Class Lecture # 1

Slide 1

“Pakistan Railways”

MSc Transportation Engineering Railway Engineering

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Slide 2

Pakistan railways is the state owned railway company of Pakistan. It is the largest organization under the administration of Pakistan Government. Pakistan railways provides an important mode of transportation in the farthest corners of the country.

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Slide 3

History Of Pakistan Railways z z

z z

z

The possibility of Karachi as a sea port was introduced in the middle 19th century. Sir Henry Edward was appointed commissioner of Sindh & sought permission from Lord Dalhousie to begin a survey for a sea port. He also initiated the survey for a railway line in 1858. It was on 13th May 1861 that first railway line was opened for public traffic between Karachi City and Kotri, the distance of 105 miles. The line between Karachi City and Kiamari was opened on 16th June 1889.

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Slide 4

History Of Pakistan Railways z

During 1897 the line from Kiamari to Kotri was doubled. z At the time of independence, North Western Railway’s 1847 route mile was transferred to India leaving route miles 5048 to Pakistan. z In 1954, the railway line was extended to Mardan and Charsada section and in 1956 JacobabadKashmore 2’-6’’ line was converted into broad gauge. z Kotadu-Kashmore line was constructed between 1969 to 1973 providing an alternate route from Karachi to up country. A Free sample background from www.powerpointbackgrounds.com

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Slide 5

Operation Of Railways A rail transport consists of two necessary elements: z

Infrastructure such as tracks, rolling stock & stations.

z

A system of traffic control to co-ordinate train movement.

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Railway Track

Slide 6

z

Railway tracks consist of two parallel steel rails.

z

These rails are generally anchored perpendicular to beams termed as sleepers to maintain a consistent distance apart called gauge.

z

The rails & sleepers are usually then placed on a foundation made of compressed earth and gravel in a bed of ballast to prevent the track from buckling as the ground settles over time beneath & under the weight of the vehicles passing above.

z

The vehicles travelling on the rails are arranged in a train.

z

These vehicles (carriages, wagons) move with much less friction then on rubber tyres on a paved roads. The locomotive that pulls the train tends to use energy far © 2004 By Default! more efficiently as a result.

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Slide 7

Railway Track

Rails Sleepers

Ballast Gauge

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Slide 8

Rail X-Section

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Slide 9

Railway Track z

In all under the right circumstances, a train needs 50-70% less energy to transport a given tonnage of freight or number of passengers, than does road transport. z Rails & sleepers distribute the weight of the train evenly allowing significantly greater load per axle leading to less wear & tear on the permanent way. z Rail transport makes highly efficient use of space, a double track line can carry more passengers or freight in a given amount of time than a four lane road. A Free sample background from www.powerpointbackgrounds.com

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Slide 10

Railway Traffic z

Railway traffic consist of: • Passenger Traffic • Freight Traffic

z

Passenger Traffic • Pakistan railways daily operates 228 mail express & passenger trains. • Pakistan railways carry 65 million passengers annually. • Daily passengers carried are 178,000. • Passengers earnings comprises of 50% of the railway total revenue. • During 1999-2000 this amounted to 4.8 billion Rs.

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Slide 11

Railway Traffic z

Freight Traffic • The freight business unit with 12000 personnel, operates over 200 freight stations on the railway network. • The unit serves two major ports of Karachi & Bin Qasim as well as all the four provinces of the country. • About 39% of the revenue is generated from the transportation of POL products, 19% from imported wheat, fertilizer & rock phosphate, remaining 42% is earned from domestic traffic. • The Freight Rates structure is based on market trends particularly of the road transport which is Railways main competitor. • Total Freight carried by Pakistan Railways during 2001-2002 was 5.9 million tons.

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Slide 12

Rail Switches/Turnouts z

A rail switch or set of points also a turnout is a mechanical installation enabling trains to be guided from one lines of rail tracks to another.

z

The points are the movable rails which guide the wheels towards one diverging track or the other.

z

The position of the switch is usually changed from an interlocking tower/signal box.

