Chintan March 09

£Ï¤˛ §Çáƒy

~!≤ð 2009

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§¡õyòܲ#Î˚

lï%˛l §ÙÎ˚ñ lï%˛l xy¢yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ Ú!ã˛hs˝lÛ ˛õ!eܲy xˆÏlܲ!òl ˛õÓ˚ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •ˆÏFSÈ– ~Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚î !•§yˆÏÓ Ü˛ˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛Ìy ӈϰ ˆlGÎ˚y çÓ˚&!Ó˚– çß√°ˆÏ@¿ ~•z ˛õ!eܲyÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ Î%_´ ܲÙ≈#ÈüȧÇàë˛ˆÏܲÓ˚y !ܲS%È ÓyhflÏÓÈüÈÓ!ç≈ï˛ ÷ܲˆÏly ï˛_¥ã˛ã≈˛yÓ˚ fl∫≤¿ !lˆÏÎ˚ ~ ܲyç ÷Ó˚& ܲˆÏÓ˚l!l– ~ܲ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ ÚÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ xˆÏß∫£Ïî ≤ÃÎ˚y§Û !•§yˆÏÓ ï˛yÓ˚y ï˛_¥ã˛ã≈˛yˆÏܲ ÓyhflÏÓ Ü˛Ù≈ܲy[˛ xl%¢#°ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚# !ò¢y !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ•z ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰl– Óï≈˛Ùyl Úܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ !Ó≤’Ó# xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏlÓ˚Û ÓyhflÏÓ !ò¢y•#lï˛yñ ÙyÜ≈˛§Óyò ˆ°!llÓyòÈüÈ~ !ÓŸªy§ÈüÈ~Ó˚ lyˆÏÙ !láyò Úx¶˛cÛñ ܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ §%°Ë˛ xyò¢≈ÈüÈ!l¤˛y G í˛zß¨ï˛ §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ ˆÓyô ˆÌˆÏܲ Óí˛¸ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !Óã%˛ƒ!ï˛ñ !ÓŸªˆÏçyí˛¸y ܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏlÓ˚ ï˛_¥ G ≤ÈÏÎ˚yààï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ x≤Ãy§!Dܲ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õí˛¸yÈüüüÈ ~§Ó !ܲS%ÈÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ ˆçyÓ˚yˆÏ°y !ÓˆÏoy• ˆây£Ïîy ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ xyܲyA«˛y•z Ú!ã˛hs˝lÛÈüÈ~Ó˚ ≤Ãܲy¢lyÓ˚ !˛õSȈÏl !e´Î˚y¢#° !SÈ°– xƒyܲyˆÏí˛!Ùܲ§‰ÈüÈ~ ~ܲ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyÜ≈˛§Óyò ã˛ã≈˛y •Î˚– ï˛y ˆÎ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#ˆÏܲ Óò°yˆÏlyÓ˚ §Ç@˝ÃyˆÏÙ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ܲyˆÏç xyˆÏ§ lyñ ï˛y lÎ˚– ܲáˆÏly ï˛y ˆl!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓñ ܲáˆÏly Óy •z!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛ÈüÈ˲yˆÏÓ•z ܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ §Çàë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ xy˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î ï˛_¥ã˛ã≈˛yñ §Ù§yÙ!Î˚ܲ !Ó≤’Ó# ï˛_¥ àˆÏí˛¸ Gë˛yˆÏܲ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– !ܲv ï˛y ܲál•z §Ó˚y§!Ó˚ §Ùyç ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ !ò¢y !lÙ≈yîܲyÓ˚# ò!°° •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zë˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ lyñ ܲyÓ˚î ÓyhflÏÓ ç#Ól xyÓ˚ ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÎ ÊÑ˛yܲñ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ ÓyÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ §ÇˆÏÎyàñ §!¡ø°lñ §ÇâˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ xhs˝•#l ≤Ã!e´Î˚yˆÏï˛•z ï˛y ÷ô% !Ó≤’Ó# ï˛_¥ñ !Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ÈüÈ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ •zhflÏy•yÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ GˆÏ벖 Ú!ã˛hs˝lÛ ˛õ!eܲyÈüÈˆÜ˛ ˆây£ÏîyÎ˚ ~ܲ ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ xˆÏß∫£Ïî ≤ÃÎ˚y§ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ Î!ò ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛•z !Ó≤’Ó# ï˛_¥ !lÙ≈yˆÏîÓ˚ ~ܲ ܲy[˛y!Ó˚ •ˆÏï˛ •Î˚ñ ï˛y ï˛_¥ã˛ã≈˛yˆÏܲ Î!ò ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ xˆÏÌ≈ ï˛_¥ã˛ã≈˛yÓ˚ !ò¢yÓ˚# xyÓ˚ ˜òl!®l ˆ◊!î§Ç@˝ÃyˆÏÙ ˜Ó≤’!Óܲ ܲÙ≈ܲyˆÏ[˛Ó˚ xhs˝!l≈!•ï˛ !ã˛hs˝yÓ˚ ôyÓ˚ܲÈüÈÓy•Ü˛ •ˆÏï˛ •Î˚ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆ°áܲñ §¡õyòܲñ ≤Ãܲy¢Ü˛ñ §¡õyòܲÙ[˛°#Ó˚ §ò§ƒ xyÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ §D#ÈüȧyÌ#ˆÏòÓ˚ !lSÈܲ•z ≤ÃÓ¶˛Ü˛yÓ˚ •ˆÏ° ã˛ˆÏ° ly– 150 ÓSȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ xl%¢#!°ï˛ ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ ˛õ%lÙ)≈°ƒyÎ˚lÈüÈ!l/§,ï˛ í˛z˛õ°!∏˛ §Ù§yÙ!Î˚ܲ ˜Ó≤’!Óܲ ï˛_¥ !lÙ≈yîˆÏܲ ˆÎÙl ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏÓñ lï%˛l ˲yÓlyÓ˚ çlƒ òÓ˚çy á%ˆÏ° ˆòˆÏÓñ ï˛yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ•z 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ÎÌyÎÌ =Ó˚&c ly ˆòGÎ˚y ˆÎÙl xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ ܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏlÓ˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ §yÙˆÏl ~ܲ =Ó˚&ï˛Ó˚ Óyôy •ˆÏÎ˚ òÑy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ˆï˛Ù!l !Ó˛õÓ˚#ˆÏï˛ ÎyÓ˚y ~Ó˚ =Ó˚&cˆÏܲ fl∫#Ü,˛!ï˛ !òˆÏï˛ ÷Ó˚& ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ܲÙ≈ܲyˆÏ[˛ÈüüüÈ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yˆÏà ~ÓÇ ÙlˆÏlÈüüüÈ ˆ˛õ¢yòy!Ó˚ˆÏcÓ˚ x˲yÓ ~ܲ ܲ!ë˛l ã˛ƒyˆÏ°O !•§yˆÏÓ í˛z˛õ!fliï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– Ú!ã˛hs˝lÛG ~•z ¢!_´¢y°# x˜ÏÓ≤’!Óܲ ≤ÃÓîï˛yÓ˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ lÎ˚ÈüüüÈ ~•z xܲ˛õê˛ fl∫#ܲyˆÏÓ˚y!_´ !òˆÏÎ˚•zñ ~ˆÏܲ x!ï˛e´Ù ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ¢˛õÌ !lˆÏÎ˚•z lï%˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ú!ã˛hs˝lÛÈüÈ~Ó˚ Óï≈˛Ùyl ≤Ãܲy¢ly– ~•z ˆ≤ë˛y˛õê˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ Ú!ã˛hs˝lÛÈüÈ~Ó˚ lï%˛l ÎyeyÎ˚ñ ~ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §ÇáƒyÎ˚ fliyl ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ !ï˛l!ê˛ ≤ÃÓ¶˛– §Ùܲy°#l §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ xyÓ˚G Ó‡ !ܲS%È x!ï˛ =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ˆÏܲÈüüüÈ ÎÌyÎÌ ≤Û!ï˛Ó˚ x˲yˆÏÓ fliyl ˆòGÎ˚y ˆà° ly– ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ !Ó≤’Ó# xyˆÏ®y°l !ӣψÏÎ˚ ò%!ê˛ ≤ÃÓ¶˛ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆ°áyñ Úxçyly ˛õÓ≈ï˛!¢áˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏÓ˚y•ˆÏîÓ˚ §y•§ÛÛ ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ §Ç!Óôyl §Ë˛y !lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ xyˆÏà Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ñ Ú!ã˛hs˝lÛÈüÈ~Ó˚ §ÙÈüÈÙˆÏly˲yÓy˛õߨ ˛õ!eܲy ÚÙyÜ≈˛!§fiê˛ •zˆÏrê˛ˆÏ°Ü˛¢lÛÈüÈ~ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ ˆ°áyÓ˚ ÓyÇ°y xl%Óyò– x˛õÓ˚ ˆ°áy!ê˛ñ ÚÚˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ !Ó≤’Ó# xyˆÏ®y°l ˆÜ˛yl‰ ˛õˆÏÌ⁄ÛÛÈüȈï˛ñ CPN(M) [Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl UCPN(M)]ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ Ó˚îl#!ï˛ÈüÈÓ˚îˆÏÜ˛Ô¢ˆÏ°Ó˚ §!ë˛Ü˛ˆÏcÓ˚ ˆÎÔ!_´Ü˛ï˛y ÓƒyáƒyÓ˚ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ !lÓ≈yã˛l ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# xl%§,ï˛ ÚÓ˚îˆÏÜ˛Ô¢ˆÏ°Û å≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛˛õˆÏ«˛ Ó˚îl#!ï˛ä ˆÎ ÙyÓ˚ydܲ ò!«˛î˛õsi# ≤ÃÓîï˛y °«˛ƒ ܲÓ˚y ÎyˆÏFSÈ ï˛yˆÏܲ ï%˛ˆÏ° ôÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛‹Ty ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~ !ӣψÏÎ˚ UCPN(M)ÈüÈ~Ó˚ x˲ƒhs˝ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ §Ó≈hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲÙ≈#Óy!•l#ˆÏï˛ ~ܲ !ÓˆÏoy•# Ùyl!§Ü˛ï˛yñ !Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ xyÜ%˛!ï˛ G §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ §ÙO§ƒ˛õ)î≈ !Ó≤’Ó# Ó˚îl#!ï˛ÈüÈÓ˚îˆÏÜ˛Ô¢° á%шÏç ˆÓÓ˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏã˛‹Ty ã˛°ˆÏSÈ ï˛yˆÏܲG fl∫#Ü,˛!ï˛ ˆòGÎ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ÓyhflÏÓï˛ ˆl˛õyˆÏ° !Ó≤’ÓÈ xô≈ÈüȧÙyÆ xÓfliyÎ˚ Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl ~ܲ ç!ê˛° §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ Ù%ˆÏáyÙ%!á òÑy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏSÈ– !lÓ≈y!ã˛ï˛ §Ç!Óôyl §Ë˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ 55% ˆây!£Ïï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ Ó%ˆÏç≈yÎ˚y ≤Ãçyï˛sf ã˛yÎ˚ÈüüüÈ xÓ¢ƒ•z ï˛yG ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˜Ó≤’!Óܲ ܲyÎ˚òyÎ˚ lÎ˚ñ ô#Ó˚ à!ï˛ §ÇflÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚– 45% UCPN(M)ÈüÈ~Ó˚ §ò§ƒ– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ xyÓyÓ˚ xˆÏô≈ܲ ¢!_´ Î!ò Ó˚yçï˛sfˆÏܲ •!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ñ Óy!ܲ ܲyçê˛y §yÙhs˝ÈüÈ≤Ã!ï˛!l!ôñ ˆò¢#Î˚ ~ܲˆÏã˛!ê˛Î˚y ˛õ%Ñ!çÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!l!ôñ §y¡ÀyçƒÓyò# ~ˆÏçrê˛ ~ÓÇ Ë˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ xy!ô˛õï˛ƒÓyˆÏòÓ˚ ~ˆÏçrê˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ¢y!hs˝˛õ)î≈ §•yÓfliyˆÏlÓ˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ ã˛y°yˆÏï˛ ã˛ylñ ï˛y•ˆÏ° ˆÎ ˆl˛õy° xï˛hs˝ ô#Ó˚ à!ï˛ˆÏï˛ñ á%Ó ˆÓ!¢ •ˆÏ° ~ܲ Ó%ˆÏç≈yÎ˚y ≤Ãçyï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ~ˆÏàyˆÏï˛ ÌyܲˆÏÓ åxyçˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆl˛õy° xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ xyôÈüȧyÙhs˝ï˛y!sfܲ xyôy Å˛õ!lˆÏÓ!¢Ü˛äÈüüüÈ ~ˆÏï˛ §ˆÏ®ˆÏ•Ó˚ xÓܲy¢ ÌyˆÏܲ ly– §Ç!Óôyl §Ë˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ 75% ≤Ã!ï˛!l!ôÓ˚ xyܲyA«˛y Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆï˛Ùl•z ÙˆÏl •ˆÏFSÈ– Î!òG âê˛lye´Ù ~˲yˆÏÓ•z

àí˛¸yˆÏï˛ ÌyܲˆÏÓÈüüüÈ ~ê˛y ôˆÏÓ˚ !lˆÏï˛ xyÙÓ˚y Ó˚y!ç l•z– 7 •yçyÓ˚ ¢!•ˆÏòÓ˚ flø,!ï˛ §yÓ˚y ˆò¢ç%ˆÏí˛¸ ÓˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓí˛¸yˆÏFSÈl ˆÎ Ó#Ó˚ !Ó≤’Ó#Ó˚yñ ï˛yÓ˚y ~ï˛ §•ˆÏç xyd§Ù˛õ≈î ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓlñ ~ê˛y ˆË˛ˆÏÓ ˆlGÎ˚yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ~álG xyˆÏ§!l– UCP(N)ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˆË˛ï˛Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ Ùï˛!ÓˆÏÓ˚yô ï˛y•z ˆàyê˛y !ӈϟªÓ˚ ܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ ÙˆÏly˲yÓy˛õߨ §Çàë˛l §Ù)• G Óƒ!_´ÓˆÏà≈Ó˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ~ܲ à˲#Ó˚ í˛zˆÏmˆÏàÓ˚ G x!fliÓ˚ï˛yÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ òÑy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– UPRC å•zí˛zly•zˆÏê˛í˛ !˛õ˛õ°§ !Ó˚˲!°í˛z¢ly!Ó˚ ܲyí˛z!™°äÈüÈˆÜ˛ ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y˛õ%!Ó˚ xˆÏܲˆÏçy ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòGÎ˚yñ ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˙ܲƒÓk˛ Ú!˛õ˛õ°§‰ !Ó˚˛õyÓ!°ˆÏܲÛÓ˚ §Ç!Óôyl à,•#ï˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ xyˆÏà•z Ú!˛õ˛õ°§ !°ÓyˆÏÓ˚¢l xy!Ù≈ÛÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ Úˆl˛õy° xy!Ù≈ÛÓ˚ ~ܲ#ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ Ü˛ÙˆÏÓ˚í˛ ≤Ãã˛[˛ÈüÈÓ˚ x˲yÓl#Î˚ í˛zˆÏòƒyàÈüüüÈ !Ó≤’ÓˆÏܲ ºyhs˝ !ò¢yÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ üüüÈ ~ !ӣψÏÎ˚ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §Ç¢Î˚ ˆl•z– ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ Ó˚ã˛ly!ê˛ñ ÚÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ò¢≈l G ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ §Ù§ƒyÛñ ÚÙyÜ≈˛!§fiê˛ •zˆÏrê˛ˆÏ°Ü˛¢ˆÏlÛ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ Ù)° Ó˚ã˛lyÓ˚ ÓDyl%Óyò– ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ ˛õ%lÙ)≈°ƒyÎ˚lÈüÈ ˛õ%l/§)eyÎ˚ˆÏl ˆÎ !ò¢y !lˆÏÎ˚ Ú!ã˛hs˝lÛ Ü˛yç ÷Ó˚& ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ° ï˛yÓ˚•z xÇ¢ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ !˲!_ÈüÈÓ˚ fl∫Ó˚*˛õ!ê˛ ÎÌyÎÌ˲yˆÏÓ ˆÓyV˛yÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆã˛‹Ty ã˛y°yˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ≤ÃÓ¶˛!ê˛ˆÏï˛– ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ñ Ù•yl !¢«˛Ü˛ˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ Ó˚ã˛lyÎ˚ ~!ӣψÏÎ˚ ˆÎ§Ó !˲ߨ ôyÓ˚yÓ˚ ò,!‹T˲!DÈüȧÙ)• ≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛!°ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ ï˛y !lˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎ !Óºy!hs˝ §,!‹T •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ˆ§ !ӣψÏÎ˚G xyˆÏ°yܲ˛õyï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl ˆ«˛e=!°ˆÏܲ !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛‹Ty ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ !ÓŸªò,!‹T˲!DÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ~•z !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ xyhs˝/§¡õÜ≈˛ˆÏܲ ˆáÑyçyÓ˚ ˆã˛‹Ty ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˆÎ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ Ú!ã˛hs˝lÛÈüÈ~Ó˚ Óï≈˛Ùyl §Çáƒy!ê˛ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •ˆÏFSÈ ï˛ál xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ G çyï˛#Î˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ !ӈϢ£Ï =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈ âê˛ly Óy ˛õ!Ó˚!fli!ï˛Ó˚ í˛zqÓ âˆÏê˛ˆÏSÈ– §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈ âê˛ly •° xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ ˛õ%Ñ!çÓ˚ ~ܲ ï˛#Ó  §B˛ê˛ñ ÎyˆÏܲ ÷ô% 1930ÈüÈÓ˚ ò¢ˆÏܲÓ˚ §B˛ˆÏê˛Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ•z ï%˛°ly ܲÓ˚y ã˛ˆÏ°– §B˛ê˛ ~Ùl ~ܲê˛y §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ÷Ó˚& •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Îál ~Ù!lˆÏï˛•z xyˆÏÙ!Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ GDP Ó,!k˛Ó˚ •yÓ˚ 2·4%ñ çy˛õyˆÏlÓ˚ 1·9%ñ •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚y˛õ#Î˚ Ó,•Í ˛õ%Ñ!çÓyò# Ó˚y‹T…=!°Ó˚ àí˛¸ GDP Ó,!k˛Ó˚ •yÓ˚ 3%ÈüÈ~Ó˚ l#ˆÏã˛– !Óï˛Ü≈˛ ã˛°ˆÏSÈ üüüÈ xÓfliy ܲyÓ˚ ˆÓ!¢ áyÓ˚y˛õ •ˆÏï˛ ã˛ˆÏ°ˆÏSÈ üüüÈ xyˆÏÙ!Ó˚ܲy ly !Ó ˆÏê˛ˆÏlÓ˚– !ÓŸªÈüÈ˛õ%Ñ!çÓ˚ ˆÜ˛w ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤ÃyÎ˚¢•z ˆÎÔÌ ˆây£Ïîy ˆ¢yly ÎyˆÏFSÈÈüüüÈ ÚÚ~•z §B˛ê˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ xyÙÓ˚y o&ï˛•z ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ xy§Ó–ÛÛ Úí˛zò#Î˚ÙylÛ ˛õ%Ñ!çÓyò# Ó˚y‹T… ã˛#lÈüÈ~Ó˚ GDP Ó,!k˛Ó˚ •yÓ˚ 9·5% ˆÌˆÏܲ 7·5%ñ ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ 7·1%ñ ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ 5·8 •ˆÏï˛ ã˛ˆÏ°ˆÏSÈ å§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ˛õ)Ó≈yl%Ùyl xl%ÎyÎ˚#ä– IMFÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˆây£Ïîy xl%ÎyÎ˚# 2009ÈüÈ10 xy!Ì≈ܲ ÓSȈÏÓ˚ ~•z •yÓ˚ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆlˆÏÙ òÑyí˛¸yˆÏÓ 5·25%– Ê ˛yˆÏ™ñ !Ó ˆÏê˛ˆÏlñ çy˛õyˆÏlñ çyÙ≈y!lˆÏï˛ ~ܲê%˛ ~ܲê%˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ◊!Ùܲ xyˆÏ®y°l òyly ÓÑyôˆÏï˛ ÷Ó˚& ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~Ó˚ Óï≈˛Ùyl G ˲!Ó£ÏƒÍ !ӈϟ’£ÏˆÏî !ÓhflÏy!Ó˚ï˛ ã˛ã≈˛y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– ≤Û!ï˛Ó˚ x˲ˆÏÓ ~ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ú!ã˛hs˝ÏlÛÈüÈ~ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ≤ÈÏã˛‹TyˆÏܲ fliyl ˆòGÎ˚y ˆà° ly– xlƒ !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ ~ˆÏܲÓyˆÏÓ˚•z çyï˛#Î˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ •ˆÏ°G ~Ó˚G ~ܲê˛y xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ ï˛yͲõÎ≈ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˆ§!ê˛ •°ñ !§!˛õxy•zå~ÙäÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˛õ)î≈yD ÚÓ%ˆÏç≈yÎ˚y ˛õy!ê≈˛ÛˆÏï˛ Ó˚*˛õyhs˝Ó˚– Óyl≈fiê˛y•zlÓyòñ ܲyí˛zê˛!flÒÓyò ~ÓÇ e%´ˆÏÿ˛Ë˛ÓyòÈüÈ~Ó˚ Ú§,çl¢#°Û ï˛_¥yÎ˚lÈüȧ)eyÎ˚l âê˛yˆÏï˛ âê˛yˆÏï˛ 1990ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ò¢ˆÏܲ ~ˆÏ§ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈ lÎ˚yÈüÈí˛zòyÓ˚l#!ï˛Ó˚ ôyE˛yÎ˚ Îál ˆ§ ÙylÓÈüÈòÓ˚ò#ñ çlÙ%á#ñ ˛õ%Ñ!çÓyò# í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Ú§,çl¢#° ï˛_¥Û xyÙòy!l ܲÓ˚°ñ ï˛álG ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ÓyÙ˛õsi# ÙˆÏly˲yÓy˛õߨ çl§yôyÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà•z ˆË˛ˆÏÓ!SȈϰl ~ê˛y•z ÚxyçˆÏܲÓ˚ ÙyÜ≈˛§ÓyòÛ– !ܲv !§!˛õxy•zå~ÙäÈüÈ~Ó˚ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ¢!_´¢y°# ò%à≈ ˛õ!ÿ˛ÙÓˆÏDÓ˚ !§D%Ó˚ñ l®#@˝ÃyÙÈüÈ~Ó˚ l,¢Ç§ •ï˛ƒy°#°yñ ܲƒyí˛yÓ˚ñ ˲yí˛¸y ܲÓ˚y ˆ˛õ¢yòyÓ˚ •ï˛ƒyܲyÓ˚# G §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ˛õ%!°ˆÏ¢Ó˚ ÚxË)˛ï˛˛õ)Ó≈Û ï˛y[˛Ó ã˛y!°ˆÏÎ˚G Îál çlàˆÏîÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yô ˲y.y ˆà° lyñ ï˛ál ~ܲê˛y Óí˛¸ xLjϢÓ˚ ÓyÙ˛õsi# ÙˆÏly˲yÓy˛õߨ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ•z ~ê˛y ˛õ!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆà° ˆÎñ ~ê˛y ˆÜ˛yl ÚÙyÜ≈˛§ÓyòÛ lÎ˚ñ ~ê˛y !lç≈°y ˛õ%Ñ!çÓyò– ˛õ%Ñ!çÓyò ÓÓ˚ÓyÓ˚•z !lÙ≈Ùñ !l¤%˛Ó˚– ~ܲ!ÓÇ¢ ¢ï˛y∑#ˆÏï˛ ï˛yÓ˚ !l¤%˛Ó˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÙ!lñ ÓÓ˚Ç ˆÓˆÏí˛¸ˆÏSÈ Ó‡=î– xyÓ˚ !ÓŸªÈüÈ˛õ%Ñ!çÓ˚ ˆ≤ç!e´˛õ¢l •yˆÏï˛ !lˆÏÎ˚ñ xy•z~Ù~Ê˛ÈüÈGÎ˚y”≈˛ ÓƒyˆÏB˛Ó˚ Úçlܲ°ƒyîÛÈüÈ~Ó˚ ܲÙ≈§)!ã˛ Ó˚*˛õyÎ˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ÎyÓ˚y Îï˛ê˛y ò,ì˛¸ï˛y !lˆÏÎ˚ lyÙˆÏÓlñ lyÙ ï˛yÓ˚ Îy•z ˆ•yܲñ ܲÙ≈§)!ã˛ˆÏï˛ ï˛yÓ˚ Îy•z ˆ°áy ˆ•yܲñ ˛õ%Ñ!çÓyò# ˛õy!ê≈˛ˆÏï˛ Ó˚*˛õyhs˝Ó˚ 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í˛zˆÏß√yã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ ÓyÙ˛õsi# xyˆÏ®y°lñ ܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏl ˆÎ ¢)lƒï˛y ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ï˛yˆÏï˛ ï,˛îÙ)° Ü˛ÇˆÏ@˝Ã§ÈüÈÜ˛ÇˆÏ@˝Ã§ ˆçyˆÏê˛Ó˚ í˛zaylÈüüüÈ ~ܲ Ú˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ •yGÎ˚yÛÓ˚ Ó˚*˛õ !lˆÏÎ˚ •y!çÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– lÎ˚y í˛zòyÓ˚l#!ï˛Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ≤Èϟ¿ Ü˛ÇˆÏ@˝Ã§ ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛yˆÏly ÙˆÏï˛•z !§!˛õxy•zå~ÙäÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ò%Ó≈° ¢!_´ lÎ˚ñ ~•z §ï˛ƒˆÏܲ xyí˛¸y° ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛‹Ty ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï,˛îÙ)° Ü˛ÇˆÏ@˝Ã§ ï˛yÓ˚ Ó%ˆÏç≈yÎ˚y ã˛!Ó˚eˆÏܲ §ˆÏçyˆÏÓ˚ §yÙˆÏl !lˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏ§ˆÏSÈ– !§D%Ó˚ñ l®#@˝ÃyÙ xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏl §Ç@˝ÃyÙ# Ùyl%£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õyˆÏ¢ Ìyܲyñ SEZ !ÓˆÏÓ˚y!ôï˛yÓ˚ ≤Èϟ¿ §Ç@˝ÃyÙ# xÓfliyl ˆlGÎ˚yñ ï,˛îÙ)ˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ ˆÎ ~ܲ ÚˆË˛yê˛ Óyí˛¸yˆÏlyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛Ô¢°Û !SÈ°ñ ï˛y Ü˛ÇˆÏ@˝ÃˆÏ§Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ˆçyê˛ àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚y flõ‹T ܲˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ Ó%!k˛ç#Ó#ˆÏòÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y Óí˛¸ xLjϢÓ˚ ~•z ≤Ã!ï˛!e´Î˚y¢#° ˆçyˆÏê˛ ˆÎyàòyl ˛õ!ÿ˛ÙÓˆÏD àî xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏl xÇ¢@˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚# Ùyl%£ÏˆÏܲ ~ܲ Óí˛¸ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !Óºy!hs˝Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÊ˛ˆÏ° !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~•z ç!ê˛° ˛õ!Ó˚!fli!ï˛ˆÏï˛ §Ç@˝ÃyÙ# ÓyÙ˛õsi#Ó˚ V˛yu˛y ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ ï%˛ˆÏ° ôÓ˚yÓ˚ ܲÌy !SÈí˛¸ñ ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ òy!Î˚c !SÈ° ~ܲ §Ç@˝ÃyÙ# ÓyÙ ˙ܲƒÈüÈˆÜ˛ ˛õ!ÿ˛ÙÓˆÏDÓ˚ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ §yÙˆÏl ï%˛ˆÏ° ôÓ˚yÓ˚ñ ï˛yÓ˚y ˆ§ ܲyˆÏç ã)˛í˛¸yhs˝ !ò¢y•#lï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ !Ó≤’Ó# !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ ˆÜ˛í˛z ˆÜ˛í˛z ÓyhflÏÓï˛ ï,˛îÙ)° Ü˛ÇˆÏ@˝ÃˆÏ§Ó˚ ˆ°ç%ˆÏí˛¸ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˆÜ˛í˛z ˆÜ˛í˛z Ù%§!°Ù ˆÙÔ°Óyò#ˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏD Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ Ê ˛rê˛ àë˛l ˆÌˆÏܲ ÷Ó˚& ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ú!í˛!Ê˛ê˛ !§!˛õ~ÙÛÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˆfl‘yàyl §• §Ó ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÈüÈ!lÓ˚#«˛y x“ §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆ¢£Ï ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÊ˛ˆÏ°ˆÏSÈl– SUCI ~Ù!˛õ ˆçï˛yÓ˚ xy¢yÎ˚ ï,˛îÙ)ˆÏ°Ó˚ §ˆÏD ~ܲ ≤Ã!ï˛!e´Î˚y¢#° ˆçyˆÏê˛Ó˚ xÇ¢ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏSÈñ CPI(ML) !°ÓyˆÏÓ˚¢l §yÓ˚y ˆòˆÏ¢ ÓyÙ xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆlï,˛c CPI(M)ÈüÈ~Ó˚ •yˆÏï˛ ï%˛ˆÏ° !òˆÏÎ˚ !Ó•yÓ˚ñ í˛z_Ó˚≤ÈÏòˆÏ¢ !lÓ≈yã˛l# ˆçyê˛ àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– fl∫y˲y!Óܲ˲yˆÏÓ•z ˛õ!ÿ˛ÙÓˆÏDÓ˚ ÓyÙ G !Ó≤’Ó# ÙˆÏly˲yÓy˛õߨ Ùyl%£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !ÓŸªy§ˆÏÎyàƒï˛y ï˛°y!lˆÏï˛ ~ˆÏ§ ˆë˛ˆÏܲˆÏSÈ– ˛õ!ÿ˛ÙÓˆÏD fl∫yô#l §Ç@˝ÃyÙ# ÓyÙÈüÈxyˆÏ®y°l ~•z !Óºy!hs˝Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ•z xyê˛ˆÏܲ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–

~Ùl ~ܲ lï%˛l ˛õ!Ó˚!fli!ï˛ˆÏï˛ñ Îál Úܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ !Ó≤’Ó#Û ¢!_´=!°Ó˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ fl∫Ó˚*˛õ G Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˆÙ•l!ï˛ çlï˛yÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y Óí˛¸ xLjϢÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ï%˛ˆÏ° ôÓ˚y §Ω˛Óñ Ó°y Óy‡°ƒñ ï˛y •ˆÏFSÈ ly– ~•z ˛õ!Ó˚!fli!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ◊!Ùܲ ˆ◊!îÓ˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲyñ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏl xyÓ˚G Óí˛¸ ÙyeyÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ xÇ¢@˝Ã•îñ ˆ«˛ï˛Ùç%Ó˚ñ à!Ó˚Ó Ü,˛£ÏܲˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ xyÓ˚G Óí˛¸ §ÇáƒyÎ˚ Ó%ˆÏç≈yÎ˚y ò°=!°Ó˚ å!§!˛õ~Ù ˆÌˆÏܲ ï,˛îÙ)°ä fl∫Ó˚*˛õˆÏܲ lï%˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï%˛ˆÏ° ôÓ˚y G ˆÙ•l!ï˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ~•z xLjϢÓ˚ Ùyl%£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ !Ó≤’Ó# xÓfliyl @˝Ã•î ˛õ!Ó˚!fli!ï˛Ó˚ ~ܲ =îàï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l âê˛yˆÏï˛ §«˛Ù– ~•z âê˛ly ÓyhflψÏÓ âê˛ˆÏÓ !ܲlyñ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ Óy ~ܲy!ôܲ ܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ §Çàë˛l ~Ó˚ §Ê˛° ܲy!Ó˚àÓ˚ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ í˛zˆÏë˛ xy§ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ !ܲlyñ !Ó≤’Ó#ÈüÈÓyÙ˛õsi# ÙˆÏly˲yÓy˛õߨ Ùyl%£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ˆ§ê˛y•z ~ܲ ܲ!ë˛l ≤ß¿ñ xyÓyÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ çlƒ xyhs˝!Ó˚ܲ xˆÏ˛õ«˛yÓ˚G !Ó£ÏÎ˚– Ú!ã˛hs˝lÛG ˆ§•z xˆÏ˛õ«˛yÓ˚ ¢!Ó˚ܲ– Ú!ã˛hs˝lÛ ï˛yÓ˚ §yôƒ G §#ÙyÓk˛ï˛y !lˆÏÎ˚G ˆ§•z ܲy!A«˛ï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l xylyÓ˚ çlƒ ˆÎ ܲÙ≈ܲy[˛ ï˛yÓ˚ ¢!Ó˚ܲ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ã˛yÎ˚–

xçyly ˛õÓ≈ï˛!¢áˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏÓ˚y•ˆÏîÓ˚ §y•§ ≤âyhs˝ Ó˚yÎ˚

!ÓÇ¢ ¢ï˛y∑#Ó˚ ˆ¢£Ï ò¢Ü˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ~•z ¢ï˛y∑#Ó˚ ≤ÃÌÙ ò¢Ü˛ ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ âê˛lyÓ!°Ó˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ §yÓ˚y !ӈϟªÓ˚ !Ó≤’Ó# çlàˆÏîÓ˚ G ܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ˆÏòÓ˚ lçÓ˚ !lÓk˛– !lç !lç ˆòˆÏ¢ !Ó≤’Ó Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ í˛zͧ%ܲ •yçyÓ˚ •yçyÓ˚ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ !§!˛õ~lå~ÙäÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˆlï,˛ˆÏc ã˛°Ùyl !Ó≤’Ó# §Ç@˝ÃyÙ •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏë˛ˆÏSÈ ~ܲ xyˆÏ°yܲÓ!ï≈˛Ü˛yñ ˆ≤ÃÓ˚îyÓ˚ ~ܲÙye í˛zͧ– ò#â≈ 10 ÓSÈÓ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ §Ê˛°Ë˛yˆÏÓ ~ܲlyàyˆÏí˛¸ ~ܲ!ê˛ §¢flf §Ç@˝ÃyÙ ã˛y!°ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyGÎ˚yê˛y•z ~•z ˛õy!ê≈˛!ê˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ◊k˛y G !ÓŸªyˆÏ§Ó˚ ~ܲÙye ܲyÓ˚î ӈϰ ˲yӈϰ ï˛y •ˆÏÓ x!ï˛§Ó˚°#ܲÓ˚î– !ӈϟªÓ˚ •z!ï˛•yˆÏ§ !Ó!˲ߨ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ lylyl ܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ ˛õy!ê≈˛•z ~Ó˚Ü˛Ù ò#â≈ñ ~Ùl!ܲ ò#â≈ï˛Ó˚ §¢flf §Ç@˝ÃyÙ ã˛y!°ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– !ܲv ï˛yˆÏï˛ ˆ§•z ˛õy!ê≈˛=!°ˆÏܲ !lˆÏÎ˚ ~Ó˚Ü˛Ù à˲#Ó˚ í˛zͧy• ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚!l– ~Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚î ~•z ˆÎñ !§!˛õ~lå~Ùä ≤ÃÌÙ ˆÌˆÏܲ•z ˆÎ !ÓÓ˚° ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ §,çl¢#°ï˛y ˆò!áˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛y G•z ˛õy!ê≈˛=!°Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚!l– ÙyÜ≈˛§Óyò ˆÎ ~Ùl!ܲ ÙyÜ≈˛§Óyò §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛G §ÙyˆÏ°yã˛lyÙ)°Ü˛ ÙˆÏly˲yÓ ˆòáyˆÏï˛ ˆ¢áyÎ˚ñ ~ܲÌy ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛yˆÏly ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ ܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ ˆË˛y°y í˛z!ã˛ï˛ lÎ˚ñ ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛í˛z ÙyÜ≈˛§ÓyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÌ ã˛°ˆÏSÈ ly xlƒ ˛õˆÏÌñ !Ó≤’Ó# xl%¢#°l•z ˆÎ ˆ§ê˛y Îyã˛y•z ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚#«˛yàyÓ˚ÈüüüÈ ~•z à˲#Ó˚ !ÓŸªy§ñ G ˆ§•z !ÓŸªy§ˆÏܲ ܲyˆÏç ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ çlƒ §y•§# G !ÓÓ˚yÙ•#l ≤ÈÏã˛‹Ty ~•z ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ §Ó ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲê˛y §ç#Óï˛y G ≤ÃyîÙÎ˚ï˛y §M˛yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~ܲ!òˆÏܲ §¢flf §Ç@˝ÃyˆÏÙÓ˚ Ó˚yçl#!ï˛ˆÏܲ ¢_´Ë˛yˆÏÓ ôˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yáy xyÓ˚ xlƒ!òˆÏܲ Ó˚îˆÏÜ˛Ô¢°àï˛ ≤Èϟ¿ òyÓ˚&l lÙl#Î˚ï˛y ˆòáyˆÏlyÈüüüÈ ~ ò%•zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ~ܲ !ÓÓ˚° §ÇˆÏÎyà ˆò!áˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ !§!˛õ~lå~Ùä– ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ !Ó≤’Ó ˆÌˆÏܲñ !ӈϢ£Ïï˛ !§!˛õ~lå~ÙäÈüÈ~Ó˚ ï˛y!_¥Ü˛ ôyÓ˚îy§Ù)• ˆÌˆÏܲ !¢«˛y ˆlGÎ˚y ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ !Ó≤’Ó#ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ xï˛ƒhs˝ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚– ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ xyˆÏ®y°l ܲáˆÏly ò!«˛î˛õsiy ܲáˆÏly Óy ÓyÙ˛õsiyÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ˲Î˚ylܲ˲yˆÏÓ ˆòyò%°ƒÙyl ˆÌˆÏܲˆÏSÈ– ~•z ≤ÃÓîï˛y ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ •z!ï˛•yˆÏ§Ó˚ ˜Ó!¢‹Tƒ§Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ fl∫y˲y!Óܲ ˛õ!Ó˚î!ï˛– ~!ê˛Ó˚ !¢Ü˛í˛¸ ï˛y•z xˆÏlܲ à˲#ˆÏÓ˚ñ ~!ê˛Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ °í˛¸y•zG ܲ!ë˛l– ~•z §B˛ê˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÓ˚•y•z ˛õyGÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe §ˆÏã˛ï˛lï˛yÓ˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy!ê˛ !lô≈yÓ˚ܲ– ˆ§Ü˛yÓ˚ˆÏîñ ˆÎ !§!˛õ~lå~Ùä ~ Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ xl%ܲÓ˚îˆÏÎyàƒ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˆÓ˚ˆÏáˆÏSÈ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ °y•zl xl%ôyÓl ܲÓ˚y òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ñ ˆ§!ê˛ •*òÎ˚DÙ Ü˛Ó˚y òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ˆÏòÓ˚– ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏl ò!«˛î˛õsi# !Óã%˛ƒ!ï˛ á%Ó â,!îï˛ Óƒy˛õyÓ˚– ï˛yÓ˚ fl∫Ó˚*˛õ §ÓyÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ í˛zˆÏß√y!ã˛ï˛– ÚÓyÙÛ !Óã%˛ƒ!ï˛ ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ xˆÏlܲ xydï˛ƒyà G xyd!lˆÏÓòl !lˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ§ñ ï˛y•z ~!ê˛ ÓÓ˚Ç ~ܲôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ §æÙ çyàyÎ˚– ~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ~•z °y•zl xl%§Ó˚î ܲÓ˚y ܲÙÓ˚ˆÏí˛ˆÏòÓ˚ Åk˛ï˛ƒ Ó,!k˛ ˛õyÎ˚ñ ï˛yÓ˚y !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ß¿ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Ë%˛ˆÏ° ÎyÎ˚– ~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° Ë%˛° ˆÌˆÏܲ !¢«˛y ˆlGÎ˚y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ ܲ!ë˛l •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Ü˛ÙˆÏÓ˚í˛ˆÏòÓ˚ñ !ӈϢ£Ïï˛ ÙyGÓyò#ˆÏòÓ˚ñ ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ Ü˛ÙˆÏÓ˚í˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ï˛_¥ G xl%¢#°l ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆ¢áyê˛y á%Ó =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈– ~Ó˚ xÌ≈ ~•z lÎ˚ ˆÎ xlƒˆÏòÓ˚ !ܲS%È Ü˛Ù ˆ¢áÓyÓ˚ xyˆÏSÈ– !Ó≤’Ó Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ≤Èϟ¿ xlƒˆÏòÓ˚ •Î˚ˆÏï˛y xyÓ˚G ˆÓ!¢ !ܲS%È•z ˆ¢áyÓ˚ xyˆÏSÈ– ~ˆÏܲÓyˆÏÓ˚ ≤Ã̈ÏÙ•z !§!˛õ~lå~ÙäÈüÈ~Ó˚ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ °y•zˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl ˆçyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òܲ!ê˛ˆÏܲ !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲÓ˚y Îyܲ– ~!ê˛ •° Ó˚yçl#!ï˛ˆÏܲ §Ó≈òy !lÎ˚sfܲ Ë)˛!ÙܲyÎ˚ Ó˚yáy– §¢flf §Ç@˝ÃyÙ Î!òG §Ó≈•yÓ˚yÓ˚ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ !§k˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ x˛õ!Ó˚•yÎ≈ í˛z˛õyÎ˚ñ xyÓ˚ ï˛y•z ~!ê˛ G•z Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ í˛zˆÏjˆÏ¢ƒÓ˚ xô#lñ xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ ܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏl !ܲv §Ó§ÙˆÏÎ˚•z ~ ò%!ê˛Ó˚ xyhs˝/§¡õÜ≈˛ !lˆÏÎ˚ §Ù§ƒy ˆòáy ˆàˆÏSÈ– ≤Ãôyl ˆVÑ˛yܲ!ê˛ ˆÌˆÏܲˆÏSÈ ~•z ò%!ê˛ !òˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ˆÏܲ ~ܲÙye !òܲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛y°yñ xyÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ˆòáy ˆàˆÏSÈ •Î˚ §ÇflÒyÓ˚Óyò lÎ˚ˆÏï˛y §ÙÓ˚Óyò– ~ ò%!ê˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒÜ˛yÓ˚ xyhs˝/§¡õÜ≈˛ˆÏܲ §!ë˛Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ !lô≈yÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yçl#!ï˛ˆÏܲ !lÎ˚sfܲ Ë)˛!ÙܲyÎ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚yê˛y !§!˛õ~lå~ÙäÈüÈ~Ó˚ !ӈϢ£Ï Ü,˛!ï˛c– ~•z ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ x!˲Ù%á !lˆÏÎ˚ !§!˛õ~lå~ÙäÈüÈ~Ó˚ Ü˛ÙˆÏÓ˚í˛Ó˚y xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ¢# ˆò¢!ê˛ˆÏï˛ •z!ï˛•y§ §,!‹T ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– ˆ§!ê˛ Ü˛yˆÏÓ˚yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏÓ˚yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ Óî≈ÙÎ˚ñ xyÓyÓ˚ ܲyˆÏÓ˚yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ Óy xôÓ˚yñ !ܲv ˆÎ òyÓ˚&l ÙˆÏly@˝Ãy•# ï˛yˆÏï˛ §ˆÏ®• ˆl•z– ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏlÓ˚ ò!«˛î˛õsi#Ó˚y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÓyÙ˛õsi# ˜lÓ˚yçƒÓyò# ӈϰ xÓK˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ xyÓ˚ ˆàÑyí˛¸y!Ù˛õsi#Ó˚y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !ܲS%È !ܲS%È Úò!«˛î˛õsi#Û ˆVÑ˛yܲ !lˆÏÎ˚ ò%/á ˛õyÎ˚– !ܲv !§!˛õ~lå~Ùä Îál ~Ùl ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !§k˛yhs˝ ˆlÎ˚ ˆÎ!ê˛ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ ÎyÎ˚ ï˛ál xyÓyÓ˚ ~Ó˚y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xÓfliyl ˛õyŒê˛yˆÏï˛ Óyôƒ •Î˚– xyÓ˚ ~áyˆÏl•z !§!˛õ~lå~ÙäÈüÈ~Ó˚ Ù)° ¢!_´ !l!•ï˛– ï˛yÓ˚ xy•z!l G ˆÓxy•z!lñ ˆày˛õl G ≤Ãܲy¢ƒñ §Ç§ò#Î˚ G §Ç§òÈüÈÓ!•Ë)≈˛ï˛ §Ç@˝ÃyˆÏÙÓ˚ §%ã˛yÓ˚& §Ùy•yÓ˚ ÓyÙ˛õsi# G ò!«˛î˛õsi# ò%•z !Óã%˛ƒ!ï˛Ó˚ ˛õ!ÌܲˆÏòÓ˚•z !Óºyhs˝ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòÎ˚– !ܲv !§!˛õ~lå~ÙäÈüÈ~Ó˚ ~•z !ӈϢ£Ï =î!ê˛•zñ ~ÓÇ ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ !l!ò≈‹T ˛õ!Ó˚!fli!ï˛ xl%ÎyÎ˚# !Ó≤’Ó# ï˛_¥ Ú!Óܲ!¢ï˛Û ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ flõô≈y•z xyÓyÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §yÓ˚y !ӈϟªÓ˚ ܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ !Ó≤’Ó#ˆÏòÓ˚ ã˛ÙÍܲyÓ˚ ~ܲ !¢«˛ˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~•z ≤Ãӈ϶˛ xyÙÓ˚y !§!˛õ~lå~ÙäÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ Ó_´Óƒ=!°Ó˚ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ §ÇˆÏ«˛ˆÏ˛õ Óî≈ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓy– ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §,!‹T¢#°ï˛yÓ˚ SÈy˛õ xyˆÏSÈñ ~ܲôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ lï%˛lc xyˆÏSÈñ ÎyÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ñ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ !Ó≤’Ó#ˆÏòÓ˚ñ xˆÏlܲ !ܲS%È ˆ¢áyÓ˚ xyˆÏSÈ– xyÓyÓ˚ ~Ó˚ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ xyÙÓ˚y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ï˛y!_¥Ü˛ ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ !ܲS%È ò%Ó≈°ï˛yÓ˚ !òˆÏܲG xD%!°!lˆÏò≈¢ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛‹Ty ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓy–

Ó˚yˆÏ‹T…Ó˚ ≤ß¿ ~ê˛yÓ˚ ò%ˆÏê˛y !òܲ xyˆÏSÈ– ~ܲ!òˆÏܲ xyˆÏSÈ ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ !ÓòƒÙyl Ó˚yˆÏ‹T…Ó˚ ôÁLjϧÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ Ó˚y‹T…«˛Ùï˛y §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ ôyÓ˚îy– xyÓ˚ ~ܲ!òˆÏܲ xyˆÏSÈ ˆÎ§Ó ˆòˆÏ¢ §Ó≈•yÓ˚yÓ˚y «˛Ùï˛y òᰠܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈñ ˆ§§Ó ˆòˆÏ¢ «˛Ùï˛y òáˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛#ܲyˆÏ° Ó˚y‹T… !lˆÏÎ˚ §yôyÓ˚î §Ù§ƒy– ≤ÃÌÙ !òܲ!ê˛ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎñ ò¢ ÓSÈÓ˚ §¢flf §Ç@˝ÃyÙ ã˛y°yˆÏlyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ñ ~ÓÇ ~•z §Ç@˝ÃyˆÏÙÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° !ӈϢ£Ï ܲˆÏÓ˚ @˝ÃyÙyM˛ˆÏ° ˛õ%Ó˚ˆÏly Ó˚y‹T…!ê˛ ôÁǧ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ Ó˚y‹T… «˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ º*î !•§yˆÏÓ •zí˛zly•zˆÏê˛í˛ ˆÓ˚˲!°í˛z¢ly!Ó˚ !˛õ˛õ°§ ܲyí˛z!™ˆÏ°Ó˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ !Ó≤’Ó# çlàˆÏîÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛y ≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛ •Î˚– ˆÓ˚˲!°í˛z¢ly!Ó˚ !˛õ˛õ°§ ܲyí˛z!™ˆÏ°Ó˚ ≤ÃÌÙ çyï˛#Î˚ ܲlˆÏ˲l¢ˆÏl ˆÎ 75 òÊ˛y Ú§Ó≈!l¡¨ §yôyÓ˚î l#!ï˛ G ܲÙ≈§)!ã˛Û à,•#ï˛ •Î˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆ§ §ÙÎ˚ ˆÎ lÎ˚y àîï˛y!sfܲ Ó˚y‹T…!ê˛ àˆÏí˛¸ ˆï˛y°yÓ˚ ˆã˛‹Ty ã˛°!SÈ° ï˛yÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y §yôyÓ˚î !ã˛e ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– !ܲv 2003 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ ~!≤ð ÙyˆÏ§ ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ ôÓ˚yîyÎ˚ G ܲÙ≈§)!ã˛ˆÏï˛ ~ܲê˛y !lô≈yÓ˚ܲ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l âˆÏê˛– ~•z ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l âˆÏê˛ ÓyhflÏÓˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚˲yˆÏÓ ˆÓyV˛y G ÓyhflÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚!fli!ï˛ˆÏܲ ˆÙˆÏl ˆlGÎ˚yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî– ~ê˛y !SÈ° ~ܲ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !˛õS%È •ê˛y– xyÓ˚ ˆ§ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî•z ˆ§yçy§y≤Wzy ˛õˆÏÌ ã˛°yÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ ~ê˛y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ˆÓ!¢ §y•§ñ xyd!ÓŸªy§ G Ó%!k˛Ù_yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– ÚÚxyˆÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚

