug]{ cflb sfo{df ;d'bfos} ;+nUgtf x'G5 . 25

of] sfo{qmdsf] ;xhLs/0f ug{ s'g} ljz]if k|fljlws bIftf cfjZos gkg]{ ePsfn] ;d'bfos} ;b:ox?, vf;u/L sfof{Gjog ;ldltsf ;b:ox?n] k|efjsf/L ?kdf o:tf sfd ug{ ;S5g\ . pgLx?df of] 1fg tyf ;Lk x:tfGt/0f ePkl5 :yfgLo ?kd} g]tT[ jsf] ljsf; x'G5 . h;n] ubf{ sfo{qmdsf] k|efjsfl/tf / ckgTj a9\gs ' f ;fy} o; k4ltnfO{ cGoq cg';/0f ug{ d2t k'U5 / of] k"0f{ ;/;kmfO cleofgn] Jofkstf kfpF5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu pnf{a/Ldf ;ldltx? ldn]/ u|fdL0f ;'wf/ ;dGjo ;ldlt :yfkgf u/L ufpFnfO{ Jojl:yt agfpg'sf ;fy} l5d]sL ;d'bfodf sfd ul//x]sf 5g\ . em08f uf8]/} ;kmf eof] ufp“ ufpFsf] ljBfnodf d~r ;lhPsf] 5 . d+l;/sf] wk]8L 5f8]/ ;a} ufpFn] dfOssf] kl5–kl5 gf/f– h'n'; ub}{ lxF8]sf 5g\ . o:tf] nfU5 – oxfF r'gfj cfPsf] 5 . t/ xf]Og – wflbª lhNnfsf] sfsL{8fF8fjf;Lsf] of] EofO{ gEofO{ ufpF ;kmfO cleofgsf nflu xf] . 7"n} ;ef u/]/ pgLx?n] laxLaf/ 3f]if0ff u/] – ca xfdL sf]xL klg v'nf 7fpFdf lb;f lk;fa ub}{gf}+ . 7\ofSs} Ps jif{ cl3 ufpFn] ;a} e]nf ePsf lyP . Toltv]/ pgLx?n] ufpFsf] gS;f agfP . s'g 3/af6 sxfF lb;flk;fa ug{ hfG5g\ eGg] 7fpF klxNofP . To:tf 7fpFnfO{ lgu/fgLdf /fVb} s]xL JolQm cg'udgdf lg:s] . hlxn] hxfF lb;f e]§fof], kx]+nf] em08f uf8\b} uP . …s'g} lbg o:tf] eof], ufpFel/ em08}em08f b]lvg yfn]Ú lgjt{dfg j8fWoIf s[i0faxfb'/ yfkf eG5g\ – …To:tf] b[ion] ;a}nfO{ nfh nfUg yfNof] / 3/ 3/df rkL{ aGg yfn] .Ú ;/sf/ / s'g} Pglhcf]sf] k};f kfP/ pgLx? o;/L h'd{'/fPsf xf]Ogg\ . ;d'bfo ldNg] xf] eg] s;}sf] ;xof]u lagf klg ufpFsf] ljsf; ;+ej 5 eGg] k'li6 u/]sf 5g\, sfsL{8fF8fjf;Ln] . Ps jif{ cl3;Dd kfvf / af/Ldf lb;f lk;fa ug]{ oxfFsf x/]s 3/df clxn] zf}rfno ag]sf 5g\ . zf}rfno ag]sf] dfq xf]Og, kmf]xf]/ ug]{nfO{ ;hfo klg tf]s]sf 5g\ pgLx?n]. s;}n] v'Nnf 7fpFdf lb;f u/]sf] e]l6of] eg] p;n] !) ?k}ofF hl/jfgf ltg'{k5{ . Tof] k};f kQf nufpg]nfO{ lbOG5 . ;/;kmfO pkef]Qmf ;ldltn] cg'udg ug]{ JolQm v6fPsf] 5 . st} v'Nnf 7fpFdf lb;f e]l6of] / s;n] u/]sf] eGg] k'li6 gePdf ;DalGwt 6f]nsf x/]sf 3/nfO{ kfFr ?k}ofFsf b/n] hl/jfgf ul/G5 . k[YjL /fhdfu{nfO{ l;Dn] 5f8]/ !% ldg]6 psfnf] uPkl5 sfsL{8fF8f ufpFdf k'luG5 . ufpF ;'? ePs} uf}+8fdf 7"nf] af]8{df n]lvPsf] 5 M xfdL v'Nnf 7fpFdf lb;flk;fa ub}{gf}+, 3/cfFug ;kmf /fV5f}+, wf/f ;kmf /fV5f}+, lkpg] kfgL ;w}+ 5f]k]/ /fV5f}+, dlxgfdf Psk6s af6f]3f6f] ;kmf u5f}+ . lzIffdf kl5 g} /x]sf] of] ufpF :jf:Yo r]tgfdf eg] lgs} cl3 5 . k~rsGof k|fljdf cfof]lht 3f]if0ff ;efjdf Ps ;j{;fwf/0f eGb} lyP – …Ps u|fd lb;fdf Ps s/f]8 efO/;, Ps nfv AofS6]l/of x'G5 . aflx/k]m/ lb;f ug]{ 7fpFsf] x/]s JolQmn] jif{sf] b'O{ lsnf] lb;f vfG5 . p;sf] k]6df slt /f]usf sL/f k'Ubf xf]nfg\ <Ú – cv08 e08f/L÷/fh]Gb|k|tfk zfx --@)^@ d+l;/ @ ut]sf] sflGtk'/ b}lgsaf6 lnOPsf]_