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Slide 13

Rail Switches/Turnouts

Points

A right-hand railroad switch. A Free sample background from www.powerpointbackgrounds.com

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Slide 14

Railway Signaling z

Signaling is a device by which the movement of the trains is controlled.

z

Railway signaling is a system used on railways to control traffic safely e.g. to prevent trains from colliding.

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Slide 15

Control & Operation Of Signals z

z z

The earliest signals were directly operated by a signalman on the basis of his knowledge of the line ahead. Later, signals were mechanically connected to the points. When multiple signals are used to control movements in the same area, the signals will also be connected together to prevent conflicting indications. These signals are said to be interlocked e.g. two signals facing trains approaching from converging routes at a junction are interlocked so that only one of the two signals show a proceed indication.

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Slide 16

Control & Operation Of Signals z

Signals are controlled by a levers grouped together & connected to the signal by wire cables or pipes supported on rollers. These levers are placed in a special building known as signal box or interlocking tower.

z

Today signals are manually set to either “proceed” or “stop” or automatically set to “stop” by devices that detects the presence of a train.

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Slide 17

Classification Of Signals z

According to function: • • • •

z

According to location: • • • •

z

Stop signal/Semaphore signals Warner signals Disc or ground signals Colored light signals Outer signals Home signals Starter signals Advance starter signals

According to their specific purpose: • • • •

Routing signals Repeater signals Call on signals Shunting signals

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Slide 18

Stop Signal/Semaphore Signal z

The normal position of the signal is horizontal & it can be lowered at an angle of 45o to 60o with horizontal by pulling the wire from the signal cabin. In the horizontal position, the signal indicates the “danger stop” & it is said “on position”. When the arm is in inclined position it indicates “clearproceed” & is said in “off-position”.

z

In the night, the light of the lamp passing through the spectacles gives signals. Thus red light indicates danger and green light line clear.

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Slide 19

SEMAPHORE SIGNAL

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Slide 20

Stop Signal/Semaphore Signal Semaphore Arm Lamp

Spectacles

7.676m Signal Post

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Lever

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Slide 21

Signal Indications Operation Time Position Of Arm Position Of Signal Indication Given ON

Stop

OFF

Proceed

Red Light

ON

Stop

Green Light

OFF

Proceed

Horizontal Arm Day Time o

Inclined At 60 or 45

o

Night Time

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Slide 22

Colored Light Signals z

These are automatic signals & give indications by electric lights both during the day as well as in night. z The signals are provided with green, yellow and red light. • Green…….Proceed • Yellow…….Proceed with caution • Red……….Stop z

These signals are provided with special lenses & hoods to emit beam of light which can be visible from a long distance even during the day. z These signals normally remain in off position i.e. proceed position &automatically changes to stop as soon as train enters into the section. A Free sample background from www.powerpointbackgrounds.com

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Slide 23

Control Of Train Movements Usually methods adopted for the control of movements of trains are as follows: z

Absolute block system.

z

Automatic signaling.

z

Centralized traffic control system.

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Slide 24

Absolute Block System In Pakistan mostly this system of signaling is in use. z In this system the railway line is divided into block sections. Block section is usually the distance between two successive stations. z By this system only one train is permitted in a section at a time. z Block instruments in pairs are installed at each station. z These instruments show whether the section ahead is clear or reserved for a train. z Sometimes a long stretch between two stations may be formed into two or more block sections (intermediate block) to increase track utilization. A Free sample background from www.powerpointbackgrounds.com

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Slide 25

Automatic Signaling z z z z z

This system is an improvement over absolute block system. In this system the signals are actuated by the trains themselves and thus the trains can follow each other between the two stations. The section is divided into blocks, one block is about 5-7kms length. An electric current is carried through the electric circuited track. When a train enter a particular block the electric current puts the signal at danger position (red light) for the particular block until the train moves nearly two blocks ahead.

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Slide 26

Centralized Traffic Control System (C.T.C) z

This is the latest system to control the movements of trains in which points and signals are operated from a central control room & no signals cabins are required. z In this system a centralized traffic control panel is used, which consist of illuminated track diagram showing the relative positions of signals, points and track circuits. z The person controlling the panel is called a dispatcher. He makes all the arrangements for crossings, points and signals. A Free sample background from www.powerpointbackgrounds.com

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Slide 27

Track Length z

The Pakistan railway has a total of 11,515 km track (including track on double line, yard and sidings) at the end of 20012002.

z

This consists of 10,960km of broad gauge and 555km of meter gauge.