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òᰠܲˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏSÈñ ï˛yÓ˚y §Ç!Óôyl ôÁǧ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÊ˛ˆÏ°ˆÏSÈñ Ó˚yçï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ ˛õÿ˛yòÙ%!álï˛y ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚e´Ùy ˆ¢£Ï ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– §Ç§ò#Î˚ ¢!_´Ó˚ G˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xÇ¢ê˛yñ §yÙhs˝ï˛sfñ ܲ¡±yí˛Ó˚ Ó%ˆÏç≈yÎ˚y G xyÙ°y ˛õ%Ñ!çÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!l!ôÓ˚yñ ˆçyÓ˚yˆÏ°y˲yˆÏÓ Ó˚yçyÓ˚ ˛õyˆÏ¢ òÑy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˆà°– l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ G ÙyˆÏV˛Ó˚ xÇ¢=ˆÏ°y ˆçyê˛ ÓÑyôˆÏ°y !Ó≤’Ó# ¢!_´Ó˚ §ˆÏD– ~˲yˆÏÓ !Ó≤’Ó# àîï˛y!sfܲñ §Ç§ò#Î˚ G Ó˚yçï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ ¢!_´Ó˚ !eÙ%á# ÓƒÓfliy ~ܲê˛y !mÙ%á# ÓƒÓfliyÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ~ˆÏàyˆÏï˛ ÌyܲˆÏ°y– ˆ¢£Ï xyâyï˛ •ylyÓ˚ xyˆÏà ~•z§Ó §Ω˛yÓƒ ¢!_´=!°ˆÏܲ ˲y°Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˆçyê˛Ók˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ §ÙÎ˚ òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ !SÈ°– ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ !Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ §ÙÌ≈l ˆçyàyí˛¸ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒG §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ !SÈ°ñ ܲyÓ˚î ˆ§áyˆÏl ܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛Ó˚y «˛Ùï˛y òᰠܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ã˛ˆÏ°!SÈ° ~Ùl ~ܲê˛y xM˛ˆÏ° ˆÎ!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ á%Ó §ÇˆÏÓòl¢#° ˆË˛ÔˆÏày!°Ü˛ÈüÈÓ˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ xM˛°– ˲yÓ˚ï˛ G ã˛#lñ ò%•z Ó,•Í ¢!_´Ó˚ ÙyV˛áyˆÏl !ãÖ˛ˆÏí˛¸ã˛ƒy≤Wzy– ~•z §Ó ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ˆ¢£Ï í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ !§!k˛Ó˚ çlƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ xhs˝Ó≈ï≈˛#ܲy°#l §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲÙ≈§)!ã˛ñ àîï˛y!sfܲ ≤Ãçyï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ ܲÙ≈§)!ã˛ñ á%Ó ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ ӈϰ ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– §yÓ˚y ˆò¢ ç%ˆÏí˛¸ 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§Ç@˝ÃˆÏ•Ó˚ ܲyˆÏç °yàyˆÏlyÓ˚ ˆã˛‹Ty ܲˆÏÓ˚l ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ Ü˛ÙˆÏÓ˚í˛Ó˚y– lï%˛l ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ §Ó≈•yÓ˚y Ó˚y‹T… ålÎ˚y àîï˛y!sfܲ Ó˚y‹T…G ÎyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ä §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ §!ï˛ƒÜ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !§!Ó˚Î˚y§ !ã˛hs˝yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ Ó˚yáˆÏSÈ !§!˛õ~lå~Ùä– ~•z §Ó Ó˚y‹T…=!°Ó˚ Ó%ˆÏç≈yÎ˚y Ó˚yˆÏ‹T… xô/˛õï˛ˆÏlÓ˚ §Ù§ƒy!ê˛ˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚y á%Ñ!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ !Óã˛yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– ˛õƒy!Ó˚ ܲ!Ùí˛zˆÏlÓ˚ !¢«˛y G ÚÚfliyÎ˚# §yÙ!Ó˚ܲ Óy!•l# !Ó•#lñ çlàˆÏîÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ ˛õ%!°¢ Óy!•l# !Ó•#lñ çlàˆÏîÓ˚ ÙyÌyÓ˚ G˛õˆÏÓ˚ ܲï,≈˛˛õ«˛ !Ó•#l Ó˚y‹T…ÛÛ !lˆÏÎ˚ ˆ°!lˆÏlÓ˚ Ó_´ÓƒˆÏܲ ï%˛ˆÏ° ôÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ Ü˛ÙˆÏÓ˚í˛Ó˚y ~•z §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ ˆ¢£Ï í˛z_Ó˚ á%шÏç ˛õyˆÏFSÈ ã˛#ˆÏlÓ˚ Ù•yl §Ó≈•yÓ˚y §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ !Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ– ïÑ˛yÓ˚y ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚l ˆÎñ lï%˛l ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ §Ó≈•yÓ˚y Ó˚yˆÏ‹T…Ó˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ xÓòyl ˆÓ˚ˆÏáˆÏSÈl Ü˛ÙˆÏÓ˚í˛ ÙyG– Ó˚yˆÏ‹T…Ó˚ ܲyçܲÙ≈ ã˛y°yˆÏlyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˛õy!ê≈˛ÈüÈÓ!•Ë)≈˛ï˛ çlàî !òˆÏÎ˚ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ !Ó≤’Ó# ܲ!Ù!ê˛ àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ á%Ó =Ó˚&c ˆòl ïÑ˛yÓ˚y– 2003 §yˆÏ° ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ ܲ!Ù!ê˛Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ !§k˛yhs˝ !Óï˛ˆÏÜ≈˛Ó˚ çlƒ çlàˆÏîÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ó˚yáy •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°ñ ï˛yˆÏï˛ Ó°y •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°≠ ÚÚ~ܲ!ê˛ !l!ò≈‹T fliylñ ܲy° G xÓfliyÎ˚ ˆÎ ˛õy!ê≈˛ §Ó≈•yÓ˚y !Ó≤’Ó#ñ Óy ˆÎ Ó˚y‹T… àîï˛y!sfܲ Óy §Ùyçï˛y!sfܲñ xlƒ ~ܲ fliylñ ܲy° Óy xÓfliyÎ˚ ï˛y •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zë˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ÈüÈ!Ó≤’Ó#– Ù•yl §Ó≈•yÓ˚y §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ !Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ !¢«˛yñ xÌ≈yÍ ~Ó˚Ü˛Ù ~ܲê˛y xÓfliyÎ˚ !Ó≤’Ó#ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÎ !ÓˆÏoy•

ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓñ ˆ§!ê˛ xÓ¢ƒ•z §¡õ)î≈ §!ë˛Ü˛– !ܲv ôˆÏÓ˚ ˆlGÎ˚y •Î˚ ˆÎl ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ ˛õy!ê≈˛ §Ó≈•yÓ˚y ˛õy!ê≈˛•z ˆÌˆÏܲ ÎyÎ˚ñ ˆ§ ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ ˆlï,˛ˆÏc Î!ò lÎ˚yàîï˛y!sfܲ Óy §Ùyçï˛y!sfܲ Ó˚y‹T… ≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛ •Î˚ñ ˆ§áyˆÏl ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ çlàˆÏîÓ˚ Ù%_´ àîï˛y!sfܲ Óy §Ùyçï˛y!sfܲ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎy!àï˛y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ •Î˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §%ˆÏÎyà ÌyˆÏܲ lyñ Óy ï˛yÓ˚ ≤Û!ï˛ ÌyˆÜ˛ lyñ Óy ï˛y ܲÓ˚y !l!£Ïk˛ •Î˚–ÛÛ G•z ≤ÃhflÏyˆÏÓ•z ˆçyÓ˚ ˆòGÎ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ §yÙhs˝ï˛sfÈüÈ!ÓˆÏÓ˚yô# §y¡ÀyçƒÓyòÈüÈ!ÓˆÏÓ˚yô# àîï˛y!sfܲ Ó˚yˆÏ‹T…Ó˚ §yÇ!Óôy!lܲ ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎy!àï˛y §Çà!ë˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ xÓfliyÓ˚ §,!‹T ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ G˛õÓ˚ñ ÎyÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ ˛õy!ê≈˛ˆÏï˛ e´Ùyàï˛ §Ó≈•yÓ˚yܲÓ˚î G !Ó≤’Ó#ܲÓ˚î âˆÏê˛•z ã˛ˆÏ°– ˛õy!ê≈˛ Î!ò e´Ùyàï˛ !lˆÏçÓ˚ !Ó≤’Ó#ܲÓ˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ÓƒÌ≈ •Î˚ñ çlàˆÏîÓ˚ ~Ùl «˛Ùï˛y ÌyܲˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ÎyˆÏï˛ ï˛yÓ˚y ~ܲ!ê˛ !Óܲ“ !Ó≤’Ó# ˛õy!ê≈˛ Óy ˆlï,˛cˆÏܲ Ó˚yˆÏ‹T…Ó˚ ˆlï,˛ˆÏc Ó§yˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~•z§Ó ˛õy!ê≈˛=!°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Îy!sfܲ Óy xyl%¤˛y!lܲ §•ˆÏÎy!àï˛y Ìyܲy í˛z!ã˛ï˛ lÎ˚ñ ˆÎÙlê˛y !SÈ° ã˛#ˆÏl– çlàˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ§ÓyÎ˚ ~=ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏ̃ Ìyܲy í˛z!ã˛ï˛ àîï˛y!sfܲ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎy!àï˛y– ~•z ≤Èϟ¿ ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ Ü˛ÙˆÏÓ˚í˛Ó˚y ~ï˛ ˙ܲy!hs˝Ü˛ ˆÎ ï˛yÓ˚y ~ܲÈüÈ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ xy!ô˛õï˛ƒ ˆÙˆÏl ˆlÓyÓ˚ ÓòˆÏ° ÓÓ˚Ç !Ó≤’ÓˆÏܲ ôÁǧ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ §y¡ÀyçƒÓyò# ≤ÈÏã˛‹TyÓ˚ !Ó˛õòˆÏܲG ˆÙˆÏl ˆlˆÏÓl– 2006 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ 26 !í˛ˆÏ§¡∫Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ ˆ§!ÙlyˆÏÓ˚ !§!˛õ~lå~ÙäÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˆ˛õ¢ ܲÓ˚y ≤Ãӈ϶˛ ~ !ӣψÏÎ˚ ïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ à˲#Ó˚ !ÓŸªyˆÏ§Ó˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ ≤Ãܲy¢ ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ≠ ÚÚ~ï˛!òl ˛õÎ≈hs˝ §y¡ÀyçƒÓyò#ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ •hflψϫ˛˛õ lÎ˚ñ ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ ˆË˛ï˛Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ xô/˛õï˛l•z ˆÓ!¢Ó˚ ˲yà §Ó≈•yÓ˚y !Ó≤’ˆÏÓ xhs˝â≈yï˛ â!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆ§•z !Ó˛õòG xÓ¢ƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚•z ˆàˆÏSÈ– !ܲv xyÙÓ˚y ÙˆÏl ܲ!Ó˚ ˆÎ ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ §ÇˆÏ¢yôlÓyˆÏò ˛õ!ï˛ï˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ ~!ê˛ å§y¡ÀyçƒÓyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ •hflψϫ˛˛õä Ü˛Ù !Ó˛õIlܲ–ÛÛ ˆ◊î#Ó˚ ~ܲlyÎ˚ܲc G ܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ ˆlï,˛ˆÏcÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒÜ˛yÓ˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛Ó˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚y ˆÎ !ӈϢ£Ï lçÓ˚ ˆòlñ Ó˚y‹T… !lˆÏÎ˚ !§!˛õ~lå~ÙäÈüÈ~Ó˚ !ã˛hs˝yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~!ê˛ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈ Óƒy˛õyÓ˚– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ñ ~ܲ ˆ◊î#Ó˚ G˛õÓ˚ xlƒ ˆ◊î#Ó˚ Ú•zFSÈyÛ Óy Ú~ܲlyÎ˚ܲcÛ ˆçyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ã˛y˛õyˆÏly•z ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ Ó˚yˆÏ‹T…Ó˚ xy«˛!Ó˚ܲ xÌ≈ñ •z!ï˛•yˆÏ§Ó˚ ˆ¢£Ï ˆ◊î# xÌ≈yÍ §Ó≈•yÓ˚yˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ ~ܲlyÎ˚ܲc SÈyí˛¸y ÙyÜ≈˛§Óyò# xˆÏÌ≈ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Úlï%˛l Ó˚y‹T…Û ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly– !ܲv ˆ◊î#!ê˛ ˆÜ˛Ùl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ܲlyÎ˚ܲc ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏÓ⁄ !§!˛õ~lå~Ùä !ÓŸªy§ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎñ §Ó≈•yÓ˚yÓ˚ ~ܲlyÎ˚ܲˆÏcÓ˚ xÌ≈ ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ Óy ï˛yÓ˚ í˛zFã˛ï˛Ó˚ ˆlï,˛ˆÏcÓ˚ ~ܲlyÎ˚ܲc lÎ˚ñ ~Ó˚ xÌ≈ çlàˆÏîÓ˚ !lÓ≈y!ã˛ï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!l!ôˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yˆÏlÓ˚ åˆÎÙlñ ˆ§y!˲ˆÏÎ˚ï˛ Óy !˛õ˛õ°§ ܲyí˛z!™°ä ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˆ◊î#Ó˚ ~ܲlyÎ˚ܲc– ï˛yÓ˚y ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ ˛õy!ê≈˛ G §Ùyçï˛y!sfܲ Ó˚yˆÏ‹T…Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ê˛yÓ˚yܲ ≤ÃyÎ˚ â%!ã˛ˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ ܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏl §Ó≈e ˲Î˚ylܲ Ë%˛° ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~•z Ë%˛° ˆ¢yôÓ˚yˆÏlyÓ˚ çlƒ xyçˆÏܲÓ˚ ܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ï˛y•z §y•§ ˆòáyˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– xˆÏQyÓÓ˚ !Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˆ°!ll e´Ùyàï˛ ˆÎ Óƒy˛õyÓ˚ê˛yÓ˚ G˛õÓ˚ ˆçyÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl ˆÎñ §Ó≈•yÓ˚y ~ܲlyÎ˚ܲˆÏcÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà âê˛yˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ˆ§y!˲ˆÏÎ˚ï˛=!°Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙÈüüüÈ ˆ§•z !¢«˛yˆÏܲ ï%˛ˆÏ° ôÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ~!ê˛ Ë˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛G ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ãôyl !¢«˛y •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–

˛õy!ê≈˛ ≤Èϟ¿ ܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ ˛õy!ê≈˛=!°ñ ~Ùl!ܲ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ◊¤˛ ˆlï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆlï,˛ˆÏc ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ ܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ ˛õy!ê≈˛=!°G ˆÎ §ÇˆÏ¢yôlÓyò# ˛õy!ê≈˛ˆÏï˛ xô/˛õ!ï˛ï˛ •ˆÏFSÈñ ~•z ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ ≤ÃÓîï˛y!ê˛ !§!˛õ~lå~ÙäÈüÈ~Ó˚ ܲÙÓ˚ˆÏí˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ~ܲ!ê˛ !ÓÓ˚yê˛ ò%!ÿ˛hs˝yÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚– ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !ӈϢ£Ï ˆlï˛yÓ˚ !ÓŸªy§âï˛yܲï˛y Óy xô/ ˛õï˛lˆÏܲ ~Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚î !•§yˆÏÓ ˆò!áˆÏÎ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛Ó˚ x!ï˛§Ó˚°#ܲÓ˚îñ ˆÎ!ê˛ xyÙÓ˚yñ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛Ó˚y ≤ÃyÎ˚¢•z ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ìy!ܲñ ˆ§!ê˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ã˛yl ly ïÑ˛yÓ˚y– ~•z xô/˛õï˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ˛õSȈÏl ≤Ãôyl ܲyÓ˚î !•§yˆÏÓ ïÑ˛yÓ˚y ÓÓ˚Ç ˆçyÓ˚ ˆòl àîï˛y!sfܲ ˆÜ˛!wܲï˛yˆÏܲ Ë%˛° Óy ~ܲˆÏ˛õˆÏ¢ ˲yˆÏÓ ˆÓyV˛yÓ˚ G˛õÓ˚ñ çlàî ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ !Ó!FSÈߨï˛yÓ˚ G˛õÓ˚– ïÑ˛yÓ˚y ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚lñ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §ÙÎ˚ ˆÜ˛!wܲï˛yÓ˚ G˛õÓ˚ ˆçyÓ˚ ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚ ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ Ú≤ÈÏÎ˚yçlÛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ !ܲv ~•z ï˛yÍ«˛!îܲ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçlˆÏܲ §Ó≈çl#l l#!ï˛ ÓylyˆÏlyê˛y Ë%˛°– ܲ!Ùlê˛yˆÏl≈Ó˚ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ~!ê˛•z âˆÏê˛!SÈ°ñ xyÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° àîï˛sf G ˆÜ˛!wܲï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒÜ˛yÓ˚ §¡õÜ≈˛!ê˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ GˆÏë˛ xy!ô!ÓòƒÜ˛– ïÑ˛yÓ˚y ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚l §!ë˛Ü˛ ˆÜ˛!wܲï˛y xç≈ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ í˛zFã˛ÙyeyÓ˚ àîï˛sf ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçlÈüüüÈ Îy SÈyí˛¸y §Ùyçï˛sf fliy˛õl ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ly– ~ Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ïÑ˛yÓ˚y ˆÎ xyhs˝!Ó˚ܲ ï˛y ˆÓyV˛y ÎyÎ˚ ïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !lÎ˚!Ùï˛ Ó!ô≈ï˛ ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ ܲ!Ù!ê˛Ó˚ §Ë˛y xy•¥yl ܲÓ˚y ˆÌˆÏܲ– ~•z §Ë˛y=!°ˆÏï˛ •yçyˆÏÓ˚ •yçyˆÏÓ˚ Ùyl%£Ï í˛z˛õ!fliï˛ ÌyˆÏܲl– !§!˛õ~lå~Ùä ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎñ å!Ó!˲ߨ ˆòˆÏ¢ä àîï˛y!sfܲ ˆÜ˛!wܲï˛y xl%¢#°ˆÏl Óí˛¸ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Ë%˛° ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ°•z çlàî ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ !Ó!FSÈߨï˛y ~ˆÏ§ˆÏSÈ– Ù•yl §Ó≈•yÓ˚y §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ !Ó≤’Ó ˆÌˆÏܲ !¢«˛y !lˆÏÎ˚ ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ Ü˛ÙˆÏÓ˚í˛Ó˚y ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚l ˆÎñ xyçˆÏܲÓ˚ ܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z!ã˛ï˛ ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ í˛zFã˛ï˛Ù ˆlï,˛ˆÏcÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ !ÓˆÏoy• ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ˛õy!ê≈˛ ܲÙ≈# G çlàˆÏîÓ˚ í˛zòƒÙ Ó,!k˛Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ í˛z˛õyÎ˚ˆÏܲ ≤Ãy!ï˛¤˛y!lܲï˛y !òˆÏÎ˚ lï%˛l ˛õy!ê≈˛ àë˛l ܲÓ˚y– ~•z !ÓˆÏoy• ~ï˛ò)Ó˚ ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ~ˆÏàyˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ÎyˆÏï˛ ˛õy!ê≈˛Èüȧò§ƒˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õy!ê≈˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó!•‹ÒyÓ˚ ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ~•z ≤çˆÏD Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎñ ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ ÚˆË˛ï˛Ó˚Û xyÓ˚ ÚÓy!•Ó˚ÛÈüÈ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒÜ˛yÓ˚ Ê˛yÓ˚yܲ â%!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆòGÎ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛– ï˛yÓ˚y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ~•z !ÓŸªyˆÏ§Ó˚ §ÙÌ≈ˆÏl ÙyGˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ í˛zk,˛!ï˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚l– ÚÚ˛ÚˆË˛ï˛Ó˚Û xyÓ˚ ÚÓy!•Ó˚ÛÈüÈ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ê˛yÓ˚yˆÏܲÓ˚ xç%•yï˛ ˆï˛y°yÓ˚ xÌ≈ •° !Ó≤’ÓˆÏܲ ˲Î˚ ˛õyGÎ˚y–ÛÛ åfiê%˛Î˚yê≈˛ ◊yÙñ ÙyG ˆ§ ï%˛. xyl!Ó˚•y§≈í˛ñ ˛õ,É 254ä Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ G˛õÓ˚ e´Ùyàï˛ lçÓ˚òy!Ó˚ñ §ÙyˆÏ°yã˛ly G !lÎ˚sfî §Ω˛Ó •Î˚ ï˛ál•z Îál ˛õy!ê≈˛ ~ܲˆÏã˛!ê˛Î˚y «˛Ùï˛y ˆË˛yà ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ Ó‡ò°#Î˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎy!àï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ Óyôƒ •Î˚– ܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ ˛õy!ê≈˛ Î!ò §Ó≈•yÓ˚y ã˛!Ó˚e •yÓ˚yÎ˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ !lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˆ§•z ˛õy!ê≈˛ˆÏܲ «˛Ùï˛yã%˛ƒï˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ÓƒÓfliy Ìyܲy í˛z!ã˛ï˛– ~§Ó ≤Ãy!ï˛¤˛y!lܲ ÓƒÓfliy SÈyí˛¸yGñ ~•z lï%˛l ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ùï˛yò¢≈àï˛ ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ à˲#Ó˚ï˛yÓ˚ Ó,!k˛Ó˚ çlƒ §ˆÏã˛ï˛lï˛yÓ˚ Ë)˛!ÙܲyÓ˚ G˛õÓ˚ ˆçyÓ˚ ˆòÎ˚ !§!˛õ~lå~Ùä– ï˛yÓ˚y !ÓŸªy§ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎñ Úx!lÓyÎ≈ï˛yÛˆÏܲ §!ë˛Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˆÓyV˛y G e´Ùyàï˛ ~!àˆÏÎ˚ ÎyGÎ˚yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ x!lÓyÎ≈ï˛yˆÏܲ Úfl∫yô#lï˛yÛÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y•z •GÎ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛ §ˆÏã˛ï˛lï˛yÓ˚ §yÓ˚ÙÙ≈– ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ Ü˛ÙˆÏÓ˚í˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~•z §ˆÏã˛ï˛lï˛y xyly òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚– G˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òˆÏܲÓ˚ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲçl Ùye Ùï˛yò¢≈àï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ §!e´Î˚ xyÓ˚ Óy!Ü Ü˛Ù≈#Ó˚y x§•yÎ˚ ò¢≈ܲÙyeñ fl∫yô#l˲yˆÏÓ !ã˛hs˝y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ x«˛ÙÈüüüÈ Ü˛!Ùlê˛yl≈ ÙˆÏí˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛õ%Ó˚ˆÏly ˛õy!ê≈˛=!°Ó˚ ~•z xl%¢#°ˆÏlÓ˚ xÓ§yl âê˛yˆÏly òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚– lï%˛l ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õy!ê≈˛ˆÏï˛ ~Ùl xÓfliy §,!‹T ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ÎyˆÏï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ˛õy!ê≈˛ ܲÙ≈#•z !lˆÏçˆÏܲ ~Ùl˲yˆÏÓ !Óܲ!¢ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l ÎyˆÏï˛ ïÑ˛yÓ˚y my!®μܲ˲yˆÏÓ Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ G ˆ§ xl%ÎyÎ˚# ܲyç ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §«˛Ù •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l–

çlÎ%ˆÏk˛Ó˚ °y•zl!ê˛Ó˚ §,!‹T¢#° ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ G çyï˛#Î˚ !l!ò≈‹T xÓfliy !Óã˛yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !§!˛õ~lå~Ùä ~ܲ!ê˛ çlÎ%ˆÏk˛Ó˚ °y•zl !lÙ≈yî ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎ!ê˛ ã˛#ˆÏlÓ˚ ò#â≈yÎ˚ï˛ çlÎ%k˛ Óy Ó˚y!¢Î˚yÓ˚ xË%˛ƒaylñ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly!ê˛Ó˚ §ˆÏD•z !ë˛Ü˛ ˆÙˆÏ° ly– ˛õy!ê≈˛ ~ˆÏܲ ӈϰˆÏSÈ ò%!ê˛Ó˚ §Ç!Ù◊î– !ܲv §Ç!Ù◊ˆÏîÓ˚ xÌ≈ ~•z ò%!ê˛ !˲ߨ Ó˚îl#!ï˛àï˛ G Ó˚îˆÏÜ˛Ô¢°àï˛

°y•zˆÏlÓ˚ Îy!sfܲ !Ù◊î lÎ˚– ~Ó˚ xÌ≈ •° !l!ò≈‹T ˛õ!Ó˚!fli!ï˛ xl%ÎyÎ˚# Îál ˆÎ °y•zl!ê˛ í˛z˛õÎ%_´ •ˆÏÓ ˆ§!ê˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y– ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎñ ~•z çlÎ%ˆÏk˛Ó˚ ÷Ó˚& •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° xË%˛ƒayl !òˆÏÎ˚ñÎál ~ܲ•z §ˆÏD 5 •yçyÓ˚ xƒyܲ¢l âê˛yˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– ï˛Íܲy°#l ˛õ!Ó˚!fli!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ÓyhflÏÓ ã˛y!•òy !SÈ° ~Ó˚Ü˛Ù ~ܲ!ê˛ !ç!l§ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ñ xyÓ˚ ˆ§!ê˛ ˆã˛•yÓ˚y ˆlÎ˚ xË%˛ƒayˆÏlÓ˚– ~Ó˚ §yÊ˛ˆÏ°ƒÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ÷Ó˚& •Î˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ!“ï˛ ˆà!Ó˚°y Î%k˛ñ ò#â≈fliyÎ˚# çlÎ%ˆÏk˛Ó˚ §ˆÏD ÎyÓ˚ !Ù° xyˆÏSÈ– ÚÚxË%˛ƒayˆÏlÓ˚ ôÓ˚ˆÏl §)ã˛ly !ܲv ò#â≈fliyÎ˚#˲yˆÏÓ ã˛°ˆÏï˛ Ìyܲy ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ çlÎ%ˆÏk˛Ó˚ !ӈϢ£Ïc–ÛÛ å!ò GÎ˚yÜ≈˛yÓ˚ñ §Çáƒy 11ä ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ !ӈϢ£Ï ÙˆÏí˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyÎ˚ xyê˛ˆÏܲ Ìyܲy lÎ˚ñ e´Ùyàï˛ !Óܲ!¢ï˛ •GÎ˚yñ ˛õ%Ó˚ˆÏly ôÓ˚l!ê˛ˆÏܲ ˛õyˆÏŒê˛ ˆÊ˛°y ÙyÜ≈˛§Óyò# Ùï˛yòˆÏ¢≈Ó˚ §ˆÏD §¡õ)î≈ §D!ï˛˛õ)î≈– ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙyGÓyò#Ó˚y ïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyçܲˆÏÙ≈Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ çyÎ˚àyÎ˚ ~•z ˛õÌ xl%§Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈlñ xyÓ˚ ~ê˛y•z ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ¢!_´ñ §ç#Óï˛y G «˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ í˛zͧ–

§#ÙyÓk˛ï˛y ˆÎ ˛õy!ê≈˛!ê˛ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ÓyhflÓÏ ï˛yÓ˚ !Óã˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~Ùl à˲#Ó˚˲yˆÏÓ Ó›!l¤˛ñ ˆ§ ˛õy!ê≈˛!ê˛•z Îál òyÓ˚&l xydÙ%!álï˛yÎ˚ !lÙ@¿ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆây£Ïîy ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ xyôyÈüȧyÙhs˝ï˛y!sfܲ xyôyÈüÈÅ˛õ!lˆÏÓ!¢Ü˛ ˆò¢•z å˲yÓ˚ï˛ §•ä §¢flf !Ó≤’Ó ÷Ó˚& ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ≤Ûï˛ñ ï˛ál ˆ§ê˛yˆÏܲ ˆÎl fl∫!ÓˆÏÓy˚ ô# ÙˆÏl •Î˚– ˲yÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ˛õ%!Ñ çÓyò# !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ hflÓÏ ˚ G ◊!Ùܲ ˆ◊î#Ó˚ !Óܲy¢ §Ç§ò §• ¢!_´¢y°# ˛õ%!Ñ çÓyò# ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yl §Ù)ˆ•Ï Ó˚ çß√ !òˆÏΈ˚ SÏ È– xÌã˛ ~Ó˚Ü˛Ù ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆòˆÏ¢ !Ó≤’Ó# !ò¢yÎ˚ ◊!Ùܲ ˆ◊î#ˆÏܲ §Çà!ë˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ܲyçê˛y ˲y°Ë˛yˆÏÓ ÷Ó˚&G •Î˚!l– Ó˚y!¢Î˚yÓ˚ ܲÌy Óyò•z !ò°yÙñ ã˛#ˆÏlG §¢flf §Ç@˝ÃyˆÏÙÓ˚ ܲÙ≈§!) ã˛ •yˆÏï˛ ˆlGÎ˚yÓ˚ xyˆÏà ã˛#ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ ˛õy!ê≈˛ ~•z ܲyç!ê˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÊ˛ˆÏ°!SÈ°– ˛õ%ˆÓÏ y˚ ò!«˛î ~!¢Î˚yˆÏܲ•z çlÎ%ˆkÏ ˛Ó˚ Ó˚îË)˛!Ù ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚ !§!˛õ~lå~Ùä– ï˛yÓ˚y ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎñ ò!«˛î ~!¢Î˚yÓ˚ ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆò¢ Óy ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ~ܲyLjϢÓ˚ Ù%!_´ ~•z ~°yܲyÓ˚ xlƒ ˆò¢=!°ˆÏï˛ çlÎ%k˛ ã˛y°yˆÏlyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe âÑy!ê˛ !•§yˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲÓ˚ˆÓÏ – •Î˚ˆïÏ ˛y ˆ§Ü˛yÓ˚ˆîÏ •z Ü˛ÙˆÏ˛õy§y (CCOMPOSA) Óy §yí˛zÌ ~!¢Î˚yl ˆ§y!˲ˆÏÎï˚ ˛ ˆÊ˛í˛yˆÏÓ¢˚ ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çˆÏlÓ˚ G˛õÓ˚ ~ï˛ =Ó˚&c ˆòÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚y– !Ó!˲ߨ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ xÓfliyˆÏܲ ~Ó˚Ü˛Ù ~ܲ˲yˆÏÓ !Óã˛yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚yê˛y ~ܲ ôÓ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ Îy!sfܲï˛y– !ӈϢ£Ïï˛ ~ê˛y Îál xyˆÏ§ !§!˛õ~lå~ÙäÈüÈ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ ܲySÈ ˆÌˆÏܲñ !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îy xl%ܲÓ˚îˆÏÎyàƒË˛yˆÏÓ ÙyÜ≈˛§Óyò#ñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ܲÌyê˛y ~ܲê˛y =Ó˚&c ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– Ê˛ˆÏ° xlƒ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ü˛ÙˆÏÓí˚ ˛Ó˚y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ~•z ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛•z ܲÙ≈§!) ã˛ !lô≈yÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÊ˛°ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓl˚ ñ Î!òG ï˛y ÓyhflÓÏ ï˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏD §D!ï˛˛õ)î≈ lyG •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ–˚ ~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° òyÓ˚&l «˛!ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ–˚ ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ Ü˛ÙˆÏÓ˚í˛ˆÏòÓ˚ xyÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y ò%Ó≈°ï˛y !ã˛hs˝yÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ¢ !¢“ ◊!ÙܲˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ xl%˛õ!fli!ï˛ !lˆÏÎ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !ӈϢ£Ï !ã˛hs˝yÓ˚ x˲yÓê˛y•z ~•z ò%!ÿ˛hs˝yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î– ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ ◊Ùç#Ó# Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ Ùye 1·25 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ !¢“ ◊!Ùܲ– §yÓ˚y !ӈϟª ◊!Ùܲ ˆ◊î#Ó˚ xy!ÓË≈˛yÓ•z ÙyÜ≈˛§Óyò xy!Ó‹ÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÓyhflÏÓ !˲!_ Ó˚ã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– Ó˚y!¢Î˚yÓ˚ G ã˛#ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ ˛õy!ê≈˛ ˆÎ xhs˝ï˛ ≤ÃÌÙ !òˆÏܲ §Ó≈•yÓ˚yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ à˲#Ó˚ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà !lÓk˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚•z ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Ùï˛yò¢≈àï˛ x!˲Ù%á Ó˚ã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ° ˆ§Ü˛Ìy ~ál •z!ï˛•y§– ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ !ӈϢ£Ï §ÙyˆÏç ~•z ˆ◊î#!ê˛Ó˚ á%Ó ò%Ó≈° í˛z˛õ!fli!ï˛ ï˛y•z ÙyÜ≈˛§Óyò# !ã˛hs˝y˲yÓlyÓ˚ í˛zqÓ G !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe =Ó˚&ï˛Ó˚ §Ù§ƒy §,!‹T ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– xÓ¢ƒ ˆ§ §Ó ˆòˆÏ¢ ܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ ˛õy!ê≈˛ ÌyܲˆÏÓ ly Óy !Ó≤’Ó §Ω˛Ó •ˆÏÓ lyñ ï˛y lÎ˚– !ܲv ~•z §Ù§ƒy!ê˛ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ §ˆÏã˛ï˛l Ìyܲy ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçlñ ˲y°Ë˛yˆÏÓ !ã˛hs˝y ܲÓ˚y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçlñ ~•z ò%Ó≈° ÓyhflÏÓ !˲!_Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ Ü˛!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ Ùï˛yò¢≈ !lÙ≈yî ܲÓ˚y ÎyˆÏÓ ˆ§•z §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ §ÙyôylܲˆÏ“ !Ó!˲ߨ í˛z˛õyÎ˚ í˛zqyÓl ܲÓ˚y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– ~ê˛y ~ál ≤ÃyÎ˚ §ÓyÓ˚•z çyly ˆÎñ ˛õ)Ó≈ï˛l §Ùyçï˛y!sfܲ ˆò¢=ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ ˆÎ Ó%ˆÏç≈yÎ˚yÓ˚y ܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ•z «˛Ùï˛y òᰠܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏ°y ï˛yÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y ≤Ãôyl ܲyÓ˚î §Ó≈•yÓ˚y ˆ◊î# ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ !Ó!FSÈߨï˛y– !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ Ë%˛° l#!ï˛Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ~•z ˛õy!ê≈˛=!° §Ó≈•yÓ˚y ˆ◊î#ˆÏܲ §Çà!ë˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ÓƒÌ≈ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° xyÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ï˛yÓ˚y ˆ◊î# ˆÌˆÏܲ !ê˛ˆÏܲ ÌyܲyÓ˚ Ó˚§ò §Ç@˝Ã• ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚!l– G•z ˛õy!ê≈˛=!° •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ Ó%ˆÏç≈yÎ˚y Ùï˛yòˆÏ¢≈Ó˚ §)!ï˛Ü˛yàyÓ˚– ܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ §!ë˛Ü˛ Ùï˛yòˆÏ¢≈Ó˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ◊!Ùܲ ˆ◊î#Ó˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy á%Ó =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈– ˆ§Ü˛yÓ˚ˆÏîñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ¢ ◊!Ùܲ ˆ◊î# §ÇáƒyÓ˚ !òܲ !òˆÏÎ˚ á%Ó Ü˛Ù •GÎ˚yÓ˚ Óƒy˛õyÓ˚ê˛y à˲#Ó˚ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ñ !ܲv ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ Ü˛ÙˆÏÓ˚í˛Ó˚y Óƒy˛õyÓ˚ê˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆï˛Ùl =Ó˚&c ˆòl ly– Ù•yl §Ó≈•yÓ˚y §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ !Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ Ù)°ƒyÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !§!˛õ~lå~Ùä ˲Î˚ylܲ ~ܲˆÏ˛õˆÏ¢– ~ܲ!ê˛ §Ùyçï˛y!sfܲ §ÙyˆÏç ˛õ%Ñ!çÓyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ%lÓ˚&ayl xyê˛Ü˛yˆÏlyÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y Ù•yl ≤ÈÏã˛‹Ty !•§yˆÏÓ •z!ï˛•yˆÏ§ ~Ó˚ lyÙ ÌyܲˆÏÓ– !ܲv ï˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏD ~!ê˛ ˆÎ ˆ§•z ≤ÈÏã˛‹TyÎ˚ §Ê˛° •Î˚!l ˆ§•z ò%/áçlܲ ÓyhflÏÓï˛y!ê˛ˆÏܲG !ܲ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !•§yˆÏÓ xyly òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ lÎ˚⁄ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !ܲ ~•z ÓƒÌ≈ï˛yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛‹Ty ܲÓ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛ lÎ˚ñ ÎyˆÏï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˲!ӣσˆÏï˛Ó˚ çlƒ xyÙÓ˚y !¢«˛y ˆ˛õˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚⁄ ~•z §Ó ≤Èϟ¿ !§!˛õ~lå~ÙäÈüÈ~Ó˚ Ü˛ÙˆÏÓ˚í˛Ó˚y í˛zòy§#l– ˆl!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛ !¢«˛y=!° §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ÎbÓyl ly •ˆÏ° ˆÜ˛yˆÏly •z!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛ !¢«˛y ˛õyÓ ly xyÙÓ˚y– Ù•yl §Ó≈•yÓ˚y §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ !Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ !ܲS%È =Ó˚&ï˛Ó˚ ò%Ó≈°ï˛y !SÈ° ÎyÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒÜ˛yÓ˚ ˛õ%Ñ!çÓyò# ˛õÌÎye#Ó˚y !ӈϢ£Ï ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yô SÈyí˛¸y•z ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ «˛Ùï˛y òᰠܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆlÎ˚– ~ê˛y !ܲ §!ï˛ƒ lÎ˚ ˆÎ ~•z ˛õ%Ñ!çÓyò# ˛õÌÎye#ˆÏòÓ˚ !Óï˛y!í˛¸ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ í˛zˆÏjˆÏ¢ƒ ˛õy!ê≈˛ ܲ!Ù!ê˛ ÓƒÓfliy ôÁǧ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ˆò¢ ç%ˆÏí˛¸ òyÓ˚&l ˜lÓ˚yˆÏçƒÓ˚ §,!‹T •Î˚⁄ ˆÎ xÓ˚yçܲï˛y ˆòáy ˆòÎ˚ ï˛y §ÇˆÏ¢yôlÓyò#ˆÏòÓ˚ !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛y §Ç•ï˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ G !°l !ÓGÎ˚yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y x!ï˛Èüȧ%!ÓôyÓyò#ˆÏòÓ˚ £Ïí˛¸Îsf ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòÎ˚⁄ ~•z xÓfliy !§!˛õ!§ÈüÈÓ˚ lÓÙ Ü˛ÇˆÏ@˝ÃˆÏ§ Úlï%˛l Î%àÛÈüÈ~Ó˚ ï˛_¥ G Úí˛z_Ó˚y!ôܲyÓ˚#Û !fliÓ˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y !ÓÓ˚yê˛ !ÓÓ˚yê˛ Ë%˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛õÌ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆòÎ˚– ˛õ%Ñ!çÓyò# ˛õÌÎye#Ó˚y Ù•yl §Ó≈•yÓ˚y §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ !Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ ÓòlyÙ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏç ~•z=!°ˆÏܲ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ «˛Ùï˛yÎ˚ xyˆÏ§– Ù•yl §Ó≈•yÓ˚y §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ !Ó≤’Ó lyÙ!ê˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ•z Ó°y xyˆÏSÈ á%Ó à˲#Ó˚ ~ܲ ï˛y!_¥Ü˛ !˲!_Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛yÓ˚ ܲÌy– Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ §ˆÏã˛ï˛lï˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~ܲ §Ó≈yD#l !Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îy !l!•ï˛ xyˆÏSÈ ~•z lyÙ!ê˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ– á%Ó Ü˛Ù §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õ%Ñ!çÓyò# ˛õÌÎye#Ó˚y ˆÎ §•ç !ÓçÎ˚ xç≈l ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°y ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛y ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎ Ù•yl §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ !Ó≤’Ó ~•z ܲyç!ê˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ÓƒÌ≈ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– ~•z ܲ!ë˛l §ï˛ƒˆÏܲ fl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆlGÎ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚– Ù•yl §Ó≈•yÓ˚y §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ !Ó≤’Ó ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §Ó≈ˆÏÓ˚yà•Ó˚ G£Ï%ô lÎ˚ñ Î!òG ~Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ xˆÏlܲ Ù•yl !¢«˛y xyÙÓ˚y !lˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚– !ܲv !§!˛õ~lå~Ùä ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §ÙyˆÏ°yã˛ly SÈyí˛¸y•z ~Ó˚ §ÙÌ≈ܲ– ÙyG ˆ§ï%˛. !ã˛hs˝yôyÓ˚yÓ˚ ÓòˆÏ° ÚÙyGÓyòÛ ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆ˛õSȈÏl ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Î%!_´G á%Ó ò%Ó≈°– ÙyÜ≈˛§Óyò# ï˛ˆÏ_¥ ÙyG ˆÎ =îàï˛ !Óܲy¢ â!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl ˆ§ê˛y ≤ÃÙyî ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ˆÎ ܲÌy=!° ï˛yÓ˚y ӈϰ ÌyˆÏܲl ˆ§=ˆÏ°y á%Ó ˆçyÓ˚yˆÏ°y lÎ˚– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ òy¢≈!lܲ ˆ°áy˛õeG ≤Ãï˛ƒy¢y ˛õ)Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ly– ˛õyë˛Ü˛ •Î˚ˆÏï˛y Ó%V˛ˆÏÓl ˆÎ !§!˛õ~lå~ÙäÈüÈ~Ó˚ Ü˛ÙˆÏÓ˚í˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÎ §ÙyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚!SÈ ˆ§ê˛y ܲÓ˚!SÈ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §¡∫ˆÏ¶˛˛ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ òyÓ˚&l í˛zÑã%˛ ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî•z– Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ ܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏl ï˛yÓ˚y•z §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ §yÌ≈ܲ– ˆ§ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ò%Ó≈°ï˛y=ˆÏ°y xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓòlyòyÎ˚ܲ

ÙˆÏl •Î˚– ~•z !ã˛hs˝y ˆÌˆÏܲ•z xyÙÓ˚y xy¢y ܲ!Ó˚ ˆÎ ÙyÜ≈˛§ÓyˆÏòÓ˚ Ùï˛yòˆÏ¢≈Ó˚ !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô# Îy !ܲS%È ï˛yÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ ï˛yÓ˚y ˆ¢£Ï xÓ!ô §Ç@˝ÃyÙ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏÓl– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !≤ÃÎ˚ ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ Ü˛ÙˆÏÓ˚í˛Ó˚y xçyly ˛õÓ≈ï˛!¢áˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏÓ˚y•ˆÏîÓ˚ §y•§ ˆò!áˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl– ï˛yÓ˚y !lÿ˛Î˚ Ùï˛yò¢≈àï˛ G ï˛y!_¥Ü˛ ≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ §ÙhflÏ !òˆÏܲ•z ~•z §y•§ ˆòáyˆÏÓl–

ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ !Ó≤’Ó# xyˆÏ®y°l ˆÜ˛yl‰ ˛õˆÏÌ !ÓŸª!çÍ •yçÓ˚y

ˆàyê˛y ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ ܲÙ%ƒ!l‹T xyˆÏ®y°lÈüÈ•z xyç Îál ~ܲ Ók˛ ò¢yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ã˛ˆÏ°ˆÏSÈñ ï˛álñ lylyl ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî•zñ CPN(M)ü~Ó˚ ˆlï,˛ˆÏc ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ §y¡±!ï˛Ü˛ ˛õê˛˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l §ÇÓyˆÏòÓ˚ !¢ˆÏÓ˚ylyˆÏÙ– ~•z ˛õê˛˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ~álG ã˛°Ùyl– ≤ÃyÎ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!òl•z ˆ§ ˆòˆÏ¢ ~Ùl §Ó ˛õ!Ó˚!fli!ï˛ ˜ï˛Ó˚# •ˆÏFSÈñ Îy xyˆÏàÓ˚ !òˆÏlÓ˚ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õ,Ìܲ– xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏlÓ˚ Ù)° ã˛y!°Ü˛y¢!_´ñ CPN(M)üÈG å§òƒ§ÙyÆ ˙ܲƒ §ˆÏ¡ø°ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ÎyÓ˚ lï%˛l lyÙܲÓ˚î •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ UCPN(M)ä Óyôƒ •ˆÏFSÈ x!ï˛ o&ï˛ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Ó˚îˆÏÜ˛Ô¢° ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ó lï%˛l ˛õ!Ó˚!fli!ï˛Ó˚ §ˆÏD §yÙO§ƒ˛õ)î≈ lï%˛l xÓfliyl @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛– ~Ùï˛yÓfliyÎ˚ñ á%Ó fl∫y˲y!Óܲ˲yˆÏÓ•zñ §yÓ˚y !ӈϟªÓ˚ ܲÙ%ƒ!l‹T !¢!ÓˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ xlƒï˛Ù ˆÜ˛w!Ó®% •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏë˛ˆÏSÈ ˆl˛õy°– í˛zFã˛hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆ◊!î§Ç@˝ÃyˆÏÙÓ˚ ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ ç#Óhs˝ ˛õÓ˚#«˛yàyÓ˚ˆÏܲ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà •z!ï˛•yˆÏ§ Ü˛Ù•z xyˆÏ§– ˛õ!Ó˚î!ï˛ ˆ¢£Ï ˛õÎ≈hs˝ Îy•z âê%˛Ü˛ ly ˆÜ˛lñ !Óàï˛ ~ܲ ò¢Ü˛ˆÏܲ ôˆÏÓ˚ Óï≈˛Ùyl §ÙÎ˚ܲy° ˛õÎ≈hs˝ CPN(M)üà,•#ï˛ Ó˚îl#!ï˛ G !lÎ˚ï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l¢#° Ó˚îˆÏÜ˛Ô¢°ñ ~ÓÇ ˆ§•z !ò¢yÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ •GÎ˚y ˆl˛õy°# çlï˛yÓ˚ xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏlÓ˚ lylyl xÑyܲÈüÈÓyÑܲ G ˆÙyí˛¸ñ !l!ÿ˛ï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ•z ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ Ü˛Ù%ƒ!l‹T §Çàë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ù)°ƒÓyl x!˲K˛ï˛y •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyܲˆÏÓ– ~ÓÇ ï˛y ÌyܲˆÏÓ Ù)°ï˛/ ò%!ê˛ Ü˛yÓ˚ˆÏî– ≤ÃÌÙï˛/ñ ~ܲ•z §ˆÏD ≤ÃyÎ˚ xyí˛¸y•zˆÏ¢y ÓSȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢!_´¢y°# Ó˚yçï˛sf ï˛Ìy §yÙhs˝ï˛y!sfܲ ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyñ xyÙ°yï˛y!sfܲ Ó,•ÍÈüÈ˛õ%Ñ!ç ~ÓÇ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ ~ܲl¡∫Ó˚ §y¡ÀyçƒÓyò# ¢!_´ Ùy!Ü≈˛l §y¡ÀyçƒÓyˆÏòÓ˚ ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ §yôyÓ˚î Ù,àÎ˚yˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ í˛zòy•Ó˚î Óï≈˛Ùyl !ӈϟª Ü˛Ù•z xyˆÏSÈ– ï˛ò%˛õ!Ó˚ í˛z_ˆÏÓ˚ ã˛#l G ò!«˛ˆÏî ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ Ùï˛ ~!¢Î˚yÓ˚ ò%•z Ù•y¢!_´ôÓ˚ Ó˚yˆÏ‹T…Ó˚ §¡±§yÓ˚îÓyò# í˛z˛õ!fli!ï˛Ó˚ ܲÌy ôÓ˚ˆÏ° ˆï˛y ~Ùl í˛zòy•Ó˚î !ÓÓ˚°ï˛Ù– Ê˛ˆÏ° Óy!•ƒÜ˛ Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ !Óã˛yˆÏÓ˚ ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆÙ•l!ï˛ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ~ï˛!òˆÏlÓ˚ §Ç@˝ÃyÙ Ù)°ï˛/ ÚÓ˚yçï˛sf !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô#Û ï˛Ìy Ú§yÙhs˝ï˛sf !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô#Û •ˆÏ°Gñ xhs˝Ó≈›ˆÏï˛ ï˛y ~ܲ•z §ˆÏD Ó˚yç˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xyÙ°yï˛y!sfܲ ˛õ%Ñ!ç G ï˛yÓ˚ xlƒï˛Ù ˛õ,¤˛ˆÏ˛õy£Ïܲ §y¡ÀyçƒÓyò# åÙ)°ï˛/ Ùy!Ü≈˛lä ˛õ%Ñ!ç ~ÓÇ Ë˛yÓ˚ï˛ Ó˚yˆÏ‹T…Ó˚ o&ï˛ !Óܲy¢Ùyl xy@˝Ãy§# Ó,•Í ˛õ%Ñ!çÓ˚ fl∫yˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ §ˆÏD §Çâ£Ï≈Ó˚ï˛– ~•z !ï˛l Ù•y¢!_´ôÓ˚ ¢e&Ó˚ !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÎÙl fl∫yˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ !ܲS%È m®μ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ˆï˛Ù!lñ ˆl˛õy°# çlï˛yÓ˚ G˛õÓ˚ Î%àÈüÈÎ%àyhs˝ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆ¢y£ÏîˆÏܲ xyÓ˚G ï˛#Ó ï˛Ó˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ≤Èϟ¿ ~ÓÇ àîxyˆÏ®y°ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yl í˛zaylˆÏܲ !lÙ≈Ù˲yˆÏÓ òÙl ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ≤Èϟ¿ ~Ó˚y xyÓyÓ˚ ~ܲˆÏçyê˛G ÓˆÏê˛– CPN(M) xl%§,ï˛ Ó˚îl#!ï˛ ~ÓÇ Ó˚îˆÏÜ˛Ô¢°ñ !ܲ˲yˆÏÓ ~•z ¢e&eˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ m®μ=!°ˆÏܲ ܲyˆÏç °yàyˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ ~ܲ•z §ˆÏD !ܲ˲yˆÏÓ•z Óy ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §!¡ø!°ï˛ G §yôyÓ˚î fl∫yˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ ˆl˛õy°# ˆÙ•l!ï˛ çlï˛yÓ˚ °í˛¸y•zˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓÈüüüÈ!l/§ˆÏ®ˆÏ• ï˛y ~ܲ!ê˛ à˲#Ó˚ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚– !mï˛#Î˚ï˛/ñ Ó˚yçï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ x˛õ§yÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ åÎ!òG ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ xyÌ≈§yÙy!çܲ ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyÎ˚ §yÙhs˝ï˛y!sfܲ í˛z˛õyòyl ~álG Ó‡°yLjϢ•z Óï≈˛Ùyläñ ≤Ãçyï˛y!sfܲ ˆl˛õyˆÏ°ñ §yÙhs˝ÓyòÈüÈÓ,•Í˛õ%Ñ!ç G §y¡ÀyçƒÓyˆÏòÓ˚ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!l!ôˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏD ˆl˛õy°# ◊!ÙܲˆÏ◊!î ï˛Ìy ˆÙ•lï˛# çlï˛yÓ˚ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!l!ôÓ˚y !ܲ˲yˆÏÓ ~ܲ•z Ó˚y‹T…«˛Ùï˛yÎ˚ xy§#l ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛yÈüÈG !ӈϢ£Ï˲yˆÏÓ ~ܲ!ê˛ !lÓ˚#«˛yÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó›– 1917 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ Ó˚y!¢Î˚yÎ˚ñ Ú§yÙ!Î˚ܲ !Ó≤’Ó# §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚Û àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ §Ç!Óôyl §Ë˛y xy•¥yl ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆÎ ˆfl‘yàyl Ó°ˆÏ¢!˲ܲÓ˚y •y!çÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°ñ ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ Óï≈˛Ùyl §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ã˛!Ó˚eàï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ !˲ߨ– xyÓyÓ˚ ã˛#l ˆòˆÏ¢ CPCüÓ˚ ˆlï,˛ˆÏc Ú◊!ÙܲÈüÈÜ,˛£ÏˆÏܲÓ˚ ~ܲlyÎ˚ܲcÛ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛y •GÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˆÎ ÚlÎ˚yàîï˛y!sfܲ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚Û àë˛l •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°ñ ï˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏDG ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆì˛Ó˚ x!Ù°– CPN(M) ˆlï,˛c ï˛yшÏòÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ Ó_´Óƒñ ˆ°áyˆÏ°!áˆÏï˛G ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ Óï≈˛Ùyl ˛õÎy≈Î˚ˆÏܲ˛ lÎ˚yàîï˛sfÈüÈ˛õ)Ó≈ ~ܲ!ê˛ Úí˛zÍe´y!hs˝Ü˛y°#lÛ ˛õÎy≈Î˚ !•§yˆÏÓ !ÓˆÏÓã˛ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó˚y‹T…ÓƒÓfliyÎ˚ñ ˆây!£Ïï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ•z ˛õ%Ñ!çÓyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÌÓ˚ ˛õ!ÌܲˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏD åˆÎÙl ˆl˛õy° Ü˛ÇˆÏ@˝Ã§ Óy •zí˛zÉ~ÙÉ~°Éó §y¡ÀyçƒÓyò# ˛õ%Ñ!çˆÏܲ §yòÓ˚ xyÙsfî çylyˆÏï˛G ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ !môy ˆl•zñ xyÓyÓ˚ §yÙhs˝ï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ §ˆÏD ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçˆÏl §ÙˆÏV˛yï˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛G xy˛õ!_ ˆl•zä Ó˚y‹T…«˛Ùï˛y xy˛õyï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ Ë˛yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆlGÎ˚yÓ˚ñ ~ÓÇ lÎ˚yàîï˛sf ï˛Ìy ï˛Í˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ §Ùyçï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ x!˲Ù%ˆÏá ï˛yˆÏܲ ã˛y!°ï˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛ylG ≤ÃÎ˚y§ñ x!˲K˛ï˛y xyܲyˆÏÓ˚•z ˆÓ¢ lï˛%ló !ÓŸª˛õ%Ñ!çÓ˚ Ó˚ÙÓ˚ÙyÓ˚ Î%ˆÏà Îy Ó˚#!ï˛ÙˆÏï˛y ã˛ƒyˆÏ°!OÇÈüÈG ÓˆÏê˛– !l!ÿ˛ï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ•z ò%!ê˛ ˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚!ÓˆÏÓ˚yô# ˆ◊!îxÓfliylˆÏܲ ~•z Úí˛zÍe´y!hs˝Ü˛y°#lÛ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ï˛Ìy Ó˚y‹T…ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy ò#â≈!òl ôˆÏÓ˚ °y°l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ã˛°ˆÏÓ lyó !çï˛ˆÏÓ ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yl ~ܲ!ê˛ÈüÈ•z– ˆÜ˛yl‰!ê˛ !çï˛ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ !ܲ˲yˆÏÓÈüüüȈ§ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xyàyÙ Ë˛!ӣσï˛Óyî# ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ÎyGÎ˚yê˛y xÌ≈•#l– Óï≈˛Ùyl ≤Ãӈ϶˛ xyÙÓ˚y ˆÜ˛Ó° ~•z ò#â≈ Îyey˛õˆÏÌ ~álG ˛õÎ≈hs˝ CPN(M) à,•#ï˛ Ó˚îl#!ï˛ G Ó˚îˆÏÜ˛Ô¢°àï˛ xÓfliyl=!°ˆÏܲ á%Ñ!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ !Óã˛yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛‹Ty ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓyñ ˆò¢ !ÓˆÏòˆÏ¢Ó˚ xï˛#ï˛ ˜Ó≤’!Óܲ x!˲K˛ï˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏD ï˛yÓ˚ §yò,¢ƒÈüȘӧyò,ˆÏ¢ƒÓ˚ !òܲ=!°ˆÏܲ !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛‹Ty ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓyñ ~ÓÇ §ˆÏÓy≈˛õ!Ó˚ñ xò)Ó˚ ˲!ӣσˆÏï˛ ˆÎ m®μ=!° ˆl˛õy°# §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ ˆ◊!î§Ç@˝ÃyˆÏÙ ï˛#Ó  •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zë˛ˆÏï˛ ã˛ˆÏ°ˆÏSÈñ ï˛yÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ xyàyÙ Ó˚*˛õˆÏÓ˚áy •y!çÓ˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛‹Ty ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓy– xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚ §%!ÓôyˆÏÌ≈ xyÙÓ˚y Û90 ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ ˆl˛õyˆÏ° àîxyˆÏ®y°ˆÏlÓ˚ ôyÓ˚y G ï˛yˆÏï˛ ÙyGÓyò# ܲÙ%ƒ!l‹T ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ ˲)!ÙܲyˆÏܲ ò%!ê˛ ˛õÎy≈ˆÏÎ˚ ˲yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆlˆÏÓyÈüüüÈ1ä §Ç!Óôyl ˛õ!Ó˚£Ïò !lÓy≈ã˛l ˛õ)Ó≈Óï˛#≈ ˛õÎy≈Î˚ó ~ÓÇ 2ä !lÓy≈ã˛l ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ ˛õÎy≈Î˚– lylyl í˛zayl ˛õï˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˛≤ÃÌÙ ˛õÎy≈Î˚!ê˛ ò¢ÈüÈÓyˆÏÓ˚y˛ Ùy§ xyˆÏà ˛õ!Ó˚î!ï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈó !mï˛#Î˚ ˛õÎy≈Î˚!ê˛ §ˆÏÓ ÷Ó˚& •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Ó°y ã˛ˆÏ°– §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ !Óã˛yˆÏÓ˚ ˛õÎy≈Î˚ò%!ê˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ò)Ó˚c §yÙylƒ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ ÙyˆÏ§Ó˚ •ˆÏ°G ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛Ù%ƒ!l‹T ˛õy!ê≈˛ !•§yˆÏÓ CPN(M)ü~Ó˚ Ó˚îl#!ï˛ G Ó˚îˆÏÜ˛Ô¢°àï˛ ˛õòˆÏ«˛˛õ=!°ˆÏܲ xl%¢#°ˆÏl !lˆÏÎ˚ ÎyGÎ˚yÓ˚ ≤Èϟ¿ ~•z ò%!ê˛ ˛õÎy≈ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ÓƒÓôyl ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ ˆÎyçˆÏlÓ˚G ˆÓ!¢– ≤ÃÌÙ ˛õÎy≈ˆÏÎ˚ ÚÓ˚yçï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ xÓ§ylÛÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˆfl‘yàylˆÏܲ Ù%რxƒyˆÏç[˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ CPN(M) Ó˚y‹T…!ÓˆÏÓ˚yô# §Ç@˝ÃyˆÏÙ ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆÙ•lï˛# çlï˛yˆÏܲ ˆlï,˛c !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈó !mï˛#Î˚ ˛õÎy≈ˆÏÎ˚ Úlï%˛l àîï˛y!sfܲ ˆl˛õy°Û àí˛¸yÓ˚ ܲÙ≈§)ã˛#ˆÏܲ §yÙˆÏl ˆÓ˚ˆÏá !lˆÏç•z Ó˚y‹T…ΈÏsfÓ˚ ¢!Ó˚ܲ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~•z ò%!ê˛ ˛õ,Ìܲ ˛õÎy≈ˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛Ù%ƒ!l‹T ˛õy!ê≈˛ !•§yˆÏÓ CPN(M)ÈüÈ~Ó˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy•z xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Óï≈˛Ùyl ≤Ãӈ϶˛Ó˚ Ù)° xyˆÏ°yã˛ƒ !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó›–