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emf8fkvfnfhGo /f]usf sf/0fn] k|To]s jif{ kfFr jif{ pd]/ gk'u]sf sl/j !# xhf/ g]kfnL afnaflnsfsf] d[To' x'g] ub{5 . – o'lg;]km @))% emf8fkvfnfhGo /f]un] dfq} k|ltlbg ^ xhf/ afnaflnsfsf] Hofg lnG5 . o;sf] cy{ k|To]s 306f @%) hgf, k|To]s ldg]6 $ hgf afnaflnsfsf] d[To' x'g' xf] . – vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO ;fe]mbf/L kl/ifb, @))# lb;f wf]O;s]kl5 ;fa'g -jf v/fgL_ / kfgLn] xft w'g]h:tf] ;fdfGo sfd ugf{n] klg emf8fkvfnfhGo /f]udf Ps ltxfOn] sdL cfpg] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . – ljZj :jf:Yo ;+u7g÷o'lg;]km @)))_ kfgLhGo /f]uaf6 u|:t la/fdLx?n] ljZjel/sf c:ktfnx?sf] %) k|ltzt z}of cf]u6\g] u/]sf 5g\ . – b Xo'dg j]:6 / jf6/ P8 @))@ Ps u|fd lb;fdf /f]usf ! s/f]8 efO/;, !) nfv AofS6]l/of, !@ xhf/ k/hLjL / h'sfsf Ps ;oj6f k'mn x'g ;S5g\ . – o'lg;]km @))) ;/;kmfOsf] cefjaf6 pTkGg x'g] /f]ux?n] ubf{ ljZjdf k|To]s lbg nueu ^ xhf/ afnaflnsfsf] d[To' x'g] u5{ . of] Iflt afnaflnsfn] el/Psf] @) j6f hDaf] h]6 ljdfgx? lbg}lkR5] b'3{6gf eP;/x xf] . – jf6/P8 @))# ljZjsf @ ca{ ^) s/f]8 dflg;x? ;/;kmfOsf] plrt ;'ljwfaf6 jl~rt 5g\ . o;sf] cfwf efu cyf{t\ ! ca{ #) s/f]8 dflg;x? :jR5 vfg]kfgLsf] ;'ljwfaf6 jl~rt 5g\ . ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIocg';f/ ;/;kmfOsf] ;'ljwfaf6 jl~rt ljZj hg;+VofnfO{ ;g\ @)!% ;Dddf cfwf sd ug{ clxn]b]lv tf]lsPsf] ;dofjlw;Dddf k|To]s jif{ !@ s/f]8 dflg;nfO{ ;'wfl/Psf] ;/;kmfO ;]jf pknAw u/fpg' cfjZos 5 . olb of] nIo k"/f eof] g} eg] klg ! ca{ *) s/f]8 dflg; ;/;kmfOsf] plrt ;'ljwfaf6 jl~rt g} /xg]5g\ .

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;/;kmfOsf ;'/lIft / plrt ;'ljwfx? k|of]u u/]sf] v08df afnd[To'b/ #) k|ltztn] 36\g] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . /fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o :t/sf] g]t[Tj ju{n] v'Nnf ?kdf lb;f ug]{ k|rng aGb u/L To;sf] plrt Joj:yfkg ug]{ s'/fnfO{ cGt/f{li6«o ljsf;sf] Ph]08fdf ;dfj]z ug{ rf;f] gb]vfpg' g} ljZjdf ;/;kmfOsf] plrt k|jw{g x'g g;Sg'sf] Ps d'Vo sf/0f xf] . – dfgj ljsf; k|ltj]bg @ ))^ ljut !) jif{df emf8fkvfnfn] dfq} bf];|f] ljZjo'4b]lv xfn;Ddsf ;z:q åGåaf6 dfl/Psf dflg;x?eGbf a9L afnaflnsfx?sf] d[To' eO;s]sf] 5 . kfgL lngsf nflu Plzof / clk|msfsf dlxnfxx? lbgsf] ;/b/ ^ lsld lxF8g\ afWo 5g\ . ljsf;zLn b]zsf dflg;x?n] cf};tdf k|ltlbg k|ltJolQm !) ln6/ kfgL k|of]u u5{g\ . ;+o'Qm clw/fHosf dflg;x?n] cf};tdf k|ltlbg k|ltJolQm !#% ln6/ kfgL k|of]u u5{g\ . ;g\ !(*! b]lv !(() nfO{ cGt/f{li6«o vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO bzssf ?kdf dgfOof] . o; bzssf] nIo ;g\ !(() ;Dddf ;a}nfO{ :jR5 vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfOsf] ;'ljwf pknAw u/fpg] lyof] . olb ljZj :jf:Yo ;+u7gn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] Go"gtd nIo k"/f ePsf] eP ^) ca{ 8n/ vr{ x'g] lyof] . o;sf] cy{ bzsel/sf] k|To]s lbg ! s/f]8 ^% nfv 8n/ vr{ x'g] lyof] . t/ ljZdf k|To]s lbg r'/f]6sf nflu @$ s/f]8 ?k}ofF vr{ ul/G5, k|To]s lbg @ ca{ #) s/f]8 ?k}ofF ;}lgsLs/0fsf nflu vr{ ul/G5 . o'/f]k]nLx?n] Ps jif{df !! ca{ 8n/ a/fa/sf] cfO;lqmd vfG5g\, ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sf / o'/f]kdf jif{el/df !& ca{ 8n/ kfNt' kz'kIfLsf] rf/f]sf nflu vr{ x'G5, o'/f]kdf ! va{ % ca{ 8n/ a/fa/sf] /sd a;]{gL /S;L vfgdf vr{ x'G5, h'g ;a}nfO{ vfg]kfgL, ;/;kmfO / cf/f]Uotf ;'lglZrt ug{ nfUg] /sdeGbf !) u'0ff a9L x'G5 . – ljZj :jf:Yo ;+u7g