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Slide 28

Double Line Track & Electrified Track z

Double line track consist of 1,043km and electrified track consist of 544km as Shown: FROM

TO

LENGTH (KMS)

Kiamari

Lodharn

843

Sher Shah

Multan

15

Raiwind

Shahdara Bagh

46

Lahore

Wahgah

23

Chaklala

Golra Sharif

19

Ab-i-Gum

Kolpur

37

Gulistan

Chaman

60

1,043 ELECTRIFIED SECTIONS

TRACK KMS

Lahore

Khanewal

521.22

Lahore Mughalpura

Lahore Cantt

22.78

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Slide 29

Total Wagons Owned by Pakistan Railways Type of Wagons

Nos

Carrying Capacity Tons

Capacity Max Size LXWXH

22

23.5 x 9.75 x 8.25 inner volume 1809.3 cft.

Covered Wagons 8 Wheeler

43.7

45 x 8.25 x 9.75 inner volume 3456.9 cft.

Open Wagons 4 - Wheeler

22

23.5 x 10 x 4.5 inner volume 1075.5 cft.

Open Wagons 8 - Wheeler

44

40 x 9.3 x 5 inner volume 1866.5 cft.

Special Wagons 4 Wheeler for containers

22

26 x 9.3 for 20 feet containers

46

45 x 9.3 for 40 feet containers

Covered Wagons 4 -Wheeler 13,216

5,253

5,663 Special Wagons 8 Wheeler for containers

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Slide 30

Railway Links With Adjacent Countries z

India - Operational (Attari-Wagha) - same gauge 1676mm

z

Afghanistan- no railways to link

z

Iran - Suspended - missing link Bam - Zahedan break of gauge 1676mm/1435mm

z

China - non-existent - via Himalaya mountains!

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Slide 31

Performance Of Pakistan Railways Year

Number of passengers carried (million)

Freight carried (million tons)

Locomotives (No.)

Freight wagons (No.)

1998-99

64.9

5.4

596

24,456

1999-00

68

4.8

597

23,906

2000-01

68.8

5.9

610

23,893

2001-02

69

5.9

577

23,893

2002-03

52

4.4

577

23,939

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Slide 32

Future Projects Development Plans

Estimated Cost Rs. Billion

Upgradation and improvement of track from Khanpur to Lalamusa

3.5

Dualization of Track from Khanewal to Raiwind and Shahdara to Lalamusa.

7

Setting up of a railway yard and railway linkage from Gwadar port to container yard.

2.5

Rail link from Gwadar Port to existing rail link at Ahmad wall on Quetta Taftan section.

12

Up-gradation of Rohri – Quetta – Taftan section

15

Provision of Railway link on remaining portion of right bank of Indus for connectivity upto Peshawar via Kohat

6

Rail link from Quetta – Bostan – Zhob to D.I. Khan for provision of direct connectivity from Baluchistan to NWFP.

6

Upgradation of Mirpur Khas – Khokhrapar section from meter gauge to broad gauge upto international boarder.

1.8

Feasibility study for provision of rail link from Rawalpindi to Muzaffarabad AJK

0.1

Feasibility Study for provision of rail link from Dina to Mirpur AJK.

0.05

Procurement/ manufacture and assembling of 100 locomotives (75 diesel and 25 electric).

16

Procurement/ manufacturing and assembly of 1000 freight wagons.

4.8

Procurement/ manufacturing and assembly of 100 passenger coaches.

4.1

Electrification of Lahore – Khanewal double line section with rehabilitation of existing single line Lahore – Khanewal section (285 Kms). And extension upto Samasatta (163 Kms).

5.6

Provision of road over bridge at Chowrangi Chowk Export Processing Zone Karachi. (50% of the cost is to be borne by EPZ).

0.125

Improvement and rehabilitation of old and obsolete signaling system on Karachi – Peshawar section in phases.

15

Other minor projects.

1

For completion of on going schemes.

23

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