!lÓy≈ã˛l ˛õ)Ó≈Óï˛#≈ ˛õÎy≈Î˚≠ !Óàï˛ ¢ï˛y∑#Ó˚ Û90 ò¢Ü˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ÷Ó˚& ܲˆÏÓ˚ 2008 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ 10 ~!≤ð ˛õÎ≈hs˝ñ ≤ÃyÎ˚ ò%Ûò¢Ü˛ Óƒy˛õ# !Óhfl,Ïï˛ ~•z §ÙÎ˚˛õˆÏÓ≈ lylyl xyÑܲÈüÈÓyшÏܲÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆ◊!î§Ç@˝ÃyÙ ~!àˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈó CPN(M)üG ï˛yÓ˚ §Ó≈¢!_´ !òˆÏÎ˚ ~•z ˆ◊!î§Ç@˝ÃyˆÏÙÓ˚ x!˲Ù%áˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°ly ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛‹Ty ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– CPN(M)ü~Ó˚ ~•z ˛õÎy≈ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ xÓfliyl ï˛Ìy ܲÙ≈ܲy[˛=!°ˆÏܲ xyÙÓ˚y Ù)°ï˛/ !ï˛l!ê˛ í˛z˛õ˛õˆÏÓ≈ ˲yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ !lˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ÈüüüÈ Ü˛ä Û90ÈüÈÛ91

ˆÌˆÏܲ Û96 ˛õÎ≈hs˝ Ù)°ï˛/ àîxyˆÏ®y°ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÓ≈ñ ~ܲܲ ~ÓÇ ˆÎÔÌ ≤ÈÏã˛‹TyÎ˚ Ó˚yçï˛sf !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô# xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏl ˆl˛õy°# çlï˛yˆÏܲ §ÙyˆÏÓ!¢ï˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ≤ÃÎ˚y§Èü˛õÓ≈ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏD §ˆÏD•z ò#â≈fliyÎ˚# §¢flf §Ç@˝ÃyˆÏÙÓ˚ ≤Û!ï˛ @˝Ã•îó áä Û96 ˆÌˆÏܲ 2006 §y° ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ çlÎ%ˆÏk˛Ó˚ ò¢ ÓSÈÓ˚ñ ˆÎ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ˛õy!ê≈˛ ï˛yÓ˚ §ÙhflÏ ¢!_´ˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛w#Ë)˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ Ó˚yçï˛sf G ï˛yÓ˚ xl%§yÓ˚# @˝ÃyÙyM˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ §yÙhs˝ï˛y!sfܲ ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ °yàyï˛yÓ˚ §¢flf §Ç@˝ÃyÙ àˆÏí˛¸ ˆï˛y°yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏç ï˛Ìy ˆò¢Óƒy˛õ# !Óܲ“ «˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛w àˆÏí˛¸ ˆï˛y°yÓ˚ °ˆÏ«˛ƒó àä 2006 ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ˆÏï˛ çlÎ%ˆÏk˛Ó˚ ˛õÌ ˆÌˆÏܲ §ˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏ§ ˛õ%lÓ˚yÎ˚ ≤Ãܲy¢ƒ àîxyˆÏ®y°ˆÏl xÇ¢@˝Ã•îñ ~!≤ð àîxyˆÏ®y°ˆÏl ˆlï,˛còyl ~ÓÇ xyÓ˚G ˛õˆÏÓ˚ §yï˛˛õy!ê≈˛ ˆçyˆÏê˛Ó˚ §ˆÏD !l!ò≈‹T ¢ˆÏï≈˛Ó˚ §yˆÏ˛õˆÏ«˛ xhs˝Ó≈ï˛#≈ܲy°#l §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚ xÇ¢@˝Ã•î– =Ó˚&ˆÏcÓ˚ !Óã˛yˆÏÓ˚ ~•z !ï˛l!ê˛ í˛z˛õ˛õˆÏÓ≈Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛•z ˛õ,Ìܲ ˛õ,Ìܲ˲yˆÏÓ !ӈϟ’£ÏˆÏîÓ˚ òy!Ó Ó˚yˆÏá– Óï≈˛Ùyl ≤Ãӈ϶˛ ˆ§•z ˛õ%Cyl%˛õ%C !ӈϟ’£ÏˆÏîÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà ly ÌyܲyÎ˚ xyÙÓ˚y ˆÜ˛Ó° í˛z˛õ˛õÓ≈=!°Ó˚ Ù)° Ù)° ã˛!Ó˚eàï˛ ˜Ó!¢‹T=!°ˆÏܲ•z ~ܲÓyÓ˚ S%Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÓ– ≤ÃÌÙ í˛z˛õ˛õÓ≈!ê˛ !SÈ° ã˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ò¢Ü˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ã˛ˆÏ° xy§y ˆl˛õy°# ܲÙ%ƒ!l‹T xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏlÓ˚ ò#â≈ܲy°Óƒy˛õ# fli!ÓÓ˚ï˛yˆÏܲ §ˆÏçyˆÏÓ˚ ôyE˛y ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ≈ó Ú≤Ãy!ï˛¤˛y!lܲ ܲÙ%ƒ!l‹TÛ xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏlÓ˚ ï˛Íܲy°#l ôÓ˚yÈüÈÓyÑôyñ Ó˚&!ê˛lÙy!Ê˛Ü˛ñ ≤ÃÌyàï˛ Ü˛yˆÏçÓ˚ ôyÓ˚yˆÏܲ l§ƒyÍ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ !Ó≤’ÓܲyÙ# ܲÙ%ƒ!l‹TˆÏòÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ xyôyˆÏÓ˚ ˙ܲƒÓk˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ¢ ~ܲ!ê˛ !Ó≤’Ó#˛ ܲÙ%ƒ!l‹T ˛õy!ê≈˛ àˆÏí˛¸ ˆï˛y°yÓ˚ ˛õÓ≈– Û90 ò¢ˆÏܲÓ˚ §)ã˛ly˛õˆÏÓ≈ Ó˚yçï˛sf !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô# ~ܲ ï%˛Ù%° àîxyˆÏ®y°ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ≤ë˛y˛õˆÏê˛ ˆ§•z ≤ÃÌÙ ˆòˆÏ¢ ~ܲ!ê˛ !Ó≤’Ó# ܲÙ%ƒ!l‹T ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ x˲yÓ xl%Ë)˛ï˛ •Î˚ñ ˆÎ ˛õy!ê≈˛ ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆÙ•lï˛# Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ Ó˚yçï˛sf !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô# §Ç@˝ÃyÙˆÏܲ ˆlï,˛c !òˆÏï˛ §«˛Ùñ ~ܲ!ê˛ §%!l!ò≈‹T ˛õ!Ó˚î!ï˛ x!˲Ù%ˆÏá ï˛yˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §«˛Ù– §Ùyç !Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ xÓˆÏçܲ!ê˛Ë˛ ¢ï˛y≈Ó°# ≤ÃyÎ˚ ≤Ûï˛ñ xÌã˛ §yÓˆÏçܲ!ê˛Ë˛ ≤Û!ï˛ !lï˛yhs˝•z x≤Ãï%˛°ÈüüüÈ~Ùl•z ~ܲ ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ ˆ≤ë˛y˛õˆÏê˛ CPN(M)ü~Ó˚ Óï≈˛Ùyl ˆlï,˛ˆÏcÓ˚ ~ܲyÇ¢ ˆl˛õy°# ܲÙ%ƒ!l‹T ˛õy!ê≈˛ˆÏܲ ˆì˛ˆÏ° §yçyˆÏlyÓ˚ í˛zˆÏòƒyà˛ @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚l– §%!ÓôyÓyò#ñ §ÇflÒyÓ˚˛õsi# G xy˛õ£ÏܲyÙ# ˛õy!ê≈˛ ˆlï,˛c ˆÌˆÏܲ !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó!FSÈߨ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ ï˛Íܲy°#l ܲÙ%ƒ!l‹T xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏlÓ˚ x@˝Ãî# xÇ¢!ê˛ Û91 §yˆÏ° ˙ܲƒÓk˛ •Î˚ CPN(UC) lyÙܲ §Çàë˛ˆÏlÈüüüÈÎy ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ˆÏï˛ lylyl âyï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛âyˆÏï˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚*˛õyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚ Óï˛≈ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ CPN(M) [xô%ly UCPN(M)] §Çàë˛ˆÏl– Û91ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˙ܲƒ Ü˛ÇˆÏ@˝ÃˆÏ§•z ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ ˜Ó≤’!Óܲ xyòˆÏ¢≈Ó˚ ï˛y!_¥Ü˛ !˲!_ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ÚÙyGÓyòÛÈüÈˆÜ˛ fl∫#Ü,˛!ï˛ ˆòGÎ˚y •Î˚ñ !Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ §yôyÓ˚î ˛õÌ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ò#â≈fliyÎ˚# çlÎ%ˆÏk˛Ó˚ ˛ṏÏܲ @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ¢˛õÌ ˆlGÎ˚y •Î˚– !ܲv §¢flf çlÎ%ˆÏk˛Ó˚ ˛ṏÏܲ •yˆÏï˛ Ü˛°ˆÏÙ xl%¢#°l ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ Ùï˛ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ ≤Û!ï˛ G çl§ÙÌ≈l ˆÎ ï˛á!l x!ç≈ï˛ •Î˚!lñ ï˛Íܲy°#l ˛õy!ê≈˛ ˆlï,˛c ˆ§ ܲÌyG §!ë˛Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ•z í˛z˛õ°!∏˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚l– Ê˛ˆÏ° Û91 ˆÌˆÏܲ Û96ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ÷Ó˚&Ó˚ §ÙÎ˚ ˛õÎ≈hs˝ñ ˛õy!ê≈˛ Ù)°ï˛/ ˆçyÓ˚ ˆòÎ˚ xy•zl# G ≤Ãܲy¢ƒ àîxyˆÏ®y°ˆÏlÓ˚ Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ G˛õÓ˚– ~ܲ!òˆÏܲ Ó˚yçï˛sf !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô# xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏl §Ω˛yÓƒ §ˆÏÓy≈Fã˛ ¢!_´ˆÏܲ §ÙyˆÏÓ!¢ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎÔÌ xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏl xÇ¢@˝Ã•îñ !lÓy≈ã˛ˆÏl xÇ¢@˝Ã•î ~ÓÇ §Ç§ˆÏò ˆÎyàòylñ xlƒ!òˆÏܲñ ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ ~ܲyhs˝ !lçfl∫ ܲÙ≈§)ã˛# !•§yˆÏÓ xy§ß¨ §¢flf §Ç@˝ÃyˆÏÙÓ˚ ≤Û!ï˛ @˝Ã•îÈüüüÈ~•z ò%!ê˛ Ü˛yçˆÏܲ•z xï˛ƒhs˝ ˜l˛õ)ˆÏîƒÓ˚ §ˆÏD ~•z ˛õˆÏÓ≈ §Ù!ß∫ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚l ï˛Íܲy°#l ˛õy!ê≈˛ ˆlï,˛c– !mï˛#Î˚ í˛z˛õ˛õÓ≈!ê˛Ó˚ ÷Ó˚& 1996 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ 13 •z ˆÊ˛Ó &Î˚y!Ó˚ñ xyl%¤˛y!lܲ˲yˆÏÓ ˆÎ!òl ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆò¢ˆÏçyí˛¸y §¢flf çlÎ%ˆÏk˛Ó˚ í˛yܲ ˆòGÎ˚y •Î˚– Û96 ˆÌˆÏܲ 2006ñ ò#â≈ ò¢ ÓSÈÓ˚ Óƒy˛õ# ~•z §¢flf §Ç@˝ÃyˆÏÙ ≤ÃyÎ˚ §Ù@˝Ã ˆl˛õy° ç%ˆÏí˛¸•z !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ xy!ô˛õï˛ƒ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §ÙÌ≈ •Î˚ CPN(M)– ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ 75!ê˛ ˆç°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ü˛ÙˆÏÓ¢# 68!ê˛ ˆç°yÎ˚ §yÙhs˝ï˛y!sfܲ Ó˚y‹T…ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyˆÏܲ ã˛ƒyˆÏ°O çy!lˆÏÎ˚ ï˛yÑÓ˚y §Ùyhs˝Ó˚y° ≤ây§l àˆÏí˛¸ ˆï˛yˆÏ°l– àˆÏí˛¸ ˆï˛yˆÏ°l ≤ÃyÎ˚ 20 •yçyÓ˚ §¢flf §ò§ƒ !Ó!¢‹T ~ܲ !Ó¢y° Ú!˛õ˛õ°‰§ !°ÓyˆÏÓ˚¢yl xy!Ù≈ÛÈüüüÈÓ˚yçï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ xyK˛yÓy•# ÚÓ˚Î˚ƒy° ˆl˛õy° xy!Ù≈ÛÈüÈˆÜ˛ Îy ≤Ã!ï˛!òl•z ܲ!ë˛lï˛Ó˚ ã˛ƒyˆÏ°ˆÏOÓ˚ Ù%ˆÏá ˆÊ˛°ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~•z í˛z˛õ˛õˆÏÓ≈ñ Ó˚yçï˛sf !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô# ï˛Ìy §yÙhs˝ï˛sf !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô# §Ç@˝ÃyÙˆÏܲ !lSÈܲ ܲy=ˆÏç ܲÙ≈§)ã˛#ˆÏï˛ xyÓk˛ ly ˆÓ˚ˆÏá ܲ!ë˛l ÓyhflψÏÓÓ˚ Ùy!ê˛ˆÏï˛ §yÊ˛ˆÏ°ƒÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ï˛yˆÏܲ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yˆÏà !lˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛ §ÙÌ≈ •Î˚ ˛õy!ê≈˛– 10 ÓSÈÓ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ •yçyÓ˚ •yçyÓ˚ !Ó≤’Ó# ܲÙ#≈ ï˛yшÏòÓ˚ ç#Ól òyˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó!lÙˆÏÎ˚ ˆl˛õy°# çlï˛yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ CPN(M)üÈ~Ó˚ Ó˚yçï˛sf !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô# ˲yÓÙ)!ï≈˛ˆÏܲ ~ܲ x§yôyÓ˚î í˛zFã˛ï˛yÎ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §«˛Ù •Î˚ó ˆl˛õy° Ü˛ÇˆÏ@˝Ã§ Óy UMLÈüÈ~Ó˚ xyl%¤˛y!lܲ Ó˚yçï˛sf !ÓˆÏÓ˚y!ôï˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏD CPN(M)ÈüÈ~Ó˚ Ó˚yçï˛sf !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô# ܲÙ≈§)ã˛#Ó˚ ˆÎ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ï˛Ü˛y≈ï˛#ï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˆ§•z §ï˛ƒ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛y ˛õyÎ˚– ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ñ xyhs˝çy≈!ï˛Ü˛ ܲÙ%ƒ!l‹T xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏl ˆ¢yôlÓyòñ §ÇflÒyÓ˚Óyò G §Ç§ò§Ó≈fl∫ï˛yÓ˚ Ó˚ÙÓ˚ÙyÓ˚ Î%ˆÏà §yÓ˚y!ӈϟªÓ˚ !Ó≤’ÓܲyÙ# Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈG CPN(M) xyÓ˚G ~ܲÓyÓ˚ ~•z ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ ÙyÜ≈˛§Óyò#ÈüȈ°!llÓyò# §ï˛ƒˆÏܲ §ˆÏçyˆÏÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §ÙÌ≈ •Î˚ ˆÎñ í˛zFã˛ï˛Ó˚ hflψÏÓ˚ xyˆÏÓ˚y•l ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° ˆ◊!î §Ç@˝ÃyˆÏÙÓ˚ §¢flf Ó˚*˛õ ˛õ!Ó˚@˝Ã• ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ xlƒ ˆÜ˛ylG í˛z˛õyÎ˚ ˆl•zÈüüüÈ≤Ãܲy¢ƒñ xy•zl# xÌÓy §Ç§ò#Î˚ §Ç@˝ÃyÙ §¢flf §Ç@˝ÃyˆÏÙÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚˛õ)Ó˚ܲ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ !ܲv ܲáˆÏly•z ï˛yÓ˚ !Óܲ“ lÎ˚– ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ í˛z˛õ˛õÓ≈!ê˛Ó˚ ÷Ó˚& 2005ÈüÈ06 §yˆÏ°– §¢flf çlÎ%ˆÏk˛Ó˚ §yÊ˛ˆÏ°ƒÓ˚ ã)˛í˛¸yÎ˚ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ÌyܲˆÏï˛•z CPN(M) e´Ù¢/ ~•z ˛õÌ ˆÌˆÏܲ §ˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏ§– Ó˚y‹T… ~ÓÇ !Ó!˲ߨ §Ç§ò#Î˚ ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!l!ôˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏD ÷Ó˚& •Î˚ xy°y˛õ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ˛õÓ≈– ~•z ˛˛õÎy≈ˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚yçï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ í˛zˆÏFSÈò G ≤Ãçyï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ ˆây£ÏîyÓ˚ òy!ÓˆÏï˛ñ !l!ò≈‹T ܲÙ≈§)ã˛#Ó˚ G˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ §yï˛!ê˛ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ òˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆçyˆÏê˛Ó˚ §ˆÏD ˆÎÔÌ˲yˆÏÓ ~ܲ Óƒy˛õܲ G˛ ≤Ãܲy¢ƒ àîxyˆÏ®y°ˆÏl xÇ¢@˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ CPN(M)ñ Îy ~!≤ð àîxyˆÏ®y°lÈüÈ2 lyˆÏÙ ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ •z!ï˛•yˆÏ§ fliyÎ˚#˲yˆÏÓ !lˆÏçÓ˚ çyÎ˚ày ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆlÎ˚– ≤ÃÓ° àîxyˆÏ®y°ˆÏlÓ˚ ã˛yˆÏ˛õ xӈϢˆÏ£Ï !˛õS%È •ˆÏê˛ Ó˚yçï˛sf– Ü˛ÇˆÏ@˝Ã§ ˆlï˛y !à!Ó˚çy≤çyò ˜Ü˛Ó˚y°yÓ˚ ˆlï,˛ˆÏc à!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚ xhs˝Ó≈ï˛#≈ܲy°#l §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚– CPN(M) ˆ§•z §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚ ¢ï≈˛§yˆÏ˛õˆÏ«˛ ˆÎyàòylG ܲˆÏÓ˚– !ܲv xy˛õ§Ü˛yÙ# ~•z §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ !˛õSȈÏlÓ˚ òÓ˚çy !òˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚yçï˛sfˆÏܲ !êÑ˛!ܲˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚yáyÓ˚ x˛õˆÏã˛‹Ty e´Ùyàï˛ çyÓ˚# ˆÓ˚ˆÏá ÎyGÎ˚yÎ˚ ~ÓÇ Ü˛l!fiê˛!ê˛í˛zˆÏÎ˚rê˛ xƒyˆÏ§¡∫!° !lÓy≈ã˛l !lˆÏÎ˚ e´Ùyàï˛ ê˛y°Óy•yly ã˛y°yˆÏï˛ ÌyܲyÎ˚ ~ܲ§ÙÎ˚ CPN(M) §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ˆSȈÏí˛¸ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ§– ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ˆÏï˛ !lÓy≈ã˛l xy•¥yl ܲÓ˚y §• xlƒylƒ ˆÓ¢ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ã!ï˛◊&!ï˛Ó˚ G˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˛õ%lÓ˚yÎ˚ §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎyà ˆòÎ˚ CPN(M)– 10•z ~!≤ð ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ Ó%ˆÏܲ §¡õߨ •Î˚ Ó‡≤Ã!ï˛!«˛ï˛ xƒyˆÏ§¡∫!° !lÓy≈ã˛l– ˆË˛yê˛ àîlyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ~ܲܲ Ó,•_Ù ò° !•§yˆÏÓ !lÓy≈!ã˛ï˛ •Î˚ CPN(M)ó !lܲê˛ï˛Ù ≤Ã!ï˛m®μ# Ü˛ÇˆÏ@˝Ã§ G UMLÈüÈ~Ó˚ §!¡ø!°ï˛ xy§l§ÇáƒyÓ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ !m=l xy§ˆÏl !çˆÏï˛ !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ≤Ã˲yˆÏÓÓ˚ ~ܲ §%flõ‹T ≤ÃÙyî ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ Ó%ˆÏܲ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §ÙÌ≈ •Î˚ ÙyGÓyò# ܲÙ%ƒ!l‹T ˛õy!ê≈˛– ~•z !ï˛l!ê˛ í˛z˛õ˛õˆÏÓ≈Ó˚ ≤ÃÌÙ ò%!ê˛ˆÏï˛ CPN(M) ï˛y!_¥Ü˛ G xyò¢≈àï˛ ≤Èϟ¿ ˆÓ¢ !ܲS%È lï%˛lï˛Ó˚ xÓfliyl @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚– ÚÙyGÓyòÛñ Ú≤Ãã˛[˛˛õÌÛ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ï˛yшÏòÓ˚ à,•#ï˛ xÓfliyˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ Ú§yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ !Ó≤’ÓÛñ Ú§Ùyçï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ §B˛ê˛Û ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛w ܲˆÏÓ˚ CPN(M) ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˆÓ¢ !ܲS%È˛ !ӈϟ’£Ïî §Ùܲy°#l ÙyÜ≈˛§Óyò# Ù•ˆÏ° lyly !Óï˛ˆÏÜ≈˛Ó˚ çß√ ˆòÎ˚– !ܲv ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ í˛z˛õ˛õˆÏÓ≈ñ ~•z §ÙhflÏ !Óï˛Ü≈˛ˆÏܲ SÈy!˛õˆÏÎ˚ !àˆÏÎ˚ §yÙˆÏl ã˛ˆÏ° xyˆÏ§ ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ ï˛Íܲy°#l ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛ §¢flf §Ç@˝ÃyÙ ã˛y!°ˆÏÎ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ ÎyGÎ˚y xÌÓy ly ÎyGÎ˚y §Çe´yhs˝ !Óï˛Ü≈˛!ê˛– 1996 ˆÌˆÏܲ 2006ñ ò#â≈ ò¢ ÓSÈÓ˚ §yÊ˛ˆÏ°ƒÓ˚ §ˆÏD ò#â≈fliyÎ˚# çlÎ%k˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°ly ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ CPN(M) ˆ§•z ˛õÌ ˆÌˆÏܲ §ˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏ§ñ Îál ï˛yÑÓ˚y•z Ù)°ï˛/ ã˛y°ˆÏܲÓ˚ xy§ˆÏl– Ê˛ˆÏ° fl∫y˲y!Óܲ˲yˆÏÓ•zñ §yÓ˚y ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ ܲÙ%ƒ!l‹T ˛!Ó≤’Ó# !¢!ÓˆÏÓ˚ CPN(M) ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ~•z ˛õòˆÏ«˛˛õˆÏܲ !lˆÏÎ˚ ò%!ê˛ Ùï˛yÙï˛ àˆÏí˛¸ GˆÏë˛ÈüüüÈ~ܲ!ê˛

Ùï˛ xl%ÎyÎ˚#ñ Ó˚yçï˛sf !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô# §Ç@˝ÃyÙˆÏܲ ï˛Ìy §yÙ!@˝Ãܲ !Ó≤’Ó# xyˆÏ®y°lˆÏܲ ~!àˆÏÎ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ ÎyGÎ˚yÓ˚ °ˆÏ«˛ƒ ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ ï˛Íܲy°#l ˛õ!Ó˚!fli!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ÙyGÓyò# ܲÙ%ƒ!l‹T ˛õy!ê≈˛ §!ë˛Ü˛ xÓfliyl•z @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈó xlƒ Ùï˛!ê˛ •°ñ §¢flf §Ç@˝ÃyˆÏÙÓ˚ ˛õÌ ˆÏ̈Ïܲ §ˆÏÓ˚ xy§yê˛y CPN(M)üÈ~Ó˚ ò!«˛î˛õsi# !Óã%˛ƒ!ï˛Ó˚•z lyÙyhs˝Ó˚– í˛zˆÏÕ‘áƒñ ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ˆÏï˛ !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ xÓfliyl !ܲS%Èê˛y ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°Gñ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ÙyGÓyò# ܲÙ%ƒ!l‹T ˛õy!ê≈˛ G §ÙÙˆÏly˲yÓ˛õߨ ˆÓ¢ !ܲS%È §Çàë˛l ˆ§Û§ÙÎ˚ Ù)°ï˛/ !mï˛#Î˚ xÓfliyl!ê˛Ó˚ÈüÈ•z ˛õˆÏ«˛ òyÑí˛¸yÎ˚– ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ Ùï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ xyôyÈüȧyÙhs˝ï˛y!sfܲñ xyôyÈüÈÅ˛õ!lˆÏÓ!¢Ü˛ ˆòˆÏ¢ Ó˚y‹T…«˛Ùï˛y òáˆÏ°Ó˚ ò)Ó˚yÎ˚ï˛ °«˛ƒˆÏܲ §yÙˆÏl ˆÓ˚ˆÏá §¢flf §Ç@˝ÃyÙ G ≤Ãܲy¢ƒ àîxyˆÏ®y°ˆÏlÓ˚ xyhs˝/§¡õܲ≈ˆÏܲ §!ë˛Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ !lî≈Î˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ܲyç!ê˛ !l!ò≈‹T˲yˆÏÓ ˆÜ˛Ó° ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ çlƒ•z lÎ˚ñ §yôyÓ˚î˲yˆÏÓ ò!«˛î ~!¢Î˚yÓ˚ ܲySÈyܲy!SÈ ã˛!Ó˚e §¡õߨ xlƒylƒ ˆò¢=!°Ó˚ çlƒG ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚– ܲyˆÏç•z ~•z ≤çˆÏD ˜ï˛Ó˚# •GÎ˚y !Óï˛Ü≈˛!ê˛ˆÏܲ xyÙÓ˚y ≤Ãӈ϶˛Ó˚ Óï≈˛Ùyl ˛õ!Ó˚§ˆÏÓ˚ Îï˛ê˛y §Ω˛Ó !Óhfl,Ïï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˛õÎy≈ˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛‹Ty ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓy– çlÎ%ˆÏk˛Ó˚ ˛õÌ ˆÌˆÏܲ §ˆÏÓ˚ xy§yÓ˚ ˛õòˆÏ«˛˛õ!ê˛ˆÏܲ CPN(M)ü~Ó˚ ò!«˛î˛õsi# !Óã%˛ƒ!ï˛ !•§yˆÏÓ ˆòáyÓ˚ ˆ˛õSȈÏl Ù)° Î%!_´=!° !SÈ° §ÇˆÏ«˛ˆÏ˛õ ~•zÓ˚ܲÙó ܲä Ó˚y‹T…§ÇˆÏâÓ˚ lçÓ˚òy!Ó˚Ó˚ xô#ˆÏl !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ xflf §Ù˛õ≈î ܲˆÏÓ˚ CPN(M) ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ çlÎ%ˆÏk˛Ó˚ §yÊ˛ˆÏ°ƒÓ˚ Ù)° ã˛y!Ó!ê˛ˆÏܲ•z •yï˛SÈyí˛¸y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÊ˛ˆÏ°ˆÏSÈó áä çlÎ%ˆÏk˛Ó˚ òy˛õˆÏê˛ Ó˚y‹T…#Î˚ ˆ§lyÓy!•l# Îál e´Ù¢/ !˛õS%È •ê˛ˆÏSÈñ ï˛ál ˛õ%lÓ˚yÎ˚ ≤Ãܲy¢ƒ àîxyˆÏ®y°ˆÏl !Ê˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÎyGÎ˚yÓ˚ Ùï˛ Ó˚«˛îydܲ Ó˚îˆÏÜ˛Ô¢° lÎ˚ñ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl !SÈ° xyÓ˚G xye´Ùîydܲ Ó˚îˆÏÜ˛Ô¢ˆÏ°Ó˚ñ çlÎ%k˛ˆÏܲ xyÓ˚G ï˛#Ó ï˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛y°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚•z Îy ~ܲÙye ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚# •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏï˛yó àä ~!≤ð àîxyˆÏ®y°ˆÏl °«˛ °«˛ Ùyl%£Ï Îál Ó˚yçôyl# ܲyë˛Ùy[%˛Ó˚ Ó%ˆÏܲ Ó˚yç≤Ãy§yòˆÏܲ !âˆÏÓ˚ !ӈϫ˛y˲ ˆòáyˆÏï˛ lyÙˆÏSÈñ ï˛ál xy˛õ§Ü˛yÙ# Ú§yï˛˛õy!ê≈˛ ˆçyê˛ÛÈüÈ~Ó˚ §ˆÏD àîxyˆÏ®y°ˆÏl Î%_´ ly ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛z!ã˛ï˛ !SÈ° §¢flf xË%˛ƒayˆÏlÓ˚ í˛yܲ ˆòGÎ˚yñ Îy ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ CPN(M) Ù)°ï˛/ §Ç§ò#Î˚ ˛õˆÏÌÓ˚ ˆã˛yÓ˚yÓy!°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ•z ˛õy Óyí˛¸yˆÏ°y– ܲä Î%!_´!ê˛ !l/§ˆÏ®ˆÏ• flõ¢≈ܲyï˛Ó˚– !ã˛Ó˚yÎ˚ï˛ ÙyÜ≈˛§Óyò# ò,!‹TˆÏܲyl ˆÌˆÏܲ !Óã˛yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°ñ Ó˚y‹T… ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ ~ܲ ˆ◊!î ܲï,≈˛Ü˛ xlƒ ˆ◊!îÓ˚ G˛õÓ˚ òÙlÈüÈ˛õ#í˛¸l ã˛y°yˆÏlyÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ §¢flf §Çàë˛lñ ܲyˆÏç•z ï˛yˆÏܲ ˆÙyܲy!Ó°y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ xˆÏflfÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl §ˆÏ®•yï˛#ï˛– !ܲv ò#â≈ ò¢ ÓSÈÓ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ !ï˛° !ï˛° ܲˆÏÓ˚ àˆÏí˛¸ ˆï˛y°y ~•z §¢flf ≤Û!ï˛CPN(M) !ܲ ~ܲܲÌyÎ˚ñ ~ܲ˛õy!«˛Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ Ó˚yˆÏ‹T…Ó˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ Ú§Ù˛õ≈îÛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏ°y⁄ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ê˛y ~ï˛ê˛y §Ó˚° lÎ˚– §yÓ˚y ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ •z!ï˛•yˆÏ§ §Ω˛Óï˛/ ~•z ≤ÃÌÙ Ó˚y‹T… ~ܲ˛õy!«˛Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ !Ó≤’Ó#ˆÏòÓ˚ lÎ˚ñ ÓÓ˚Ç !Ó≤’Ó#Ó˚yG ~ܲ•z §ˆÏD ¢ï≈˛§yˆÏ˛õˆÏ«˛ xflf §Ù˛õ≈î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Óyôƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ Ó˚y‹T…ˆÏܲ– ¢y!hs˝ã%˛!_´Ó˚ ¢ï≈˛˛xl%ÎyÎ˚# Ó˚y‹T…§ÇˆÏâÓ˚ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛Ü˛ˆÏòÓ˚ lçÓ˚òyÓ˚#ˆÏï˛ §Ù˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî xflf çÙy ˆÓ˚ˆÏáˆÏSÈ ò%Û˛õ«˛•zÈüüüÈÓ˚y‹T… ~ÓÇ Ó˚yˆÏ‹T…Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ xyˆÏ®y°lܲyÓ˚# !Ó≤’Ó#Ó˚y– ˆ§•z xflfyàyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ã˛y!ÓG xyÓyÓ˚ Ó˚yáy Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ !ï˛l!ê˛ ˛õˆÏ«˛Ó˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ üüüÈÓy˚ ‹T…˛õ«˛ñ !Ó≤’Ó# ˛õ«˛ ~ÓÇ Ó˚y‹T…§ÇˆÏâÓ˚ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛Ü˛ ò°– ~ï˛ê˛y Ú¢ï˛y≈ô#l xflf §Ù˛õ≈îÛÈüÈ~Ó˚ í˛zòy•Ó˚î §y¡±!ï˛Ü˛ xï˛#ˆÏï˛ ~ˆÏܲÓyˆÏÓ˚•z !ÓÓ˚° lÎ˚ !ܲ⁄ Ó›ï˛ñ ~•z âê˛ly!ê˛ˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛Ó° !Ó≤’Ó#ˆÏòÓ˚ Úxflf §Ù˛õ≈îÛ !•§yˆÏÓ ˆòáˆÏ° ~ܲ!ê˛ lç#Ó˚ÈüÈ!Ó•#l âê˛lyˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãy˛õƒ ÙÎy≈òy ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛Ó° Ó!M˛ï˛•z ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÓ– âê˛ly!ê˛Ó˚ =Ó˚&c ˆÎ ˆl˛õy° Ó˚yˆÏ‹T…Ó˚ ܲyˆÏSÈG ΈÏÌ‹Tñ ï˛y ~Ùl!ܲ ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ˆÏï˛G lylyl xyˆÏ˛õy§˛õsi# ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!e´Î˚yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ flõ‹T •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– Óï≈˛Ùyl ≤ÃÓ¶˛!ê˛ ˜ï˛Ó˚# •GÎ˚yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ~ܲÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ çlƒG CPN(M) ˆây£Ïîy ܲˆÏÓ˚!l ˆÎ ï˛yÓ˚y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÚàîÙ%!_´ ˆÊ˛ÔçÛˆÏܲ ï%˛ˆÏ° !òˆÏFSÈ– í˛z˛õÓ˚vñ ¢y!hs˝ ã%˛!_´Ó˚ ¢ï≈˛ xl%ÎyÎ˚# ÚàîÙ%!_´ ˆÊ˛ÔçÛÈüÈ~Ó˚ 20 •yçyÓ˚ ˆÎyk˛y Îál ܲƒyrê˛lˆÏÙˆÏrê˛ !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ xyÓk˛ ˆÓ˚ˆÏáˆÏSÈñ !ë˛Ü˛ ï˛ál•z xï˛ƒhs˝ §ˆÏã˛ï˛l˲yˆÏÓ CPN(M) àˆÏí˛¸ ï%˛ˆÏ°ˆÏSÈ YCL lyˆÏÙ Ü˛ˆÏÎ˚ܲ °«˛ §ò§ƒ !Ó!¢‹T lï%˛l ~ܲ!ê˛ çD# Î%Ó §Çàë˛lñ ã˛!Ó˚eàï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ Îy àî!Ù!°!¢Î˚yÈüÈÓ˚ á%Ó•z ܲySÈyܲy!SÈ– ~•z YCLüˆÜ˛ !lˆÏÎ˚ Óï˛≈Ùyl ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ xyˆÏ˛õy§˛õsi# ¢!_´=!°Ó˚ ˆÎ í˛zˆÏmˆÏàÓ˚ §#Ùy ˆl•zñ ï˛y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛≤Ã!ï˛!e´Î˚y ˆÌˆÏܲ•z flõ‹T– §Ó !Ù!°ˆÏÎ˚ âê˛lyê˛y ï˛y•ˆÏ° !ܲ òyÑí˛¸yˆÏ°y⁄ ≤ÃÌÙï˛/ Ó˚y‹T…§ÇˆÏâÓ˚ lçÓ˚òyÓ˚#ˆÏï˛ xflf çÙy Ó˚yáˆÏ°G ˆ§•z xˆÏflfÓ˚ G˛õÓ˚ CPN(M)ü~Ó˚ !lÎ˚sfî ˆÌˆÏܲ ÎyGÎ˚y !lˆÏÎ˚ ˆáyò Ó˚y‹T…ÈüÈ•z ~álG í˛z!m@¿ó !mï˛#Î˚ï˛/ xflf ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚ §«˛Ù ~Ùl ˆÎyk˛yÓ˚ §Çáƒy ~•z ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ ܲˆÏÙ ˆï˛y !l•zÈüÈ•zñ í˛zˆÏŒê˛ CPN(M) ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ!“ï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ~•z §ÇáƒyˆÏܲ e´Ù¢È/ Óy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈó ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ï˛/ !lÓy≈ã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ ~ܲ ÓSÈÓ˚ x!ï˛e´yhs˝ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚G Ó˚y‹T…ñ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚# ˆ§lyÓy!•l#Ó˚ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ !Ó≤’Ó# ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÊ˛ÔˆÏçÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!fli!ï˛ ˆÜ˛Ó° fl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ã˛°ˆÏï˛•z Óyôƒ •ˆÏFSÈ lyñ ï˛yˆÏܲ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ Ó˚§òG Î%!àˆÏÎ˚ ã˛°ˆÏï˛ Óyôƒ •ˆÏFSÈú §yÙ!@˝Ãܲ˲yˆÏÓ ~•z !Ó£ÏÎ˚=!°Ó˚ ܲÌy !ÓˆÏÓã˛ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° ˆÎ !§k˛yˆÏhs˝ ˆ˛õÔÑSÈyˆÏlyê˛y Î%!_´Î%_´ •ˆÏÓñ ï˛y •°ñ xˆÏflfÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ Ó¶˛ ܲÓ˚y xyÓ˚ xˆÏflfÓ˚ G˛õÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ !lÎ˚sfî ï%˛ˆÏ° ˆlGÎ˚yÈüüüÈò%!ê˛ ~ܲ !ç!l§ lÎ˚– CPN(M) ~álG ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ≤ÃÌÙ!ê˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈñ !mï˛#Î˚!ê˛ lÎ˚– Ó˚y‹T…§ÇˆÏâÓ˚ Óܲ°ˆÏÙ Ùy!Ü≈˛l §y¡ÀyçƒÓyòñ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ Ó˚y‹T… ~ÓÇ ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!e´Î˚y¢#° ˆ◊!î §Ü˛ˆÏ°•z ~Û!ӣψÏÎ˚ ΈÏÌ‹T GÎ˚y!ܲӕy°– ~ÓÇ ˆ§ÛܲyÓ˚ˆÏî !ã˛!hs˝ï˛G– Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ñ !ӈϢ£Ïï˛/ §yÙ!Ó˚ܲ ò,È!‹TˆÏܲyl ˆÌˆÏܲ !Óã˛yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° áä Î%!_´!ê˛G ΈÏÌ‹T =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈– ò¢ ÓSȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ çlÎ%k˛ Îál Ó˚#!ï˛ÙˆÏï˛y !ÓçÎ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ≈Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏFSÈñ ~ܲê˛yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y xye´ÙˆÏî e´Ùyàï˛ ˛õÎ%≈òhflÏ •ˆÏÎ˚ !˛õS%È •ê˛ˆÏSÈ Ó˚y‹T…#Î˚ Óy!•l#ñ §Ù@˝Ã ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ 75!ê˛ ˆç°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ü˛ÙˆÏÓ¢# 68!ê˛ ˆç°yÎ˚ ˆÎáyˆÏl xyÇ!¢Ü˛ Óy §¡õ)î≈˲yˆÏÓ §Ùyhs˝Ó˚y° ¢y§lÓƒÓfliy àˆÏí˛¸ í˛zˆÏë˛ˆÏSÈñ ï˛álñ ˆ§•z x@˝Ãà!ï˛Ó˚ ôyÓ˚yÓy!•Ü˛ï˛yÎ˚ñ xyˆÏ˛õy£ÏÈüÈÙ#ÙyǧyÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÌ ly ˆ•ÑˆÏê˛ §¢flf §Ç@˝ÃyÙˆÏܲ xyÓ˚G ¢!_´¢y°# ܲÓ˚yê˛y•z !ܲ Î%!_´Î%_´ !SÈ° ly⁄ Îy!sfܲ˲yˆÏÓ !Óã˛yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏeG ˆÓ!ë˛Ü˛ !§k˛yˆÏhs˝ í˛z˛õl#ï˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ §Ω˛yÓly ≤ÃÓ°– ≤ÃÌÙï˛/ çlÎ%ˆÏk˛Ó˚ ˆÎ x@˝Ãà!ï˛ ≤ÃÌÙ ò¢ ÓSȈÏÓ˚ lylyl ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî §Ω˛Ó˛õÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°ñ ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ xyÓ˚G xye´Ùîydܲ •ˆÏ° ï˛y xyÓ˚G §Ê˛° •ï˛ñ ~Ùlê˛y ~ܲܲÌyÎ˚ Ó°y ã˛ˆÏ° ly– ò¢ ÓSȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ §¢flf °í˛¸y•zˆÏÎ˚ CPN(M) Ù)°ï˛/ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆ§•z §Ó xLjϢ•z °y° âyÑ!ê˛ ~°yܲy àˆÏí˛¸ ï%˛°ˆÏï˛ §ÙÌ≈ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°ñ ˆÎ=!° ï%˛°lyÙ)°Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ≤Ãï˛ƒhs˝ñ ò%à≈Ù– Ó˚y‹T…¢!_´Ó˚ ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ !lÎ˚sfî fl∫y˲y!Óܲ˲yˆÏÓ•z ~•z xM˛°=!°ˆÏï˛ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ ò%Ó≈° !SÈ°– ï˛ò%˛õ!Ó˚ Ó˚yˆÏ‹T…Ó˚ ˆÓï˛lË)˛Ü˛ ˆ§lyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ñ ï˛y ï˛yÓ˚y Îï˛•z ≤Ã!¢«˛î≤ÃyÆ ˆ•yܲ ly ˆÜ˛lñ ˛õy•yí˛¸ çDˆÏ°Ó˚ ò)à≈Ù ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢ fliyl#Î˚ ˆà!Ó˚°yÓy!•l#Ó˚ §ˆÏD °yàyï˛yÓ˚ ˆã˛yÓ˚yˆÏàyÆy °í˛¸y•zˆÏÎ˚ §Ê˛° •GÎ˚yê˛yG ΈÏÌ‹T §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ !SÈ°– ܲyˆÏç•zñ ≤Ãï˛ƒhs˝ xM˛°=!° ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó˚y‹T…#Î˚ Óy!•l# ≤Ã!ï˛!òl !˛õS%È •ˆÏê˛ˆÏSÈñ ~ܲÌy §!ï˛ƒ– !ܲv ï˛yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ ~ê˛yG §!ï˛ƒñ ˆÎñ ˆ§•z Óy!•l# e´Ù¢ ˆÜ˛w#Ë)˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Ó˚yçôyl# §• ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈ ¢•Ó˚ G Óy!î烈Ïܲw=!°ˆÏï˛– §Çáƒy G xˆÏflfÓ˚ !Óã˛yˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓ¢ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ=î ˆÓ¢# ¢!_´¢y°# Ó˚y‹T…#Î˚ Óy!•l# Îál ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈ ¢•Ó˚yM˛°=!°ˆÏï˛ !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ §ÙhflÏ ¢!_´ˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛w#Ë)˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°yñ ï˛ál !Ó≤’Ó# ¢!_´È G Ó˚y‹T…#Î˚ ¢!_´Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §yÙ!Ó˚ܲ ˲yÓ˚§yˆÏÙƒÓ˚ ˆÎ ~ܲê˛y ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l âê˛ˆÏ°yÈüüüÈï˛y !Óã˛yÓ˚ ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° Ë%˛° •ˆÏÓ– ¢•Ó˚yM˛ˆÏ° ò%Ó≈° àî!˲!_ !lˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜ˛w#Ë)˛ï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ !Ù!°ê˛y!Ó˚ Óy!•l#ˆÏܲñ ÎyÓ˚y xyÓyÓ˚ Ó˚yˆÏ‹T…Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ~ܲˆÏ¢y ¢ï˛yÇ¢ xl%àï˛ñ §¡ø%á §ÙˆÏÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚y!çï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ §yÙÌ≈ƒ flõ‹Tï˛•z CPN(M)ü~Ó˚ !SÈ° ly– ï˛yÓ˚y ˆ§•z ˆã˛‹TyG ܲˆÏÓ˚!l– ÓÓ˚Ç ÷ô%Ùye §yÙ!Ó˚ܲ °y•zˆÏlÓ˚ §yÊ˛ˆÏ°ƒÓ˚ G˛õÓ˚ !l˲≈Ó˚ ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚y !Óܲ“ Ó˚îˆÏÜ˛Ô¢° @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˆ§•z Ó˚îˆÏÜ˛Ô¢° ܲï˛ê˛y !ë˛Ü˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ !ܲ •Î˚!lñ ï˛yÓ˚ !Óã˛yÓ˚ xyÙÓ˚y ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓy– !ܲv ÷ô%Ùye §yÙ!Ó˚ܲ °y•zlˆÏܲ•z xyÑܲˆÏí˛¸ ôˆÏÓ˚ ÌyܲˆÏ° 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!lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓyô#l xM˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆÙ•lï˛# Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚G ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ §Ù§ƒyÓ°#Ó˚ ˆÜ˛ylG fliyÎ˚# §Ùyôyl âê˛yˆÏly CPN(M)ü~Ó˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ §Ω˛Ó •ˆÏï˛y ly– Ó˚y‹T…¢!_´ˆÏï˛ !lÎ˚sfîܲyÓ˚# •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zë˛ˆÏï˛ ly ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏ° ï˛y §Ω˛Ó •GÎ˚yÓ˚ ܲÌyG lÎ˚– Ê˛ˆÏ° xlƒ!òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ !Óã˛yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°ñ ò¢ ÓSȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˚çlÎ%ˆÏk˛Ó˚ §yÊ˛°ƒñ 2006 §yˆÏ° ≤ÃyÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏÓy≈Fã˛ !Ó®%ˆÏï˛ ~ˆÏ§ ˆ˛õÔÑSÈyÎ˚ó ˛õ!Ó˚!fli!ï˛ ~ܲ xˆÏÌ≈ §¡õ,_´ •ˆÏÎ˚ GˆÏ벖 ÷ô%Ùye §yÙ!Ó˚ܲ °y•zlˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛Ó° xyÓ˚G ò,ì˛¸Ë˛yˆÏÓ xyÑܲˆÏí˛¸ ôˆÏÓ˚ ~•z §¡õ,!_´ ܲy!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ Gë˛y CPN(M)ü~Ó˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ §Ω˛Ó !SÈ° ly– !mï˛#Î˚ï˛/ñ §yÙ!Ó˚ܲ §yÊ˛ˆÏ°ƒÓ˚ §ˆÏÓy≈Fã˛ !Ó®%ñ ~ܲ xˆÏÌ≈ñ Ó˚yˆÏ‹T…Ó˚ §ˆÏD òÓ˚ÈüÈܲ£Ïyܲ!£ÏÓ˚G §ˆÏÓy≈Fã˛ !Ó®%ÈüüüÈ ~ÛܲÌy Ë%˛ˆÏ° ÎyGÎ˚yê˛y !ë˛Ü˛ lÎ˚– âê˛ly Î!ò ~Ùlê˛y •ˆÏï˛yñ ˆÎñ Ó˚y‹T…#Î˚ Óy!•l#Ó˚ §ˆÏD §ÇâˆÏ£Ï≈ ˆçï˛yÓ˚ ÓòˆÏ° ÚàîÙ%!_´ ˆÊ˛ÔçÛ e´Ùyàï˛ ˆ•ˆÏÓ˚ ã˛ˆÏ°ˆÏSÈñ ~ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ âyÑ!ê˛ ~°yܲy ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ •yï˛SÈyí˛¸y •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏFSÈñ ï˛ál !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ ¢ˆÏï˛≈ Ó˚y‹T…¢!_´Ó˚ §ˆÏD ˆÜ˛ylG §ÙˆÏV˛yï˛yÎ˚ ˆ˛õÔÑSÈyˆÏly CPN(M)ü~Ó˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ §Ω˛Ó•z •ˆÏï˛y ly– §!¶˛Ó˚ ˲yÓ˚§yÙƒ §Ó§ÙˆÏÎ˚•z V%Ñ˛ˆÏܲ ÌyˆÏܲ !ÓˆÏçï˛yÓ˚ 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ÙˆÏï˛y Óƒy˛õܲ˲yˆÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ!“ï˛ §%ã˛ï%˛Ó˚ xy˛õ§ÈüÈ!l‹õ!_Ó˚ !¢«˛yÈüüüÈˆÜ˛ylê˛y•z ï˛y•yˆÏòÓ˚ !SÈ° ly– ÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉ å2ä xˆÏQyÓÓ˚ !Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y˲yˆÏà !SÈ° Ó˚y!¢Î˚yÓ˚ ◊!ÙܲˆÏ◊!îÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ~ܲ!ê˛ !Ó≤’Ó# ˆ◊!î– §Ç@˝ÃyˆÏÙÓ˚ x!˲K˛ï˛yÎ˚ ~•z ˆ◊!î •zflõyˆÏï˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ò,ì˛¸ ••zÎ˚y í˛z!ë˛Î˚y!SÈ°ó x“ܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ò%•z!ê˛ !Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ x!˲K˛ï˛yG •z•yÓ˚ !SÈ°ó ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ !Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ ≤ÃyE˛yˆÏ° ~•z ˆ◊!î•z ¢y!hs˝ñ Ë)˛!Ùñ fl∫yô#lï˛y G §Ùyçï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ çlƒ §Ç@˝ÃyˆÏÙ çlàˆÏîÓ˚ ˆlï˛y Ó!°Î˚y fl∫#Ü,˛ï˛ ••zÎ˚y!SÈ°– Ó˚&¢ ◊!ÙܲˆÏ◊!îÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ˆlï,˛c Î!ò !Ó≤’ˆÏÓ ly Ìy!ܲï˛ñ çlàˆÏîÓ˚ xyfliy xç≈l ܲ!Ó˚Î˚yˆÏSÈ ~Ùl ˆlï˛y Î!ò ly !Ù!°ï˛ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ ◊!ÙܲˆÏ◊!î G Ü,˛£Ïܲ §¡±òyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˜Ùe# â!ê˛ï˛ lyñ ~ÓÇ ˙ ˜Ùe# ly â!ê˛ˆÏ° !ÓçÎ˚G §Ω˛Ó ••zï˛ ly– å3ä Ü,˛£Ïܲ §¡±òyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Îy•yÓ˚y §%!Ó˛õ%° §Çáƒyà!Ó˚¤˛ xÇ¢ñ !Ó≤’Ó§yôˆÏl ˆ§•z ò!Ó˚o Ü,˛£ÏܲˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y Ó!°¤˛ ~ܲ !Ùe Ó˚&¢ ◊!ÙܲˆÏ◊!î ˛õy•zÎ˚y!SÈ°– ÉÉÉ ˆÎ ÙyV˛y!Ó˚ ã˛y!£ÏÓ˚y Ó‡!òl ˆòyò%°ƒÙyl xÓfliyÎ˚ !SÈ° ~ÓÇ Ùye xˆÏQyÓÓ˚ !Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ ≤ÃyE˛yˆÏ° §Óy≈hs˝/ܲÓ˚ˆÏî !Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ xyÜ,˛‹T ••zÎ˚y ò!Ó˚o Ü,˛£ÏܲˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏD 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Óƒy˛õܲ !Ó≤’Ó# ≤ÃÓyˆÏ•Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒñ Î%k˛ÈüÈ¢y!hs˝Ó˚ òyÓ#ˆÏï˛ §yôyÓ˚î àîï˛y!sfܲ xyˆÏ®y°lñ çyï˛#Î˚ fl∫yô#lï˛y G §Ùyly!ôܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ òyÓ#ˆÏï˛ xï˛ƒyã˛y!Ó˚ï˛ çy!ï˛§Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ xyˆÏ®y°lñ ~ÓÇ Ó%ˆÏçy≈Î˚yˆÏ◊!îÓ˚ í˛zˆÏFSÈò G §Ó≈•yÓ˚yˆÏ◊!îÓ˚ ~ܲlyÎ˚ܲc fliy˛õˆÏlÓ˚ òy!ÓˆÏï˛ §Ó≈•yÓ˚yˆÏ◊!îÓ˚ §Ùyçï˛y!sfܲ xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y !Ó!˲ߨ !Ó≤’Ó# ôyÓ˚yˆÏܲ !Ù¢y•zÎ˚y !òˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚°– ~•z !Ó!˲ߨ !Ó≤’Ó# ôyÓ˚yˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ Óƒy˛õܲ G ¢!_´¢y°# !Ó≤’Ó# ≤ÃÓyˆÏ•Ó˚ xhs˝Ë%≈˛_´ ܲÓ˚y•z ˆÎ Ó˚&¢ˆÏòˆÏ¢ ˛õ%Ñ!çï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ ˲yàƒ !lÎ˚!sfï˛ Ü˛!Ó˚°ñ ï˛y•yˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛yl §ˆÏ®• ly•z– å5ä xˆÏQyÓÓ˚ !Ó≤’Ó Îál xyÓ˚Ω˛ •Î˚ñ ï˛ál §y¡ÀyçƒÓyò# Î%k˛ ã˛!°ˆÏï˛ˆÏSÈ ≤ÃÓ° ˆÓˆÏàñ ï˛ál ≤Ãôyl Ó%ˆÏçy≈Î˚y Ó˚y‹T…=!°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ¢e&ï˛y ï˛y•y!òàˆÏܲ ò%•z !¢!ÓˆÏÓ˚ !Ó˲_´ ܲ!Ó˚Î˚y Ó˚y!áÎ˚yˆÏSÈñ ï˛ál ï˛y•yÓ˚y ˛˛õÓ˚flõˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ Î%k˛ !Ó@˝ÃˆÏ• ~ÓÇ ˛õÓ˚flõˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §Ó≈ly¢ §yôˆÏl Óƒy˛õ,ï˛ Ó˚!•ÏÎ˚yˆÏSÈñ ~ÓÇ ˆ§•zçlƒ ï˛y•yÓ˚y ÚÓ˚&¢ˆÏòˆÏ¢Ó˚ Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚Û •hflψϫ˛˛õ ܲ!Ó˚Î˚y í˛z!ë˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly•z ~ÓÇ §!e´Î˚˲yˆÏÓ xˆÏQyÓÓ˚ !Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ !ÓˆÏÓ˚y!ôï˛y ܲ!Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly•z– xˆÏQyÓÓ˚ §Ùyçï˛y!sfܲ !Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ !ÓçˆÏÎ˚ •z•y ˆÎ xˆÏlܲê˛y §y•y΃ ܲ!Ó˚Î˚y!SÈ° ï˛y•yˆÏï˛ §ˆÏ®• ly•z–ÛÛ5 Ó˚&¢ˆÏòˆÏ¢ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˜Ó≤’!Óܲ ˛õ!Ó˚!fli!ï˛Ó˚ ÎÌyÎÌ !Óܲy¢ ~ÓÇ !ÓçÎ˚ ï˛Ìy ˛õ)î≈ï˛y ≤Ãy!ÆÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î !•§yˆÏÓ Ó°ˆÏ¢!˲ܲ ˛õy!ê≈˛ ˆÎ !Ó£ÏÎ˚=!° ~áyˆÏl í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈñ ˆ§=!° ˛õÎy≈ˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°G ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ ˜Ó≤’!Óܲ ˛õ!Ó˚!fli!ï˛Ó˚ xÓˆÏçܲ!ê˛Ë˛ ¢ï˛y≈Ó°# G §yÓˆÏçܲ!ê˛ ≤Û!ï˛Ó˚ x˛õ!Ó˚˛õ)î≈ï˛y §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ~ܲê˛y ôyÓ˚îy ˛õyGÎ˚y §Ω˛Ó– ò¢ ˛ÓSȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ çlÎ%k˛ ˆÎ í˛zFã˛ï˛yˆÏï˛•z í˛zë%˛Ü˛ ly ˆÜ˛lñ CPN(M)ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ ~ܲ V˛ê˛Ü˛yÎ˚ ~ï˛=!° ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ §#ÙyÓk˛ï˛y ï˛Ìy ≤Ã!ï˛Ü)˛°ï˛yˆÏܲ x!ï˛e´Ù ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÎyGÎ˚yê˛y §Ω˛Ó !SÈ° ly– å1ä lÇ !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛Ó˚ ܲÌy•z ôÓ˚y Îyܲ– Ó˚&¢ Ó%ˆÏçy≈Î˚yˆÏ◊!î ˆÎáyˆÏl !SÈ° Úò%Ó≈°Ûñ Úx˛õ!Ó˚îï˛Ûñ ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ xyÌ≈§yÙy!çܲ ï˛Ìy Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚!fli!ï˛ ˆ§áyˆÏl xˆÏlܲê˛y•z xy°yòy– ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ !ÓhflÏ#î≈ @˝ÃyÙyM˛ˆÏ° §yÙhs˝ï˛y!sfܲ í˛zͲõyòl ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy ÓçyÎ˚ ÌyܲˆÏ°G ~ÓÇ Ó˚yˆÏ‹T…Ó˚ ≤ây§!lܲ Ó˚*˛õ !•§yˆÏÓ Ó˚yçï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!fli!ï˛ ÌyܲˆÏ°G ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ ≤Ãôyl ≤Ãôyl ¢•Ó˚ G Óy!î烈Ïܲw=!°ˆÏï˛ ˛õ%Ñ!çÓyò# í˛z˛õyòyˆÏlÓ˚ Ó˚ÙÓ˚ÙyG !ܲS%È Ü˛Ù lÎ˚– Ó˚yçy ˆÜ˛Ó° ˆ§•z ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ≤ây§!lܲ ܲï˛y≈•z lÎ˚ñ ~ܲ•z §ˆÏD ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ §Ó≈Ó,•Í ˆê˛!°Ü˛Ù !¢“ñ §Ó≈Ó,•Í !§àyˆÏÓ˚ê˛ !¢“ñ ˆ•yˆÏê˛° !¢“ •zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚ Ùy!°Ü˛G ÓˆÏê˛– Ó˚yç˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xyÙ°yï˛y!sfܲ ˛õ%Ñ!ç•z ˆÜ˛Ó° lÎ˚ñ ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ e´ÙÓô≈Ùyl ÓyçyÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ Ù%lyÊ˛y ï%˛°ˆÏï˛ ~ÓÇ ¢hflÏy ◊!ÙˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆáyшÏç •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚y˛õÈüÈxyˆÏÙ!Ó˚ܲy ˆÌˆÏܲ ÷Ó˚& ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ Óy ã˛#ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ¢!_´¢y°# Ó˚yˆÏ‹T…Ó˚G ˆÜ˛y!ê˛ ˆÜ˛y!ê˛ ê˛yܲyÓ˚ ˛õ%Ñ!ç ˆÎáyˆÏl °@¿#Ü,˛ï˛– §yÙ!@˝Ãܲ˲yˆÏÓ ~•z !Ó˛õ%° ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî ˆò¢# G !ÓˆÏò¢# ˛õ%Ñ!çÓ˚ °!@¿Ü˛yÓ˚# ï˛Ìy Ó˚«˛yܲï˛y≈Ó˚yñ xÌy≈Í ˆ§yçy ܲÌyÎ˚ ˛Ó%ˆÏçy≈Î˚yˆÏ◊!îñ 1917 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ Ó˚y!¢Î˚yÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ ò%Ó≈° ˆï˛y lÎ˚•zñ ÓÓ˚Ç ï%˛°lyÎ˚ xˆÏlܲ ˆÓ!¢ §Çà!ë˛ï˛ó Ó˚y‹T…¢!_´ˆÏï˛G ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !lÎ˚sfî xˆÏlܲ ˆÓ!¢ !lôy≈Ó˚ܲ– xyhs˝çy≈!ï˛Ü˛ Ó˚«˛yܲï˛y≈ˆÏòÓ˚ ӈϰ Ó°#Î˚yl •ˆÏÎ˚ §Ç§ò ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆ§lyÓy!•l#Ó˚ Ü˛Ùƒyu˛ñ §Ó≈e•z ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃË)˛ï˛ !lÎ˚sfî– ÷ô%Ùye Ó˚yçï˛sf !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô# çlˆÏçyÎ˚yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ G˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ §yÙhs˝ï˛sf !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô# §¢flf §Ç@˝ÃyÙˆÏܲ Ù)°ôl ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ¢!_´¢y°# ~•z Ó%ˆÏçy≈Î˚yˆÏ◊!î ï˛Ìy ˛õ%Ñ!çÓyˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏD ~ܲ!ê˛ x!hs˝Ù G !lî≈yÎ˚ܲ °í˛¸y•zˆÏÎ˚ xÓï˛#î≈ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ•z ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ !Ó≤’Ó#Ó˚y ˛õyÎ˚!lñ ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ•z ˜Ó≤’!Óܲ ˛õ!Ó˚!fli!ï˛ ï˛ï˛ê˛y ˛õ!Ó˚˛õE˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ GˆÏë˛ !l– å2ä lÇ !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ˆÏܲ !ÓˆÏÓã˛ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°ñ ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ ◊!ÙܲˆÏ◊!îG ï˛ï˛ê˛y ¢!_´¢y°# •ˆÏÎ˚ GˆÏë˛!lñ Îï˛ê˛y ¢!_´ ÌyܲˆÏ° ~ܲ!ê˛ §Ùyç !Ó≤’ÓˆÏܲ ˛õ)î≈ ˆlï,˛c ˆòGÎ˚y §Ω˛Ó– å4ä lÇ !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ ˛õÎy≈ˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° ˆòáy ÎyˆÏÓñ 1917 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ Ó˚y!¢Î˚yÓ˚ Ó°ˆÏ¢!˲ܲÓ˚y ˆÜ˛Ó° çyÓ˚ï˛sf !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô# !ӈϫ˛y˲ˆÏܲ lÎ˚ñ ï˛yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ Î%k˛ÈüÈ!ÓˆÏÓ˚yô# àîï˛y!sfܲ xyˆÏ®y°lñ ç!ÙòyÓ˚# !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô# Ü,˛£Ïܲ xyˆÏ®y°lñ ˛õ%Ñ!ç˛õ!ï˛ˆÏ◊!îÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ ˙ܲƒÓk˛ ◊!ÙܲˆÏ◊!îÓ˚ xyˆÏ®y°l ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛ Ú!Ó!˲ߨ !Ó≤’Ó# ôyÓ˚yˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ Óƒy˛õܲ G ¢!_´¢y°# !Ó≤’Ó# ≤ÃÓyˆÏ•Ó˚ xhs˝Ë%≈˛_´Û ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ~ܲ ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ §%ˆÏÎyàˆÏܲ ܲyˆÏç °yàyˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°– ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚!fli!ï˛ !SÈ° ˆ§•z ï%˛°lyÎ˚ xˆÏlܲ ˆÓ!¢ x˛õ!Ó˚˛õE˛ñ xˆÏlܲ ˆÓ!¢ ~ܲÙy!eܲ– Ó˚yçï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ í˛zˆÏFSÈòÈüÈ•z !SÈ° ˆ§áyˆÏl Ù)° §yÙy!çܲ xƒyˆÏçu˛yñ Ú!Ó˚˛õyÓ!°Ü˛Û àë˛l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §¡øï˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˆl˛õy°# ¢y§Ü˛ˆÏ◊!î ˆÎ §yÙy!çܲ òy!ÓˆÏܲ xˆÏlܲyLjϢ•z Ù#Ùyǧy ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÊ˛°ˆÏï˛ §«˛Ù lÎ˚– §ˆÏÓy≈˛õ!Ó˚ñ å5ä lÇ !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛Ó˚ !lÓ˚#ˆÏá !Óã˛yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° ˆòáy ÎyˆÏÓ ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚!fli!ï˛ !SÈ° ï˛Íܲy°#l Ó˚y!¢Î˚yÓ˚ ~ˆÏܲÓyˆÏÓ˚ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛– ò%!lÎ˚yÓ˚ ~ܲl¡∫Ó˚ §y¡ÀyçƒÓyò# Ó˚y‹T… xyˆÏÙ!Ó˚ܲy ˆÌˆÏܲ ÷Ó˚& ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó,•Í ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ¢# ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ Ùï˛ ¢!_´¢y°# G ≤Ã˲yÓ¢y°# Ó˚y‹T… ˛≤Ã!ï˛!lÎ˚ï˛ ˆl˛õy°# ¢y§Ü˛ˆÏ◊!îˆÏܲ Ùòï˛ ˆÎyàyˆÏï˛ ˆÎyàyˆÏï˛ ˆàˆÏSÈó ≤Ã!ï˛Ù%•)ˆÏï≈˛ §ï˛Ü≈˛ ˆÌˆÏܲˆÏSÈ ÎyˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛ylÙˆÏï˛•z ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ Ó˚y‹T…«˛Ùï˛yÎ˚ !Ó≤’Ó#Ó˚y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ)î≈ ܲï,≈˛c ܲyˆÏÎ˚Ù Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ly ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– xyhs˝çy≈!ï˛Ü˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!e´Î˚y¢#° !¢!ÓˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~•z ôyÓ˚yÓy!•Ü˛ •hflψϫ˛˛õG ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ !Ó≤’Ó# §Ç@˝ÃyˆÏÙÓ˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢ ~ܲ!ê˛ Óí˛¸ xhs˝Ó˚yÎ˚ !•§yˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏ§ˆÏSÈñ ~álG ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ã˛#l !Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ xyòˆÏ° Úò#â≈fliyÎ˚# çlÎ%ˆÏk˛Ó˚ ˛õˆÏÌÛ •yÑê˛ˆÏ°Gñ ~ÓÇ ˆ§•z Î%ˆÏk˛ í˛zˆÏÕ‘áˆÏÎyàƒ §yÊ˛°ƒ xç≈l ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°Gñ ï˛Íܲy°#l ã˛#ˆÏlÓ˚ §y!Ó≈ܲ ˛õ!Ó˚!fli!ï˛Ó˚ ï%˛°lyˆÏï˛G ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛Óï˛≈Ùyl ˛õ!Ó˚!fli!ï˛Ó˚ x!Ù° !SÈ° xyÓ˚G ˆÓ!¢– ÚÓ˚y‹T…Û !•§yˆÏÓ•z !Óàï˛ ¢ï˛y∑#Ó˚ ã˛yÓ˚ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ò¢ˆÏܲÓ˚ ã˛#ˆÏlÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ Óï≈ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ ˆl˛õy° xˆÏlܲ ˆÓ!¢ §Ç•ï˛ñ xˆÏlܲ ˆÓ!¢ ˆÜ˛w#Ë)˛ï˛– ˛õÿ˛yò˛õò §yÙhs˝ï˛y!sfܲ 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!ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆÎ ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚!ê˛ xôÓ˚y Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆà°ñ ï˛yÓ˚ §¡õ)î≈ òyÎ˚ CPN(M)ÈüÈ~Ó˚ lÎ˚– Ó›ï˛ àîxyˆÏ®y°lˆÏܲ ˜Ó≤’!Óܲ !ò¢yÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°ly ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ˆlï,˛ˆÏcÓ˚ §ˆÏã˛ï˛l Ë)˛!ÙܲyÓ˚ ≤ß¿!ê˛ =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈ !ë˛Ü˛•zñ !ܲv ˆáÎ˚y° Ó˚yáy ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçlñ ˆÜ˛ylG Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ òˆÏ°Ó˚ Ú÷˲ xyܲyA«˛yÛ !òˆÏÎ˚•z ˆÜ˛Ó° xyÓyÓ˚ !Ó≤’Ó# xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏlÓ˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ à!ï˛ !lk≈˛y!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚ lyó ˆ§ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !lî≈yÎ˚ܲ !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ •° !Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ xÓˆÏçܲ!ê˛Ë˛ ~ÓÇ §yÓˆÏçܲ!ê˛Ë˛ ¢ï≈˛yÓ°#Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚˛õE˛ï˛yÓ˚ ÙyeyÈüüüÈ ˆÎ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆÓ¢ !ܲS%È §#ÙyÓk˛ï˛y ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ•z ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ !Ó≤’Ó# xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏlÓ˚ §yÙˆÏl Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ xò)Ó˚ ˲!ӣσˆÏï˛G ÌyܲˆÏÓ– xyÙÓ˚y xyˆÏà•z í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈñ Úܲl!fiê˛!ê˛í˛zˆÏÎ˚rê˛ xƒyˆÏ§¡∫!°Û !lÓy≈ã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ)Ó≈Óï˛#≈ ~•z ܲy°˛õÓ≈!ê˛ ˆ¢£Ï •Î˚ Ó˚y‹T…¢!_´Ó˚ §ˆÏD !Ó≤’Ó#ˆÏòÓ˚ §ÙˆÏV˛yï˛y G ˛õ!Ó˚î!ï˛ˆÏï˛ Úxhs˝Ó≈ï≈˛#ܲy°#l §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚Û~ !Ó≤’Ó#ˆÏòÓ˚ ¢ï≈˛§yˆÏ˛õ«˛ xÇ¢@˝Ã•ˆÏîÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚– Úxhs˝Ó≈ï˛#≈ܲy°#lÛ ã˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚ •ˆÏ°G

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2– xhs˝Ó≈ï˛#≈ܲy°#l §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ G !lÓy≈ã˛l ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ ˛õÎy≈Î˚ / 2007ÈüÈ~Ó˚ Úxhs˝Ó≈ï˛#≈ܲy°#l §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚Û ~ÓÇ Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ fliyÎ˚# §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎyàòyˆÏlÓ˚ Ó‡ xyˆÏà ˆÌˆÏܲ•zñ ~Ùl!ܲñ 2006ÈüÈ~Ó˚ §ÙˆÏV˛yï˛y ˛õˆÏÓ≈ ˛≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚G ˆÓ¢ !ܲS%Èê˛y xyˆÏàñ ˆÜ˛yl‰ ôÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ Ó˚y‹T… ÓƒÓfliy ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ Ó%ˆÏܲ ï˛yÑÓ˚y ܲyˆÏÎ˚Ù Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ã˛y•zˆÏSÈlñ !ܲ •ˆÏÓ ˆ§•z Ó˚yˆÏ‹T…Ó˚ ˜Ó!¢‹Tƒñ ˆÜ˛yl‰ í˛zˆÏjˆÏ¢ƒ•z Óy ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ •ˆÏÓ ˆ§•z Ó˚y‹T…ÎsfÈüüüȈ§ §¡õˆÏܲ≈ CPN(M)È ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÓyV˛y˛õí˛¸y ˜ï˛Ó˚# ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– §Çàë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ¢#£Ï≈ˆÏlï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ°áy !Ó!˲ߨ ≤Ãӈ϶˛ñ lylyl §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •GÎ˚y ˆÓ¢ !ܲS%È §y«˛yÍܲyˆÏÓ˚ ~•z !Ó£ÏÎ˚=!°Ó˚ ôyÓ˚yÓy!•Ü˛ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á xyˆÏSÈ– xÌy≈Í ~ܲê˛y Óƒy˛õyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚ÈüüüÈò¢ ÓSȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ §¢flf çlÎ%k˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°ly ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ñ •ë˛yÍ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ °y•zl ˛õyˆÏŒê˛ ˆÊ˛ˆÏ° Ó˚y‹T…¢!_´Ó˚ §ˆÏD §ÙˆÏV˛yï˛yÈüÈ˛õˆÏÓ≈ ï˛yÑÓ˚y ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚l!ló §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎyàòyˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ ï˛Ìy Ó˚y‹T…«˛Ùï˛yÎ˚ ¢!Ó˚ܲ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛G xhs˝ï˛/ ï˛yшÏòÓ˚ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛ylG xyܲ!fløܲ ˛õòˆÏ«˛˛õ !SÈ° ly– Îy ï˛yÑÓ˚y ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈlÈüüüÈï˛yÓ˚ ï˛y!_¥Ü˛ !ӈϟ’£ÏîG ï˛yÑÓ˚y xyàyÙ •y!çÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˆàˆÏSÈl– ܲÙ/ ÓyÓ%Ó˚yÙ Ë˛RÓ˚y•z Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ Úlï%˛l ôÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ Ó˚y‹T… àí˛¸yÓ˚ ≤ß¿Û ¢#£Ï≈ܲ ≤ÃÓ¶˛!ê˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛zk,˛!ï˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛Ó˚ xÓï˛yÓ˚îy ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– í˛z_´ ≤Ãӈ϶˛ !ï˛!l ӈϰˆÏSÈlÈüüüÈ ÚÚçlÎ%ˆÏk˛Ó˚ Ó˚îl#!ï˛àï˛ Ë˛yÓ˚§yˆÏÙƒÓ˚ xÓfliyñ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !Ó≤’Ó# àîï˛y!sfܲñ §Ç§ò#Î˚ G Ó˚yçï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ ¢!_´=!°Ó˚ !eÙ%á# °í˛¸y•zñ ò%•z ˜òï˛ƒyܲyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ¢#Ó˚ ÙyV˛áyˆÏl ~ˆÏòˆÏ¢Ó˚ !ãÖ˛ˆÏí˛¸ã˛ƒy≤Wzy xÓfliy G fl∫¢≈ܲyï˛Ó˚ Ë)˛ÈüÈÓ˚îl#!ï˛àï˛ xÓfliylÈüüüÈ~§Ó !ӈϢ£Ï xÓfliyÓ˚ ܲÌy ÙyÌyÎ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá ˛õy!ê≈˛ ~SÈyí˛¸yG ¢y!hs˝˛õ)î≈ xy°y˛õ xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ Ó%ˆÏçy≈Î˚y àîï˛y!sfܲ !Ó≤’Ó §ÙyôylܲˆÏ“ l)ƒlï˛Ù ≤Ãà!ï˛¢#° Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ §ÙyôyˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÃhflÏyÓG !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˛õy!ê≈˛ 2003 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ 27 ~!≤ð xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚ ˆ¢£Ï Ó˚yí˛zˆÏu˛ ˆÎ ≤ÃhflÏyÓ Ó˚yˆÏáÈüüüÈxyˆÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚ çlƒ ˆòGÎ˚y CPN(M)üÈ~Ó˚ ≤ÃhflÏyˆÏÓÓ˚ §Ç!«˛Æ§yÓ˚ÈüüüÈï˛yˆÏï˛ lÎ˚yàîï˛y!sfܲ Óy çlàîï˛y!sfܲ Ó˚yˆÏ‹T…Ó˚G ~ܲôy˛õ l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛zÍe´Ùîܲy°#l Ó˚yˆÏ‹T…Ó˚ ܲÌy Ó°y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˛õy!ê≈˛ ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ ~Ó˚Ü˛Ù ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛zÍe´y!hs˝Ü˛y°#l Ó˚yˆÏ‹T…ñ ÎyÓ˚ xÓfliyl •ˆÏÓ Ó%ˆÏçy≈Î˚y §Ç§òÓyˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ !ܲv lÎ˚y àîï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ l#ˆÏã˛ñ ï˛y ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ ÓyhflÏÓ xÓfliyÓ˚ §ˆÏD ï˛y!_¥Ü˛ G ≤ÈÏÎ˚yààï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ Ùylyl§•z •ˆÏÓ–ÛÛ4 xÌy≈Í §ÇˆÏ«˛ˆÏ˛õñ ܲÙ/ ˲RÓ˚y•z åÜ˛ä ¢y!hs˝˛õ)î≈ xy°y˛õ xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ~ܲ!ê˛ lï˛%l ôÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ Ó˚y‹T… àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲÌy ӈϰˆÏSÈl ~ÓÇ åáä ˆÎ Ó˚yˆÏ‹T…Ó˚ ã˛!Ó˚e •ˆÏÓ í˛zÍe´y!hs˝Ü˛y°#lñ ˛Ó%ˆÏçy≈Î˚y §Ç§òÓyˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ !ܲv lÎ˚y àîï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ l#ˆÏã˛– ¢y!hs˝˛õ)î≈ ˛õˆÏÌ í˛z_Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ !lˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ã̈ÏÙ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚y Îyܲ– Rê˛!flÒ ˛õsi#ˆÏòÓ˚ myÓ˚y ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ ˛õ%!hflÏܲy!ê˛ˆÏï˛ ~•z ˛ṏÏܲ ï˛#Ó  §ÙyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆ°áy •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ üüüÈ ÚÚxÌy≈Í ~•z !Ó≤’Ó# §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ˆÏܲ çlàˆÏîÓ˚ xË%˛ƒayˆÏlÓ˚ G˛õÓ˚ òyÑí˛¸yˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ï˛ˆÏÓ•z ˆ§ §!ï˛ƒÜ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !Ó≤’Ó# §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ •ˆÏÓ– ~•z §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚•z ˆï˛y §Ç!Óôyl ˛õ!Ó˚£Ïò xy•¥yl ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ ~ܲ!ê˛ àîï˛y!sfܲ ≤Ãçyï˛sf àˆÏí˛¸ ï%˛°ˆÏÓ– ܲÙ/ ˲RÓ˚y•z ˆÎ Ú¢y!hs˝˛õ)î≈ xy°y˛õ xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ Ó%ˆÏçy≈Î˚y àîï˛y!sfܲ !Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ §ÙyôylÛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈlñ ï˛yˆÏï˛ !ܲ §Ç!Óôyl ˛õ!Ó˚£Ïò àë˛l §Ω˛Óñ ly !ܲ §Ω˛Ó àîï˛y!sfÜ ≤Ãçyï˛sf⁄ÛÛ !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ Ó_´ˆÏÓƒÓ˚ §ÙÌ≈ˆÏlñ í˛z_´ ˛õ%!hflÏܲy!ê˛ˆÏï˛ ~Ó˚˛õÓ˚ ˆ°!lˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛zk,˛!ï˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ üüüÈ ÚÚ~ܲê˛y ≤Ãçyï˛sf fliy˛õl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆàˆÏ° çlàˆÏîÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!l!ôˆÏòÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y ˛õ!Ó˚£Ïò òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ Îy ~ܲ•z §yˆÏÌ •ˆÏÓ çl!≤ÃÎ˚ å§yÓ≈çl#l ~ÓÇ §Ùyl ˆË˛yê˛y!ôܲyÓ˚ñ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ !lÓy≈ã˛l ~ÓÇ ˆày˛õl Óƒy°ˆÏê˛Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !lÓy≈!ã˛ï˛ä ~ÓÇ §Ç!Óôyl ˛õ!Ó˚£Ïòñ Ü˛ÇˆÏ@˝ÃˆÏ§Ó˚ ≤ÃhflÏyˆÏÓ Îy xyÓyˆÏÓ˚y fl∫#Ü,˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– Îy•z ˆ•yܲñ ≤ÃhflÏyÓ ˆ§áyˆÏl•z ˆÌˆÏÙ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly– ÚçlàˆÏîÓ˚ •zFSÈyˆÏܲ §!ï˛ƒ §!ï˛ƒ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓÛ ~Ùl ~ܲê˛y lï%˛l ÓƒÓfliy àí˛¸ˆÏï˛ ˆàˆÏ° ~ܲê˛y ≤Ã!ï˛!l!ôcÙ)°Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚£ÏòˆÏܲ §Ç!Óôyl ˛õ!Ó˚£Ïò lyÙ ˆòGÎ˚yê˛y•z ΈÏÌ‹T lÎ˚– ~•z ˛õ!Ó˚£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ !ܲS%È Ú˜Ïï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ çlƒÛ «˛Ùï˛y ~ÓÇ Ü˛ï,≈˛c Ìyܲy òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚– ~ Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ §ˆÏã˛ï˛l •ˆÏÎ˚ Ü˛ÇˆÏ@˝ÃˆÏ§Ó˚ ≤ÃhflÏyÓ ~ܲ!ê˛ §Ç!Óôyl ˛õ!Ó˚£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ xyl%¤˛y!lܲ ˆfl‘yàyˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !lˆÏçˆÏܲ §#ÙyÓk˛ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly– ÓÓ˚M˛ ˆÎ §Ó Ó›àï˛ ¢ï≈˛§Ù)• ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚£ÏòˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚ ܲï≈˛Óƒ §!ë˛Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˛õy°l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §ÙÌ≈ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛yˆÏ°ñ ï˛y Î%_´ ܲÓ˚y òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚– §Ç!Óôyl ˛õ!Ó˚£Ïò ÎyˆÏï˛ ï˛yÓ˚ lyÙܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ §yÌ≈ܲï˛yˆÏܲ ≤Ã!ï˛˛õߨ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆ§•zçlƒ ~•z

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Óyôƒ •l ï˛Íܲy°#l Ó˚yçy– !ܲv ˆ§!òˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ§•z xyˆÏ®y°lñ ~!≤ð àîxyˆÏ®y°ˆÏlÓ˚ í˛zFã˛ï˛yÎ˚ í˛zë˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚!l ˆÜ˛l⁄ ˆÜ˛l ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye Ó˚yçyÓ˚ !lÎ˚sfîyô#l ~ܲê˛y ˆSȈϰ Ë%˛°yˆÏly §Ç§ò !lˆÏÎ˚•z ï˛álܲyÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ˆl˛õy°# çlï˛yˆÏܲ §v‹T ÌyܲˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°⁄ lÓÁ•z ò¢ˆÏܲÓ˚ ≤ÃÌÙyô≈ ˆÌˆÏܲ 2006ÈüüüÈ~•z ܲy°˛õˆÏÓ≈ !ܲ ~Ùl âê˛ˆÏ°yñ ÎyˆÏï˛ ~ܲ•z òy!ÓˆÏï˛ àˆÏí˛¸ Gë˛y ~ܲ•z ôÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ xyˆÏ®y°l Ú~!≤ð àîxyˆÏ®y°lÛÈüÈ~Ó˚ í˛zFã˛ï˛y °y˲ ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°y⁄ !l/§ˆÏ®ˆÏ•ñ ˆ§•z âê˛ly!ê˛ •° 1996 ˆÌˆÏܲ 2006ÈüÈ~Ó˚ §¢flf çlÎ%k˛– 10 ÓSÈÓ˚ Óƒy˛õ# ~•z Ó˚_´«˛Î˚# §Ç@˝ÃyÙñ •yçyÓ˚ •yçyÓ˚ ¢•#ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃyˆÏîÓ˚ !Ó!lÙˆÏÎ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ 250 ˛ÓSȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õ%Ó˚yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ §yÙhs˝ï˛y!sfܲ Ó˚y‹T…¢!_´ˆÏܲ ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y˛õ%!Ó˚ ôÓ˚y¢yÎ˚# ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚!l §!ï˛ƒñ ï˛ˆÏÓ Ó‡°yLjϢ ˛õD% ܲˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏï˛ ˆÎ §«˛Ù •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°ñ ï˛yˆÏï˛ §ˆÏ®ˆÏ•Ó˚ ˆÜ˛ylG xÓܲy¢ ˆl•z– lˆÏã˛Í Ó˚y‹T…¢!_´G !Ó≤’Ó#ˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏD §ÙˆÏV˛yï˛yÎ˚ xy§ˆÏï˛ xy@˝Ã•# •ï˛ lyñ ˆÎ ܲÌy ≤Ãӈ϶˛Ó˚ ≤ÃÌÙyLjϢ•z xyÙÓ˚y ӈϰ!SÈ– §ˆÏÓy≈˛õ!Ó˚ñ xyÓyÓ˚G ~ܲê˛y ܲÌy fløÓ˚ˆÏî Ó˚yáy ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçlñ CPN(M)È ~álG ~ܲÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ çlƒG ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÚàîÙ%!_´ ˆÊ˛ÔçÛÈüÈˆÜ˛ ï%˛ˆÏ° 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≤çD!ê˛ˆÏܲ §ÎˆÏb Óyò ˆÓ˚ˆÏá– ˆÎl ~Ùl ˆÜ˛ylG âê˛ly ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ Ó%ˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛ylG!òl âˆÏê˛•z!lú ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚yê˛y•z ˆÎl §Ó≈ò°#Î˚ àîxyˆÏ®y°ˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ §Ê˛° ˛˛õ!Ó˚î!ï˛ú ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ!“ï˛ ~•z •z!ï˛•y§ !ÓÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛G xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §ï˛Ü≈˛ Ìyܲy ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– ܲÙ/ ˲RÓ˚y•zÈüÈ~Ó˚ Ó_´ˆÏÓƒÓ˚ !mï˛#Î˚ ≤çD!ê˛ˆÏï˛ ~ÓyÓ˚ xy§y Îyܲ– Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ ˆl˛õy° Ó˚y‹T…ñ CPN(M)È ˆÎ Ó˚y‹T…«˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ xlƒï˛Ù ¢!Ó˚ܲñ ˆ§•z Ó˚yˆÏ‹T…Ó˚ ã˛!Ó˚e !ܲ⁄ CPN(M)È üÈ~Ó˚ ï˛_¥yÎ˚l xl%ÎyÎ˚# ~•z Ó˚yˆ‹T…Ó˚ ã˛!Ó˚e í˛zÍe´y!hs˝Ü˛y°#lñ Ó%ˆÏçy≈Î˚y §Ç§òÓyˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ !ܲv lÎ˚yàîï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ l#ˆÏã˛– ÚlÎ˚yàîï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ l#ˆÏã˛Û ˆÜ˛lñ ï˛y ˆÙyê˛yÙ%!ê˛ ˆl˛õy° Ó˚yˆÏ‹T…Ó˚ Óï≈˛Ùyl §Ùß∫Î˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ CPN(M)È üÈ~Ó˚ à,•#ï˛ Ü˛Ù≈§)ã˛# ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚– ÚlÎ˚yàîï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ Ó˚yçl#!ï˛ÛÈüÈˆÜ˛ Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ ܲÙ/ ÙyG ˆ§ ï%˛Ç !°ˆÏá!SȈϰlÈüüüÈ ÚÚã˛#ˆÏlÓ˚ §Ó≈•yÓ˚yˆÏ◊!îñ Ü,˛£Ïܲñ Ó%!k˛ç#Ó# G xlƒylƒ ˛õy!ï˛Ó%ˆÏçy≈Î˚yÓ˚y•z •ˆÏFSÈ Ù)°¢!_´ Îy ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˲yàƒ !lôy≈Ó˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ– ~•z ˆ◊!î=ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆÜ˛yˆÏly!ê˛ •z!ï˛ÙˆÏôƒ•z ˆçˆÏà í˛zˆÏë˛ˆÏSÈñ Óy!ܲÓ˚y çyàˆÏSÈó x!lÓyÎ≈˲yˆÏÓ•z ~Ó˚y •ˆÏÓ ã˛#ly àîï˛y!sfܲ ≤Ãçyï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ Ó˚y‹T…#Î˚ G §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚# ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyÓ˚ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ í˛z˛õyòylñ xyÓ˚ §Ó≈•yÓ˚yˆÏ◊!î •ˆÏÓ ˆlï,˛cܲyÓ˚# ¢!_´– ˆÎ ã˛#ly àîï˛y!sfܲ ≤Ãçyï˛sf xyç xyÙÓ˚y àë˛l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ã˛y•z ï˛y xÓ¢ƒ•z •ˆÏÓ §Ó≈•yÓ˚yˆÏ◊!îÓ˚ ˆlï,˛ˆÏc §Ü˛° §y¡ÀyçƒÓyò !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô# G §yÙhs˝Óyò !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô# çlàˆÏîÓ˚ Î%_´ ~ܲlyÎ˚ܲcyô#l àîï˛y!sfܲ ≤Ãçyï˛sf– ~ÓÇ ~ê˛y•z •ˆÏÓ lÎ˚yÈüÈàîï˛y!sfܲ ≤Ãçyï˛sfñ áyÑ!ê˛ !Ó≤’Ó# Ú!ï˛l!ê˛ Ù•yl ܲÙ≈l#!ï˛Û §• lï%˛l !ï˛lÈüÈàîl#!ï˛Ó˚ ≤Ãçyï˛sf–ÛÛ5 flõ‹Tï˛/•zñ ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ ◊!ÙܲˆÏ◊!î ~ï˛ê˛y !Óܲ!¢ï˛ G ¢!_´¢y°# xÓfliyÎ˚ ˆl•z– ï˛ySÈyí˛¸yñ áyï˛yÎ˚ ܲ°ˆÏÙ Ó˚yçï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ xÓ§yl ~ÓÇ ≤Ãçyï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛y ˆây£Ïîy •ˆÏ°G ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ Ó˚y‹T…«˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ Ó‡ à˲#ˆÏÓ˚ §yÙhs˝ï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ !¢Ü˛í˛¸ ~álG ΈÏÌ‹T ¢_´ˆÏ˛õy_´– §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ Óí˛¸ ܲÌy •°ñ ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ Óï≈˛Ùyl §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ~Ùl §ÙhflÏ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ò°ˆÏܲ §ˆÏD !lˆÏÎ˚ ã˛°ˆÏSÈñ ÎyÓ˚y ܲyÎ≈ï˛ §yÙhs˝Óyò !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô# ˆï˛y lÎ˚•zñ ÓÓ˚Ç ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ,¤˛ˆÏ˛õy£Ïܲ– §y¡ÀyçƒÓyò !ÓˆÏÓ˚y!ôï˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeG Ü˛ÙˆÏÓ¢# ~ܲ•z ܲÌy ≤ÈÏÎy烖 ÚlÎ˚y àîï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛Û ≤çˆÏD ܲÙ/ ÙyGÈüÈ~Ó˚ Óƒyáƒy !SÈ°ÈüüüÈ ÚÚ~•z ≤Ãçyï˛ˆÏsf Óí˛¸ ÓƒyB˛ñ Óí˛¸ Óí˛¸ !¢“≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yl G ÓƒÓ§y≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yl Ó˚yˆÏ‹T…Ó˚ Ùy!°Ü˛ylyô#ˆÏl ÌyܲˆÏÓ– ÚÙy!°Ü˛yly ã˛#l ˆò¢#Î˚•z ˆ•yܲ xÌÓy !ÓˆÏò¢# ˆ•yܲÈüüüȈΠ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yl=!° ~ܲˆÏã˛!ê˛Î˚y ã˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚ xÌÓy Óƒ!_´àï˛ ÓƒÓfliy˛õlyÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ xï˛ƒhs˝ Óí˛¸ÈüüüȈÎÙl ÓƒyB˛ñ ˆÓ˚°˛õÌñ !ÓÙyl˛õˆÏÌÓ˚ Ùï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yl §Ù)•ÈüüüȈ§=!° Ó˚y‹T… ܲï,≈˛Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ G ¢y!§ï˛ •ˆÏÓñ ÎyˆÏï˛ Óƒ!_´àï˛ ˛õ%Ñ!ç çlàˆÏîÓ˚ ç#ÓlÎyeyÓ˚ G˛õÓ˚ xy!ô˛õï˛ƒ ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ó ~ê˛y•z •ˆÏFSÈ ˛õ%Ñ!ç !lÎ˚sfˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ l#!ï˛–Û ~ê˛yG •° Ü%˛G!Ùlï˛yˆÏ.Ó˚ §ˆÏD ܲÙ%ƒ!lfiê˛ ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ §•ˆÏÎy!àï˛yÓ˚ Î%ˆÏà Ü%˛G!Ùlï˛yˆÏ.Ó˚ ≤ÃÌÙ çyï˛#Î˚ Ü˛ÇˆÏ@˝ÃˆÏ§ à,•#ï˛ •zhflÏy•yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zk,˛ï˛ Ù•yl !ÓÓ,!ï˛– ~ê˛y•z •° àîï˛y!sfܲ ≤Ãçyï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ !lË%≈˛° ܲÙ≈l#!ï˛– §Ó≈•yÓ˚yˆÏ◊!îÓ˚ ˆlï,˛ˆÏc ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ lÎ˚yÈüÈàîï˛y!sfܲ ≤Ãçyï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ Ó˚y‹T…#Î˚ Ùy!°Ü˛ylyô#l xÌ≈l#!ï˛ §Ùyçï˛y!sfܲ ã˛!Ó˚e §¡õߨ •ˆÏÓ– ~ÓÇ ~ê˛y•z •ˆÏÓ §Ù@˝Ã çyï˛#Î˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°Ü˛ ¢!_´–ÉÉÉÉÉÉÛÛ6 ˛õ«˛yhs˝ˆÏÓ˚ CPN(M) ≤ÃhflÏy!Óï˛ Ü˛Ù≈§)ã˛#ˆÏï˛ Ó˚y‹T…#Î˚ Ùy!°Ü˛ylyô#l xÌ≈l#!ï˛Ó˚ ܲÌy ˆÎÙl Ó°y xyˆÏSÈñ ˆï˛Ù!l Óƒ!_´àï˛ G ˆÎÔÌ í˛zˆÏòƒyˆÏà Ó,•Í !¢“ àë˛lˆÏܲ í˛zͧy• ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚ ܲÌyG Ó°y xyˆÏSÈ– ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyÓ˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ùï˛ Óí˛¸ ÙyˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ çlƒ @˝Ã•îˆÏÎyàƒ ¢ˆÏï≈˛ ˛≤ÈÏÎ˚yçˆÏl !ÓˆÏò¢# ˛õ%Ñ!çˆÏܲ xyÙsfî çylyˆÏlyÓ˚ ܲÌyG ܲÙ≈§)ã˛#ˆÏï˛ Ó°y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– Óí˛¸ ÓƒyB˛ñ !¢“≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yl ~ÓÇ ÓƒÓ§y ˛≤Ã!ï˛¤˛ylˆÏܲ Ó˚yˆÏ‹T…Ó˚ Ùy!°Ü˛ylyô#ˆÏl xylˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓñ ~Ùl ˆÜ˛ylG ܲÙ≈§)ã˛# CPN(M) ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˆl•z–

xÌy≈Í !Ó≤’ˆÏÓy_Ó˚ ã˛#ˆÏlÓ˚ Ùï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ lÎ˚yàîï˛y!sfܲ Ó˚yˆÏ‹T…Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ ˆl˛õy° Ó˚y‹T… ã˛!Ó˚eàï˛ çyÎ˚àyÎ˚ !ë˛Ü˛ ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚ !˛õ!SȈÏÎ˚ñ ï˛y ˆÓ¢ ò,!‹T@˝Ãy•ƒ Ó˚ܲˆÏÙÓ˚•z ˛õ!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚– !ܲv Ó%ˆÏçy≈Î˚y §Ç§òÓyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ~•z Ó˚y‹T… !ë˛Ü˛ ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚ ~!àˆÏÎ˚⁄ ܲï˛ê%˛Ü%˛ ~!àˆÏÎ˚⁄ !Ó!˲ߨ ˆ°áy˛õeñ !ӈϢ£Ï ܲˆÏÓ˚ !lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ñ CPN(M) ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ¢#£Ï≈ˆÏlï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ §y«˛yÍܲyÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ~Û≤çˆÏD Ù)° Ù)° ˆÎ !Ó£ÏÎ˚=!° !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyˆÏFSÈñ ï˛y •ˆÏ°yÈüüüÈ å1ä Óï≈˛Ùyl Ó˚y‹T…ñ §yÙhs˝ï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ ÎyÓï˛#Î˚ xӈϢ£ÏˆÏܲ í˛zˆÏFSÈò ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ §ˆÏÓy≈¢!_´ !lˆÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓñÓ%ˆÏçy≈Î˚y §Ç§òÓyò ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçˆÏl ˆÎáyˆÏl §yÙhs˝ÓyˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏD xyˆÏ˛õy£Ï ܲˆÏÓ˚ó å2ä ~•z Ó˚y‹T…ñ §y¡ÀyçƒÓyò !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô# xÓfliylˆÏܲ xï˛ƒhs˝ ò,ì˛¸ï˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏD xl%¢#°l ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓñ Ó%ˆÏçy≈Î˚y §Ç§òÓyò ˆÎáyˆÏl §y¡ÀyçƒÓyˆÏòÓ˚ SÈeSÈyÎ˚yÎ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ !lˆÏçÓ˚ !lÓ˚y˛õ_y ˆáyшÏçó å3ä ˆl˛õy°# çlï˛yÓ˚ ç#ÓlÎyeyÓ˚ §y!Ó≈ܲ í˛zߨÎ˚lñ !¢«˛yÈüÈfl∫yˆÏfliƒÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚ñ ܲÙ≈§Çfliyl •zï˛ƒy!ò !Ó£ÏÎ˚ˆÏܲ Óï≈˛Ùyl Ó˚y‹T… !lÓ˚y˛õ_y ˆòˆÏÓñ ˆÎáyˆÏl Ó%ˆÏçy≈Î˚y §Ç§òÓyˆÏòÓ˚ Ù)° ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà ÌyˆÏܲ Óƒ!_´˛õ%Ñ!çÓ˚ ◊#Ó,!k˛Ó˚ !òˆÏܲó ~ÓÇ å4ä Óï≈˛Ùyl Ó˚y‹T…ñ ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ §Çáƒy=Ó˚& !l˛õ#!í˛¸ï˛ çlï˛yÓ˚ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ «˛Ùï˛yÎ˚lˆÏܲ !l!ÿ˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ– xÌy≈Í ˆ§•z xˆÏÌ≈ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ã˛°ˆÏÓ l#ã%˛ï˛°yÓ˚ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ òy!Ó G ã˛y!•òy ˆÙyï˛yˆÏÓܲñ ˆÎáyˆÏl Ó%ˆÏçy≈Î˚y §Ç§òÓyò Ù%ˆÏá àîï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ ܲÌy Ó°ˆÏ°G ܲyÎ≈ï˛ ã˛ˆÏ° G˛õÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲñ çlàîÈüÈ!Ó!FSÈߨ xyÙ°yï˛y!sfܲ ˛õk˛!ï˛Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ– ~ál ܲÌy •°ñ ~•z §ÙhflÏ !Ó£ÏÎ˚=!°•z Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl CPN(M) ≤ÃhflÏy!Óï˛ Ú≤Ãܲ“ §Ù)•Ûó xyàyÙ# ò%ÛÓSÈÓ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ §Ç!ÓôyˆÏl Îy xhs˝Ë%≈˛_´ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ï˛yÓ˚y §Ç§ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ G Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ °í˛¸y•z ã˛y°yˆÏÓ– ~•z xhs˝Ë)≈˛!_´Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ܲyç!ê˛ ˆÎÙl §•ç •ˆÏÓ lyñ ˆï˛Ù!l ˆÎê%˛Ü%˛ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ §Ç!ÓôyˆÏl xhs˝Ë%≈˛_´ •ˆÏÓñ ï˛yˆÏܲ ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚# ܲÓ˚yê˛y •ˆÏÓ xyÓ˚G ܲ!ë˛l– ܲyÓ˚î ≤Ã!ï˛Ù%•)ˆÏï≈˛•z ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe CPN(M) ÈüÈˆÜ˛ !Ó!˲ߨ ˛≤Ã!ï˛!e´Î˚y¢#° ˆ◊!î=!°Ó˚ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!l!ôˆÏòÓ˚ ¢_´ ã˛ƒyˆÏ°ˆÏOÓ˚ Ù%ˆÏá ˛õí˛¸ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓñ ÎyÓ˚y Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ ˆl˛õy° Ó˚y‹T…ˆÏܲ Óí˛¸ˆÏçyÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y Ó%ˆÏçy≈Î˚y §Ç§òÓyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆã˛Ô•!jˆÏï˛•z xyê˛ˆÏܲ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ §¡øï˛ñ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÓ!¢ !ܲS%È lÎ˚– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ ˆ§•z !Óã˛yˆÏÓ˚ñ í˛z!Õ‘!áï˛ xƒyˆÏçu˛y=!°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §Ω˛Óï˛ ã˛ï%˛Ì≈!ê˛•z xyàyÙ#!òˆÏl §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈ •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zë˛ˆÏï˛ ã˛ˆÏ°ˆÏSÈ üüüÈ l#ã%˛ï˛°yÓ˚ §Çáƒy=Ó˚& G !l˛õ#!í˛¸ï˛ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ «˛Ùï˛yÎ˚l– ~•z «˛Ùï˛yÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛≤Ã!e´Î˚y ˆÎ ˆÎ ÙyeyÎ˚ cÓ˚y!ß∫ï˛ G ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚# •ˆÏÓñ §Ç§òÈüÈG ˆ§•z ˆ§•z ÙyeyÎ˚ ÚÓyôƒÛ •ˆÏÓ !ë˛Ü˛ °y•zˆÏl •yÑê˛ˆÏï˛ñ Ó˚yˆÏ‹T…Ó˚ ã˛!Ó˚eG !ë˛Ü˛ ˆ§•z ÙyeyÎ˚ Ó%ˆÏçy≈Î˚y §Ç§òÓyˆÏòÓ˚ Úí˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ í˛zë˛ˆÏï˛Û §«˛Ù •ˆÏÓ– xlƒÌyÎ˚ lÎ˚– ~Û≤çˆÏD xlƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ !òܲG xyˆÏSÈ– í˛zˆÏÕ‘!áï˛ ã˛yÓ˚!ê˛ !ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ≤ÃÌÙ !ï˛l!ê˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏeñ xÌy≈Í §yÙhs˝ï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ §Ç@˝ÃyÙñ §y¡ÀyçƒÓyˆÏòÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ §Ç@˝ÃyÙ ~ÓÇ ˆl˛õy°# çlï˛yÓ˚ ç#ÓlÎyeyÓ˚ §y!Ó≈ܲ í˛zߨÎ˚lÈüÈ~Ó˚ ≤Èϟ¿ !l!ò≈‹T ˛õòˆÏ«˛˛õ=!° !ܲ •ˆÏÓñ CPN(M) ï˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃhflÏy!Óï˛ Ü˛Ù≈§)ã˛#ˆÏï˛ !ܲS%Èê˛y ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ï˛y !l!ò≈‹T ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– í˛zòy•Ó˚î !•§yˆÏÓ ≤ÃÌÙ ˆ«˛ˆÏe xyÙ)° Ë)˛!Ù §ÇflÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲÙ≈§)ã˛#ñ !mï˛#Î˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˜ÓˆÏò!¢Ü˛ ˛õ%Ñ!çÓ˚ Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ܲˆÏë˛yÓ˚ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ l#!ï˛ñ ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !¢«˛y G fl∫yˆÏfliƒÓ˚ Ùï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ£ÏÓyˆÏܲ Ù)°ï˛/ Ó˚yˆÏ‹T…Ó˚ •yˆÏï˛ Ó˚yáyÓ˚ ≤ÈÏã˛‹Ty •zï˛ƒy!ò •zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– !l!ÿ˛ï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ•z ~•z !l!ò≈‹TܲÓ˚î=!° ΈÏÌ‹T lÎ˚– !Üv ã˛ï%˛Ì≈ !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛Ó˚ Ù)ï≈˛ xl%¢#°l Óï≈˛Ùyl Ó˚y‹T…ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyÎ˚ !ë˛Ü˛ !ܲ˲yˆÏÓ •ˆÏÓñ ˆ§ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ˆÜ˛yl §%!l!ò≈‹T SÈ!Ó ~álG CPN(M) ˜ï˛Ó˚#•z ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚!lÈüüüÈÎy !l/§ˆÏ®ˆÏ• á%Ó•z ˆã˛yˆÏá ˛õí˛¸yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y– §¡±!ï˛ñ ~ܲ!ê˛ §y«˛yÍܲyˆÏÓ˚ ܲÙ/ ˲RÓ˚y•zˆÏܲ ≤ß¿ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°ñ ÚÚl#ã%˛ï˛°y ˆÌˆÏܲ Ùyl%£Ï ÎyˆÏï˛ ã˛y˛õ !òˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆ§ê˛y !l!ÿ˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ xy˛õlyÓ˚y !ܲ !ܲ ÓƒÓfliy !lˆÏFSÈl⁄ÛÛ Ü˛Ù/ ˲RÓ˚y•zÈüÈ~Ó˚ í˛z_Ó˚!ê˛ ~Û≤çˆÏD =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈ÈüüüÈ ÚÚ≤ÃÌÙï˛/ñ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õy!ê≈˛ ~ê˛y fl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎñ Óï≈˛Ùyl §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚ xyÙÓ˚y xÇ¢@˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°G ~•z §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y˛õ%!Ó˚ !Ó≤’Ó# §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ lÎ˚ñ ~ê˛y ~ܲê˛y í˛zÍe´y!hs˝Ü˛y°#l §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ xlƒylƒ ˆ◊!î=!°Ó˚ §ˆÏD xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ xyˆÏ˛õy§ (compromise) ܲˆÏÓ˚ ã˛°ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– !ܲv xyÙÓ˚y ã˛y•zÓ ˆlï,˛c !òˆÏï˛– Ó˚y‹T…ˆÏܲ ˆË˛ï˛Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ÓòˆÏ° ˆòGÎ˚yê˛y•z •ˆÏÓ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ °«˛ƒ– ï˛yÓ˚ çˆÏlƒ•z Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ã˛y˛õ ˆòGÎ˚yê˛y xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !l!ÿ˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ˆÎ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî•z xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õy!ê≈˛ !§k˛yhs˝ !lˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ §ˆÏÓy≈Fã˛ ˆlï,˛ˆÏcÓ˚ §Ü˛ˆÏ° §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎyà ˆòˆÏÓ ly– ~ܲê˛y xÇ¢ §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎyà ˆòˆÏÓñ xlƒ ~ܲê˛y xÇ¢ §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ çlàîˆÏܲ ôyÓ˚yÓy!•Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ §Çà!ë˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓñ §ÙyˆÏÓ!¢ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ– ÎyˆÏï˛ ˛õy!ê≈˛ !ë˛Ü˛ Ó˚yhflÏyê˛y ôˆÏÓ˚ ã˛°ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xˆÏlˆÏܲ•z §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚ ÌyܲˆÏÓy– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ °í˛¸y•zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ù)° Ó˚*˛õê˛y •ˆÏÓ §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÌˆÏܲñ ~ܲê˛y lï%˛l §Ç!Óôyl ˜ï˛Ó˚#Ó˚ °ˆÏ«˛ƒ– !ܲv ~ܲ•z §ˆÏD ˆlï,˛ˆÏcÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y xÇ¢ xyÓyÓ˚ §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚G ÌyܲˆÏÓ– ˆ§•z ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî•z xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ ˆlï,˛ˆÏcÓ˚ §Ü˛ˆÏ° !lÓy≈ã˛ˆÏl òyÑí˛¸yÎ˚!l– xyÙÓ˚y çlàîˆÏܲ §Çà!ë˛ï˛ ~ÓÇ §ÙyˆÏÓ!¢ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ã˛y•zñ ÎyˆÏï˛ ï˛yÓ˚y §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ G˛õÓ˚ ã˛y˛õ ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ ~ê˛y ~ܲê˛y !òܲ– ~ÓÇ ~ê˛yÓ˚ çlƒ í˛z˛õÎ%_´ ≤Ã!ï¤˛ylG xyÙÓ˚y ˜ï˛Ó˚# ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ã˛y•z– Î!òG ~•z ˛≤Ãy!ï˛¤˛y!lܲ Ó˚*˛õê˛yˆÏܲ xyÙÓ˚y ~álG !l!ò≈‹T ܲˆÏÓ˚ í˛zë˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚!lñ !ܲS%È l#!ï˛àï˛ Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ xyÙÓ˚y !§k˛yhs˝ @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ– Îál xyÙÓ˚y ~ܲ!ÓÇ¢ ¢ï˛y∑#Ó˚ àîï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ôyÓ˚îyˆÏܲ §yÙˆÏl Ó˚y!áñ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆfl‘yàyl !SÈ°ñ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ˛õy!ê≈˛ˆÏܲ §Ó§ÙÎ˚ çlàˆÏîÓ˚ lçÓ˚òyÓ˚#ˆÏï˛ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓñ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçˆÏl çlàî ÎyˆÏï˛ å§Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ G ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ä •hflψϫ˛˛õ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛yÓ˚ ÓƒÓfliyG ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ~ê˛y•z xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ l#!ï˛– !ܲv ~ê˛yÓ˚ Ù)ï≈˛ÈüÈÓ˚*˛õˆÏܲ xyÙÓ˚y ~álG !l!ò≈‹T ܲˆÏÓ˚ í˛zë˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚!l– §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ Î!ò !Óã%˛ƒï˛ •Î˚ñ ï˛y•ˆÏ° çlàî ˆ§áyˆÏl !ܲ˲yˆÏÓ •hflψϫ˛˛õ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ⁄ ≤Ãܲy¢ƒ !Ù!ê˛ÇÈüÈ!Ù!SÈ° ܲÓ˚y SÈyí˛¸yñ ã˛y˛õ ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ xyÓ˚ !ܲ !ܲ ï˛yÓ˚y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚⁄ Ó˚y‹T…ÓƒÓfliyˆÏï˛•z Óy çlàî •hflψϫ˛˛õ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ !ܲ ܲˆÏÓ˚⁄ ˆ§•z ˛õk˛!ï˛=ˆÏ°y•z xyÙÓ˚y ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚# ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛‹TyÎ˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ–ÛÛ7 xÌy≈Íñ ÚçlàˆÏîÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛yÎ˚lÛ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ˆÜ˛ylG §%!l!ò≈‹T SÈ!ÏÓñ ˆÜ˛ylG Ù)ï≈˛ xl%¢#°ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly ~•z Ù%•)ˆÏï≈˛ ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ ܲyˆÏSÈG flõ‹T lÎ˚ñ xÌã˛ Óï≈˛Ùyl ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ Ó˚y‹T…ã˛!Ó˚e !lÙy≈ˆÏî ~•z !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛•z ˆÎ xlƒï˛Ù !lôy≈Ó˚ܲ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆ§ ܲÌy xyÙÓ˚y xyˆÏà•z ӈϰ!SÈ– ~Û≤çˆÏD xyÓ˚G ~ܲ!ê˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲÓ˚y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ çlÎ%ˆÏk˛Ó˚ §ÙÎ˚ !Ó≤’Ó# çlï˛yÓ˚ !Óܲ“ «˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ xyôyÓ˚ !•§yˆÏÓ URPC å•zí˛zly•zˆÏê˛í˛ !Ó˚˲!°í˛z¢ly!Ó˚ !˛õ˛õ‰°‰§ ܲyí˛z!™°ä lyÙܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ §Çàë˛l àˆÏí˛¸ ˆï˛y°y •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°ñ Îy Ó›ï˛ §Ùyhs˝Ó˚y° ¢y§lÓƒÓfliy ã˛y°yˆÏlyÓ˚ ܲyˆÏç çlàîˆÏܲ §!e´Î˚ ˲yˆÏÓ xÇ¢@˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚yˆÏlyÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ÙyôƒÙ !•§yˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛y– Ó%ˆÏç≈yÎ˚y ò°=!°Ó˚ §ˆÏD 12 òÊ˛y ã%˛!_´Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚ ~ÓÇ !ӈϢ£Ï ܲˆÏÓ˚ §Ç!Óôyl §Ë˛y !lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ~•z í˛zˆÏòƒyà!ê˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ CPN(M) §ˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏ§– !lˆÏçÓ˚ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚y §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚•z ~•z §Ùyhs˝Ó˚y° ¢y§lÈüÈÓƒÓfliy ã˛y°yˆÏlyÓ˚ ÙyôƒÙ!ê˛ˆÏܲ !ê˛!ܲˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ ˆàˆÏ° CPN(M) •Î˚ˆÏï˛y §Ù§ƒyÎ˚ ˛õí˛¸ˆÏï˛y– !ܲv lï%˛l §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ¢y§l ÓƒÓfliy ã˛y°yˆÏlyÓ˚ ܲyˆÏç çlï˛yÓ˚ §!e´Î˚ xÇ¢@˝Ã•îñ Î!ò URPCÈüÈÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ l#ã%˛ ÙyeyÎ˚ •Î˚ å~ÓÇ ˆ§!ê˛•z ˆÎ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛yˆÏï˛ §ˆÏ®• ˆl•zäñ ï˛y•ˆÏ° xhs˝ï˛ ~•z ˆ«˛ˆÏe CPN(M) myÓ˚y à,•#ï˛ ˛õòˆÏ«˛˛õ!ê˛ ˛õÿ˛yò‰à!ï˛ˆÏܲ•z !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ ly !ܲ⁄ xhs˝ï˛ çlàˆÏîÓ˚ §!e´Î˚ï˛yˆÏܲ ôyÓ˚î ܲÓ˚y ï˛Ìy e´Ùyàï˛ ï˛yˆÏܲ !Óܲ!¢ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛y°yÓ˚ ≤Èϟ¿⁄ ÚçlàˆÏîÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛yÎ˚lÛ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ˆÎ ˛õy!ê≈˛ §çyàñ ï˛yÓ˚ ܲySÈ ˆÌˆÏܲ ~•z ≤Èϟ¿ l#Ó˚Óï˛y §!ï˛ƒ•z ˆÓ¢ ˛õ#í˛¸yòyÎ˚ܲ–

xÌy≈Íñ §Ù@˝Ã xyˆÏ°yã˛ly!ê˛ˆÏܲ ~ܲ!eï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏ° ˆÎ ò%!ê˛ Ù)° Î%!_´@˝Ãy•ƒ !§k˛yˆÏhs˝ xyÙÓ˚y í˛z˛õl#ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ñ ï˛y •° 1– !lÓy≈ã˛l ˛õ)Ó≈Óï˛#≈ ˛õÎy≈ˆÏÎ˚ §¢flf çlÎ%ˆÏk˛Ó˚ ˛õÌ ˆÌˆÏܲ àîxyˆÏ®y°ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÌ CPN(M)üÈ~Ó˚ §ˆÏÓ˚ xy§yÓ˚ âê˛ly!ê˛ˆÏܲ ˆÎÙl ~ܲ ܲÌyÎ˚ Ú!Óã%˛ƒ!ï˛Û ӈϰ fiê˛ƒy¡õ ˆÙˆÏÓ˚ ˆòGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ lyñ xhs˝ï˛/ Îï˛«˛î ˛õÎ≈hs˝ xflf G àîÙ%!_´ ˆÊ˛ÔˆÏçÓ˚ G˛õÓ˚ !lÎ˚sfî ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ •yï˛SÈyí˛¸y ly •ˆÏFSÈñ !ë˛Ü˛ ˆï˛Ù!l 2– 2007ÈüÈ~Ó˚ Úxhs˝Óï≈˛#ܲy°#l §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ÛÈüÈ~ ~ÓÇ 2008ÈüÈ~Ó˚ !lÓy≈ã˛l ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ ˛õÎy≈ˆÏÎ˚ !l!ò≈‹T ˛õ!Ó˚!fli!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ !lÓy≈!ã˛ï˛ §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎyàòyl ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ âê˛ly!ê˛ˆÏܲG ~ܲܲÌyÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ú§ÇˆÏ¢yôlÓyò# ˛õòˆÏ«˛˛õÛ ÓˆÏ° Óî≈ly ܲÓ˚y ã˛ˆÏ° lyñ xhs˝ï˛ Îï˛«˛î ˛õÎ≈hs˝ Ó˚y‹T…ÓƒÓfliy §!ï˛ƒ §!ï˛ƒ•z ~ܲ!ê˛ Úí˛zÍe´y!hs˝Ù)°Ü˛Û xÓfliyÎ˚ ÌyܲˆÏSÈ– ò¢ ÓSȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ çlÎ%k˛ñ ~!≤ð àîxyˆÏ®y°lñ Ó˚yçï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ ˛õï˛l ~ÓÇ §ˆÏÓy≈˛õ!Ó˚ !lÓy≈ã˛ˆÏl CPN(M)üÈ~Ó˚ !Ó˛õ%° ˆË˛yˆÏê˛ çÎ˚°y˲ÈüüüÈ˛õÓ˚˛õÓ˚ ~ï˛=!° ôyE˛yÎ˚ ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ §yˆÏÓ!ܲ Ó˚y‹T…ÓƒÓfliy ˆÎ ~•z Ù%•)ˆÏï≈˛ ˆÓ¢ !ܲS%Èê˛y lí˛¸ÓˆÏí˛¸ xÓfliyÎ˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ï˛yˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛ylG §ˆÏ®• ˆl•z– Ó˚y‹T…ÓƒÓfliyÓ˚ ˜Ó≤’!Óܲ ˆÜ˛ylG ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l âˆÏê˛!l ~ÛܲÌy ˆÎÙl !ë˛Ü˛ñ xyÓyÓ˚ Ó˚y‹T…«˛Ùï˛yÎ˚ §yÙhs˝≤ÃË%˛ G xyÙ°yï˛y!sfܲ ˛õ%Ñ!ç˛õ!ï˛ˆÏòÓ˚ !lÎ˚sfî ˆÎ !ë˛Ü˛ ~•z Ù%•)ˆÏï≈˛ ~ˆÏܲÓyˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏàÓ˚ Ùï˛•z xyˆÏSÈñ ï˛yÈüÈG lÎ˚– ~Ùï˛yÓfliyÎ˚ xˆÏflfÓ˚ !lÎ˚sfî !lˆÏçÓ˚ •yˆÏï˛ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚ xÇ¢@˝Ã•îñ CPN(M)üÈ~Ó˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛yÎ≈ܲÓ˚# Ó˚îˆÏÜ˛Ô¢°G •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zë˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ xÓ¢ƒ•z Î!ò ˆÜ˛Ó° ÚlÎ˚yàîï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ l#ˆÏã˛Û lÎ˚ñ ÚÓ%ˆÏçy≈Î˚y àîï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ G˛õˆÏÓ˚Û ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó˚y‹T…ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ í˛zˆÏòƒyà ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ §ˆÏã˛ï˛l˲yˆÏÓ çy!Ó˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~ÓÇ ˆÎê˛y ÷ô% ܲÌyÎ˚ lÎ˚ñ ܲyˆÏçG ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòáyˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÎê˛y ˆáÎ˚y° Ó˚yáy ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçlñ ~•z !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ˆÏï˛ !ܲv CPN(M) ~álG ˛õÎ≈hs˝ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ Ùï˛ ˆÜ˛ylG §yÊ˛°ƒ xç≈l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ !l– xyÙ)° Ë)˛!Ù §ÇflÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆfl‘yàyl ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ ò!°ˆÏ° ÌyܲˆÏ°G §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚#˲yˆÏÓ ˆ§•z ܲÙ≈§)ã˛# ~álG à,•#ï˛ •Î˚!l– ˜ÓˆÏò!¢Ü˛ ˛õ%Ñ!çÓ˚ Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ˛õy!ê≈˛ ÚܲˆÏë˛yÓ˚Û •GÎ˚yÓ˚ l#!ï˛Ó˚ ܲÌy Ó°ˆÏ°G §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ~álG ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ~Û≤Èϟ¿ ˆÜ˛ylG flõ‹T xÓfliyl @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ í˛zë˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚!l– Ó›ï˛ ˜ÓˆÏò!¢Ü˛ ˛õ%Ñ!ç ˆlGÎ˚yñ ly ˆlGÎ˚y xÌÓy ¢ï˛y≈ô#ˆÏl ˆlGÎ˚yÈüüüÈ•zï˛ƒy!ò ≤Èϟ¿ ˆáyò ˛õy!ê≈˛ˆÏܲ•z ÓÓ˚Ç ˆÓ¢ !ܲS%È ˆ«˛ˆÏe !ò¢y•#l ӈϰ ÙˆÏl •ˆÏFSÈ– Óƒ!_´˛õ%Ñ!çÓ˚ G˛õÓ˚ Ó˚yˆÏ‹T…Ó˚ !lÎ˚sfîˆÏܲñ xhs˝ï˛ !ܲS%È !ܲS%È ˆ«˛ˆÏe •ˆÏ°Gñ !lk˛y≈Ó˚ܲ !•§yˆÏÓ ˆây£Ïîy ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏç ~álG ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ˛õy!ê≈˛ ò,!‹T@˝Ãy•ƒ ˆÜ˛ylG §yÊ˛°ƒ xç≈l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚!l– ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ¢ˆÏ£Ïñ ÚçlàˆÏîÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛yÎ˚ló !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ˆÏܲ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚#˲yˆÏÓ Ü˛yÎ≈ܲÓ˚# ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛y°yê˛y ˆï˛y xˆÏlܲ ˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲÌyñ ~Û!ӣψÏÎ˚ ˛õy!ê≈˛ ï˛yÓ˚ !lˆÏçÓ˚ ày•zí˛°y•zl!ê˛•z ~álG flõ‹T˲yˆÏÓ !lÙy≈î ܲˆÏÓ˚ í˛zë˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚!l– §Ó !Ù!°ˆÏÎ˚ñ ÚÓ%ˆÏçy≈Î˚y §Ç§òÓyˆÏòÓ˚ G˛õˆÏÓ˚Û ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó˚y‹T…ÓƒÓfliy ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ Ó%ˆÏܲ ܲyˆÏÎ˚Ù Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ !ܲv ~álG ˆôyÑÎ˚y¢yFSÈߨ xÓfliyˆÏï˛•z Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– xyÓ˚ xyÙÓ˚y xyˆÏà•z í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈñ ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ•z ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚!fli!ï˛ Ü˛álG ˆÜ˛ylG ˆòˆÏ¢ ò#â≈!Î˚ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly– o&ï˛•z ˛õyÕ‘y V%Ñ˛ˆÏܲ ˛õí˛¸ˆÏÓ ˆÜ˛ylG ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õˆÏ«˛ñ •Î˚ !Ó≤’Óñ lÎ˚ˆÏï˛y ≤Ã!ï˛!Ó≤’Ó–

lï%˛l ˆl˛õy° ï˛Ìy Úí˛zÍe´y!hs˝Ù)°Ü˛ Ó˚y‹T…Û≠ !ܲS%È ≤Ãy§!Dܲ ≤ß¿ !lÓy≈ã˛l í˛z_Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚!fli!ï˛ˆÏï˛ñ CPN(M)ñ Úlï%˛l ˆl˛õy°Û àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲ ܲÙ≈§)ã˛#ˆÏܲ çl!≤ÃÎ˚ xyܲyˆÏÓ˚ §yôyÓ˚î Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ §yÙˆÏl •y!çÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ï˛y!_¥Ü˛ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆòáˆÏ°ñ ~ܲ!ê˛ Úí˛zÍe´y!hs˝Ù)°Ü˛ Ó˚yˆÏ‹T…Ó˚Û Îy ܲÙ≈§)ã˛# •GÎ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛ ӈϰ ï˛yшÏòÓ˚ x!˲Ùï˛ñ ˆ§!ê˛ˆÏܲ•z ï˛yÑÓ˚y çl!≤ÃÎ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ã˛y•zˆÏSÈl Úlï%˛l ˆl˛õy°Û àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆfl‘yàyˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚– ~Û!ӣψÏÎ˚ !ܲS%È ≤Ãy§!Dܲ ≤ß¿ G ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ~ÓyÓ˚ xyÙÓ˚y Ó˚yáyÓ˚ ˆã˛‹Ty ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓy– •z!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛ ò,!‹T˲D# ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆòáˆÏ° Úí˛zÍe´y!hs˝Ü˛y°#lÛ ¢∑!ê˛Ó˚ xÌ≈ •° ~ܲ!ê˛ hflÏÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ xlƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ hflψÏÓ˚ í˛z_Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ÙyV˛yÙy!V˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õÎy≈Î˚ñ ÎyÓ˚ à!ï˛ §yÙˆÏlÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ– ˆl˛õy° Ó˚yˆÏ‹T…Ó˚ ã˛!Ó˚e !ܲ !SÈ°⁄ CPN(M)üÈ~Ó˚ !ӈϟ’£Ïî xl%ÎyÎ˚# xyôy §yÙhs˝ï˛y!sfܲñ xyôy Å˛õ!lˆÏÓ!¢Ü˛– ˆl˛õy° Ó˚yˆÏ‹T…Ó˚ ã˛!Ó˚e !ܲ •ˆÏÓ⁄ CPN(M) ˆlï,˛ˆÏcÓ˚ Óƒyáƒy xl%ÎyÎ˚# çlàîï˛y!sfܲ Óy lÎ˚yàîï˛y!sfܲñ ÎyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚î!ï˛ •ˆÏÓ §Ùyçï˛ˆÏsf– ~Û!ӣψÏÎ˚ xyÓyÓ˚G ܲÙ/ ˲RÓ˚y•zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ !ܲS%È Ó_´ˆÏÓƒ xyÙÓ˚y ˆã˛yá Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ÈüüüÈ ÚÚÉÉÉÉÉxyÙÓ˚y ã˛y•z ¢y!hs˝ñ §%!fli!ï˛ ~ÓÇ ≤Ãà!ï˛ñ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ çˆÏlƒ ÎyÓï˛#Î˚ §yÙhs˝ï˛y!sfܲ xӈϢ£Ïñ §yÙhs˝ï˛y!sfܲ í˛zͲõyòl §¡õܲ≈ˆÏܲ !lÙ)≈° ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏç ˛◊!ÙܲˆÏ◊!î ˆlï,˛c ˆòˆÏÓÈüüüÈ~ÓÇñ xyÙÓ˚y §Ùyçï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ !ò¢yÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ !¢“§¡õÜ≈˛ !Óܲ!¢ï˛ ܲÓ˚Óñ Îy ◊!ÙܲˆÏ◊!îÓ˚ ò)Ó˚yÎ˚ï˛ òy!Ó=!°Ó˚ Ù#Ùyǧy ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ–ÛÛ8 xlƒeñ ~•z ≤çˆÏD !ï˛!l Ó°ˆÏSÈlÈüüüÈ Úڕуyñ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ ˆòGÎ˚y Úlï%˛l ˆl˛õy°Û ˆfl‘yàylê˛y !lÓy≈ã˛l ˛õÎy≈ˆÏÎ˚ á%Ó•z ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚# •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– Úlï˛%l ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ çlƒ lï%˛l !ã˛hs˝y G lï%˛l ˆlï,˛cÛÈüüüÈ~•z !SÈ° xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Ù)° ˆfl‘yàylñ ~ÓÇ xyÙyÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îyñ Ùyl%£Ï ~ê˛yˆÏܲ ˆÓ¢ ˲yˆÏ°y˲yˆÏÓ @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈñ Ê˛ˆÏ° xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆË˛yê˛G !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ lï%˛l ˆl˛õy° Ó°ˆÏï˛ñ ≤ÃÌÙï˛/ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ xyÙÓ˚y ˆÎê˛y ˆÓyV˛yˆÏï˛ ã˛y•z!SÈñ §ÙhflÏ ôÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ §yÙhs˝ï˛y!sfܲñ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ñ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ñ §yÙy!çܲ G §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛Ó˚ xyÙÓ˚y xÓ§yl âê˛yˆÏÓy– lï%˛l ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ ~ê˛y ~ܲê˛y !òܲ– xlƒ !òܲ!ê˛ •° ≤Ãà!ï˛Ó˚ ˛õˆÏÌ ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ xyÌ≈§yÙy!çܲ xÓfliyÓ˚ xyÙ)° Ó˚*˛õyhs˝Ó˚ âê˛yˆÏly– ~ܲ!ê˛ !òܲ •° ˛õ%Ó˚yˆÏlyˆÏܲ ôÁǧ ܲÓ˚yñ xlƒ !òܲ!ê˛ •ˆÏ°y lï%˛lˆÏܲ àˆÏí˛¸ ˆï˛y°y– ò%ˆÏê˛y !òܲ xyˆÏSÈ– ~ÓÇ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Ù)° ˆçyÓ˚ê˛y ÌyܲˆÏÓ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ܲyÎ≈ܲ°yˆÏ˛õ≠ Ü,˛!£ÏÓƒÓfliyÓ˚ xyÙ)° Ó˚*˛õyhs˝Ó˚ñ xï˛/˛õÓ˚ í˛zͲõy!òܲy ¢!_´Ó˚ !Óܲy¢ñ !¢“ §¡õÜ≈˛ÈüüüÈÎyˆÏï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ◊!Ùܲ ~ÓÇ Î%ÓܲˆÏòÓ˚ ÎÌyÎÌ Ü˛Ù≈§Çfliyl •Î˚– ~ÓÇ Ë˛!ӣσˆÏï˛ ˆ§ê˛y•z §Ùyçï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ !˲!_Ë)˛!Ù Ó˚ã˛ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ˆfl‘yàyˆÏl xyÙÓ˚y Úlï%˛l í˛zÍe´y!hs˝Ù)°Ü˛ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ˛õ!°!§ÛÓ˚ ܲÌy ӈϰ!SÈ– ~Ó˚ ÙyˆÏl •ˆÏ°y !¢“ ˛õ%Ñ!çÓyòÈüüüÈ!¢“ ˛õ%Ñ!çÓ˚ !Óܲy¢ÈüüüÈÎyÓ˚ !ò¢y ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ •ˆÏÓ §Ùyçï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ– xhs˝Óï˛#≈ܲy°#l ˛õÎy≈ˆÏÎ˚ ~ê˛y•z xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyç–ÛÛ9 xÌy≈Íñ Ó˚yçï˛sfˆÏܲ í˛zˆÏFSÈò ܲˆÏÓ˚•z ˆl˛õy° ܲÙ%ƒ!lfiê˛ ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ òy!Î˚c ˆ¢£Ï •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏFSÈ lyó ï˛yÓ˚ °«˛ƒ §Ùyçï˛sf ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛y– ˆ§•z §Ùyçï˛sf ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yÓ˚ çlƒ ~ܲ!òˆÏܲ ˆÎÙl §yÙhs˝ï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ §¡õ)î≈ í˛zˆÏFSÈò ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçlñ xlƒ!òˆÏܲ ˆï˛Ùl•z ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl !¢“˛õ%Ñ!çÓ˚ !Óܲy¢ âê˛yˆÏly– ~˛õÎy≈ˆÏÎ˚ ï˛y•ˆÏ° Óƒ!_´ ˛õ%Ñ!çÓ˚ §ˆÏD Ó˚yˆÏ‹T…Ó˚ §¡õÜ≈˛ !ܲ •ˆÏÓ⁄ ܲÙ/ ˲RÓ˚y•z Ó°ˆÏSÈlÈüüüÈ ÚÚxyÙÓ˚y Îál Ó°!SÈ §yÙhs˝ï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ í˛zˆÏFSÈò ã˛y•zñ ï˛ál ï˛yÓ˚ ÙyˆÏl ~ê˛y lÎ˚ ˆÎ xyÙÓ˚y Óƒ!_´àï˛ §¡õ!_Ó˚G í˛zˆÏFSÈò ã˛y•z!SÈ– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˲y£ÏyÎ˚ Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆàˆÏ°ñ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ !Óܲy¢ê˛y •ˆÏÓ Ó%ˆÏçy≈Î˚y àîï˛y!sfܲ !Ó≤’ÓÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˛õˆÏÌ– xlƒË˛yˆÏÓ Ó°ˆÏ°ñ ˆÎÔÌܲÓ˚îñ §yÙy!ç!ܲܲÓ˚îñ Ó˚y‹T…#Î˚ܲÓ˚î ~«%˛!l xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ xƒyˆÏçu˛y lÎ˚– Îy xyÙÓ˚y Ó°ˆÏï˛ ã˛y•z!SÈñ ï˛y •ˆÏ°y xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Ùï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ò)Ó≈° G !˛õ!SȈÏÎ˚ ˛õí˛¸y xÌ≈l#!ï˛Ó˚ ˆòˆÏ¢ Ó˚y‹T…ˆÏܲ xyÓ˚G §y•yÎƒÜ˛yÓ˚# G !lÎ˚sfîܲyÓ˚# Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– §!ë˛Ü˛ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ G ܲÓ˚ÓƒÓfliy ly ÌyܲˆÏ° ˜ÓˆÏò!¢Ü˛ fl∫yÌ≈ ≤ÃyôylƒÜ˛yÓ˚# çyÎ˚àyÎ˚ ã˛ˆÏ° ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ âˆÏÓ˚yÎ˚y ˆÓ§Ó˚ܲyÓ˚# ˆ«˛e G Ù%_´ ÓyçyÓ˚ˆÏܲ §%Ó˚«˛y ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏç

Ó˚y‹T…ˆÏܲ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–ÛÛ10 xÌy≈Íñ ܲÙ/ ˲RÓ˚y•zÈüÈ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛ñ !¢“ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe Ó,•Í ˛õ%Ñ!çÓ˚ §ˆÏD ~•z Ó˚yˆÏ‹T…Ó˚ xyã˛Ó˚î ÌyܲˆÏÓ §•ˆÏÎy!àï˛yÙ)°Ü˛– fl∫y˲y!Óܲ˲yˆÏÓ•zñ Ó,•Í ˛õ%Ñ!çÓ˚ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!l!ôˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏDG ˆ§•z ˆÙyï˛yˆÏÓܲ ܲÙ%ƒ!lfiê˛ ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ xyã˛Ó˚îG •GÎ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛ §•ˆÏÎy!àï˛yÙ)°Ü˛ú xÌÓy Óí˛¸ˆÏçyÓ˚ Ó¶%˛c˛õ)î≈ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎy!àï˛yÙ)°Ü˛ú ~•z §yôyÓ˚î#ܲÓ˚î !ܲ ÙyÜ≈˛§Óyò §¡øï˛⁄ xyÙÓ˚y xyˆÏà•z í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈñ ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ Óï≈˛Ùyl Ó˚y‹T…ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy ÚlÎ˚yàîï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ l#ˆÏã˛Û ˆï˛y ÓˆÏê˛•zñ !ܲv ÚÓ%ˆÏçy≈Î˚y §Ç§òÓyˆÏòÓ˚ G˛õˆÏÓ˚Û Ü˛ï˛ê˛yñ ï˛y !lˆÏÎ˚ §ˆÏ®ˆÏ•Ó˚ xÓܲy¢ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏFSÈ– ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó˚y‹T…ÓƒÓfliyÎ˚ñ !ӈϢ£Ï ˆÜ˛ylG ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ Ù%•)ˆÏï≈˛ñ ≤ÃÓ° çl§ÙÌ≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆçyÎ˚yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ G˛õÓ˚ òyÑ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛Ù%ƒ!lfiê˛ ˛õy!ê≈˛ñ ˜Ó≤’!Óܲ ≤Û!ï˛ Óy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˆï˛y°yÓ˚ °ˆÏ«˛ƒ xˆÏflfÓ˚ !lÎ˚sfî !lˆÏçÓ˚ •yˆÏï˛ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá•z Ó%ˆÏçy≈Î˚y §Ç§ò#Î˚ ò°=!°Ó˚ §ˆÏD ˆÜ˛Ô¢°àï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ò%ÛÓSÈÓ˚ ˆÙÎ˚yò# ~ܲ!ê˛ §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚ xÇ¢@˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛G ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ !ܲv ï˛yÓ˚ çlƒ ˆÎê˛y !l!ò≈‹T •GÎ˚y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçlñ ï˛y •°ñ ~•z §ÙÎ˚˛õˆÏÓ≈ xlƒylƒ ò°=!°Ó˚ §ˆÏD ܲÙ%ƒ!lfiê˛ ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ §¡õÜ≈˛!ê˛ !ë˛Ü˛ !ܲÓ˚Ü˛Ù •ˆÏÓ– ÷ô%•z §•ˆÏÎy!àï˛yÙ)°Ü˛⁄ xÌÓy Ó¶%˛c˛õ)î≈ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎy!àï˛yÙ)°Ü˛⁄ ly !ܲñ ~•z ˛õˆÏÓ≈•z ÓÓ˚Ç !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ ܲÙ≈§)ã˛#Ó˚ §ˆÏD Ó%ˆÏçy≈Î˚yÈüȧǧò#Î˚ ò°=!°Ó˚ ܲÙ≈§)ã˛#Ó˚ m®μˆÏܲ ˛õy!ê≈˛ xyÓ˚G ï˛#«¯˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï%˛°ˆÏÓñ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ≤ÃÜ˛ê˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ï%˛°ˆÏÓ⁄ ܲÙ/ ˲RÓ˚y•z Ó°ˆÏSÈlñ ï˛yÑÓ˚y !¢“ ˛õ%Ñ!çÓyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ñ !¢“ ˛õ%Ñ!çÓ˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ñ ÎyÓ˚ !ò¢y ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ •ˆÏÓ §Ùyçï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ– ~ál ≤ß¿ •°ñ !¢“˛õ%Ñ!çÓ˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ !ò¢y §Ùyçï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚yò›Ó˚ ˛õ%Ñ!çÓyˆÏòÓ˚ !òˆÏܲG ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆÜ˛yl‰!òˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ •ˆÏÓ ˆ§ê˛y ˆ¢£Ïï˛/ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ Ó˚y‹T…«˛Ùï˛yÎ˚ ܲyÓ˚y Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ üüüÈÓ%ˆÏçy≈Î˚y ly ◊!ÙܲˆÏ◊!îÈüüüÈï˛yÓ˚ G˛õÓ˚– ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ Ó˚y‹T…«˛Ùï˛y ~álG Ù)°ï˛/ ˛Ó%ˆÏçy≈Î˚yÈüȧyÙhs˝≤ÃË%˛ˆÏòÓ˚•z •yˆÏï˛ñ CPN(M) !lˆÏç•z ˆ§ê˛y fl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– Î!ò ï˛ˆÏÜ≈˛Ó˚ áy!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ê˛yG ôˆÏÓ˚ ˆlGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎ ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ !ӈϢ£Ï ˛õ!Ó˚!fli!ï˛ˆÏï˛ §yÙ!Î˚ܲ˲yˆÏÓ ~•z Ù%•)ˆÏï≈˛ Ó˚y‹T…ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyÓ˚ G˛õÓ˚ í˛z˲ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚•z !ܲS%È !ܲS%È !lÎ˚sfî çy!Ó˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ~ܲ ôÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y Ú˜Ïmï˛ «˛Ùï˛yÛ ˜ï˛Ó˚# •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ å~Ùlê˛y ˆÎ •GÎ˚y x§Ω˛Ó lÎ˚ñ ï˛y 1917 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆÊ˛Ó &Î˚y!Ó˚ !Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ Ó˚y!¢Î˚yÓ˚ !ӈϢ£Ï ˛õ!Ó˚!fli!ï˛ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ܲÙ/ ˆ°!ll ï˛yÑÓ˚ Ú~!≤ð !Ì!§§Û Ó˚ã˛lyÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘áG ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰläñ ï˛y•ˆÏ°G ˆï˛y Ú!¢“ ˛õ%Ñ!çÓ˚ !Óܲy¢Û ˆÜ˛ §Ùyçï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ !ò¢yÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°ly ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ ~Ùl !ܲS%È Ü˛Ù≈§)ã˛# ÌyܲˆÏÓñ Îy Ó%ˆÏçy≈Î˚y ò°=!°Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˛õ,Ìܲú ˆ§•z ܲÙ≈§)ã˛# ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚⁄ flõ‹T ˆ§•z ܲÙ≈§)ã˛#Ó˚ xl%˛õ!fli!ï˛ˆÏï˛ñ §Ç§ò#Î˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ÓƒÓfliyÎ˚ñ Ó%ˆÏçy≈Î˚y ò°=!°Ó˚ §ˆÏD §•yÓfliylñ xlƒ ˆÜ˛ylG ï˛y!_¥Ü˛ !Óã%˛ƒ!ï˛ˆÏܲ §)!ã˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ ly ˆï˛y⁄ ~!ӣψÏÎ˚ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Ùï˛yÙï˛ àë˛l ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ xyˆÏàñ 2006ÈüÈ~Ó˚ 26 !í˛ˆÏ§¡∫Ó˚ñ ÙyGÓyò# ˛õy!ê≈˛ G §Çàë˛l=!°Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ xyhs˝çy≈!ï˛Ü˛ ˆ§!ÙlyˆÏÓ˚ ï˛Íܲy°#l CPN(M)üÈ~Ó˚ !ܲS%È Ó_´ÓƒˆÏܲ xyÙÓ˚y !Óã˛yˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ ã˛y•zˆÏÓy– Ú~ܲ!ÓÇ¢ ¢ï˛y∑#ˆÏï˛ §y¡ÀyçƒÓyò G §Ó≈•yÓ˚y !Ó≤’ÓÛ ¢#£≈ܲ ~•z ˆ§!ÙlyÓ˚ ˆ˛õ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ CPN(M) !°ˆÏá!SÈ°≠ ÚÚˆÜ˛ylG Ó˚y‹T… «˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ xô#ˆÏl §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚flõˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ¢e&˲yÓy˛õߨ ˆ◊!î=!° §Ùyl x!ôܲyÓ˚ ˆË˛yà ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ~Ùl ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚yê˛y x˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ ~ÓÇ !lÓ%≈!k˛ï˛y– Ó›ï˛ñ «˛Ùï˛yÎ˚ Ìyܲy ˆ◊!î!ê˛ àîï˛sf ˆË˛yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ xyÓ˚ !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô# ˆ◊!î!ê˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ~ܲlyÎ˚ܲc ã˛y°yÎ˚– ï˛y•z Ó˚y‹T…«˛Ùï˛y •ˆÏFSÈ ò%•z !Ó˛õÓ˚#ˆÏï˛Ó˚ñ xÌy≈Í ~ܲlyÎ˚ܲc G àîï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ ˙ܲƒ– ˛Ó%ˆÏçy≈Î˚y Óy §Ó≈•yÓ˚y ˆÎ ˆ◊!î•z «˛Ùï˛yÎ˚ ÌyÜ%˛Ü˛ ly ˆÜ˛lñ ˆÜ˛ylG ˆ◊!î§ÙyˆÏç•z ã˛Ó˚Ù àîï˛sf Óy ã˛Ó˚Ù ~ܲlyÎ˚ܲï˛sf ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly– Îál ~ܲlyÎ˚ܲc G àîï˛sf ò%ˆÏê˛y•z ÷!ܲˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏÓ ï˛ál Ó˚y‹T…«˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ x!hflÏc ÌyܲˆÏÓ ly ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° §Ù@˝Ã ÙylÓ§Ùyç ˆ˛õÔшÏSÈ ÎyˆÏÓ ~ܲ ˆ◊!î•#l §ÙyˆÏç– ï˛y•z «˛Ùï˛y§#l §Ó≈•yÓ˚yˆÏܲ ~Ùl˲yˆÏÓ àîï˛sf G ~ܲlyÎ˚ܲc ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ÎyˆÏï˛ ò%ˆÏê˛y•z ÷!ܲˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆ¢£Ï˛õÎ≈hs˝ !ÓŸªÓƒy˛õ# ~ܲ ˆ◊!î•#l §Ùyç fliy˛õl ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ÚÚ!l˛õ#!í˛¸ï˛ ˆ◊!î «˛Ùï˛yÎ˚ x!ô!¤˛ï˛ •ˆÏ° !ܲ˲yˆÏÓ ¢e&Ó˚ G˛õÓ˚ ~ܲlyÎ˚ܲcˆÏܲ ¢!_´¢y°# ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ÎyˆÏï˛ §yÙƒÓyò xç≈l ܲÓ˚y ˛õÎ≈hs˝ !Ó≤’Ó ã˛y!°ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ˆ§•z !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ˆÏï˛•z xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õy!ê≈˛ =Ó˚&ˆÏcÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà !òˆÏFSÈ– xyÙÓ˚y !ÓŸªy§ ܲ!Ó˚ñ ˆÎ !l˛õ#!í˛¸ï˛ ˆ◊!îˆÏܲ Îï˛ ˆÓ!¢ àîï˛sf ˆòGÎ˚y ÎyˆÏÓñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ àˆÏí˛¸ Gë˛y ˙ܲƒ ï˛ï˛ ˆÓ!¢ ¢!_´¢y°# •ˆÏÓ– Ê˛°fl∫Ó˚*˛õ ~ê˛y §Ó≈•yÓ˚yÓ˚ ~ܲlyÎ˚ܲcˆÏܲ ¢!_´¢y°# ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÓyV˛y˛õí˛¸y •ˆÏFSÈ ~•z ˆÎ xï˛#ˆÏï˛ ◊Ùç#Ó# çlàˆÏîÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §yÙ!@˝Ãܲ àîï˛y!sfܲ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎy!àï˛yÓ˚ x˲yÓ ÌyܲyÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° «˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ í˛zq)ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ Ìyܲy xyÙ°yï˛y!sfܲ ˆV˛yшÏܲÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÎÔÌ °í˛¸y•z ò%Ó≈° •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸– ~ê˛y Ó›ï˛ Ó˚y‹T…«˛Ùï˛y G çlàˆÏîÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒÜ˛yÓ˚ §¡õÜ≈˛ê˛yˆÏܲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÊ˛ˆÏ°!SÈ° xyl%¤˛y!lܲñ ˆÎê˛y §ÇˆÏ¢yôlÓyò#ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ «˛Ùï˛yòáˆÏ°Ó˚ §%ˆÏÎyà ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòÎ˚–ÉÉÉÉÉÉÉ ÚÚÉÉÉÉ!ܲv xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ◊!î xï˛#ˆÏï˛ ˆÎ àîï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ xl%¢#°l ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆ§ê˛y §Ó≈•yÓ˚yÓ˚ ~ܲlyÎ˚ܲcˆÏܲ ¢!_´¢y°# ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ÓòˆÏ° xyÙ°yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÓˆÏí˛¸ Gë˛yÓ˚ •y!ï˛Î˚yˆÏÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– Ù•yl §Ó≈•yÓ˚y §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ !Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˛õï˛yܲyï˛ˆÏ° Óƒy˛õܲ çlàîˆÏܲ çÙyˆÏÎ˚ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ü˛ÙˆÏÓ˚í˛ ÙyG ~•z ≤Ã!e´Î˚yˆÏܲ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛Ù%á# ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛‹Ty ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl– !ܲv ï˛ï˛!òl ï˛yÑÓ˚ !Ó°¡∫ âˆÏê˛ !àˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– xyÙÓ˚y Îy ÙˆÏl ܲ!Ó˚ ï˛y •ˆÏFSÈ xï˛#ˆÏï˛ §Ó≈•yÓ˚yÓ˚ ~ܲlyÎ˚ܲˆÏcÓ˚ xô#ˆÏl ˆÎ 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≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎy!àï˛yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ•z xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õy!ê≈˛ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚# ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yl=!°ˆÏï˛ çlàˆÏîÓ˚ ï˛òyÓ˚!ܲñ !lÎ˚sfî G •hflψϫ˛˛õ ~ÓÇ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçˆÏl ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!l!ôˆÏòÓ˚ !Ê˛!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ xylyÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚ §Ç!ÓôyˆÏlÓ˚ xhs˝Ë%˛≈_´ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ≤ÃhflÏyÓ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~ê˛y ~ܲ!òˆÏܲ ˆÎÙl çlàîˆÏܲ §!e´Î˚ Ó˚yçl#!ï˛ˆÏï˛ xyÜ,˛‹T ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ xlƒï˛Ù ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚ í˛z˛õyÎ˚ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛Ù!l xlƒ!òˆÏܲ ~Ùl ˛õ!Ó˚!fli!ï˛ §,!‹T ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎáyˆÏl §Ó≈•yÓ˚y ˆlï˛yÓ˚y çlàˆÏîÓ˚ ˛≤Ã!ï˛ òyÎ˚Ók˛ ÌyܲˆÏÓl– Ó›ï˛ ~ê˛y çlàˆÏîÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §Ó≈•yÓ˚y ˆlï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ¢y§Ü˛ G ¢y!§ˆÏï˛Ó˚ §¡õÜ≈˛ lÎ˚ñ ÓÓ˚Ç Ü˛ÙˆÏÓ˚í˛ §%°Ë˛ §¡õÜ≈˛

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ˆ◊!î¢e&Ó˚ G˛õÓ˚ ~ܲlyÎ˚ܲc ܲyˆÏÎ˚Ù Ü˛Ó˚y ~ÓÇ çlàˆÏîÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ àîï˛sf xl%¢#°l ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §yÙO§ƒ ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yáyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe Ù)° Óyôy !ܲ⁄ çlàˆÏîÓ˚ àîï˛y!sfܲ ~ܲlyÎ˚ܲc Óy §Ó≈•yÓ˚yÓ˚ ~ܲlyÎ˚ܲˆÏcÓ˚ xô#ˆÏl çlàîï˛sf Óy §Ó≈•yÓ˚y àîï˛sf ÙÙ≈Ó›Ó˚ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ xyã˛Ó˚î §Ó≈fl∫ñ Îy!sfܲ ~ÓÇ Ó˚«˛î¢#° •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ˆÜ˛l⁄ ~•z ≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ í˛z_ˆÏÓ˚ çlàîï˛y!sfܲ ~ܲlyÎ˚ܲc Óy §Ó≈•yÓ˚y ~ܲlyÎ˚ܲcˆÏܲ !l®y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ≤Ãã˛!°ï˛ Ó%ˆÏçy≈Î˚y àîï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ !Ó!ܲˆÏÎ˚ ÎyGÎ˚y !ÓŸªy§âyï˛Ü˛ˆÏòÓ˚ Óy §ÇˆÏ¢yôlÓyò#ˆÏòÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ xy.%° ˆï˛y°yÓ˚ !ܲS%È ˆl•z– ÓÓ˚Ç ≤ß¿!ê˛ °yàyï˛yÓ˚ !Ó≤’ÓˆÏܲ §•ç§yôƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛y°yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÎ%_´ §Çàë˛l !•§yˆÏÓ Ó˚y‹T…«˛Ùï˛yˆÏܲ !Óܲ!¢ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛y°yÓ˚ §ˆÏD Î%_´– ˆ¢£Ï !Óã˛yˆÏÓ˚ ~!ê˛ •° Óƒy˛õܲï˛Ù G §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ §!e´Î˚ àîï˛y!sfܲ#ܲÓ˚î ˛õk˛!ï˛ Îy Ù)°àï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ çlàˆÏîÓ˚ ~ܲlyÎ˚ܲc Óy §Ó≈•yÓ˚y ~ܲlyÎ˚ܲcˆÏܲ §Ç•ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~SÈyí˛¸y Ù•yl ˜ÓK˛y!lܲ ï˛_¥ñ àîï˛y!sfܲ ˆÜ˛!wܲï˛yÓ˚ xlƒ ˆÜ˛yl xÌ≈ •Î˚ ly– ˆÎ §Ü˛° ˛õy!ê≈˛ Ó˚y‹T…«˛Ùï˛y òáˆÏ°Ó˚ xyˆÏà àîï˛y!sfܲ ˆÜ˛!wܲï˛yÓ˚ §!ë˛Ü˛ xl%¢#°l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°ñ ˆ§•z ˛õy!ê≈˛=!°•z Ó˚y‹T…«˛Ùï˛y òáˆÏ° §Ê˛° •ÓyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˆÜ˛l xyã˛yÓ˚§Ó≈fl∫ àîï˛sf ~ÓÇ xyÙ°yï˛y!sfܲ ˆÜ˛!wܲï˛yÓ˚ !¢Ü˛yÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸⁄ ˛õy!ê≈˛ˆÏï˛ §ÇˆÏ¢yôlÓyò#ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãyôylƒ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛y •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° ~ê˛y xyˆÏ°yã˛ƒ ≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ §¡õ)î≈ í˛z_Ó˚ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly– ˆ¢£Ï ˛õÎ≈hs˝ Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎñ m®μÙ)°Ü˛ Óhfl%ÏÓyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yˆÏà ÙyÜ≈˛§Óyò#ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ò%Ó≈°ï˛y•z ï˛yÓ˚ çlƒ òyÎ˚#– ÚڈΈϕï%˛ çlàˆÏîÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !l!•ï˛ xlƒ ˆÜ˛yl Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ òˆÏ°Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ¢y§Ü˛ ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎy!àï˛yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl ÌyˆÏܲ lyñ ¢y§Ü˛ ˛õy!ê≈˛ e´Ù¢ !ӈϢ£Ï §%!ÓôyˆÏ˲yà# x!ôÎy!sfܲ ˛õy!ê≈˛ˆÏï˛ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆlï,˛cyô#l Ó˚y‹T…G x!ôÎy!sfܲ xyÙ°yï˛y!sfܲ Ó˚yˆÏ‹T… ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •Î˚– ~ܲ•z˲yˆÏÓ çlàî xyl%¤˛y!lܲ àîï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ !¢Ü˛yÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ñ xyÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ x§#Ù §,çl¢#°ï˛y G §!e´Î˚ï˛y !lÈ/ˆ¢£Ï •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ•z ~•z !Ó˛õò ˛õ!Ó˚°!«˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~•z §Ù§ƒy §ÙyôyˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ °yàyï˛yÓ˚ !Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ l#!ï˛Ó˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ Ó˚y‹T…ˆÏܲ ç#Óhs˝ G ˜ÓK˛y!lܲ ˛õk˛!ï˛ˆÏï˛ §Çà!ë˛ï ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ G˛õÓ˚ çlàˆÏîÓ˚ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛îñ !lÎ˚sfî G •hflψϫ˛˛õ !l!ÿ˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– my!®μܲ ò,!‹T˲D# xl%ÎyÎ˚# ~ÓÇ ˜ÓK˛y!lܲ ÓyhflÏÓï˛y xl%§yˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎáyˆÏl ˆ˛õÔÑSÈyˆÏly ˆà° ï˛y ~•z ˆÎñ ¢e&Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ ~ܲlyÎ˚ܲˆÏcÓ˚ ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚# «˛Ùï˛y çlàˆÏîÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ àîï˛sf xl%¢#°ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyÎ≈ܲy!Ó˚ï˛yÓ˚ G˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚¢#°– ÚÚ~Ó˚ çlƒ•z §yÙhs˝Óyò !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô#üȧy¡ÀyçƒÓyò !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô# àîï˛y!sfܲ Ó˚y‹T…ÓƒÓfliyÓ˚ §yÇ!Óôy!lܲ §#ÙyÓk˛ï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ˛≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎy!àï˛yÓ˚ ÓƒÓfliy˛õly ܲÓ˚y òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ñ ÎyˆÏï˛ Ü˛Ù%ƒ!lfiê˛ ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ §Ó≈•yÓ˚yܲÓ˚î G !Ó≤’Ó#ܲÓ˚î xÓƒy•ï˛ Ó˚yáyÓ˚ Ùï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚!fli!ï˛ ˜ï˛Ó˚# Ó˚yáy !l!ÿ˛ï˛ •Î˚– ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye Î!ò ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ !Ó≤’Ó# ˛õy!ê≈˛ Óy ˆlï,˛c fliy˛õl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ •yˆÏï˛ Ó˚yˆÏ‹T…Ó˚ ˲yÓ˚ lƒhflÏ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ≤Èϟ¿ çlàˆÏîÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚ ≤Ãy!ï˛¤˛y!lܲ˲yˆÏÓ fl∫#Ü,˛ï˛ •Î˚ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ•z ˛õy!ê≈˛ !lˆÏçˆÏܲ e´Ùyß∫ˆÏÎ˚ !Ó≤’Ó#ܲÓ˚ˆÏî ÓƒÌ≈ •ˆÏ°G ≤Ã!ï˛!Ó≤’ÓˆÏܲ ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚#˲yˆÏÓ Ó˚&ˆÏá ˆòGÎ˚y ÎyˆÏÓ–ÉÉÉÛÛ åˆçyÓ˚ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ä xÌy≈Íñ flõ‹Tï˛/•zñ CPN(M) ~áyˆÏl ÚçlàˆÏîÓ˚ àîï˛y!sfܲ ~ܲlyÎ˚ܲc Óy §Ó≈•yÓ˚yÓ˚ ~ܲlyÎ˚ܲˆÏcÓ˚ xô#ˆÏl çlàîï˛sf Óy §Ó≈•yÓ˚ àîï˛sfÛ ≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ !l!ò≈‹T Ó˚y‹T…ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒÈüüüÈÚˆ◊!î¢e&Ó˚y ˆÎáyˆÏl ˛õÓ˚y!çï˛ÛÈüüüÈxlƒylƒ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ 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ܲyˆÏSÈ•z Ó˚îl#!ï˛ G Ó˚îˆÏÜ˛Ô¢ˆÏ°Ó˚ ≤ß¿!ê˛ ≤ÃӰ˲yˆÏÓ =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈– ~ê˛y §!ï˛ƒ ˆÎñ !Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ ã)˛í˛¸yhs˝ §yÊ˛°ƒ xç≈l ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ §yÓˆÏçܲ!ê˛Ë˛ ~ÓÇ xÓˆÏçܲ!ê˛Ë˛ ¢ï˛y≈Ó°#ñ ò%!ê˛Ó˚•z ˛õ!Ó˚˛õE˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ Gë˛y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– !ܲv ~•z ò%!ê˛ ¢ï≈˛ xy˛õlyxy˛õ!l !Óܲ!¢ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ GˆÏë˛ lyñ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ •yˆÏï˛ ~ˆÏ§G ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ly– ~ܲ!ê˛ !Ó≤’Ó# ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ §ˆÏã˛ï˛l Ë)˛!Ùܲy•z ˆÜ˛Ó° ~•z ¢ï˛y≈Ó°#ˆÏܲ !Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ !Óܲ!¢ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï%˛°ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– §!ë˛Ü˛ l#!ï˛ G ˆÜ˛Ô¢° !lî≈Î˚ ܲÓ˚yê˛y•z xyÓyÓ˚ ~•z §ˆÏã˛ï˛l Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°ˆÏlÓ˚ ã˛y!Óܲy!벖 ~ܲ!ê˛ ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ ˛õÎy≈Î˚ ç%ˆÏí˛¸ Ó˚îl#!ï˛àï˛ xÓfliyl x˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– !ܲv ˆ§•z Ó˚îl#!ï˛àï˛ !ÓçÏÎ˚ xç≈l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏ° xyÓyÓ˚ §!ë˛Ü˛ Ó˚îˆÏÜ˛Ô¢ˆÏ°Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇñ ˆÜ˛yl‰ Ó˚îˆÏÜ˛Ô¢° ~ܲê˛y ˛õy!ê≈˛ xl%¢#°l ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈñ ˆ§ê˛y !òˆÏÎ˚•z ï˛yÓ˚ !Ó≤’Ó# ã˛!Ó˚eˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛y ÎyÎ˚– Ó˚îˆÏÜ˛Ô¢ˆÏ°Ó˚ §yÊ˛°ƒÈüÈÓƒÌ≈ï˛y•z Ó˚îl#!ï˛Ó˚ §yÊ˛°ƒÈüÈÓƒÌ≈ï˛yˆÏܲ !lôy≈Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ fl∫“ˆÏÙÎ˚yò# G ò#â≈ˆÏÙÎ˚yò#ÈüüüÈò%ÛôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Ó˚îˆÏÜ˛Ô¢° xyˆÏSÈ– ˛õ!Ó˚!fli!ï˛Ó˚ §yÙylƒ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒG fl∫“ˆÏÙÎ˚yò# ˆÜ˛Ô¢° ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ˆ°!ll Îál ӈϰ!SȈϰlñ ˆÎ ˆÜ˛Ô¢° ܲálG ܲálG 24 â^˝ê˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒG ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛ál !ï˛!l §Ω˛Óï˛/ ~Ûçyï˛#Î˚ ˆÜ˛Ô¢ˆÏ°Ó˚ ܲÌy•z ˆÓyV˛yˆÏï˛ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰl– !Ó≤’ÓܲyÙ# ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ !Ó≤’Ó# ò°ˆÏܲ•z ˛õ!Ó˚!fli!ï˛Ó˚ ˆSÈyê˛ÈüÈáyê˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ G˛õÓ˚ lçÓ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓó ÎyˆÏï˛ ˆ◊!î§Ç@˝ÃyˆÏÙÓ˚ !lï˛ƒ lï%˛l ã˛ƒyˆÏ°ˆÏOÓ˚ ˆ§ ˆÙyܲy!Ó°y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– 24 â^˝ê˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ•z ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ ~Ùl Ó˚îˆÏÜ˛Ô¢° SÈyí˛¸yGñ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÙ)°Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ò#â≈fliyÎ˚# !ܲS%È Ó˚îˆÏÜ˛Ô¢°G @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛

•ˆÏÓñ ÎyˆÏܲ Ù)° Ó˚îˆÏÜ˛Ô¢° åˆÙçÓ˚ ê˛ƒy܉˛!ê˛Ü‰˛§ä Ó°y ˆÎˆÏï˛˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~•z Ù)° Ó˚îˆÏÜ˛Ô¢°ˆÏܲ ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚# ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ xyÓyÓ˚ x§Çრfl∫“ˆÏÙÎ˚yò# Ó˚îˆÏÜ˛Ô¢ˆÏ°Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ !mï˛#Î˚ çyï˛#Î˚ §ˆÏ¡ø°ˆÏl ˜fl∫Ó˚yã˛yÓ˚# Ó˚yçï˛sfˆÏܲ S%ÈшÏí˛¸ ˆÊ˛ˆÏ° ≤Ãçyï˛sf àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ò#â≈ˆÏÙÎ˚yò# Ó˚îˆÏÜ˛Ô¢° ˆlGÎ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°ñ ˆÎê˛y•z xyÓyÓ˚ ˛õ%Ó˚yˆÏly Ó˚y‹T…ÓƒÓfliyÓ˚ xÇ¢ •GÎ˚y §ˆÏ_¥G !Ó!˲ߨ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ G §Ç§ò#Î˚ ò°=!°Ó˚ §ˆÏD xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §yÙ!Î˚ܲ ˆçyê˛ àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ !˲!_ !lÙy≈î ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°– 2005 §yˆÏ° §yï˛!ê˛ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ òˆÏ°Ó˚ §ˆÏD xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ Ú12 ˛õˆÏÎ˚ˆÏrê˛Ó˚ ~!@˝ÃˆÏÙrê˛Û ˆ§ê˛yÓ˚•z ~ܲ !l!ò≈‹T í˛zòy•Ó˚î– ~!≤ð 2008ÈüÈ~ §Ç!Óôyl §Ë˛y !lÓy≈ã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ~ÓÇ 8 ˆÙ ˆ§•z §Ç!Óôyl §Ë˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÌÙ ˜Óë˛ˆÏܲ ˆl˛õy°ˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ Î%_´Ó˚y‹T…#Î˚ àîï˛y!sfܲ ≤Ãçyï˛sf !•§yˆÏÓ fl∫#Ü,˛!ï˛ ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ñ ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ ˆ§•z ò#â≈ˆÏÙÎ˚yò# Ó˚îˆÏÜ˛Ô¢°!ê˛ ï˛yÓ˚ ܲyç ˆ¢£Ï ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÊ˛ˆÏ°ˆÏSÈ– ~ÓÇ ~•z˲yˆÏÓ•zñ ˆ§•z ò#â≈ˆÏÙÎ˚yò# Ó˚îˆÏÜ˛Ô¢°!ê˛ §yÊ˛ˆÏ°ƒÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yàG ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– Ó˚yçï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ xÓ§yˆÏlÓ˚ xyˆÏàñ ˆl˛õy°# çlï˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏD §yÙhs˝ï˛sfñ Ù%ͧ%j# Ó%ˆÏçy≈Î˚y G xyÙ°yï˛y!sfܲ ˛õ%Ñ!çÓ˚ m®μÈüÈ•z !SÈ° ˆl˛õy°# §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl m®μ– 240 ÓSȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤Ãyã˛#l Ó˚yçï˛sf•z !SÈ° Ù)° ¢e&– Ó˚yçï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ xÓ§yˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ñ ≤Ãôyl m®μ!ê˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l âˆÏê˛ˆÏSÈ– §yÙhs˝ï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ çyÎ˚àyÎ˚ñ Îy !ܲly !SÈ° xyˆÏàܲyÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl mˆÏ®μÓ˚ Ù)° !òܲñ ~ál Ù%ͧ%j# Ó%ˆÏçy≈Î˚y ~ÓÇ xyÙ°yï˛y!sfܲ ˛õ%Ñ!ç•z Ù)° !òܲ !•§yˆÏÓ §yÙˆÏl ã˛ˆÏ° ~ˆÏ§ˆÏSÈ– ≤Ãôyl mˆÏ®μÓ˚ ~•z ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒñ ò#â≈fliyÎ˚# Ó˚îˆÏÜ˛Ô¢°ˆÏܲG xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ§•z ˆÙyï˛yˆÏÓܲ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛– Óï˛≈ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ ˆl˛õy°# §Ùyç ~ܲê˛y í˛zÍe´y!hs˝Ù)°Ü˛ xÓfliyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏFSÈ– ˛õ!Ó˚˛õ)î≈ ˜Ó≤’!Óܲ Ó˚*˛õyhs˝ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ~•z §Ùyç ÎyÎ˚!l– ~ܲ ò¢Ü˛ Óƒy˛õ# ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ çlÎ%k˛ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚•z G˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ xò,‹T˛õ)Ó≈ ~ܲ àîxyˆÏ®y°l ˆl˛õyˆÏ° ˆÓ¢ !ܲS%È =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l xylˆÏ°G ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ ~ÓÇ §y!Ó≈ܲ ˆÜ˛ylG ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l xyˆÏ§!lñ ~ÓÇ ˆ§ê˛y xyˆÏ§!l ~•z §Ç@˝ÃyÙ=!°Ó˚ !ܲS%È §#ÙyÓk˛ï˛yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî•z– ~•z =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l=!°Ó˚ !˛õSȈÏl xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ ˆlï,˛còyÎ˚# Ë)˛!Ùܲy ÌyܲˆÏ°G ï˛y ˆl˛õy°# §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ ˆÜ˛ylG ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l âê˛yˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚!l– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ ~ܲyÓ˚ ˆçyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ G˛õÓ˚ òyÑ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ~ê˛y §Ω˛Ó !SÈ° ly– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆçyê˛ àí˛¸ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° ~Ùl !ܲS%˛ §Ç§ò#Î˚ òˆÏ°Ó˚ §ˆÏDñ ÎyÓ˚y ~•z ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô#– ˆ§•z !•§yˆÏÓñ ˜Ó≤’!Óܲ Ó˚*˛õyhs˝Ó˚ñ ÙyV˛˛õˆÏÌ ~ˆÏ§ xyê˛ˆÏܲ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇñ x!Ó°ˆÏ¡∫ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y lï%˛l ò#â≈fliyÎ˚# Ó˚îˆÏÜ˛Ô¢° @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– 2008ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˆ¢ˆÏ£Ï xyˆÏÎ˚y!çï˛ çyï˛#Î˚ ܲlˆÏ˲l¢ˆÏlñ ≤ÃyÎ˚ §Æy•Óƒy˛õ# !Óï˛Ü≈˛ G xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ñ xӈϢˆÏ£Ï xyÙÓ˚y ÚçlàˆÏîÓ˚ Î%_´Ó˚y‹T…#Î˚ àîï˛y!sfܲ çyï˛#Î˚ ≤Ãçyï˛sfÛñ §ÇˆÏ«˛ˆÏ˛õ Úàî≤Ãçyï˛sfÛ àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲÙ≈§)ã˛#ˆÏܲ ò#â≈fliyÎ˚# Ó˚îˆÏÜ˛Ô¢° !•§yˆÏÓ §Ó≈§¡øï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ !fliÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ í˛zë˛ˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚!SÈ–ÛÛ19 áy!Ó˚˛õ!ï˛ Ü˛lˆÏ˲l¢lÈüÈ~Ó˚ !ӈϟ’£Ïî ≤çˆÏD ܲÙ/ àyç%ˆÏÓ˚°ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ~•z Ó˚ã˛ly!ê˛ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ˲yˆÏÓ à˲#Ó˚ •z!Dï˛Óy•#– •z!ï˛˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈•z !Óhfl,Ïï˛ Ë˛yˆÏÓ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ xyÙÓ˚y ˆòáyˆÏlyÓ˚ ˆã˛‹Ty ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈñ 2001ÈüÈ~Ó˚ !mï˛#Î˚ çyï˛#Î˚ §ˆÏ¡ø°ˆÏl CPN(M), ÚÓ˚yçï˛sfˆÏÜ˛Û í˛zˆÏFSÈò ܲˆÏÓ˚ Úàîï˛y!sfܲ ≤Ãçyï˛sfÛ àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ Ó˚îˆÏÜ˛Ô¢°àï˛ ˆfl‘yàylˆÏܲ §Ó≈§¡øï˛ Ë˛yˆÏÓ ã)˛í˛¸yhs˝ ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°G ˆ§•z Úàîï˛y!sfܲ ≤Ãçyï˛ˆÏsfÛ CPN(M)ÈüÈ~Ó˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy !ܲ •ˆÏÓñ xlƒylƒ §Ç§ò#Î˚ ò°=!°Ó˚ §ˆÏD ï˛yÓ˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛Ó˚ fl∫Ó˚*˛õ !ܲ •ˆÏÓñ §ˆÏÓ≈y˛õ!Ó˚ !Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ ã)˛í˛¸yhs˝ °ˆÏ«˛ƒÓ˚ §ˆÏD ~•z ˛õòˆÏ«˛ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ xyhs˝/§¡õÜ≈˛ÈüÈ•z Óy !ܲ •ˆÏÓñ ï˛y !lˆÏÎ˚ ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ §Ó≈hflψÏÓ˚ ˆÓyV˛y˛õí˛¸yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛ylG §Ù§_¥ï˛y !SÈ° ly– §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ Óí˛¸ ܲÌy •°ñ Úàîï˛y!sfܲ ≤Ãçyï˛sfÛÈüÈ~Ó˚ ~•z Ó˚îˆÏÜ˛Ô¢°àï˛ ˆfl‘yàyˆÏlÓ˚ §ˆÏD ÚÓ‡ò°#Î˚ àîï˛sfÛÈüÈ~Ó˚ ï˛y!_¥Ü˛ §)eyÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !ë˛Ü˛ !ܲ §¡õÜ≈˛ñ ï˛y !lˆÏÎ˚G !Óºy!hs˝Ó˚ ≤Ãã%˛Ó˚ xÓܲy¢ !SÈ°– 2001 §yˆÏ° ˛õy!ê≈˛ §Ó≈§¡øï˛ Ë˛yˆÏÓ Úàîï˛y!sfܲ ≤Ãçyï˛sfÛ àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ Ó˚îˆÏÜ˛Ô¢° @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ܲÙ/ àyç%ˆÏÓ˚° ~Ó˚ §!ë˛Ü˛ !ӈϟ’£Ïî xl%ÎyÎ˚# ÚÚˆÎê˛y•z xyÓyÓ˚ ˛õ%Ó˚yˆÏly Ó˚y‹T… ÓƒÓfliyÓ˚ xÇ¢ •GÎ˚y §ˆÏ_¥G !Ó!˲ߨ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ G §Ç§ò#Î˚ ò°=!°Ó˚ §ˆÏD åxyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ä §yÙ!Î˚ܲ ˆçyê˛ àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ !˲!_ !lÙ≈yî ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰy–ÛÛ ~ál ≤ß¿ •°ñ ~•z ˆçyê˛ !ܲ §!ï˛ƒ•z ˆÜ˛Ô¢°àï˛⁄ ï˛Ìyñ §yÙ!Î˚ܲ⁄ CPN(M)ÈüÈ~Ó˚ §ˆÏÓ≈yFã˛ ˆlï,˛ˆÏcÓ˚ ~ܲyÇ¢ ~≤Èϟ¿ ï˛ál !ë˛Ü˛ !ܲ ˆË˛ˆÏÓ!SȈϰl⁄ 2003ÈüÈ~ ~ˆÏ§ xyÙÓ˚y ˆòá°yÙñ §Ùyçï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÌˆÏܲ•z í˛zq(ï˛ xyÙ°yï˛sfˆÏܲ ˆÙyܲy!Ó°y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ˛õy!ê≈˛ ÚÓ‡ò°#Î˚ àîï˛sfÛÈüÈÓ˚ ܲÌy Ó°ˆÏ°yñ ܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ ˛õy!ê≈˛ ˆÎáyˆÏl xlƒylƒ òˆÏ°Ó˚ §ˆÏD ÚÓ˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎy!àï˛yÛ ã˛y°yˆÏÓ– Ú!Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ xyˆÏàñ ly ˛õˆÏÓ˚ÛÈüüüÈ ~•z ≤ß¿!ê˛ ˆ§áyˆÏl ˆôÑyÎ˚y¢yFSÈߨ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆà°ñ Î!òG Î%!_´!Ólƒy§!ê˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ~!ê˛•z ÙˆÏl •GÎ˚y fl∫y˲y!Óܲñ !Ó≤’Ó í˛z_Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛•z ï˛_¥yÎ˚l!ê˛ Ü˛Ó˚y •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– xyÓyÓ˚ 2006 §yˆÏ° ~ˆÏ§ñ ܲÙ/ ÓyÓ%Ó˚yÙ Ë˛RÓ˚y•z ~ÓÇ Ü˛Ù/ ≤Ãã˛u˛ÛÓ˚ ÓƒyáƒyÎ˚ ÚÓ‡ò°#Î˚ àîï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚Û ~•z !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ ≤ÃyÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ §yôyÓ˚î ܲÙ≈§)ã˛#Ó˚ Ùï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚•z •y!çÓ˚ •°ñ ÎyÓ˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á xyÙÓ˚y xyˆÏà•z ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ– 2001 ~ÓÇ 2003ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ï˛_¥yÎ˚l ~ÓÇ 2006 ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛#ˆÏï˛ ˆ§ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ܲÙ/ ÓyÓ%Ó˚yÙ Ë˛RÓ˚y•z Óy ܲÙ/ ≤Ãã˛u˛ ˆÎ ÓƒyáƒyÎ˚ í˛z˛õl#ï˛ •ˆÏ°lñ ˆ§!ê˛ˆÏܲ Î!ò §yÎ%΃˛õ)î≈ ï˛Ìy §!ë˛Ü˛ ӈϰ ôˆÏÓ˚ ˆlGÎ˚y •Î˚ñ ï˛y•ˆÏ° ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ~•z !§k˛yhs˝•z ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ§ñ ˆÎ ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ Óï≈˛Ùyl ≤Ãçyï˛sfˆÏܲ xyÓ˚G ڧǕï˛Û ܲÓ˚yê˛y•z ܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ˆÏòÓ˚ Ù)° ܲyç– §Ç!Óôyl §Ë˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ °í˛¸y•z ã˛y°yˆÏlyê˛y•z §Ç@˝ÃyˆÏÙÓ˚ Ù)° Ó˚*˛õ– ~ÓÇ Ü˛Ù/ ≤Ãã˛u˛ÈüÈ~Ó˚ Ó_´ˆÏÓƒÓ˚ ˆVÑ˛yܲ !ë˛Ü˛ ˆ§•z !òˆÏܲ•zñ Îy !l/§ˆÏ®ˆÏ• í˛zˆÏmàçlܲ– xyÓyÓ˚ áy!Ó˚˛õy!ï˛ Ü˛lˆÏ˲l¢lÈüÈ~Ó˚ !ӈϟ’£Ïî ≤çˆÏD ܲÙ/ àyç%ˆÏÓ˚°ÈüÈ~Ó˚ Ó_´ˆÏÓƒ ~Ó˚ í˛zˆÏŒê˛y ˆVÑ˛yܲ!ê˛•z ˛õ!Ó˚fl≥%˛ê˛– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ñ 2001 §yˆÏ° ≤Ãçyï˛sf àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆfl‘yàylˆÏܲ §yÙˆÏl ˆÓ˚ˆÏá §Ç§ò#Î˚ ò°=!°Ó˚ §ˆÏD §yÙ!Î˚ܲ ˆçyê˛ àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÎ Ó˚îˆÏÜ˛Ô¢° ˛õy!ê≈˛ !lˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°ñ ˆ§•z Ó˚îˆÏÜ˛Ô¢°!ê˛ ï˛yÓ˚ ܲyç ˆ¢£Ï ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÊ˛ˆÏ°ˆÏSÈ– x!Ó°ˆÏ¡∫ ~ál ~ܲê˛y lï%˛l ò#â≈fliyÎ˚# Ó˚îˆÏÜ˛Ô¢° @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– flõ‹Tï˛/•z ܲÙ/ àyç%ˆÏÓ˚°ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ~•z Ó_´Óƒ Ó%ˆÏç≈yÎ˚y ò°=!°Ó˚ §ˆÏD x!l!ò≈‹T ܲy° ôˆÏÓ˚ ÚÓ‡ò°#Î˚ àîï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚Û ÙˆÏôƒ ¢y!hs˝˛õ)î≈ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎy!àï˛y ã˛y!°ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyGÎ˚yÓ˚ ï˛_¥ˆÏܲ lyÜ˛ã˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏSÈ– òy!Ó Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏSÈ ~ܲ!ê˛ lï%˛l Ó˚îˆÏÜ˛Ô¢°ñ !Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ ã)˛í˛¸yhs˝ §yÊ˛°ƒˆÏܲ xç≈l ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ Ó˚îl#!ï˛ ÎyˆÏï˛ xyÓ˚G ¢!_´¢y°# •ˆÏÓ– ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ !Ó≤’Ó# xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏlÓ˚ Óï≈˛Ùyl ÓyhflÏÓï˛yÎ˚ Ó˚îl#!ï˛ G Ó˚îˆÏÜ˛Ô¢ˆÏ°Ó˚ §!ë˛Ü˛ xyhs/˝§¡õÜ≈˛ !lÙ≈yˆÏî áy!Ó˚˛õy!ï˛ Ü˛lˆÏ˲l¢l xÓ¢ƒ•z ~ܲê˛y Ùy•z°ˆÏfiê˛yl– xhs˝ï˛ ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙyGÓyò# ܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ §ˆÏÓ≈yFã˛ ˆlï,˛ˆÏcÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ò!«˛î˛õsi# G ÓyÙ˛õsi# ˆVÑ˛yܲ=!°ˆÏܲ !l!ò≈‹T ˲yˆÏÓ !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲÓ˚y G ~ܲê˛y ò)Ó˚ ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ï˛yˆÏܲ Ù#Ùyǧy ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛ ˆï˛y ÓˆÏê˛•z– lï%˛l ˆÎ Ó˚îˆÏÜ˛Ô¢°àï˛ °y•zl ܲlˆÏ˲l¢l ˆÌˆÏܲ §Ó≈§¡ø!ï˛e´ˆÏÙ à,•#ï˛ •°ñ xyàyÙ# !òˆÏl ï˛y ܲï˛ê˛y ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚# •ˆÏÓñ ˲!Ó£Ïƒï˛•z ˆ§ ≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ çÓyÓ ˆòˆÏÓ–

ï˛Ìƒ§)e≠

1– 2– 3– 4– 5– 6– 7– 8– 9– 10– 11– 12– 13– 14– 15– 16– 17– 18– 19–

“Hoist the Revolutionary Flag on Mount Everest in the 21st Century”; The Worker, 10th. issue, Pg 27– ˆ§y!˲ˆÏÎ˚ï˛ •zí˛z!lÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ åÓ°ˆÏ¢!Ë˛Ü˛ä ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ •z!ï˛•y§ó [ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ ܲ!Ù!ê˛ Ü˛ï,≈˛Ü˛ !lˆÏÎ˚y!çï˛ Ü˛!Ù¢l myÓ˚y §¡õy!òï˛]ñ

˛õ,É 161ÈüÈ162–

˙ñ ˛õ,É 193ÈüÈ194– The Question of Building a New Type of State; The Worker, 9th issue, Pg. 24–

lÎ˚y àîï˛sf ≤çˆÏDó ÙyG ˆ§ ï%˛Ç– ˙– The Next Step in Nepal: An Interview with Dr. Baburam Bhattarai; by Stephen Mikesell and Mary Des Chene, 10-16 issue of the Economic and Political Weekly (2008)–

˙– ˙– Inverview with the Nepali Times, April 16, 2008–

ÙyGÓyò ~ÓÇ §Ó≈•yÓ˚y !Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ !ӣψÏÎ˚ÈüüüÈ !§!˛õxy•zåÙyGÓyò#ä G !§!˛õ~l åÙyGÓyò#äÈüÈÓ˚ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î G Ùï˛yÙï˛ó Ó˚ƒy!í˛Ü˛ƒy° ≤Ãܲy¢lñ ˛õ,É 15ÈüÈ16– ˙ñ ˛õ,É 68ÈüÈ69– Epochal Ten Years of Application and Development of Revolutionary Ideas; The Worker, 10th issue, pg. 60– ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ í˛zˆÏÕ‘!áï˛ Ó˚ƒy!í˛Ü˛ƒy° ≤Ãܲy¢ló ˛õ,É 84– www.hindu.com/thehindue/nic/maoist.htm

˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ í˛zˆÏÕ‘!áï˛ Ó˚ƒy!í˛Ü˛ƒy° ≤Ãܲy¢ló ˛õ,É 84– ˙ñ ˛õ,É 100ÈüÈ101– People’s Republic will be Federal and Competitive; Inverview of Com. Prachanda, The Red Star, Vol. 1, No. 17– The Role of Major Tactical Line in making a New Constitution; C.P. Gajurel, The Red Star, Vol. 2, No. 2–

ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ ܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ ˛õy!ê≈˛ åÙyGÓyò#äÈüÈÓ˚ Ó˚yçl#!ï˛≠ ~ܲ!ê˛ ê˛Δê˛!flÒÓyò# Ù)°ƒyÎ˚ló ܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ !°à åã˛ï%˛Ì≈ xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ä ܲï,≈˛Ü˛ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ñ 7 ç%l 2008–

ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ §Ù§ƒy≠ xyçˆÏܲÓ˚ ï˛_¥àï˛ §Ç@˝ÃyˆÏÙÓ˚ =Ó˚&c G fl∫Ó˚*˛õ ò#˛õܲ Ó:È#

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xˆÏÌ≈ xl%¢#°ˆÏlÓ˚ myÓ˚y– §•ç ܲÌyÎ˚ñ ˜ÓK˛y!lܲ ˛õÓ˚#«˛y •° à˲#Ó˚ ~ÓÇ !Ó÷k˛ ôƒyˆÏlÓ˚ §ÙyÌ≈ܲ– ˛õÓ˚#«˛y=!° ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü,˛!eÙñ !ÓÙ)ï˛≈ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÓÏ ¢ §,!‹T ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎáyˆÏl !Óly ≤Ã!ï˛Ó¶˛Ü˛ï˛yÎ˚ñ !Óly !Ó¢,C°yÎ˚ ≤Ãܲ, !ï˛Ó˚ !lÎ˚ˆÙÏ Ó˚ ܲyçܲÙ≈ !lÓ˚#«˛î ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ñ ˆÎáyˆÏl Ú§yÓˆÏçQÛ ~ÓÇ ÚxÓˆÏçQÛ ò%çˆÏlÓ˚•z xˆÏÎÔ!_´Ü˛ í˛z˛õyòyl=!°ˆÏܲ Óyò ˆòGÎ˚y §Ω˛Ó •Î˚– ˆ§ ÎÌy§yôƒ ˆã˛‹Ty ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õÎ≈ˆÓÏ «˛ˆÏîÓ˚ Ó›àï˛ !˲!_ˆÏܲ !Ó÷k˛ñ Î%!_´§¡øï˛ !ӣψÎÏ ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆïÏ ˛ñ à!îˆÏï˛Ó˚ ÚˆÓyôàÙƒ !Ó£ÏÎÛ˚ ÈüÈ~ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆïÏ ˛– Karl Korsch å1923äñ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ‘Marxism and Philosophy’ Ó˚ã˛lyÎ˚ Ùhs˝Óƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈlÈüüüÈ ÚÚ~•z Óƒy˛õyÓ˚!ê˛ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˲yˆÏ°y ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛zk,˛!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ˆÎáyˆÏl ~ˆÏD°§ í%˛ƒ!Ó˚LjÏܲ xye´Ùî ܲˆÏÓ˚ló ~áyl ˆÌˆÏܲ xyÓ˚G ˆÓ!¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~•z !§k˛yˆÏhs˝ í˛z˛õl#ï˛ •GÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ñ ܲyÓ˚î ~•z ôyÓ˚îy!ê˛ Ó‡ çyÎ˚àyÎ˚ ˆ˛õy£Ïî ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ˆÎ ˆ¢ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ~ˆÏD°§ xô/˛õ!ï˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰl !ӈϟªÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y˛õ%!Ó˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Óyò#ÈüÈçí˛¸Óyò# ò,!‹T˲D#ˆÏï˛ÈüüüÈ ÙyÜ≈˛ˆÏ§Ó˚ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ˆÏï˛ñ !Î!l !SȈϰl ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ò¢≈làï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˆÓ!¢ !¢!«˛ï˛ ÉÉÉÛÛ 1920ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ò¢ˆÏܲ ~ˆÏD°ˆÏ§Ó˚ Ó˚ã˛ly§Ù)• G ò,!‹T˲D#Ó˚ !ӣψÏÎ˚ ~•z ≤Ã!ï˛!e´Î˚yÓ˚ í˛zͧ !SÈ° !mï˛#Î˚ xyhs˝çy≈!ï˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆ¢yôlÓyò#ˆÏòÓ˚ Ó˚yçl#!ï˛Ó˚ fl∫˛õˆÏ«˛ ~ˆÏD°ˆÏ§Ó˚ ˲yÓlyÓ˚ x˛õÓƒyáƒy– ܲyí˛zê˛!flÒñ !•°Ü˛yÓ˚ !í˛ÇÈüÈ~Ó˚ Ó_´Óƒ ~•z˲yˆÏÓ í˛z˛õ!fliï˛ •° ˆÎÈüüüÈ~ˆÏD°§ ˆò!áˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ !lˆÏç•z !ܲ˲yˆÏÓ my!®μܲ Ó›Óyò# ≤Ã!e´Î˚yˆÏï˛ ~ˆÏàyÎ˚– ï˛y•z §ÙyçÈüÈ!ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ •z!ï˛•yˆÏ§ ˛õ%Ñ!çÓyò# §Ë˛ƒï˛y !lˆÏçÓ˚ !lÎ˚ˆÏÙ•z ˆË˛ˆÏD ˛õí˛¸ˆÏÓ– ˛õ%Ñ!çÓyò# §Ë˛ƒï˛yÓ˚ ôÁǧ G ◊!ÙܲˆÏ◊!îÓ˚ çÎ˚°y˲ÈüÈ~ ï˛y•z ÙylÓÈüȈã˛ï˛lyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !lôy≈Ó˚ܲ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ÌyܲyÓ˚ òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ ˆl•z– ܲyí˛zê‰˛!flÒ ˆ°ˆÏálÈüüüÈ ÚÚ˛õ%Ñ!çÓyò# §Ùyç xyçˆÏܲ x§Ê˛°≠ ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õï˛l §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ xˆÏ˛õ«˛y Ùyeó ò%!l≈ÓyÓ˚ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ x@˝Ãà!ï˛ ï˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛àï˛ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçˆÏl ˛õ%Ñ!çÓyò# í˛zͲõyòl ÓƒÓfliyˆÏܲ ôÁLjϧÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ~!àˆÏÎ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– Óï≈˛Ùyl §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ çyÎ˚àyÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ lï%˛l §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ àë˛l xyç ÷ô%Ùye ܲy!A«˛ï˛ lÎ˚ñ ï˛y ~ܲ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ x!lÓyÎ≈–ÛÛ ~ê˛y §!ï˛ƒ ˆÎ ˛õ%Ñ!çÓyò# §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ ˛õï˛ˆÏlÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ ~ܲ!ê˛ lï%˛l §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ xy!Ó˲y≈Ó ÷ô%Ùye ܲy!A«˛ï˛ lÎ˚ñ ï˛y ~ܲ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ x!lÓyÎ≈G ÓˆÏê˛– !ܲvñ ~ܲ•z §ˆÏDñ lï%˛l §ÙyçÈüÈ~Ó˚ xy!Ó˲y≈ÓÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ñ ~ê˛yG x!lÓyÎ≈ ˆÎ ˆ◊!îÓk˛ §ÙyˆÏç ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛Ù%ƒ!lfiê˛ ˛õy!ê≈˛ÈüÈÓ˚ xy!Ó˲y≈Ó âê˛ˆÏÓñ ˆ§•z ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ xyò¢≈àï˛ ˆlï,˛ˆÏc ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆ◊!îˆÏã˛ï˛ly §¡õߨ ◊!ÙܲˆÏ◊!îÓ˚ !Óܲy¢ âê˛ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ ◊!ÙܲˆÏ◊!îÓ˚ myÓ˚y lï%˛l §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ x@˝Ã§Ó˚ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ Ó˚yhflÏy í˛zˆÏß√yã˛l •ˆÏÓ– !lˆÏçÓ˚ ˆ°ál#Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ Ü˛yí˛zê‰˛!flÒ Ü˛Ù%ƒ!lfiê˛ ˛õy!ê≈˛ñ ◊!ÙܲˆÏ◊!î ~ÓÇ ˆã˛ï˛lyÓ˚ ˲)!ÙܲyˆÏܲ ܲyÎ≈ï˛ •zFSÈyÜ,˛ï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ•z áy!Ó˚ç ܲˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰl– ˆ§•z ˆ«˛ˆÏeñ lï%˛l §ÙyçÈüÈ~Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ x@˝Ã§ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÎyeyÎ˚ ܲÙ%ƒ!lfiê˛ ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ÷ô%Ùye ò)Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ӈϧ Ìyܲy ò¢≈ܲ Óƒï˛#ï˛ xyÓ˚ !ܲS%È•z lÎ˚– xï˛~Óñ ܲyí˛zê‰˛!flÒÈüÈÓ˚ ~•z ºyhs˝ ò¢≈lÈüÈí˛z˛õ°!∏˛ !mï˛#Î˚ xyhs˝çy≈!ï˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ §ÇˆÏ¢yôlÓyò# Ó˚yçl#!ï˛Ó˚ çß√ !òˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– !•°Ê˛yÓ˚!í˛Ç !°ˆÏáˆÏSÈlÈüüüÈ ÚÚÎ%!_´àï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓñ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˜ÓK˛y!lܲ ≤Ãîy°# Óy Ó˚#!ï˛ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ÙyÜ≈˛§Óyò •ˆÏ°y ÷ô%Ùye ~ܲ!ê˛ §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ à!ï˛Ó˚ !lÎ˚ÙyÓ°#Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ï˛_¥– ÙyÜ≈˛§ÓyˆÏòÓ˚ xܲyê˛ƒï˛yˆÏܲ !ã˛!•´ï˛Ü˛Ó˚î ܲÓ˚y ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ÙˆÏï˛•z Ù)°ƒÈüÈ!Óã˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲyç lÎ˚– ÈÓyhflÏÓ xyã˛Ó˚î!Ó!ôÓ˚ !ò¢y ˆï˛y ˆÙyˆÏê˛•z lÎ˚– ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçlˆÏܲ !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲÓ˚y ~ܲ!ê˛ Óƒy˛õyÓ˚ñ !ܲv ˆ§•z ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçˆÏlÓ˚ çˆÏlƒ !lˆÏçˆÏܲ !lˆÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚y §¡õ)î≈ xlƒ Óƒy˛õyÓ˚–ÛÛ !•°Ê˛yÓ˚!í˛Ç ~ܲ!ê˛ lï%˛l §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ Ú≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛yÛˆÏܲ fl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˜ï˛Ó˚# Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈlñ !ܲv ˆ§•z ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛yÓ˚ fl∫yˆÏÌ≈ !lˆÏçˆÏܲ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çyÎ˚àyÎ˚ ˆl•z– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ò¢≈làï˛ ~ÓÇ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ xÓfliyl á%Ó flõ‹T– ~ˆÏD°§ÈüÈ~Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ x!˲ˆÏÎyà ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ˆÎ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ò¢≈lÈüÈí˛z˛õ°!∏˛ ܲyí˛zê‰˛!flÒ ~ÓÇ !•°Ê˛yÓ˚!í˛ÇÈüÈ~Ó˚ §ÇˆÏ¢yôlÓyò# Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ çß√ ˆòÎ˚– 1930ÈüÈ~ Sidney Hook xyÓyÓ˚ ~ˆÏD°ˆÏ§Ó˚ Úí˛yÎ˚yˆÏ°Ü˛!ê˛Ü˛§ xʉ˛ ˆlã˛yÓ˚ÛüÈˆÜ˛ xye´Ùî ܲˆÏÓ˚ !°áˆÏ°l ˆÎ ~ˆÏD°§ ÙyÜ≈˛§ÈüÈ~Ó˚ Ú˜Ó≤’!Óܲ ï˛_¥ˆÏÜ˛Û Positivist Ùï˛yòˆÏ¢≈ Ó˚*˛õyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl ~ÓÇ ÙyÜ≈˛§ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ‘Critical Historicism’ÈüÈˆÜ˛ fli(° Ó›ÓyˆÏò xô/˛õ!ï˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– 1950ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ò¢ˆÏܲ Ê ˛yˆÏ™Ó˚ ˛ÓyÙ˛õsi# òy¢≈!lܲ Jean Paul Sartre– Maurcos Merlean ~ÓÇ Henri Lefebore ~ÓÇ 1960ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ò¢ˆÏܲ AlthusserÈüÈ~Ó˚G §ÙyˆÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛ˆÏw ~ˆÏD°§– George Lichtheim ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ‘Marxism: A Historical and Critical Study’ @˝ÃˆÏsi !°áˆÏ°l ÙyÜ≈˛ˆÏ§Ó˚ ‘Critical Vision of a Critical Theory’ÈüÈ~Ó˚ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ˆÏï˛ ~ˆÏD°§ Ó˚ã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈlñ “dull science of causal evolution”ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ï˛_¥ñ ÙyÜ≈˛ˆÏ§Ó˚ “drastic transvaluation of values”ÈüÈ~Ó˚ xlÓòƒ ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ §,!‹TˆÏܲ ~ˆÏD°§ Ó˚*˛õyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl ~ܲ “cast iron system of laws”ÈüÈ~– ÙyÜ≈˛§ñ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ñ ˆÎáyˆÏl §ˆÏã˛ï˛l˲yˆÏÓ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ÈüÈ!ÓK˛yl ã˛ã≈˛y ~!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏFSÈlñ ~ˆÏD°§ ˆ§áyˆÏl e´Ùyàï˛ Îyey ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl positivism ~ÓÇ scientismüÈ~Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ– Z. A. JordanÈüÈ~Ó˚ “The Evolution of Dialectical Materialism” @˝ÃˆÏsi ˆòáyˆÏlyÓ˚ ˆã˛‹Ty ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°l ˆÎ MarxÈüÈ~Ó˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ÈüÈ!ÓK˛yl ã˛ã˛y≈ •° ‘naturalistic activism’ Óy ‘anthropological realism’, ÎyˆÏܲ !ï˛!l ܲál•z dialectical materialismÈüÈ~Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛‹Ty ܲˆÏÓ˚l!l– !Ó˛õÓ˚#ˆÏï˛ ~ˆÏD°§ ˛≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ÈüÈ!ÓK˛ylˆÏܲ dialectical materialismÈüÈ~Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛‹Ty ã˛y!°ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏSÈl Îy ÓyhflÏÓï˛/ ~ˆÏD°§ÈüÈ~Ó˚ òy¢≈!lܲ ˲yÓlyÈüÈˆÜ˛ ~ܲ ‘metaphysical materialism’ÈüÈ~ xô/˛õ!ï˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ The Evolution of Dialectical Materialism @˝ÃˆÏsi Z.A. Jordan ~ܲ!ê˛ !ã˛_yܲ£Ï≈ܲ !ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– !ï˛!l xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl !ܲ˲yˆÏÓ ÙyÜ≈˛§ G ~ˆÏD°ˆÏ§Ó˚ çß√ÈüÈÓ,_yhs˝ G ˛õy!Ó˚Óy!Ó˚ܲ §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ ò%çˆÏlÓ˚ ò,!‹T˲D#ˆÏܲ §¡õ)î≈ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛ ˆÙÓ˚&ˆÏï˛ !lˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏSÈ– ÙyÜ≈˛§ çˆÏß√!SȈϰl ~ܲ §æyhs˝ñ !¢!«˛ï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚ñ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ xy@˝ÃˆÏ•Ó˚ ≤Ãôyl !Ó£ÏÎ˚•z !SÈ° ò¢≈lñ ï˛y•z ïÑ˛yÓ˚ !ã˛hs˝y !ã˛Ó˚yÎ˚ï˛ Ó›Óyò ~ÓÇ Ë˛yÓÓyò ˆÌˆÏܲ ÎÌyÎÌ K˛ylï˛y!_¥Ü˛ §yÓ˚Ó›ê%˛Ü%˛ @˝Ã•ˆÏî §«˛Ù •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– xlƒ!òˆÏܲñ AvineriÈüÈ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛ñ ~ˆÏD°§ ~ܲ ÓƒÓ§yÎ˚# ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚ çß√@˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚yÎ˚ñ ï˛yÓ˚ ÓƒÓ§y!Î˚ܲ ˜òl!®lï˛y ï˛yˆÏܲ ~ܲ Úfli(° Ó›ÓyÏò#ÛÈüÈˆï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ ÙyÜ≈˛§ÈüÈ~Ó˚ Ù,ï%˛ƒÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ Îy ˛õ)î≈Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õ xyd≤Ãܲy¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ‘Dialectics of Nature’ @˝ÃˆÏsi– ò¢≈l !Ó£ÏÎ˚ܲ ã˛ã˛y≈Î˚ ~ˆÏD°§ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ò«˛ï˛y ly ÌyܲyÎ˚ HegelÈüÈ~Ó˚ terminologyÈüÈ=!° ïÑ˛yÓ˚ Ó˚ã˛lyÎ˚ !lSÈܲ•z ܲï˛=!° ÚÓy!•ƒÜ˛Û ~ÓÇ xà˲#Ó˚ ¢ˆÏ∑ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~ˆÏD°§ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛!ÓK˛yl methodologyÈüÈˆï˛ ÙylÓ §ÙyçˆÏܲ áy˛õ áyGÎ˚yˆÏlyÓ˚ ˆã˛‹Ty ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– AvineryÈüÈ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛ñ ˆã˛ï˛lyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˆ§ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe xyÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ lyñ ï˛yÓ˚ xÌ≈ •° ~ˆÏD°§ xyòˆÏï˛•z §ÙyçÈüÈ•z!ï˛•yˆÏ§Ó˚ !ÓÓï≈˛ˆÏl my!®μܲ Ó›Óyò# !SȈϰl ly– Ü˛ÙˆÏÓ¢# ~ܲ•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ §ÙyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Leszek KolakowskiÈüÈ~Ó˚ ‘Main currents of Marxism’ÈüÈ~ó Jeff Coulter

‘Marxism and Engels’ Paradox’ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ‘The Concept of Nature in Marx’ÈüÈ~

Îy ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •Î˚– ˆ¢ˆÏ£Ïy_´ ≤ÃÓ¶˛!ê˛ˆÏï˛ ˆ°áܲ !°ˆÏáˆÏSÈl ˆÎñ ÙyÜ≈˛ˆÏ§Ó˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ÈüȧÇe´yhs˝ flõ‹T ôyÓ˚îy !SÈ° ~ÓÇ ‘sociohistoric character’ÈüÈ~Ó˚ §yÙy!çܲ ◊ˆÏÙÓ˚ Ó˚*˛õ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ܲ xyˆÏ°yã˛lyˆÏï˛•z ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ ≤çD ~ˆÏ§ˆÏSÈ– ÷ô%Ùye Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ §Ùyç §Ë˛ƒï˛yÓ˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ xyhs˝/§¡õÜ≈˛ ˆòáyˆÏï˛•z ÙyÜ≈˛§ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ !ӣψÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– Schmidt !°ÏáˆÏSÈlñ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ •ˆÏFSÈ Ú≤Ãy܉˛ÈüÈmy!®μÜ˛Û ~ÓÇ ÷ô%Ùye Ùyl%£ÏˆÏܲ §ˆÏã˛ï˛l §!e´Î˚ ˛!ӣψÏÎ˚ Ó˚*˛õy!hs˝Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe•z ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ my!®μܲ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ñ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ˆÏܲ çylyÓ˚ ≤Ã!e´Î˚yê˛y•z ÷ô% my!®μܲñ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ !lˆÏç my!®μܲï˛yÓ˚ !lÎ˚ˆÏÙ ã˛ˆÏ° lyñ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ˆl!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛ï˛y ˆl•z– ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ ÷ô% Ùyl%£Ï G ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ §¡õÜ≈˛ÈüÈ•z my!®μܲ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛y•z Ó›Óy!òï˛yÓ˚ xmy!®μܲ •GÎ˚yê˛y•z ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚– ÙyÜ≈§#Î˚ ï˛_¥ xy§ˆÏ°ñ SchmidtÈüÈ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛ñ xÈüȧ_yï˛_¥#Î˚ Ó›Óyò– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ ÙyÜ≈˛§ÓyòˆÏܲ naturalised Hegelianism !•§yˆÏÓ ˆòáy !ë˛Ü˛ lÎ˚ñ ˆÎáyˆÏl ï˛yÓ˚ §_yï˛_¥#Î˚ !˲!_ê˛y•z ÷ô% ÓòˆÏ° ˆòGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ÈüüüÈspirit ~Ó˚ ÓòˆÏ° matter– !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲñ Lucio Coletti, ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ‘Marxism and Hegal’ @˝ÃˆÏsi ~ˆÏD°§ÈüÈˆÜ˛ ~•z ӈϰ §ÙyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl ˆÎ !ï˛!l !ÓÓ˚yçÙyl speculative bonds ˆÌˆÏܲ !ÓK˛ylˆÏܲ Ù%_´ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ÓòˆÏ°ñ !lˆÏç•z ï˛y xyÓ˚G Óy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈlñ ~Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚î !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ !ï˛!l !°ˆÏáˆÏSÈl ˆÎñ ~ˆÏD°§ HegelÈüÈ~Ó˚ ‘philosophy of nature’ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ôyÓ˚îyˆÏܲ natural scienceÈüÈ~Ó˚ G˛õÓ˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ã˛y!˛õˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl– §ÙyˆÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚ ~•z ò#â≈ ï˛y!°Ü˛y ˆ¢£Ï ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓy AlthusserÈüÈ~Ó˚ ~ܲê˛y ˆSÈyê˛ Ùhs˝Óƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ÈüüüÈ ÚÚò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ÙyÜ≈˛ˆÏ§Ó˚ xÓòyˆÏlÓ˚ lï%˛lc •° ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ lï%˛l xl%¢#°l G ≤Ãã˛°l– ÙyÜ≈˛§Óyò ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ålï%˛lä xl%¢#°lÈüÈ~Ó˚ ò¢≈l lÎ˚ñ !ܲv ï˛y ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ålï%˛lä xl%¢#°l–ÛÛ åˆ°!ll G ò¢≈lä

ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ï˛_¥ G ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ò¢≈l ÚÙyÜ≈˛§Óyò#ˆÏòÓ˚Û ÙˆÏôƒ•z xˆÏlˆÏܲ ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚l ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ï˛_¥ ~ܲ lï%˛l ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ !˲!_Ó˚ G˛õÓ˚ ˜ï˛Ó˚# •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ !ܲly ~•z !Óï˛Ü≈˛ x≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ G xÌ≈•#l– ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ÈüÈ!ÓK˛yˆÏl my!®μܲ Ó›Óyò ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚# ˆ•yܲ ly ˆ•yܲ ≤Èϰï˛y!Ó˚Î˚ ~ܲlyÎ˚ܲc àí˛¸yÓ˚ ≤Èϟ¿ Î!ò !Óï˛Ü≈˛ ly ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛y•ˆÏ° xÎÌy ˆ§ ≤Èϟ¿ !Óï˛Ü≈˛ Óy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˆï˛y°yÓ˚ Óy !l‹õ!_ ܲÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛y ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚ Óy !ӈϢ£Ïc ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚⁄ ÙyÜ≈˛§ÈüÈ~ˆÏD°§ÈüÈ~Ó˚ Ù,ï%˛ƒÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ!òˆÏܲ ܲyí˛zê˛!flÒÈüÈ!•°Ê˛yÓ˚!í˛Çñ xlƒ!òˆÏܲ Karl Korsch, Lukacs, Gramsci, Althusser §Ü˛ˆÏ°•z ܲy°≈ ÙyÜ≈˛ˆÏ§Ó˚ ≤Èϰï˛y!Ó˚Î˚ ~ܲlyÎ˚ܲcÈüÈ~Ó˚ ôyÓ˚îy ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §ÙˆÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚ ≤ÃÌÙ ˛õˆÏÓ≈ xï˛ƒhs˝ ò,ì˛¸ï˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏD §ÙÌ≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈlñ ܲy°≈ ÙyÜ≈˛ˆÏ§Ó˚ Ù•yl §,!‹T CAPITAL ˆÜ˛ §yÙy!çܲÈüÈ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ !ÓÓï≈˛lˆÏܲ ˆòáyÓ˚ !ò¢y !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ≤ß¿ Óy !môy ≤Ãò¢≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚l!l– ï˛Ó% ~•z ò%•z ôyÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚î!ï˛ §Ü˛ˆÏ°Ó˚•z çyly– ~•z ò%•z ôyÓ˚yÈüÈˆÜ˛ Óyò !òˆÏÎ˚ ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ ˜Ó≤’!Óܲ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ ôyÓ˚y !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ˆ°!llÈüÈfiê˛ƒy!°lÈüÈÙyGÈüȈ§ÈüÈï%˛ÇÈüÈˆÜ˛ @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° ˆòáy ÎyˆÏÓñ ˆÎ ~•z xyhs˝çy≈!ï˛Ü˛ !ÓÓyòÈüÈ!Óï˛Ü≈˛ ~•z Ù•yl ܲ!Ùí˛z!l‹TˆÏòÓ˚ !ã˛hs˝yÈüÈ≤Ã!e´Î˚yˆÏܲG ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ G ˛õˆÏÓ˚yˆÏ«˛ ≤ÃӰ˲yˆÏÓ ˛≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– !mï˛#Î˚ xyhs˝çy≈!ï˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆlï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ ˆ°!ll ≤ÃӰ˲yˆÏÓ ï˛y!_¥Ü˛ G Ùï˛yò¢≈àï˛ §Ç@˝ÃyÙ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl– !ܲv °%ܲyã˛ñ ܲy°≈ ܲ§≈ÈüÈ~Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ ‹Tƒy!°l Óy ÙyG ˆ§ ï%˛ÇÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó˚ã˛ly ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ !l– ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ò¢≈lÈüÈˆÜ˛ ˛õ)î≈ï˛y ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆÎ òy!Î˚c ÙyÜ≈˛§ÈüÈ~Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈ e´ˆÏÙ ~ˆÏD°§ @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰlñ ˆ°!lˆÏlÓ˚ !ܲS%È xyÇ!¢Ü˛ ≤ÈÏã˛‹TyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ xyhs˝çy≈!ï˛Ü˛ ܲ!Ùí˛z!l‹T xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏl ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ôyÓ˚yÓy!•Ü˛ï˛y ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ !l– ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ G˛õÓ˚ ܲ!Ùí˛z!l‹T xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ù[˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÌˆÏܲ•z Ù%‡Ù%≈‡ xye´Ùî •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ lyly Ó˚ˆÏ.Ó˚ !Ó!ã˛e x˛õÓƒyáƒy •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ñÈüüüÈMaterialism and Emperio-criticismÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly í˛z_Ó˚y!ôܲyÓ˚G Ó˚yáy •Î˚!l– ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ÈüÈ!ÓK˛yl !lˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏD°ˆÏ§Ó˚ ã˛ã˛y≈ ˆÌˆÏܲ ÙyÜ≈˛§Óyò#Ó˚y ˆÎl !˛õS%È •ˆÏê˛ ˆàˆÏSÈl– ~•z !Óï˛Ü≈˛ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈ •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏë˛ˆÏSÈ ~•z ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ˆÎñ §yÙy!çܲÈüÈ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ !ÓÓï≈˛ˆÏl ˆã˛ï˛lyÓ˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy !ܲ •ˆÏÓ ï˛y ~•z !Óï˛ˆÏܲ≈Ó˚ ˆÜ˛wfliˆÏ° ã˛ˆÏ° ~ˆÏ§ˆÏSÈ– ~ˆÏD°ˆÏ§Ó˚ ò¢≈l !ã˛hs˝yÓ˚ xÌ≈ Î!ò ~•z òyÑí˛¸yÎ˚ ˆÎ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ÈüÈ!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ Ùï˛ §ÙyçÈüÈ§Ë˛ƒï˛yÓ˚ !ÓÓï≈˛lG !lˆÏçÓ˚ !lÎ˚ˆÏÙ•z ˛õ%Ñ!çÓyòÈüÈˆÜ˛ ôÁǧ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓñ ◊!ÙܲˆÏ◊!îÓ˚ ~ܲlyÎ˚ܲcÈüÈˆÜ˛ x!lÓyÎ≈ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï%˛°ˆÏÓñ ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆã˛ï˛ly Óy ܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy x≤Ãôyl •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– ◊!ÙܲˆÏ◊!îˆÏܲ class-in-itself ˆÌˆÏܲ class-for-itself hflψÏÓ˚ §Çà!ë˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ÚÓy•zˆÏÓ˚Û ˆÌˆÏܲ Úx@˝Ãî# ˆã˛ï˛lyÛ !lˆÏÎ˚ ÎyGÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ly– ˆ•ˆÏàˆÏ°Ó˚ ôyÓ˚îy xl%ÎyÎ˚# Úˆã˛ï˛lyÓ˚Û Ë)˛!Ùܲy ܲálGÈüÈ•z !ÓÓ˚yçÙyl §ÙyçÈüÈ§Ë˛ƒï˛yÓ˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ §ÙyçˆÏܲ !lˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly– ܲy°≈ ÙyÜ≈˛§ÈüÈ~Ó˚ Ó_´Óƒ xl%ÎyÎ˚# ˛õ%щ!çÓyò# ÓƒÓfliyÓ˚ !Óly¢ G ◊!ÙܲˆÏ◊!îÓ˚ ~ܲlyÎ˚ܲc §,!‹TˆÏï˛ ˆã˛ï˛lyÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ my!®μܲ ˙ܲƒˆÏï˛˛ ˆã˛ï˛lyÓ˚ my!®μܲ •hflψϫ˛˛õ•z ~•z =îàï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ !lôy≈Ó˚ܲ ¢!_´– §yÙy!çܲÈüÈ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ !ÓÓï≈˛ˆÏl x!lÓyÎ≈ï˛y ~ÓÇ fl∫yô#lï˛yÓ˚ xyhs˝/§¡õÜ≈˛ §!ë˛Ü˛ my!®μܲÈüȧ¡õˆÏܲ≈ !ܲ˲yˆÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ •ˆÏÓñ ~ê˛y xÌ≈l#!ï˛Ó˚ ≤ß¿ lÎ˚ñ §!ë˛Ü˛ xˆÏÌ≈ Ó˚yçl#!ï˛ Óy •z!ï˛•yˆÏ§Ó˚ ≤ß¿G lÎ˚ÈüüüÈò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ß¿– ÚÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ò¢≈lÛ ÓˆÏ° Î!ò ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ x!hflÏc•z ly ÌyˆÏܲñ ï˛ˆÏÓ x!lÓyÎ≈ï˛y ~ÓÇ fl∫yô#lï˛y ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ !ÓˆÏÓã˛lyÎ˚ ÌyܲˆÏÓñ xÌÓy ò%ˆÏê˛y•z ÌyܲˆÏÓñ !ܲv ÌyܲˆÏÓ ˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚ˆÏܲ x˛õ§Ó˚îܲyÓ˚# í˛z˛õyòyl !•§yˆÏÓ– §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ ˜Ó≤’!Óܲ Ó˚*˛õyhs˝ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛≤Ã!e´Î˚yÎ˚ Úˆã˛ï˛lyÓ˚Û §!ë˛Ü˛ Ë)˛!Ùܲy !lô≈yÓ˚î ï˛y•z ~ܲ!ê˛ òy¢≈!lܲ ≤ß¿ñ ˲yÓÓyò# ~ÓÇ xy!ô!ÓòƒÜ˛ Ó›Óyò# ≤ÃÓîï˛yÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ °yàyï˛yÓ˚ §Ç@˝ÃyÙÈüÈ•z ÷ô% lï%˛l lï%˛l ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚!fli!ï˛ˆÏï˛ Ü˛!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ ˛õy!ê≈˛ˆÏܲ ~•z xÓfliyl @˝Ã•ˆÏî §«˛Ù •ˆÏï˛ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~ ˛≤Èϟ¿ x§ˆÏã˛ï˛lï˛y §!ë˛Ü˛ xÓfliyl @˝Ã•î x§Ω˛Ó ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛yˆÏ°– ÷ô% ~•z lÎ˚ñ !l!ÿ˛ï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓÈüÈ•z ºyhs˝ xÓfliyl @˝Ã•î xyÓ!¢ƒÜ˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛yˆÏ°ñ ˆ°!llñ ‹Tƒy!°lñ ÙyGÈüȈ§ÈüÈï%˛Ç ~ÓÇ ï˛Í˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ ܲ!Ùí˛z!l‹T xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏlÓ˚ ï˛y!_¥Ü˛ñ Ùï˛yò¢≈àï˛ñ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ !§k˛yhs˝=!°Ó˚ ˛õ)î≈yD ˛õÎy≈ˆÏ°yã˛lyÎ˚ ï˛y•z òy¢≈!lܲ ≤ß¿•z ≤Ãôyl ï˛y!_¥Ü˛ !˲!_ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ– ˛õy!ê≈˛ G ˆ◊!îÓ˚ ˆã˛ï˛lyàï˛ Ê˛yÓ˚yܲ È◊!ÙܲˆÏ◊!îÓ˚ ~ܲlyÎ˚ܲc fliy˛õˆÏlñ Ó˚yˆÏ‹T…Ó˚ ÷!ܲˆÏÎ˚ ÙÓ˚yÓ˚ ≤Ã!e´Î˚yÎ˚ !ܲ˲yˆÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ G !ÓÓ!ï≈˛ï˛ •ˆÏÓñ ˆ§áyˆÏl subject å~áyˆÏl ˛õy!ê≈˛ä G object å~áyˆÏl ˆàyê˛y ◊!ÙܲˆÏ◊!îäÈüÈ~Ó˚ xhs˝ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ñ object åˆ◊!îäÈüÈ!lˆÏç ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛l !ܲ˲yˆÏÓ Ü˛ï˛ê˛y ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ •Î˚ñ ~ÓÇ ˆ§•z ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈l §yˆÏ˛õˆÏ«˛ subject å˛õy!ê≈˛äÈüÈ~Ó˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy !ܲ˲yˆÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ •ˆÏÓñ ï˛y ÎÌyÎÌ˲yˆÏÓ !lô≈≈yÓ˚î ܲÓ˚yê˛y•z ܲ!Ùí˛z!l‹T ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ xyhs˝çy≈!ï˛Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ~ܲ!ê˛ !l!ò≈‹T ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ ˛õÓ≈ Óy Ù%•)ˆÏï≈˛ ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ òy!Î˚c– ~ ≤çˆÏD ï˛y•z xyÙÓ˚y xyÓyÓ˚ !Ê˛ˆÏÓ˚ xy§Ó–

ÙyÜ≈˛§ÈüÈ~ˆÏD°§ G Ùyܲ≈§#Î˚ ï˛_¥ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ Ó!î≈ï˛ !Óï˛Ü≈˛=ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ÙyÌyÎ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá•z ÙyÜ≈˛§ÈüÈ~ˆÏD°§ÈüÈ~Ó˚ Óƒ!_´ç#ÓˆÏl my!®μܲï˛yÓ˚ ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ í˛zqÓ G !Óܲy¢ ˆÓyV˛yÓ˚ çlƒ•z xyÙÓ˚y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚

≤ÃÌÙ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ï˛_¥ ã˛ã˛y≈ ˆÌˆÏܲ•z xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ÷Ó˚& ܲÓ˚Ó– ~•z ã˛ã˛y≈=ˆÏ°y Ó‡° ≤Ãã˛y!Ó˚ï˛ lÎ˚ñ §Óê˛y ܲ!Ùí˛z!l‹T xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ãy§!Dܲ !Óï˛Ü˛≈=!°Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ §Ó˚y§!Ó˚ §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛G lÎ˚– ï˛y•z ~•z ã˛ã˛y≈ !ܲS%ê˛y Üœ˛y!hs˝Ü˛Ó˚ •ˆÏÓ– !ܲv í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ Ó!î≈ï˛ !Óï˛ˆÏÜ≈˛Ó˚ ≤Èϟ¿ ~ܲ!ê˛ §%!l!ò≈‹T xÓfliyl @˝Ã•ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ ï˛y xÓ¢ƒ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚– ܲy°≈ ÙyÜ≈˛§ G ˆÊ ˛í˛y!Ó˚ܲ ~ˆÏD°§ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃÌÙ ç#ÓˆÏlñ Îál ò%çˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ •Î˚!lñ ò%Û!ê˛ =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈ ≤ÃÓ¶˛ Ó˚ã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl– ܲy°≈ ÙyÜ≈˛§ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ Doctoral DissertationÈüÈ~Ó˚ çlƒ ˜ï˛Ó˚# ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰlÈüüüÈ“The Difference Between the Democritean and Epicurean Philosophy of Nature”– ˆÊ ˛í˛y!Ó˚ܲ ~ˆÏD°§ Ó˚ã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl ‘Schelling on Hegel’– âê˛lye´ˆÏÙ ò%ÛˆÏê˛y•z ~ܲ•z ÓSȈÏÓ˚ñ 1841 §yˆÏ°ñ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •Î˚– ò%çˆÏlÓ˚•z ÓÎ˚§ 21ÈüÈ22 ÓSÈÓ˚– ò%ÈüÈ!ê˛ Ó˚ã˛lyÓ˚•z !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó› !Ó÷k˛ ò¢≈l– !ÓhflÏy!Ó˚ï˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà Óï≈˛Ùyl ≤Ãӈ϶˛ ˆl•z– ï˛Ó% ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !ã˛hs˝yÓ˚ ˛≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ à!ï˛ÈüÈ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ ˆÓyV˛yÓ˚ çˆÏlƒ §Ç!«˛Æ xˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ÙyÜ≈˛ˆÏ§Ó˚ ‘The Difference Between the Democritean and Epicurean Philosophy of Nature’ÈüÈ~Ó˚ÈüüüÈ Chapter One:

ˆ°áy!ê˛Ó˚ ≤Ãôyl xÇ¢=!°Ó˚ lyÙܲÓ˚î •°ñ 1. Opinions on the Relationship between Democritean and Epicurean physics. 2. Difficulties concerning the Identity of the Democritean and Epicurean Philosophy of Nature. 3. The Declination of the Atom from the Straight Line. Chapter Two: The Qualities of the Atom. ≤ÃÓ¶˛!ê˛ˆÏï˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Democritean ‰~ÓÇ Epicurean physics ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ !˛õSȈÏl !e´Î˚y¢#° ò¢≈lüÈ≤çˆÏD– ÙyÜ≈˛§ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ÷Ó˚& ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl ~•z˲yˆÏÓÈüüüÈ @˝Ã#ܲ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ~Ùl ~ܲê˛y ˛õ!Ó˚î!ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ Îy ~ܲ!ê˛ Ë˛y° !ÓˆÏÎ˚yàyhs˝Ü˛ ܲy!•l#ˆÏï˛ §ã˛Ó˚yã˛Ó˚ •Î˚ lyó ï˛y •°ñ ~ܲ!ê˛ !l‹±Ë˛ §Ùy!Æ– @˝Ã#ܲ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ Ó›àï˛ •z!ï˛•y§ ˆÌˆÏÙ ÎyÎ˚ xƒy!Ó˚fiê˛ê˛°ÈüÈ~Ó˚ §yˆÏÌñ ÎyˆÏܲ @˝Ã#ܲ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ Ùƒy!ϧí˛lÈüÈÓy§# xyˆÏ°Ü˛çy[˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ï%˛°ly ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ~Ùl!ܲ Ó#Ó˚ Úˆfiê˛y•z܉˛Ó˚yÛ å@˝Ã#ܲ òy¢≈!lܲ ˆçˆÏlyÈüÈÓ˚ Ùï˛yÓ°¡∫#ä x§ÙÌ≈ •ˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰl ÚxƒyˆÏÌlyÛÈüÈˆÜ˛ ڈϕÓ˚y!Üœ˛§ÛÈüÈ~Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ˆÓшÏô Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ñ ÎyˆÏï˛ ˆ§ ˛õy°yˆÏï˛ ly ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ Îy §Ê˛°Ë˛yˆÏÓ Úflõyê≈˛ylÛÈüÈÓ˚y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Ù!®ˆÏÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §ÙÌ≈ •ˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰl–ÛÛ Epicurean philosophyÈüÈˆÜ˛ ÙyÜ≈˛§ !ã˛!eï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl Democritean PhysicsÈüÈ~Ó˚ §ˆÏD Cyrenaic moralityÈüÈÓ˚ ~ܲ Ú§Ùß∫Î˚ܲyÓ˚# í˛z˛õyòylÛ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ– Stoicism •° ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ˆ•Ó˚y!Üœ˛!ê˛Î˚yܲ ˲yÓlyñ çàÍ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ˜ÓÓ˚yàƒÙÎ˚ l#!ï˛¢yflf §¡øï˛ ò,!‹T˲D# ~ÓÇ xƒy!Ó˚fiê˛ê˛°#Î˚ Î%!_´¢yˆÏflfÓ˚ ~ܲ ˆÎÔà ~ÓÇ Scepticism •° ~•z§Ó ˆàÖyí˛¸y!ÙÓyˆÏòÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §Çâ£Ï≈ܲyÓ˚# Ú≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ xflfÛ– ≤Ãyã˛#l @˝Ã#ܲ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ò%•z!ê˛ !˲ߨ !Ó!Óô@˝Ãy!•ï˛yÎ˚˛ ˛õ!Ó˚î!ï˛Ó˚ í˛zͧ §¶˛yˆÏl•z Ùyܲ≈ˆÏ§Ó˚ ~•z ≤ÃÓ¶˛ Ó˚ã˛ly– ò%Û!ê˛ !ã˛hs˝yôyÓ˚yÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ •° Epicurean Stoic ~ÓÇ Sceptic philosophy, x˛õÓ˚!ê˛ •° ‘Alexandrian Speculation.’ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ í˛zͧyˆÏ•Ó˚ x!ï˛!Ó˚_´ ܲyÓ˚î !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ÙyÜ≈˛§ !°ˆÏáˆÏSÈlñ ÚÚÉÉÉ xyÓ˚G Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆàˆÏ°ñ ~ê˛y !ܲ í˛zˆÏÕ‘áˆÏÎyàƒ lÎ˚ ˆÎ Óƒy˛õܲ !Óhfl,Ï!ï˛ §¡õߨ ˆ≤’ˆÏê˛yl#Î˚ ~ÓÇ xƒy!Ó˚fiê˛ê˛°#Î˚ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ~Ùl §Ó !ã˛hs˝yôyÓ˚y xy!ÓË)≈˛ï˛ •ˆÏFSÈ ˆÎ=!° ~•z §Ó ˆÓÔ!k˛Ü˛ ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˲Ó˚ ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ xyÓ˚G !˛õSȈÏlÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ò,!‹T˛õyï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ ˛õòyÌ≈!ÓòƒyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe xy◊Î˚ !lˆÏFSÈ ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ §Ó˚°ï˛Ù âÓ˚ylyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ñ xyÓ˚ l#!ï˛¢yˆÏflfÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe §ˆÏe´ê˛#Î˚ §¡±òyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ÉÉÉ–ÛÛ ‘The Qualities of Atom’ ¢#£Ï≈ܲ xLjϢ ÙyÜ≈˛§ atomÈüÈ~Ó˚ àë˛l !lˆÏÎ˚ Democritean ~ÓÇ Epicurean Physics !ӣψÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl≠ ÚÚ=î §Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî% ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ x!hflÏc xç≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚ Îy ~!ê˛ §¡∫ˆÏ¶˛ ôyÓ˚îyˆÏܲ•z !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ~!ê˛ˆÏܲ àîƒ Ü˛Ó˚y •Î˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ xhs˝Ó˚#Ë)˛ï˛ §_y !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ Îy ï˛yÓ˚ §yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ !˲ߨ– ~•z m®μ!ê˛•z EpicurusÈüÈˆÜ˛ ~Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ xyÜ,˛‹T ܲˆÏÓ˚– xlƒ!òˆÏܲ Democritus ܲál•z ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ §ˆÏD §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ï˛yÓ˚ =î=!°ˆÏܲ !ÓˆÏÓã˛lyÎ˚ xyˆÏll ly– ôyÓ˚îy G x!hflψÏcÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xhs˝°≈#l !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛yˆÏܲ !ï˛!l ܲál•z Ó›Ó˚*˛õ ˆòÓyÓ˚ ˆã˛‹Ty ܲˆÏÓ˚l!l–ÛÛ ‘De placitis philosophorum’ @˝ÃˆÏsi ÙyÜ≈˛§ ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl ˆÎÈüüüÈDemocritusÈüÈ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛ atomÈüÈ~Ó˚ ò%!ê˛ ˜Ó!¢‹Tƒ≠ xyܲyÓ˚ G àë˛l– Epicurus ˆ§áyˆÏl ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˜Ó!¢‹Tƒ ˆÎyà ܲˆÏÓ˚l≠ Gçl– Î!òG AristotleÈüÈ~Ó˚ Ó˚ã˛ly ˆÌˆÏܲ DemocritusÈüÈ~Ó˚ Ùï˛yÙï˛ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ~ Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ flõ‹T Óƒyáƒy ˛õyGÎ˚y ˆà° ly– !ï˛!l ӈϰlÈüüüÈ ÚÚxï˛~Óñ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó› ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y˛õ%!Ó˚ •yÕÒy •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ lyñ Î!ò §Ü˛° Ó›Ó˚ Gçl Óy ˲Ó˚ ÌyˆÏܲñ !ܲv Î!ò §Ü˛ˆÏ°•z •yÕÒy •Î˚ñ ï˛y•ˆÏ° ˆÜ˛í˛z ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y˛õ%!Ó˚ ˲yÓ˚# •ˆÏÓ lyÉÉÉÛÛ ÙyÜ≈˛§ !°ˆÏáˆÏSÈl ˆÎ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˛õí˛¸yñ ‘Eighth book of Metaphysics’ÈüÈ~ !ï˛!l ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl ˆÎñ DemocritusÈüÈ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛ §Ü˛° ˛õÓ˚Ùyî% x˲ƒhs˝Ó˚fli Ó›Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛ ~ܲ•zñ !ܲv ï˛yÓ˚y ˛õ,Ìܲ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ àë˛lñ xÓfliyl G !ÓlƒyˆÏ§– ~•z Ó•zˆÏï˛ Democritean ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ ˜Ó!¢‹Tƒ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ÚGçlÛÈüÈ~Ó˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲÓ˚y •Î˚!l– ~•z Ó•zˆÏï˛ AristotleÈüÈ~Ó˚ í˛zk,˛!ï˛ ˆÌˆÏܲG ÙyÜ≈˛§ ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl Levcippus ~ÓÇ DemocritusÈüÈ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ fl∫yï˛sfƒ •ˆÏFSÈ ï˛yÓ˚ àë˛lñ !Ólƒy§ ~ÓÇ xÓfliyˆÏl– í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ê˛y flõ‹T •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎñ ÙyÜ≈˛ˆÏ§Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛ÈüüüÈ ÚÚˆí˛ˆÏÙy!e´ê˛y§ Óy•ƒ xÓfliy Óy Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨï˛yÓ˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ ôÙ≈ !lôy≈Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰló ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ !lçfl∫ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ lÎ˚ÉÉÉÛÛ ÚÚ÷ô%Ùye Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨï˛y ˆí˛ˆÏÙy!e´ê˛y§ÈüÈˆÜ˛ í˛zͧy!•ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ° ܲyÓ˚î àë˛lñ xyܲyÓ˚ñ xÓfliyl ~ÓÇ !ÓlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ï˛yÓ˚ ã˛y•zˆÏï˛ x!ôܲ !ܲS%È ˆl•zÛÛ– xlƒ!òˆÏܲñ EpicurusÈüÈ~Ó˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ xyܲyÓ˚ñ àë˛l ~ÓÇ Gçl •ˆÏFSÈ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ !ï˛l!ê˛ !lçfl∫ fl∫yï˛sfƒ §,!‹TܲyÓ˚# ˜Ó!¢‹Tƒ– ~Ó˚˛õÓ˚ ÙyÜ≈˛§ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ =î=!°Ó˚ !lô≈yÓ˚î !ӣψÏÎ˚ Epicurus-~Ó˚ Ùï˛yÙï˛ ≤çˆÏD xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– ≤ÃÌÙï˛/ Epicurus ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ ˜Ó!¢‹Tƒ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ xyܲyÓ˚ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ܲÌy ӈϰˆÏSÈlñ ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ ï˛y xyÓyÓ˚ lyÜ˛ã˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !lçfl∫ xyܲyÓ˚ lÎ˚ñ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%=!°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xyܲˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !ܲS%È ï˛yÓ˚ï˛ÙƒˆÏܲ•z Ùylƒï˛y ˆòGÎ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ÙyÜ≈˛§ ~Ó˚˛õÓ˚ !°áˆÏ°lÈüüüÈ ÚÚ~ál xy!Ù xyÓ˚ ~•z !ӣψÏÎ˚ !ã˛hs˝y ܲÓ˚Ó ly ˆÎ •zí˛zˆÏ§!ÓÏÎ˚y§ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛ñ ~!˛õÜ%˛ƒÏÓ˚y§ •ˆÏ°l ≤ÃÌÙ Óƒ!_´ !Î!l ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%ˆÏܲ «%˛oy!ï˛«%˛o

ӈϰ !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl– xlƒ!òˆÏܲ ˆí˛ˆÏÙy!e´ê˛y§ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%ˆÏܲ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ Ó,•Í xyáƒy !òˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰl åˆfiê˛y!ÓÎ˚y§ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y Óí˛¸ä– ~!ê˛ ~ܲ!òˆÏܲ xƒy!Ó˚Ïfiê˛ê˛°ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ≤ÃyÙy!îܲ §y«˛ƒˆÏܲ xfl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈñ xlƒ!òˆÏܲ •zí˛zˆÏ§!ÓÎ˚y§ xÌÓy xyˆÏ°Ü˛çywyÓ˚ ˛õyo# í˛yÎ˚!l!§Î˚y§ñ åˆÎáyl ˆÌˆÏܲ !ï˛!l í˛zk,˛!ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚lä !lˆÏçˆÏܲ xfl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈló ܲyÓ˚î ~ܲ•z Ó•z ˆÌˆÏܲ xyÙÓ˚y çylˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ ˆÎ ˆí˛ˆÏÙy!e´ê˛y§ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ !lÎ˚Ù !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ Î%!_´Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ôyÓ˚îy ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl x!Ó˲yçƒ Ü˛îyÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!fli!ï˛– ~•z Óƒy˛õyÓ˚!ê˛ xhs˝ï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚ ˆÎ ˆí˛ˆÏÙy!e´ê˛y§ !lˆÏç mˆÏ®μÓ˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xÓ!•ï˛ !SȈϰl lyó !ï˛!l ˆ§•z !òˆÏܲ lçÓ˚ ˆòl!lñ xlƒ!òˆÏܲñ ~!ê˛ÈüÈ•z !SÈ° ~!˛õÜ%˛ƒÏÓ˚y§ÈüÈ~Ó˚ Ù)° xy@˝Ã•ÉÉÉÛÛ Epicurean ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ !mï˛#Î˚ ˜Ó!¢‹Tƒ •° àë˛l– !ܲv ~•z ˜Ó!¢‹Tƒ!ê˛G ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ ôyÓ˚îyˆÏܲ !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô ÈܲˆÏÓ˚– ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛ê˛yˆÏܲ•z Ùylƒï˛y !òˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓÈüüüÈ ÚÚ!ÓÙ)ï≈˛ fl∫yï˛sfƒ •° !ÓÙ)ï≈˛ !lçfl∫ ~ܲÓ˚*˛õï˛yó ˆ§•z çlƒ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly àë˛l Óy xyܲyÓ˚ ˆl•z–ÛÛ ÙyÜ≈˛§ !°ˆÏáˆÏSÈlñ EpicurusÈüÈ~Ó˚ ï˛_¥– ï˛y•zñ atomÈüÈ=!°Ó˚ ÙôƒÜ˛yÓ˚ àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨï˛y Ú!lô≈yÓ˚î ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ lyÛñ Î!òG ï˛yÓ˚y Úã)˛í˛¸yhs˝Ë˛yˆÏÓ x§#ÙÛG lÎ˚– ÓÓ˚Çñ ~•z ï˛Ê˛yÍ Ú!l!ò≈‹T ~ÓÇ §§#Ù §ÇáƒyÛÓ˚– EpicurusÈüÈ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛ ï˛y•z ~ê˛y !l!ÿ˛ï˛ ˆÎñ Îï˛ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî% xyˆÏSÈñ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ ï˛ï˛=!° ˛õ,Ìܲ xyÜ,˛!ï˛ ˆl•zÈüüüÈ ÚÚfl∫y˲y!Óܲ˲yˆÏÓ•zñ ~!ê˛ xyÓyÓ˚ xyÜ,˛!ï˛ !lôy≈Óˆ˚ îÏ Ó˚ ܲÌy Ó°°ñ ܲyÓ˚î ~ܲ!ê˛ xyܲyÓ˚ Îálñ xlƒ xyܲyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ §yˆÏÌ ˛õ,Ìܲ ÌyˆÏܲ lyñ ï˛yˆÏܲ ܲáˆÏly xyܲyÓ˚ Ó°y ã˛ˆÏ° ly–ÛÛ Democritus ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ x§#Ù §ÇáƒyÓ˚ xyÜ,˛!ï˛ xyˆÏSÈ ÓˆÏ° ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚l– Epicurus ˆÎ GçlˆÏܲ ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ ˜Ó!¢‹Tƒ ӈϰ ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈlñ ~Ó˚ !ӈϢ£Ï =Ó˚&c Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ܲyÓ˚î Ú˲Ó˚ˆÏܲwÛÈüÈˆï˛•z Ó› xyò¢≈ fl∫yï˛sfƒ xç≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ Îy ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ ~ܲ ≤Ãôyl !lô≈yÓ˚ܲ– !ܲv Gçl ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ ôyÓ˚îyˆÏܲ §Ó˚y§!Ó˚ xfl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚îÈüüüÈ Úˆ§!ê˛ •° Ó›Ó˚ fl∫yï˛sfƒñ Îy Ó›Ó˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ xÓ!fliï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ xyò¢≈˛ ˆÜ˛w– !ܲvñ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî% •° !lˆÏç•z ~•z fl∫yï˛sfƒ ˆÎl ˆ§!ê˛ •° ~ܲ!ê˛ Ë˛Ó˚ˆÏܲÏw ˆÎ!ê˛ !lçfl∫ x!hflÏc !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ !lˆÏçˆÏܲ í˛z˛õ!fliï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚–Û §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ ÚGçlÛ •° Ú!Ó!˲ߨ GçlÛ ~ÓÇ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%=!° !lˆÏçÓ˚y•z ˆçƒy!ï˛‹Ò=!°Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ˲Ó˚ˆÏܲw– ~ÓÇ Îál ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%ˆÏܲ x˛õÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ï%˛°ly ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ú¢)ˆÏlƒÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛Û !ÓˆÏÓã˛ly ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ñ ÚGçl !lô≈yÓ˚îÛÈüÈ~Ó˚ xyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly x!hflÏc ÌyˆÏܲ ly– ï˛y•zñ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%È=!° ˲Ó˚ ~ÓÇ àë˛ˆÏl Îï˛•z xy°yòy ˆ•yܲ ly ˆÜ˛lñ ¢)lƒ §Ùyl à!ï˛ˆÏï˛ È~ move ܲˆÏÓ˚ÈüüüÈ ÚÚˆ§•zçlƒñ ~!˛õÜ%˛ƒÏÓ˚y§ GçlˆÏܲ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ !Óܲ£Ï≈î ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ Ê˛°fl∫Ó˚*˛õ àë˛lÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe–ÛÛ ÙyÜ≈˛§ ӈϰlñ ÚÚàƒyˆÏ§l!hs˝ ~!˛õÜ%˛ƒÏÓ˚y§ÈüÈˆÜ˛ ≤âǧy ܲˆÏÓ˚l ܲyÓ˚îñ ÷ô%Ùye Î%!_´ˆÏܲ xÓ°¡∫l ܲˆÏÓ˚ !ï˛!l ˛õ)Ó≈yˆÏ•´•z í˛z˛õ°!∏˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚lÈüüüÈ ~•z ˛˛õÓ˚#!«˛ï˛ §ï˛ƒ ˆÎ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ Ó›ñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˲Ó˚ G Gçl !Ó!˲ߨ •ˆÏ°Gñ ~ܲ•z à!ï˛ˆÏï˛ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ l#ˆÏã˛ ˛õˆÏí˛¸–ÛÛ ÙyÜ≈˛§ ~•z xLjϢÓ˚ í˛z˛õ§Ç•yÓ˚ ˆê˛ˆÏlˆÏSÈl ~•z˲yˆÏÓ≠ ÚÚ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ =î§Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ !Óã˛yÓ˚ ï˛y•z xÓlÙˆÏlÓ˚ (declination) !Óã˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ~ܲ•z Ê˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ñ ˆÎÙl ~!˛õ!ܲí˛zÓ˚y§ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ ôyÓ˚îyÎ˚ §yÓ˚ G x!hflψÏcÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒÜ˛yÓ˚ m®μˆÏܲ Ó›Ó˚*˛õ ˆòl– ~•z ˲yˆÏÓ !ï˛!l xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õ•yÓ˚ ˆòl ˛õÓ˚Ùyî% §Çe´yhs˝ !ÓK˛yl– x˛õÓ˚˛õˆÏ«˛ñ ˆí˛ˆÏÙy!e´ê˛yˆÏ§Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ l#!ï˛Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yl ÓyhflÏÓ Ó˚*˛õ ˆòÓyÓ˚ ˆã˛‹Ty ˆl•z– !ï˛!l ˆÜ˛Ó° Ó›àï˛ !òܲ!ê˛ˆÏܲ ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yˆÏál ~ÓÇ ≤ÃyˆÏÎ˚y!àܲ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ §%!ÓôyÓ˚ çlƒ xl%Ùyl=!°ˆÏܲ í˛z˛õ!fliï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚l–ÛÛ ≤ÃÓ¶˛!ê˛Ó˚ ≤ÃÌÙ xLjϢ•z xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ò%Û!ê˛ òy¢≈!lܲ ≤ÃÓîï˛y !ӣψÏÎ˚ÈüüüÈ ÚÚˆí˛ˆÏÙy!e´ê˛y§ ~ÓÇ ~!˛õÜ%˛ƒÏÓ˚y§ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ x!˲ߨï˛y !lˆÏÎ˚ §Ù§ƒyÓ°#–ÛÛ ÙyÜ≈˛§ !°ˆÏáˆÏSÈlñ ò¢≈l §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ !Óºyhs˝ G !ÓÓ˚_´ •GÎ˚yÎ˚ Democritus ï˛y!í˛¸ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ â%ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl ≤ÃyˆÏÎ˚y!àܲ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛îÈüÈ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒÈüüüÈ ÚÚ!ï˛!l !lˆÏçˆÏܲ !l!ÿ˛ï˛ §òÌ≈ܲ K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ S%ÑȈÏí˛¸ ˆòl–ÛÛ Democritus ˛õy![˛ï˛ƒ !SÈ° ˛õòyÌ≈!Óòƒyñ l#!ï˛¢yflfñ à!îï˛ ~ÓÇ K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ xyÓ˚G Ó‡!Óô ¢yáyÎ˚ÈüüüÈ ÚÚ~•z ˆ§•z Óƒ!_´ !Î!lñ !§ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ˚yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ñ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ xˆÏô≈ܲ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ•#l˲yˆÏÓ â%ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– !ܲvñ !ï˛!l ÎyˆÏܲ áÑ%ˆÏç!SȈϰl ï˛yˆÏܲ !ï˛!l ˛õyl!l–ÛÛ EpicurusÈüÈ~Ó˚ ò,!‹T˲D# !SÈ° !ë˛Ü˛ ~Ó˚ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛ÈüüüÈ ÚÚ~!˛õÜ%˛ƒÏÓ˚y§ !SȈϰl ò¢≈ˆÏl ˛õ!Ó˚ï,˛Æ ~ÓÇ ˛õÓ˚Ù §%á#– !ï˛!l ӈϰl Úï%˛!Ù ò¢≈lˆÏܲ ˆ§Óy ~ÓÇ §y•y΃ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ ÎyˆÏï˛ ï%˛!Ù §!ï˛ƒÜ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ fl∫yô#lï˛y °y˲ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚– ˆÎ Óƒ!_´ !lˆÏçˆÏܲ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ xô#ˆÏl !lˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏSlÈ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ !lˆÏçˆÏܲ xyd§Ù˛õ≈î ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈlñ ï˛yˆÏܲ xyÓ˚ xˆÏ˛õ«˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •Î˚ly– !ï˛!l ï˛Í«˛îyÍ Ù%_´ •ˆÏÎ˚ Îyl– ܲyÓ˚î ò¢≈lÈüÈˆÜ˛ ˆ§Óy ܲÓ˚y Ù%!_´Ó˚ §ÙyÌ≈ܲ–ÛÛ ÙyÜ≈˛§ !°ˆÏáˆÏSÈlÈüüüÈ ÚÚxyÙÓ˚y ˆ¢£Ï ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ~•z ˛Ë˛yÓlyˆÏܲ !ÓˆÏÓã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòáÓ Îy !ã˛hs˝ˆÏlÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §_yÓ˚˛§¡õÜ≈˛ˆÏܲ Óî≈ly ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~ܲ òy¢≈!lܲ ˛õ,!ÌÓ# ~ÓÇ !ã˛hs˝lÈüÈ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÎ §yôyÓ˚î §¡õÜ≈˛ °«˛ƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚lñ !ï˛!l ïÖ˛yÓ˚ !lˆÏçÓ˚ !Ó!¢‹T ˆã˛ï˛lyÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ Ó!•!Ó≈ˆÏŸªÓ˚ §¡õÜ≈˛ˆÏܲ ≤ÃyÎ˚ !lˆÏçÓ˚ °«˛ƒÓ› ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛yˆÏ°l–ÛÛ ÚÚ~!òˆÏܲ ˆí˛ˆÏÙy!e´ê˛y§ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛yˆÏܲ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚l ÓyhflψÏÓÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!ӈϡ∫Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó˚*˛õ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ– xƒ!Ó˚Ïfiê˛ê˛° ïÑ˛yÓ˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ӈϰl ˆÎ !ï˛!l ˛≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ !ç!l£ÏˆÏܲ ˛õÿ˛yˆÏò xl%§Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ x!lÓyÎ≈ï˛yÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ !lˆÏÎ˚ Îyl–ÛÛ ÚÚxyÓ˚G ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏï˛y£Ïçlܲ Óƒyáƒy !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl Ú!í˛ ˛≤’ƒy!§!ê˛§‰ !Ê˛ˆÏ°yˆÏ§yˆÏÊ˛yÓ˚yÙÛÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˆ°áܲ– ˆí˛ˆÏÙy!e´ê˛yˆÏ§Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛ x!lÓyÎ≈ï˛y •° !Óôyï˛y ~ÓÇ çàˆÏï˛Ó˚ §,!‹Tܲï≈˛y– EpicurusÈüÈ~Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ï%˛°ly ܲÓ˚&lÈüüüÈ

ÚÚ!ܲS%È Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ Ó_´Óƒ xl%ÎyÎ˚# ˆÎ x!lÓyÎ≈ï˛yˆÏܲ ã˛Ó˚Ù !lÎ˚hs˝y !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ˆòáyˆÏly •Î˚ñ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ÓyhflÏÓ í˛z˛õ!fli!ï˛ ˆl•z– !ܲvñ !ܲS%È âê˛ly âˆÏê˛ xyܲ!fløܲ˲yˆÏÓñ !ܲS%È âê˛ly xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó!ôÓ!•Ë)≈˛ï˛ •zFSÈyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ !ܲvñ xy˛õyï˛l Óy xyܲ!fløܲï˛yˆÏܲ @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓñ Îy x!ôܲyÇ¢ !ÓŸªy§ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§•z {ŸªÓ˚ˆÏܲ lÎ˚–ÛÛ ÙyÜ≈˛§ !°ˆÏáˆÏSÈlÈüüüÈ ÚÚxï˛~Óñ ~•z!ê˛ ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ §!ë˛Ü˛ ˆÎ ˆí˛ˆÏÙy!e´ê˛y§ x!lÓyÎ≈ï˛yÈüÈˆÜ˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰlñ ~!˛õÜ%˛ƒÏÓ˚y§ xy˛õyï˛lÈüÈˆÜ˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰlñ ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏܲܲçl xˆÏlƒÓ˚ ò,!‹T˲D#ˆÏܲ !Óï˛Ü≈˛Ù)°Ü˛ í˛zflÒy!lÙ)°Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ áy!Ó˚ç ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl– ~•z !˲ߨï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl ˛õ!Ó˚î!ï˛ xyˆÏ§ ~ܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ âê˛lyÓ˚ ÓƒyáƒyÓ˚ !˲ߨï˛y !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ–ÛÛ ÙyÜ≈˛ˆÏ§Ó˚ ~•z Ó˚ã˛ly ˛õòyÌ≈!Óòƒy G ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ xyhs˝/§¡õÜ≈˛ ~ÓÇ @˝Ã#ܲ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ !ÓÓï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ fl∫Ó˚*˛õ í˛zÂâyê˛l !ӣψÏÎ˚– xy@˝ÃˆÏ•Ó˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ !ӈϢ£Ïï˛/ ~§ÙˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎ 22 ÓSÈÓ˚ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§ ÙyÜ≈˛§ÈüüüÈ å1ä ˆ•ˆÏàˆÏ°Ó˚ ~ÓÇ Ê˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ÓyˆÏáÓ˚ !ã˛hs˝yÓ˚ myÓ˚y ܲï˛ê˛y ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ !SȈϰlñ å2ä ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ §ˆÏD ˆã˛ï˛lyÓ˚ §¡õÜ≈˛ ï˛yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ !ܲ˲yˆÏÓ í˛z˛õ!fliï˛ •!FSÈ°– ≤Ã̈ÏÙ xyÙÓ˚y çylyÓ˚ ˆã˛‹Ty ܲÓ˚Óñ 1841 §yˆÏ° ~•z ˆ°áy ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ˆ•ˆÏàˆÏ°Ó˚ ò¢≈l §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ܲy°≈ ÙyÜ≈˛§ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ò,!‹T˲D# ܲ# !SÈ°– ~•z ˆ°áy ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ å1841ä 4 ÓSÈÓ˚ xyˆÏà 1837ÈüÈ~ ÙyÜ≈˛§ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ÓyÓyˆÏܲ ˆ°áy ~ܲê˛y !ã˛!ë˛ˆÏï˛ [Letter from Karl to his father in Trier (1837) !°ˆÏáˆÏSÈlÈüüüÈ ÚÚ~•z ˲yÓÓyòñ ÎyˆÏܲ xy!Ù Ü˛yrê‰˛ ~ÓÇ !Ê˛á‰ˆÏê˛Ó˚ ˲yÓÓyˆÏòÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ï%˛°ly ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ myÓ˚y flõ‹T ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈñ xy!Ù xyçˆÏܲ ÓyhflψÏÓÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ•z ~•z ˲yÓ á%ÑçˆÏï˛ ÷Ó˚& ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ– xyˆÏà Î!ò ˆòÓï˛yàî ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ x!ô!¤˛ï˛ ÌyܲˆÏï˛lñ ~ál ï˛yÓ˚y ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ ˆÜ˛ˆÏw ã˛ˆÏ° ~ˆÏ§ˆÏSÈlÛÛ– ÚÚxy!Ù ˆ•ˆÏàˆÏ°Ó˚ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ á![˛ï˛ xÇ¢ ˛õˆÏí˛¸!SÈñ ÎyÓ˚ ò%Ó˚yˆÏÓ˚y• xq(ï˛ Óî≈ly xyÙyÎ˚ xyܲ£Ï≈î ܲˆÏÓ˚!l– xyÓ˚G ~ܲÓyÓ˚ xy!Ù §Ù%ˆÏo V˛yÑ˛õyˆÏï˛ ã˛y•zñ !ܲv ~•z !l!ò≈‹T í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ !lˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎ xy!Ù ≤ÃÙyî ܲÓ˚Ó ÙˆÏlÓ˚ ôÙ≈ G =î ˆò•ÈüÈÓ˚ ôˆÏÙ≈Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y•z ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ñ Ù)ï≈˛ ~ÓÇ ÓyhflÏÓ !˲!_ §¡õߨ– xyÙyÓ˚ xyÓ˚ ï˛Ó˚Óy!Ó˚ ˆá°yÓ˚ ò«˛ï˛y xl%¢#°l ܲÓ˚y í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ lÎ˚ñ xyÙyÓ˚ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ !òˆÏlÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yÎ˚ §!ï˛ƒÜ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ù%ˆÏ_´yÓ˚ xl%≤ÈÏÓ¢–ÛÛ ˆ•ˆÏàˆÏ°Ó˚ !ã˛hs˝yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ÙyÜ≈˛§ÈüÈ~Ó˚ !ÓˆÏFSÈò §%flõ‹T˲yˆÏÓ•z ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ í˛zk,˛!ï˛È!ê˛ˆÏï˛– !ï˛!l !ܲ ï˛y•ˆÏ° Ê˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ÓyˆÏáÓ˚ xy!ô!ÓòƒÜ˛ Ó›ÓyˆÏòÓ˚ myÓ˚y ˆ§ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y˛õ%!Ó˚ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸!SȈϰl⁄ !ï˛!l !ܲ ï˛álG ˆ•ˆÏàˆÏ°Ó˚ Úmy!®μܲï˛yÛÈüÈÓ˚ ï˛_¥ @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l!l⁄ ~ܲÌy xfl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ í˛z˛õyÎ˚ ˆl•z ˆÎñ 1841ÈüÈ~ ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ò¢≈lñ ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ï˛_¥ ˛õ)î≈ !Óܲ!¢ï˛ •Î˚!l– fl∫y˲y!Óܲ˲yˆÏÓ•z ï˛yÓ˚ ˲yÓlyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ê˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ÓyˆÏáÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ ˆÌˆÏܲ ÎyGÎ˚yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xfl∫y˲y!Óܲc ˆl•z– ˆ•ˆÏàˆÏ°Ó˚ Úmy!®μܲï˛yÛÈüÈÓ˚ l#!ï˛ @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚G ï˛yÓ˚ ˲yÓÓyò# !˲!_Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ ÙyÜ≈˛§ÈüÈˆÜ˛ °yàyï˛yÓ˚ §Ç@˝ÃyÙ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– m®μï˛ˆÏ_¥ÈüÈÓ˚ ÚflÀ‹TyÛ åÎ!òG ï˛yÓ˚ xyˆÏà•z xô≈ÈüÈ!Óܲ!¢ï˛ xÓfliyÎ˚ Úmy!®μܲï˛yÛÓ˚ ï˛_¥ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ çàˆÏï˛ í˛z˛õ!fliï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°äÈüÈ~Ó˚ •yï˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó›Óyò# ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ï˛yˆÏܲ !lˆÏÎ˚ xy§y §•ç •Î˚!l ܲál•z– !ܲv 1841ÈüÈ~Ó˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ƒ Ó˚ã˛ly!ê˛ ˆ°áÓyÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ÙyÜ≈˛§ Ê˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ÓyˆÏáÓ˚ !ã˛hs˝y ˆÌˆÏܲG ˆÎ Ù%_´ •!FSȈϰl ï˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÙyî í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘!áï˛ !ã˛!ë˛!ê˛ÈüÈˆï˛ ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ÈüüüÈ ÚÚxy!Ù ~ܲ!ê˛ 24 ˛õ,¤˛yÎ%_´ Ó_´Óƒ !°ˆÏá!SÈ≠ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ í˛zͲõ!_Ó˚ ˆÜ˛w ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ ≤çyÓ˚– ~áyˆÏlñ ܲ°y ~ÓÇ !ÓK˛ylñ ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ ~ˆÏܲ x˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y˛õ%!Ó˚ !ÓˆÏFSÈò âˆÏê˛!SÈ°ñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !ܲS%È ò)Ó˚ xÓ!ô ~ܲ!eï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y !àˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~ÓÇ ~ܲçl í˛zͧy•# Îye# !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ xy!Ù !lˆÏç•z ~•z ܲyç!ê˛ @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ– ˆòÓcÈüÈÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ òy¢≈!lܲÈüÈmy!®μܲ Ù)°ƒyÎ˚lñ Îy !lˆÏçˆÏܲ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˲yÓ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓñ ôÙ≈ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓñ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓñ •z!ï˛•y§ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ–ÛÛ ˆòÓˆÏcÓ˚ òy¢≈!lܲÈüÈmy!®μܲ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ê˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚Óyá#Î˚ ≤ÈÏã‹Ty •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly– Ù)° Ó˚ã˛ly!ê˛ˆÏܲ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòáy Îyܲ– ≤ÃÓ¶˛!ê˛ˆÏï˛ ÙyÜ≈˛§ !°ˆÏáˆÏSÈlÈüüüÈ ÚÚ§_y ~ÓÇ !lÎy≈§ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˆÎ m®μñ Ó› ~ÓÇ xyܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÎ m®μ Îy ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §•çyï˛ñ ï˛y ~ܲ!ê˛ ~ܲܲ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ó!•/≤Ãܲy¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Îál ˆ§ ˆÜ˛yl =îy!òÓ˚ myÓ˚y §Ù,k˛ •Î˚–ÛÛ ÚÚxÓyô xyܲyÓ˚ ~ál xô/˛õ!ï˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ xÓyô Ó›ˆÏï˛ñ xô/˛õ!ï˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ò,¢ƒÙyl çàˆÏï˛Ó˚ xyܲyÓ˚!Ó•#l xô/hflψÏÓ˚–ÛÛ ˆÎ˲yˆÏÓ ~áyˆÏl my!®μܲï˛yÓ˚ !lÎ˚Ù í˛z˛õfliy!˛õï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ï˛y ˆ•ˆÏà°#Î˚ my!®μܲï˛yÓ˚ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛– xÌy≈Í ~!˛õ!ܲí˛zÓ˚#Î˚ ~ÓÇ ˆí˛ˆÏÙyˆÏe´ê˛#Î˚ ò¢≈ˆÏlÈÓ˚ Ó›Óyò# !˲!_ê˛yˆÏܲ xê%˛ê˛ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá Úx!lÓyÎ≈ï˛yÛ ~ÓÇ Úxy˛õï˛ˆÏlÓ˚Û í˛z˛õÓ˚ xy!ô!ÓòƒÜ˛ ˆVÑ˛yܲ!ê˛ˆÏܲ lyÜ˛ã˛ Ü˛Ó˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ my!®μܲ ˙ܲƒ fliy˛õl ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~•z ï˛_¥ ˆ•ˆÏà°#Î˚ ˆï˛y lÎ˚•zñ Ê˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚Óyá#Î˚ÈüÈG lÎ˚– ~ •° º*îyÓ!fliï˛ ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ò¢≈l– ÚxlˆÏ˛õ«˛ xyܲyÓ˚ÛÈüÈ~Ó˚ xlˆÏ˛õ«˛ Ó›ˆÏï˛ xô/ ˛õ!ï˛ï˛ •GÎ˚yñ §_y ~ÓÇ !lÎ≈yˆÏ§Ó˚ m®μñ Ó› ~ÓÇ xyܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒÜ˛yÓ˚ m®μñ fl∫ï˛sf ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ í˛zq(ï˛ •GÎ˚yˆÏܲ §)ey!Î˚ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yˆÏܲ x˛õÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ xyôyˆÏÓ˚ fliyl ˆòGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ly– xlƒ!òˆÏܲ ˆÎÈüÈê˛y flõ‹T˲yˆÏÓ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ§ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ÈüÈÓ˚ àë˛l Ó˚•ˆÏ§ƒÓ˚ «%˛oï˛Ù fl∫yô#l x!hflψÏcÓ˚ §¶˛yˆÏl ~•z ò¢≈l ã˛ã˛y≈ñ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ §_y ~ÓÇ !lÎ≈yˆÏ§Ó˚ xyhs˝/§¡õÜ≈˛ ÓƒyáƒyÓ˚ ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ~•z í˛zqÓ ~ê˛y flõ‹T ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛yˆÏ°ñ ˆã˛ï˛ly, ÙylÓ Ù!hflψϋÒÓ˚ Ó›àï˛ §!e´Î˚ï˛yÓ˚ ˛Ê˛°ñ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ Ó› çàˆÏï˛Ó˚ !lÎ˚Ù=!°ˆÏܲ•z (laws) !ã˛hs˝y xyܲyˆÏÓ˚ ˛õ%lÓ˚&Ͳõyòl ܲˆÏÓ˚– ÙylÓ §Ë˛ƒï˛yÓ˚ §yÙy!çܲ ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ !ÓÓï≈˛l my!®μܲ Ó›Óyò# •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî•z ˆÎ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ !lˆÏç ˙ !lÎ˚Ù xl%§Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ÈüÈÓ˚ xÇ¢ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ Ùyl%£Ï ~ÓÇ §ç#Ó Ù!hflψϋÒÓ˚ !e´Î˚y ~ܲ•z !lÎ˚Ù xl%§Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚– ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ˆÏܲñ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ÈüÈ!ÓK˛ylÈüÈˆÜ˛ñ ˛õòyÌ≈ÈüÈ!ÓòƒyˆÏܲ my!®μܲ Ó›Óyò# ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yÎ˚ ˆÓyV˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÌÙ ˆã˛‹Ty ܲy°≈ ÙyÜ≈˛§ÈüÈ•z ܲˆÏÓ˚!SˆÏ°l– ï˛y !SÈ° ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ ≤ÈÏã˛‹Tyñ º*îyÓ!fliï˛ ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ò¢≈l– ܲy°≈ ÙyÜ≈˛§ G ˆÊ ˛í˛y!Ó˚ܲ ~ˆÏD°ˆÏ§Ó˚ ï˛_¥yÓôyˆÏl ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ò¢≈l G ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ !Óܲy¢ÈüÈˆÜ˛ ˆÓyV˛yÓ˚ çlƒ ~ˆÏD°ˆÏ§Ó˚ !ã˛hs˝yÈüÈ≤Ã!e´Î˚yÓ˚ !ÓÓï≈˛l!ê˛G xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆçˆÏl !lˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– 1831 §yˆÏ° ˆ•ˆÏàˆÏ°Ó˚ Ù,ï%˛ƒ •Î˚– ~Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ 10 ÓSÈÓ˚ xÌy≈Í 1841 ˛õÎ≈hs˝ Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ çyÙ≈y!lˆÏï˛ ˆ•ˆÏà°#Î˚ ò¢≈l ~ܲ ˜Ó≤’!Óܲ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙÎy≈òy•z ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏ§ˆÏSÈ– 1841 §yˆÏ°ñ ~ˆÏD°ˆÏ§Ó˚ 21 ÓSÈÓ˚ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§ñ !ï˛!l Îál ‘Schelling on Hegel’ lyÙܲ ï˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÌÙ =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈ òy¢≈!lܲ

≤ÃÓ¶˛!ê˛ Ó˚ã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚lñ ï˛álG !ï˛!l ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ï˛Ó˚&î ˆ•ˆÏà°˛õsi# x!hflÏc ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y˛õ%!Ó˚ Ù%_´ •l!l– ï˛ˆÏÓ 21 ÓSÈÓ˚ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§ Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ ï˛yÓ˚ ~•z ≤ÃÓ¶˛ñ ~•z fl∫y«˛Ó˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá ˆàˆÏSÈ ˆÎ SÈyeyÓfliy ˆÌˆÏܲ•z ò¢≈l ¢yˆÏflf ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õy![˛ï˛ƒ xï˛ƒhs˝ í˛zß¨ï˛ ÙyˆÏà≈Ó˚ !SÈ°– ï˛ˆÏÓ 1830ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ò¢ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆ¢£Ï !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ•z ˆÎ ï˛Ìyܲ!Ìï˛ Úï˛Ó˚&î ˆ•ˆÏà°˛õsi#ÛÈÓ˚y ï˛Íܲy°#l Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ˆ≤ë˛y˛õê˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zq(ï˛ §ÇܲˆÏê˛Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ڈϕˆÏà°#Î˚Û ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ ã˛ˆÏ° Îy!FSˆÏ°l 1880ÈüÈˆï˛ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ “Ludwig Feuerbach and the End of Classical German Philosophy. Part I, Engels ~Ó˚ Ó˚ã˛lyÎ˚ ï˛y ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ÈüüüÈ ÚÚ!eˆÏ¢Ó˚ ò¢ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆ¢ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ !òˆÏܲñ ~•z ôyÓ˚yÓ˚ !Ó˲y!çܲy e´Ù¢/ flõ‹T •ˆÏï˛ í˛zë˛ˆÏï˛ °yà°– ÓyÙ˛õsi# xÇ¢!ê˛ ï˛Ìyܲ!Ìï˛ ï˛Ó˚&î ˆ•ˆÏà°˛õsi#Ó˚y ˆàyÑí˛¸y ~ÓÇ §yÙhs˝ï˛y!sfܲñ ˛≤Ã!ï˛!e´Î˚y¢#°ˆÏòÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ °í˛¸y•zÈüÈ~Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙñ ï˛álܲyÓ˚ §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ çμ°hs˝ ≤ß¿=!°Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛ ˆ§•z òy¢≈!lܲ ˆ¢y˲lï˛y xyˆÏhflÏ xyˆÏhflÏ ˛õ!Ó˚ï˛ƒyà ܲÓ˚° Îálñ 1840 á,‹TyˆÏ∑ñ ˆàyÑí˛¸y Ùï˛Óyò ~ÓÇ ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y˛õ%!Ó˚ §yÙhs˝ï˛y!sfܲ ≤Ã!ï˛!e´Î˚y¢#° ¢!_´ ã˛ï%˛Ì≈ ˆÊ ˛í˛y!Ó˚ܲ í˛z•z°ˆÏ•°‰ÙÈüÈ~Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ Ó˚yç!§Ç•y§ˆÏl í˛z벰– ~ál ˆáy°yá%!° ˛õ«˛yÓ°¡∫l xyÓ˚ ~í˛¸yˆÏly ˆà° ly– ï˛áˆÏly ˛õÎ≈hs˝ °í˛¸y•z çy!Ó˚ !SÈ° òy¢≈!lܲ xˆÏflfÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙñ !ܲv ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !ÓÙ)ï≈˛ òy¢≈!lܲ í˛zˆÏjˆÏ¢ƒÓ˚ çlƒ lÎ˚–ÛÛ ÚÚˆ§ê˛y ï˛ál ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˙!ï˛•ƒÓy•# ôÙ≈ ~ÓÇ ï˛Íܲy°#l Ó˚y‹T…ÓƒÓfliyˆÏܲ ôÁǧ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ x@˝Ã§Ó˚ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– ‘Deutsche Jahrbucher’ÈüÈ~ ÓyhflÏÓ ˛≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ~ÓÇ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ ï˛áˆÏly ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ≤Ãôylï˛ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ SÈpˆÏӈϢ ˆ˛õ¢ ܲÓ˚y •ï˛– ‘Rheinische Zeitung of 1842’ÈüȈï˛ñ Ú•zÎ˚yÇ ˆ•ˆÏà°#Î˚yl fl%Ò°Û !lˆÏçˆÏܲ §Ó˚y§!Ó˚ í˛zFã˛yܲyA«˛# Ó˚ƒy!í˛Ü˛ƒy° ˛Ó%ˆÏç≈yÎ˚yÈüȈòÓ˚ ò¢≈l !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°– ï˛yÓ˚y ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õyï˛°y ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ xyÓÓ˚î ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛l !Ó!ô!lˆÏ£Ïô ~í˛¸yˆÏlyÓ˚ çlƒ–ÛÛ ï˛Ó˚&î ˆ•ˆÏà°#Î˚ òy¢≈!lܲˆÏòÓ˚ ˙ ˆày¤˛#Ó˚ñ ܲy°≈ ÙyÜ≈˛§G ÎyÓ˚ ~ܲçl §ò§ƒ !SȈϰlñ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ ˆlï˛y !SȈϰl Bruno Bauer, ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§ ÙyÜ≈˛§ÈüÈ~ˆÏD°§ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ Bruno G Strauss ò%çˆÏl•z 8ÈüÈ9 ÓSÈÓ˚ Óí˛¸ !SȈϰl– !ܲv ~§ÙˆÏÎ˚•z å1838ÈüÈ1843ä ÙyÜ≈˛§È ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏD°ˆÏ§ÈÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ !ã˛hs˝yÓ˚ !ÓˆÏFSÈò âˆÏê˛– ï˛Ó˚&î ˆ•ˆÏà°#Î˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒÜ˛yÓ˚ Ùï˛˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ í˛zˆÏë˛ ~ˆÏ§ˆÏSÈ ~ˆÏD°ˆÏ§Ó˚ ܲÌyÎ˚ÈüüüÈ ÚÚï˛álܲyÓ˚ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚yçl#!ï˛ !SÈ° ~ܲ!ê˛ xï˛ƒhs˝ ܲ^˝ê˛Ü˛yܲ#î≈ fliyló ˆ§•zçlƒñ ≤Ãôyl °í˛¸y•z !SÈ° ôˆÏÙ≈Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛≠ ~•z °í˛¸y•zñ !ӈϢ£Ïï˛ 1840 !á fiê˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚ñ ˛õˆÏÓ˚y«˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛G !SÈ°– fiê˛Δ§ !°!áï˛ ÚÎ#÷Ó˚ ç#Ól#Û Îy 1835 !á fiê˛yˆÏ∑ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •Î˚ñ ≤ÃÌÙ xyâyï˛!ê˛ ˆòÎ˚– ~Ó˚˛õˆÏÓ˚ !á ˆÏfiê˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õˆÏò¢yÓ°# !l!Ù≈ï˛ ˛õ%Ó˚yî=!° myÓ˚y ˆÎ ï˛_¥ àë˛l ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ñ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§•z ï˛_¥ˆÏܲ Ó &ˆÏly ÓÎ˚yÓ˚ xye´Ùî ܲˆÏÓ˚l ~•z ≤ÃÙyî §• ˆÎ !á fiê˛yl ôˆÏÙ≈Ó˚ Ó!î≈ï˛ Ü˛y!•l#=!° ˆ°áܲˆÏòÓ˚ ܲ“lyÓ˚ ˛Óî≈ly Ùye– ~•z ò%•z ôyÓ˚yÓ˚ !Óï˛Ü≈˛ ã˛y°yˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° ÚxydˆÏã˛ï˛lyÛ ~ÓÇ Ú!Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó›ÛÈüÈÓ˚ °í˛¸y•zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ òy¢≈!lܲ SÈpˆÏӈϢ–ÛÛ Ë˛yDˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y ≤Ã!e´Î˚y ï˛Ó˚&î ˆ•ˆÏà°Óyò#ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Îál ã˛°ˆÏSÈñ ï˛ál ˆ•ˆÏà°Óyò# ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yl !ÓˆÏÓ˚y!ôï˛yˆÏܲ ï˛SÈlSÈ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚ í˛zˆÏjˆÏ¢ƒ 1841ÈüÈ~Ó˚ !í˛ˆÏ§¡∫ˆÏÓ˚ ï˛Íܲy°#l §òƒ !lˆÏÎ˚y!çï˛ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛ Ùsf# ≤Ã&¢#Î˚ Î%ÓܲˆÏòÓ˚ Ùl ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆ•ˆÏà°#Î˚ §ˆÏÓ≈ŸªÓ˚ÓyˆÏòÓ˚ §Ó≈ly¢y Ó#ç í˛zÍáyï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ çlƒ Friedrick SchellingÈüÈˆÜ˛ Óy!°≈ˆÏl !lˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ§l– Friedrick Schelling ~ܲ§ÙÎ˚ ˆ•ˆÏàˆÏ°Ó˚ ~ܲçl â!l¤˛ Ó¶%˛ !SˆÏ°l å˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ ç#ÓˆÏl !ï˛!l ˆ•ˆÏàˆÏ°Ó˚ ≤ÃÓ° !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô# !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰlä ~ÓÇ FichteÈüÈ~Ó˚ ã˛yܲ!Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ !Óï˛yí˛¸ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ !ï˛!l JenaÈüÈˆï˛ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ xôƒy˛õܲ •ˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰl– 1841ÈüÈ~ !ï˛!l !SȈϰl !ã˛Ó˚yÎ˚ï˛ çyÙ≈yl ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲÙye ç#!Óï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!l!ô– 1841ÈüÈ~ !ï˛!l ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˛õ%Ó˚ˆÏly Ú≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ ò¢≈lÛ (Philosophy of Nature) ï˛ƒyà ܲˆÏÓ˚ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ lï%˛l òy¢≈!lܲ ï˛_¥ Úí˛zˆÏß√yã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ò¢≈lÛ (Philosophy of Revelation)üÈ~Ó˚ ï˛_¥ ≤Ãã˛yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl– ~ˆÏD°ˆÏ§Ó˚ ˆ°áy ‘Schelling on Hegel’ •° 1841ÈüÈ~ Óy!°≈ˆÏl ˆòGÎ˚y SchellingüÈ~Ó˚ ˆ§•z Ú!Óáƒyï˛Û ˆ•ˆÏà°ÈüÈ!ÓˆÏÓ˚yô# ˲y£ÏˆÏîÓ˚ ~ܲ §ÙyˆÏ°yã˛lyÈüÈÙ)°Ü˛ ≤ÃÓ¶˛– ≤ÃÓ¶˛!ê˛ˆÏï˛ Engels SchellingÈüÈ~Ó˚ ï˛#Ó  §ÙyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈlñ ~ÓÇ HegelÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ òyÑ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl– SchellingÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˲y£Ïî!ê˛Ó˚ ˆÎ ò#â≈ í˛zk,˛!ï˛ ~ˆÏD°§ ≤Ãӈ϶˛ fliyl !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈlñ ï˛yÓ˚ Ù)° ≤Ã!ï˛˛õyòƒ •° ~•z ˆÎÈüüüÈ SchellingÈüÈ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛ ˆ•ˆÏà° Ú!lÎ≈y§Û ~ÓÇ Ú§_yÛüÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ =!°ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÊ˛ˆÏ°ˆÏSÈlñ xy§ˆÏ° ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl !SÈ°ñ ÚÚ§_yÓ˚ ò¢≈ˆÏl ≤Ãï˛ƒyÓï≈˛l–ÛÛ ~SÈyí˛¸y ˆ•ˆÏà° Î%!_´ (reason)ÈüÈ~Ó˚ Úˆl!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛Û ò,!‹T˲D#Ó˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ §GÎ˚y° ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈlñ !ܲv xy§ˆÏ° ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl !SÈ° Ú•z!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛Û í˛zˆÏß√yã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚– ~ˆÏD°§ !°ˆÏáˆÏSÈlÈüüüÈ ÚÚxyÙÓ˚y Ú•z!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛ ò¢≈l (positive philosophy) !lˆÏÎ˚ ܲÌy ÷!l!l– Úˆl!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛Û ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ (Negative philosophy) xy!Ó˲y≈Ó •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° ã˛!Õ‘¢ ÓSÈÓ˚ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ ~ܲ!ê˛ x§¡õ)î≈ xyܲyˆÏÓ˚ñ ÎyˆÏܲ ˆ¢!°Ç !lˆÏç•z ˛õ!Ó˚ï˛ƒyà ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl ~ÓÇ ~ál ï˛yˆÏܲ !ï˛!l !Óܲ!¢ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈl ï˛yÓ˚ §!ï˛ƒÜ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õ)î≈ Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õ– ï˛yÓ˚ !˲!_ •° Î%!_´ñ K˛yl ~ÓÇ ˆÓyˆÏôÓ˚ !Ó÷k˛ ¢!_´ñ ÎyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ï˛yÍ«˛!îܲ í˛z˛õyòyl !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ §_yÓ˚ !Ó÷k˛ ¢!_´ §_yÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •ÓyÓ˚ x§#Ù ¢!_´– ˆÎ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ ˆÙÔ° ~áyˆÏl Î%_´ •ˆÏÓ ï˛y •° §_yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛yñ ˆÎ !lˆÏçˆÏܲ xyÓ˚ xy°yòy ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ ly≠ ~•z •° ˛õÓ˚Ù ~ÓÇ §ˆÏÓy≈˛õ!Ó˚ xydyñ ˆÎê˛y §_yÎ˚ Ó˚*˛õyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl ˆÌˆÏܲ Ù%!_´ ˛õyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ §_yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ !ã˛Ó˚hs˝l Ù%!_´ˆÏï˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– ˛õÓ˚ÙˆÏܲ Ó°y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ~•z §Ü˛° ¢!_´Ó˚ ÚxÓ˚Ê˛#Î˚Û ˙ܲƒ– ~ˆÏD°§ ~•z ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ lyÙ !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl lÎ˚y !¢!°ÇÓyò (neo Scellingianism)– ~ˆÏD°§ ≤ß¿ ˆÓ˚ˆÏáˆÏSÈlñ Úx!˲ߨï˛yÓ˚ ò¢≈lÛ (philosophy of identity)ÈüÈÓ˚ lï%˛l §ÇflÒÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ !ܲ òyÑí˛¸y°⁄ Kant Î%!_´Óyò# !ã˛hs˝yˆÏܲ space ~ÓÇ line ˆÌˆÏܲ Ù%_´ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰló Schelling §_yˆÏܲ˛ Ù%_´ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ çlƒ xyÓ˚ !ܲ Ó˚•z°– ~ˆÏD°§ !°ˆÏáˆÏSÈlñ ÚÚx!hflÏc •ˆÏFSÈ !ã˛hs˝yÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚Ë%˛_´ §_y ÙˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xhs˝Ó˚#Ë)˛ï˛ ~ÓÇ xyô%!lܲ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ !˲!_ÈüüüÈ The cogito ergo SumÈüüüÈ ï˛yˆÏܲ ~ܲ V˛ê˛Ü˛yÎ˚ í˛z!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˆòGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ly– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ ~ê˛y ≤ÃÙyî ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çyÎ˚ày ~!ê˛ lÎ˚– !ܲv xyÙyˆÏܲ !ܲ ~!ê˛ !çK˛y§y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ xl%Ù!ï˛ ˆòGÎ˚y •ˆÏÓ ˆÎ ¢!_´ñ ÎyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yl §_y ˆl•zñ ˆ§ ~ܲ!ê˛ §_yÓ˚ çß√ !òˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ !ܲlyñ ¢!_´ ˆÎ !lˆÏçˆÏܲ !Ó!SÈߨ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !lˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ lyñ ˆ§ ï˛Ó%G ¢!_´ !ܲlyñ ¢!_´Ó˚ !e!Ó˲yçl (trichotomy) ˆ•ˆÏàˆÏ°Ó˚ Ú!ÓŸªˆÏܲy£ÏÛÈüí˛zq(ï˛ Ë˛yÓñ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ ~ÓÇ Ùlñ ~•z eÎ˚#Ó˚ §ˆÏD í˛zˆÏÕ‘áˆÏÎyàƒË˛yˆÏÓ §yÙO§ƒ˛õ)î≈ !ܲly⁄ SchellingÈüÈ~Ó˚ Úx!hflÏcÓyòÛÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ •z!ï˛•y§ ~ ≤çˆÏD !ܲS%Èê˛y ӈϰ xyÙÓ˚y ~•z xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ˆ¢£Ï ܲÓ˚Ó– Óy!°≈ˆÏl SchellingÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˆ§•z Ú!Óáƒyï˛Û ˲y£ÏˆÏî ˆ◊yï˛yÓ˚ xy§ˆÏl !SȈϰl Soren Kierkegaard– !ï˛!l x!hflÏcÓyˆÏòÓ˚ ~ܲçl !Óáƒyï˛ ≤ÃÓ_´y– ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ ˛õÎy≈ˆÏÎ˚ SchellingÈüÈ~Ó˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ Kierkegaard Úx!hflÏcÓyˆÏòÛÈüÈÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yï˛y !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ !ӈϢ£Ï Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˆll– ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ˆÏï˛ ~•z ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ ≤Ãôyl ôyÓ˚y !SȈϰl Friedrich

Nietzsche, Edmund Husserl, Martin Heidegger

~ÓÇ Jean-Paul Satre– Martin Heidegger !SȈϰl !•ê˛°yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~ܲçl §!e´Î˚ §ÙÌ≈ܲ G Ó˚yçl#!ï˛Ü˛– !mï˛#Î˚ !ÓŸªÎ%ˆÏk˛ !•ê˛°yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚yçˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚•z ÷ô% ï˛yÓ˚ !ܲS%È §ÙyˆÏ°yã˛ly ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– çyÑܲ ˆò!Ó˚òy çy!lˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl !ï˛!l •y•zˆÏí˛àyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ ôyÓ˚yÓy!•Ü˛ï˛y•z Ó•l ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈlñ !وϢ° Ê%˛ˆÏܲyG ~ܲ•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Ùhs˝Óƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl–

ˆ•ˆÏà°ñ Ê˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚Óyá G ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ò¢≈l 1842ÈüÈ1843ÈüÈ~ ÙyÜ≈˛ˆÏ§Ó˚ ˆÎÔÌ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÓ˚ ≤ÃÌÙ Ê˛§°ñ Îy ≤ÃÌÙ ˆ•ˆÏà° G Ê˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ÓyˆÏáÓ˚ ò¢≈l ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤Ãfliyl ˆây£Ïîy ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛y •°ñ ‘The Holy Family’– ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •Î˚ 1844ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˆ§ˆÏ≤Wz¡∫ˆÏÓ˚– ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ˆÏï˛ xˆÏlܲ ˆÓ¢# ˛õ)î≈ï˛y G fl∫ï˛sfƒ !lˆÏÎ˚ Ùyܲ≈§#Î˚ ò¢≈l ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •Î˚– Engels Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ Anti-Duhring ~ÓÇ Ludwig Feuerbach and the End of Classical German philosophy. xyÙÓ˚y ~áyˆÏl ܲy°≈ ÙyÜ≈˛§ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˆ°áy ‘Economic and Philosophical Manuscript of 1844’ ˆÌˆÏܲ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ÷Ó˚& ܲÓ˚Ó– Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy in General lyÙܲ xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ ÙyÜ≈˛§ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ÷Ó˚& ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈlñ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆ•ˆÏà°#Î˚ @˝Ã&ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ò%•z ÓˆÏÎ˚yˆÏ烤˛ Ó¶%˛ Bruno Bauer ~ÓÇ StraussÈüÈ~Ó˚ §ÙyˆÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ– ˆ•ˆÏàˆÏ°Ó˚ Úm®μï˛_¥Û (dialectic) §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ò,!‹T˲D# !ܲ •ˆÏÓñ ~ ≤çˆÏD ÙyÜ≈˛§ !°ˆÏáˆÏSÈlÈüüüÈ §yÙ!@˝Ãܲ˲yˆÏÓ ˆ•ˆÏàˆÏ°Ó˚ ò¢≈l È~ÓÇ !ӈϢ£Ï˲yˆÏÓ ˆ•ˆÏàˆÏ°Ó˚ m®μï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ xyô%!lܲ §ÙyˆÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚ §¡õÜ≈˛ !ܲñ ~ ≤Èϟ¿ Strauss ~ÓÇ Bruno Bauer ˆ•ˆÏà°#Î˚ Î%!_´!ÓK˛yl (logic)ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xyê˛ˆÏܲ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl– Strauss ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y˛õ%!Ó˚ ~ÓÇ Bruno ≤ÃFSÈߨ˲yˆÏÓ ˆ•ˆÏà°#Î˚ Î%!_´ !ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ•z !Óï˛Ü≈˛ ã˛y!°ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏFSÈl– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚*˛õñ StraussÈüÈˆÜ˛ §ÙyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ Bruno Bauer Ú!ÓÙ)ï≈˛ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ÛÈüÈÓ˚ §yÓ˚Ó›ˆÏܲ Ú!ÓÙ)≈ï˛ Ùyl%£ÏÛüÈ~Ó˚ Úxydã˛ˆÏï˛lyÛ !òˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛fliy!˛õï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl åBauer Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ Synoptiker ~ÓÇ Das entdeckte Christenthum @˝ÃˆÏsiä– ÙyÜ≈˛§ !°ˆÏáˆÏSÈl ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ò%ÛçˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÜ˛í˛z•z ˆ•ˆÏà°#Î˚ m®μï˛_¥ñ Îy ï˛Ó˚&î ˆ•ˆÏà°ÓyˆÏòÓ˚ çll#ñ ï˛yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ã)˛í˛¸yhs˝ Ê˛Î˚§y°y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ≤Ã›ï˛ lÎ˚– xlƒ!òˆÏܲ FeuerbachÈüÈ•z ~ܲÙye ˆ•ˆÏà°#Î˚ m®μï˛_¥ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈ ~ÓÇ §ÙyˆÏ°yã˛lyÙ)°Ü˛ xÓfliyl !lˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl ~ÓÇ ~•z ˆ«˛ˆÏe áÑy!ê˛ xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚ §Ù)• ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– ÙyÜ≈˛ˆÏ§Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛ÈüüüÈ ÚÚ!ï˛!l •ˆÏ°l §!ï˛ƒ•z ~ܲçl ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ !ÓçÎ˚# !Î!l ˛õ%Ó˚yï˛l ò¢≈lÈüÈˆÜ˛ ˛õÓ˚y!çï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl–ÛÛ Ê˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ÓyˆÏáÓ˚ Ù)° Ü,˛!ï˛c •°≠ å1ä ~ê˛y ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛y ܲÓ˚y ˆÎ ò¢≈l •° Ú!ã˛hs˝yÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y ôÙ≈ ~ÓÇ !ã˛hs˝ymyÓ˚y Óƒyáƒyï˛–Û å2ä Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ §ˆÏD Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ §yÙy!Ïçܲ §¡õÜ≈˛ˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ l#!ï˛ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ Ó›Óyò ~ÓÇ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ !ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛y– å3ä ˆl!ï˛Ó˚ ˆl!ï˛Ó˚ܲÓ˚îˆÏܲ ˛õÓ˚Ù •z!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛ï˛yñ fl∫Î˚Ω˛Ó˚ •z!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛ï˛yñ xyd!lË≈˛Ó˚ •z!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛ï˛y !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ˆòáyÓ˚ ºy!hs˝ˆÏܲ §)!ã˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚y– ÙyÜ≈˛§ !°ˆÏáˆÏSÈlÈüüüÈ ÚÚÊ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚Óyá ÚˆÏl!ï˛Ó˚ ˆl!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚îÛÈüÈˆÜ˛ ܲ“ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛l ÷ô%Ùe ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ !lˆÏçÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ m®μ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓÈüüüÈ~ܲ!ê˛ ò¢≈l !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ˆÎ!ê˛ {ŸªÓ˚ï˛_¥ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ÎÌyÌ≈ï˛yˆÏܲ §ÙÌ≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ≤Ã̈ÏÙ ï˛yˆÏܲ xfl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ xï˛~Ó ï˛yˆÏܲ §ÙÌ≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚ !lˆÏçÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛– ÚڈΈϕï%˛ ˆ•ˆÏà° Úˆl!ï˛Ó˚ ˆl!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚îÛÈüÈˆÜ˛ ܲ“ly ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰlñ åï˛yÓ˚ !˲ï˛Ó˚ §•çyï˛ ôlydܲ §¡õÜ≈˛ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ò,!‹T˲D# ˆÌˆÏÜ˛ä §!ï˛ƒ ~ÓÇ ~ܲÙye •z!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓó ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ !˲ï˛Ó˚ §•çyï˛ }îydܲ §¡õÜ≈˛ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ò,!‹T˲D# ˆÌˆÏܲñ ï˛yˆÏܲ ܲ“ly ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl ~ܲÙye §!ï˛ƒ ~ÓÇ fl∫ï˛/fl≥)˛ï≈˛ !e´Î˚y!•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓó ˆ§ˆÏ•ï%˛ñ !ï˛!l •z!ï˛•yˆÏ§Ó˚ à!ï˛˛õÌ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ !ÓÙ)ï≈˛ñ Î%!_´§Dï˛ñ §%ò)Ó˚ܲ!“ï˛ Óî≈ly ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰlñ Îy xy§ˆÏ° ÙylÓçy!ï˛Ó˚ xy§° !lçfl∫ •z!ï˛•y§ lÎ˚ñ !ܲv ÷ô%Ùye ÙylÓçy!ï˛Ó˚ §,!‹TÓ˚ !e´Î˚yñ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ §,!‹TÓ˚ •z!ï˛•y§–ÛÛ ˆ•ˆÏàˆÏ°Ó˚ ‘Phenomenology’ @˝ÃˆÏsiÓ˚ §ÙyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ ÙyÜ≈˛§ !°ˆÏáˆÏSÈl ˆÎ ˆ•ˆÏà° Ú˜mï˛ ºy!hs˝Û â!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚*˛õñ ≤ÃÌÙï˛/ §¡õòñ Ó˚y‹T…«˛Ùï˛y •zï˛ƒy!ò ˆ•ˆÏàˆÏ°Ó˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ !Ó!FSÈߨ §_y– ~=!° §Ó !ã˛hs˝y §_y ~ÓÇ ï˛y•z ~=!° !lSÈܲ•z ~ܲ !Ó÷k˛ñ !ÓÙ)ï≈˛ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó!FSÈߨ Ó˚*˛õ– §Ù@˝Ã ≤Ã!e´Î˚y!ê˛ ˆ¢£Ï •Î˚ ã˛Ó˚Ùñ xlˆÏ˛õ«˛ K˛yˆÏl– §!ë˛Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ Ó°ˆÏ°ñ ~=!° !ÓÙ)ï≈˛ !ã˛hs˝y ˆÌˆÏܲ ˜ï˛Ó˚# •GÎ˚yñ !Ó!FSÈߨ •GÎ˚y åestrangedä Ó› Îyñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÓyhflÏÓï˛yÓ˚ xl%ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §ÇâˆÏ£Ï≈ !°Æ •Î˚– òy¢≈!lܲ !lˆÏç•z !Ó!FSÈߨ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ !ÓÙ)ï≈˛ xyܲyÓ˚ñ !lˆÏçˆÏܲ @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚l !Ó!FSÈߨ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ Ùy˛õܲy!ë˛ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇñ !Ó!FSÈߨï˛yÈüÈ≤Ã!e´Î˚yÓ˚ §Ù@˝Ã •z!ï˛•y§ÈüÈ!ê˛ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒy•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤Ã!e´Î˚y!ê˛ •ˆÏFSÈ !ÓÙ)ï≈˛ñ xlˆÏ˛õ«˛Ü˛üÈ~Ó˚ çß√òylÈüÈ~Ó˚ •z!ï˛•y§– ~•z !Ó!FSÈߨï˛y •ˆÏFSÈ ˆã˛ï˛ly !lÓ˚ˆÏ˛õ«˛ ~ÓÇ §ˆÏã˛ï˛l Ó›§_yÓ˚ñ ˆã˛ï˛ly ~ÓÇ xydˆÏã˛ï˛lyÓ˚ñ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ ~ÓÇ !Ó£ÏÎ˚#Ó˚ !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô– xy§ˆÏ° ~•z !ÓˆÏÓ˚yôÈüÈê˛y ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚yê˛y•z •ˆÏFSÈ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ •z!wÎ˚ ˆã˛ï˛lyÓ˚ !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô !lˆÏÎ˚– ÙyÜ≈˛§ !°ˆÏáˆÏSÈlÈüüüÈ ÚÚ~•z !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô=!°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xlƒylƒ xyˆÏÓ˚y !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô=!° xyÓ˚ !ܲS%È•z lÎ˚ñ ÷ô%Ùye xyˆÏÓ˚y x˛õ!Óe !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô=!°Ó˚ Óy!•ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ó˚*˛õ ~ÓÇ xyܲyÓ˚ÛÛ “The human character of nature and of the nature created by history– man’s products.”

!mï˛#Î˚ï˛/ ˆ•ˆÏàˆ°Ó˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ÷ô% Ùl•z •ˆÏFSÈ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ §_yñ ˆÎáyˆÏl ÙˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ xyÜ,˛!ï˛ •ˆÏFSÈ !ã˛hs˝yÎ˚ï˛ Ùlñ ôÙ≈ï˛y!_¥Ü˛ Ùlñ §%ò)Ó˚ܲ“# Ùl– xlƒ!òˆÏܲñ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ÓyhflÏÓ ˛õ,!ÌÓ# xlƒË˛yˆÏÓ í˛z˛õ!fliï˛ lÎ˚– Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ~•z ôyÓ˚îy •Î˚ ˆÎñ •z!wÎ˚ ˆã˛ï˛ly xy§ˆÏ° !ÓÙ)ï≈˛ •z!wÎ˚ ˆã˛ï˛ly lÎ˚ñ ÓÓ˚Ç Ùyl!Óܲ •z!wÎ˚ ˆã˛ï˛ly– ï˛y•z ôÙ≈ñ §¡õòˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚y @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ùyl!Óܲ ӛ˲Ól !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓñ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ !e´Î˚y¢#° Ù)°àï˛ ¢!_´Ó˚ ÷ô%Ùye !Ó!FSÈߨ çàï˛ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓÈüüüÈ ï˛y•z ˆ§ê˛y Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ Ùyl!Óܲ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ ~ܲÙye àhs˝ÏÓƒ– ~•z í˛z˛õ°!∏˛ Óy Úxhs˝ò≈,!‹TÛ ˆ•ˆÏàˆÏ°Ó˚ !ã˛hs˝yÎ˚ ~•z Ó˚*˛õ ˆlÎ˚ ˆÎÈÈüüüÈ •z!wÎ˚ñ ôÙ≈ñ Ó˚y‹T…¢!_´ •zï˛ƒy!ò •ˆÏFSÈ Úxyôƒy!dܲ §_yÛ– ÙyÜ≈˛§ !°ˆÏáˆÏSÈlÈüüüÈ ÚÚ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ Ùyl!Óܲ =î ~ÓÇ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ §,!‹T •z!ï˛•yˆÏ§Ó˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ ~Ùl˲yˆÏÓ ò,¢ƒÙyl •Î˚ ˆÎl ï˛yÓ˚y !ÓÙ)ï≈˛ ÙˆÏlÓ˚•z §,!‹T– ˆ§•z çlƒ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙlÈüÈ!ã˛hs˝yÈüȧ_yÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ˛õÎ≈yÏÎ˚§Ù)• ӈϰ ÙˆÏl •Î˚– ˆ•ˆÏàˆÏ°Ó˚ Phenomenology ï˛y•z ~ܲ!ê˛ =Æñ Ó˚•§ƒyÓ,ï˛ ~ÓÇ x!lÿ˛Î˚ï˛y˛õ)î≈ !Óã˛yÓ˚ôyÓ˚y– !ܲv ˆÎ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏî ï˛y Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ !Ó!FSÈߨï˛yˆÏܲ (estrangement) Óî≈ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ Î!òG Ùyl%£Ï ÷ô%Ùye Ùl !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ•z xy!ÓË)≈˛ï˛ •Î˚ñ ï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !Óã˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §ÙhflÏ í˛z˛õyòyl °%E˛y!Î˚ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲñ ˆÎ=!° xyÓyÓ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚¢•z ˆ•ˆÏà°#Î˚ Ùï˛ÓyˆÏòÓ˚ |ˆÏôÁ≈ í˛zˆÏë˛ •z!ï˛ÙˆÏôƒ•z ˜ï˛Ó˚# ܲÓ˚y ~ÓÇ Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– Úx§%á# ˆã˛ï˛lyÛñ Ú§Í ˆã˛ï˛lyÛñ ÚÙ•Í ~ÓÇ •#lˆÏã˛ï˛lyÛÓ˚ §Ç@˝ÃyÙ •zï˛ƒy!ò ˛õ,Ìܲ ˛õ,Ìܲ xÇ¢=!° ôÙ≈ñ Ó˚y‹T…ñ

lyà!Ó˚ܲ ç#Ól ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛ §ÙhflÏ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ !Óã˛yÓ˚Ù)°Ü˛ í˛z˛õyòyl=!°ˆÏܲ ôyÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ Î!òG ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ !Ó!FSÈߨ xyܲyˆÏÓ˚ (in an estranged form)– !ë˛Ü˛ ˆÎÙl §_yñ Ó› •zï˛ƒy!ò xy!ÓË)≈˛ï˛ •Î˚ !ã˛hs˝yÈüȧ_y !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓñ ˆï˛Ù!l !Ó£ÏÎ˚# (subject) •ˆÏFSÈ §Ó §ÙÎ˚•z ˆã˛ï˛ly xÌÓy xydÈüȈã˛ï˛lyñ ÓÓ˚Ç Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ Ùyl%£Ï xy!ÓË)≈˛ï˛ •Î˚ ˆÜ˛Ó° xydÈüȈã˛ï˛ly !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ– !Ó!FSÈߨï˛yÓ˚ §%flõ‹T xyܲyÓ˚=!° Îy ò,¢ƒÙyl •Î˚ñ ï˛y•z ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye ˆã˛ï˛ly ~ÓÇ xydˆÏã˛ï˛lyÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ xyܲyÓ˚– !ë˛Ü˛ ˆÎÙl !ÓÙ)ï≈˛ ˆã˛ï˛ly !lˆÏç•z [ˆÎ xyܲyˆÏÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ (object) à!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚] xydˆÏã˛ï˛lyÓ˚ ≤ÈÏ˲ò§)ã˛Ü˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ù%•)ï≈˛ñ Îy ~•z ˛õ!Ó˚e´ÙyÓ˚ Ê˛° !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ xy!ÓË)≈˛ï˛ •Î˚ ï˛y ˆã˛ï˛lyÓ˚ §ˆÏD xydˆÏã˛ï˛lyÓ˚ x!˲ߨï˛yÈüüüÈ xlˆÏ˛õ«˛ K˛ylÈüüüÈ !ÓÙ)ï≈˛ !ã˛hs˝yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚e´Ùyñ Îy xyÓ˚ !lçfl∫ §_yÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ã˛y!°ï˛ lÎ˚ñ ÓÓ˚Ç Îy ~ál !lçfl∫ §_yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ•z §M˛Ó˚Ùyl– xÌ≈yÍ ~Ó˚ Ê˛° •ˆÏFSÈ !Ó÷k˛ !ã˛hs˝yÓ˚ my!®μܲï˛y– x!ï˛ §ÇˆÏ«˛ˆÏ˛õ ~•z •° 1844ÈüÈ~ ÙyÜ≈˛ˆÏ§Ó˚ ˆã˛yˆÏá ˆ•ˆÏà°– ˆ•ˆÏà° §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ÙyÜ≈˛§ÈüÈ~ˆÏD°ˆÏ§Ó˚ xˆÏlܲ ˆÓ!¢ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ G ˛õ)î≈yD ˲yÓly xyÙÓ˚y ˛õy•z Engels Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ “Ludwig Feuerbach and the End of Classical German Philosophy”–@˝ÃˆÏsi– @˝Ãsi!ê˛Ó˚ Ù%áӈ϶˛ ~ˆÏD°§ çy!lˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈlñ ÙyÜ≈˛§ 1859ÈüÈ~ Óy!°≈l ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ ‘A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy’ÈüÈ~Ó˚ Ë)˛!ÙܲyÎ˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl 1845ÈüÈ~ ÙyÜ≈˛§ G ~ˆÏD°§ñ ˆÎÔÌ˲yˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ÷Ó˚& ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl– ÚÚxyÙyˆÏò ò,!‹T˲!DÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&k˛ï˛y x!˲ߨ˲yˆÏÓ àˆÏí˛¸ ˆï˛y°yÓ˚ çlƒ–ÛÛ ~ˆÏD°ˆÏ§Ó˚ ˲y£ÏyÎ˚ÈüüüÈ ÚÚ•z!ï˛•yˆÏ§Ó˚ Ó›Óyò# Óƒyáƒyñ ÎyˆÏܲ Ù)°ï˛ ÙyÜ≈˛§‰•z !Ó¢ò˲yˆÏÓ Óî≈ly ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl çyÙy≈l ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ xyò¢≈àï˛ ò,!‹T˲D#ˆÏï˛ñ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ï˛Íܲy°#l òy¢≈!lܲ l#!ï˛ÈüȈÓyˆÏôÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ˆÓyV˛y˛õí˛¸y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ í˛zˆÏjˆÏ¢ƒ–ÛÛ ˆ§•z §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ò%ÛçˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ§•z Ù•yl ˆÎÔÌ ≤ÈÏã˛‹Tyñ (The German Ideology) ï˛álܲyÓ˚ SÈy˛õyÓ˚ x«˛ˆÏÓ˚ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •Î˚!l Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî– ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ 40 ÓSȈÏÓ˚ xyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly í˛zˆÏòƒyà ÙyÜ≈˛§ÈüÈ~ˆÏD°§ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ ˆlGÎ˚y •Î˚!lñ ÎyˆÏï˛ ˆ•ˆÏà° ~ÓÇ Ê˛yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚Óyá §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §y!Ó≈ܲ G §yÙ!@˝Ãܲ xÓfliylÈüÈ!ê˛ flõ‹T •Î˚– Ù%áӈ϶˛Ó˚ ˆ¢£Ï!òˆÏܲ ~ˆÏD°§ !°áˆÏSÈlÈüüüÈ ÚÚ~•z °y•zl=ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ˆ≤Èϧ ˛õyë˛yÓyÓ˚ xyˆÏà xy!Ù xyÓ˚G ~ܲÓyÓ˚ á%шÏç ÓyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ 1845ÈüÈ46ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚yˆÏly ˛õy[%˛!°!˛õê˛y ÚçyÙy≈l ò¢≈lÛ ˆòá°yÙ– Ê˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ÓyáÈüÈˆÜ˛ !lˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎ xÇ¢!ê˛ ˆ°áyñ ˆ§!ê˛ ~áˆÏly x§¡õ)î≈– §¡õ)î≈ xÇ¢!ê˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ •z!ï˛•yˆÏ§Ó˚ Ó›Óyò# ÓƒyáƒyÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Óî≈lyñ ˆÎê˛y ≤ÃÙyî ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ •z!ï˛•y§ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ K˛yl ˆ§ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ Ü˛ï˛ x§¡õ)î≈ !SÈ°– ï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ê˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ÓyáÈüÈ~Ó˚ Ùï˛Óyò !lˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §ÙyˆÏ°yã˛ly !SÈ° lyó xï˛~Ó Óï≈˛Ùyl ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ çˆÏlƒ ˆ§!ê˛ xˆÏÎyàƒ–ÛÛ ~ˆÏD°ˆÏ§Ó˚ ˆã˛yˆÏáñ Heinrich Heine •ˆÏFSÈl ≤ÃÌÙ Óƒ!_´cñ !Î!l ˆ•ˆÏàˆÏ°Ó˚ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ˜Ó≤’!Óܲ ÙÙ≈Ó›ˆÏܲ 1833ÈüÈ~ Ùï˛ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ í˛zk˛yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl– ˆ•ˆÏàˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆÎ !Óáƒyï˛ í˛zk,˛!ï˛!ê˛ §Çܲ#î≈Ùly §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ~ÓÇ í˛zòyÓ˚˛õsi#ˆÏòÓ˚ ܲySÈ ˆÏ̈Ïܲ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ≤âǧy ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°ñ ï˛y •°ÈüüüÈ ÚÚÎy !ܲS%È ÓyhflÏÓ ï˛y•z Î%!_´˛õ)î≈ ~ÓÇ Îy !ܲS%È Î%!_´˛õ)î≈ ï˛y•z ÓyhflÏÓ–ÛÛ ~Ó˚ xÌ≈ ~Ùl ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° ˆÎ ã˛°Ùyl ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ §ÙyˆÏç Îy !ܲS%È xlƒyÎ˚ñ x˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ñ x˛õÓ˚yôÙ)°Ü˛ÈüüüÈï˛y §Ó•z ˆÎÔ!_´Ü˛ñ ܲyÓ˚î ï˛yÈüÈ•z ÓyhflÏÓ– ï˛Íܲy°#l çyÙy≈l ¢y§Ü˛Ü)˛°ñ !ӈϢ£Ïï˛/ Frederick William III ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ xl%àyÙ#Ó˚y ˆ•ˆÏàˆÏ°Ó˚ Ó_´ÓƒˆÏܲ ~•z˲yˆÏÓ Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl– ÚÚ!ܲvÛÛñ ~ˆÏD°§ !°ˆÏáˆÏSÈlñ ÚÚˆ•ˆÏàˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛ Îy !ܲS%È x!hflÏc¢#° ï˛yÓ˚ §Óê˛y•z ÓyhflÏÓÈüüüÈ ï˛y !ܲS%È §#!Ùï˛Ü˛Ó˚î SÈyí˛¸y §ï˛ƒ lÎ˚–ÛÛ ˆ•ˆÏàˆÏ°Ó˚ ˲y£ÏyÎ˚ÈüüüÈ ÚÚ!ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛õÌ ôˆÏÓ˚ ÓyhflÏÓï˛y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛y ≤ÃÙyî ܲˆÏÓ˚–ÛÛ ˆ•ˆÏà° !lˆÏç•z ~ܲê˛y í˛zòy•Ó˚î !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈlÈüüüÈôÓ˚y Îyܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y !ӈϢ£Ï !l!ò≈‹T ܲÓ˚ !lÎ˚sfî ÓƒÓfliy ã˛y°% ܲÓ˚°– ôˆÏÓ˚ ˆlGÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ܲyÓ˚î ˆl•z ˆÎñ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !ܲS%È•z ly ˆòˆÏá ÷ô% ~•z âê˛lyˆÏܲ•z ÓyhflÏÓ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ˆòáˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ÓÓ˚Ç ~ê˛y Î!ò ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ ly •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛ˆÏÓ §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ ˙ ÚܲÓ˚ !lÎ˚sfîÛ!ê˛ Óy!ï˛° Óy ˛õ!Ó˚Óï˛≈l •ˆÏÓ– ÓyhflψÏÓÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~˲yˆÏÓ xÓyhflÏÓG ÌyˆÏܲ– ~ˆÏD°§ !°áˆÏSÈlÈüüüÈ ÚڈΠ!ç!l§ê˛y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ñ ˆ§ê˛y ˆ¢£Ï ˛õÎ≈hs˝ !lˆÏçˆÏܲ Î%!_´˛õ)î≈ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ≤ÃÙyî ܲˆÏÓ˚– Î!ò ˆ•ˆÏà°#Î˚ ï˛_¥ ï˛Íܲy°#l ≤Ãy!¢Î˚yÓ˚ Ó˚y‹T…ΈÏsf ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ñ ï˛y•ˆÏ° ï˛yÓ˚ xÌ≈ ÷ô%Ùye •Î˚ ˆÎ ~•z Ó˚y‹T… •° Î%!_´˛õ)î≈ñ Î%!_´Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ §yÙO§ƒ˛õ)î≈ñ ܲyÓ˚î ˆ§!ê˛ •° ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚– Î!òG ˆ§!ê˛ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ Ù® Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õ ˆòáyÎ˚ñ ï˛y §ˆÏ_¥Gñ Î!ò ˆ§ ï˛yÓ˚ x÷˲ ã˛!Ó˚e !lˆÏÎ˚ !ÓÓ˚yç ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛y•ˆÏ° Ó˚yˆÏ‹T…Ó˚ x÷˲ ã˛!Ó˚eÈüÈ~Ó˚ lƒy΃ï˛y ≤Ã!ï˛˛õy!òï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ Óƒyáƒy ˆòGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ≤ÃçyˆÏòÓ˚ ~ܲ•z Ó˚Ü˛Ù x÷˲ ã˛!Ó˚eÈüÈ~Ó˚ myÓ˚y– ï˛Íܲy°#l §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛≤Ãy!¢Î˚ylÓ˚y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÎyàƒï˛y xl%ÎyÎ˚# §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°–ÛÛ ˆ•ˆÏàˆÏ°Ó˚ !ã˛hs˝yôyÓ˚y xl%ÎyÎ˚# ˆÓ˚yÙyl !Ó˚˛õyÓ!°Ü˛ ÓyhflÏÓñ !ܲv ï˛ï˛ê˛y•z ÓyhflÏÓ ˆÓ˚yÙyl §y¡Àyçƒñ Îy !Ó˚˛õyÓ!°Ü˛ áy!Ó˚ç ܲˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– 1789ÈüÈˆï˛ Ê˛Ó˚y§# Ó˚yçï˛sf ~ï˛ê˛y•z xÓyhflÏÓ !SÈ° ˆÎñ ~Ó˚ §Ó ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛y ˆ¢£Ï •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆà!SÈ°ñ ~ï˛ê˛y•z xˆÏÎÔ!_´Ü˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆà!SÈ° ˆÎ ï˛yˆÏܲ !Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ôÁǧ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°ñ ˆÎ !Ó≤’Ó §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ˆ•ˆÏà° ≤ÃÓ° í˛zͧy• !lˆÏÎ˚ Ùhs˝Óƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏeñ ï˛y•zñ Ó˚yçï˛sf •° xÓyhflÏÓ ~ÓÇ !Ó≤’Ó •° ÓyhflÏÓ– ~˲yˆÏÓ•z ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲê˛y §ÙÎ˚ Îy ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ñ Óy real, §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ ï˛y ï˛yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛y •yÓ˚yÎ˚ñ ï˛yÓ˚ ÌyܲyÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚ •y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÊ˛ˆÏ°ñ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y˛õ%!Ó˚ xˆÏÎÔ!_´Ü˛ ~ÓÇ xÓyhs˝Ó˚ñ Ù%Ù)£Ï%≈– ÓyhflÏÓï˛yÓ˚ çyÎ˚àyÎ˚ ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚# ÓyhflÏÓï˛y xyˆÏ§ ¢y!hs˝˛õ)î≈˲yˆÏÓ Î!ò Ú˛õ%Ó˚yï˛lÛ ï˛yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛y ˆ¢£Ï •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Ó%ˆÏV˛ çyÎ˚ày ˆSȈÏí˛¸ ˆòÎ˚– x˛õÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ !Ó≤’Ó •ˆÏÎ˚ GˆÏë˛ Ó°˛õ)Ó≈ܲñ Î!ò ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚yˆÏly lï%˛ˆÏlÓ˚ xy!ÓË≈˛yÓˆÏܲ ˆçyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ xfl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ã˛yÎ˚– ~•z˲yˆÏÓ ˆ•ˆÏà°#Î˚ my!®μܲï˛y ˆò!áˆÏÎ˚ ˆòÎ˚ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ˆ•ˆÏà°#Î˚ ≤ÃhflÏyÓly !lˆÏç•z !lˆÏçÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ òÑyí˛¸yÎ˚– ~ˆÏD°§ !°ˆÏáˆÏSÈlÈüüüÈ ÚÚˆ•ˆÏà°#Î˚ ˛õk˛!ï˛Ó˚ !ã˛hs˝yÓ˚ !lÎ˚ÙyÓ°# xl%ÎyÎ˚#ñ Îy ÓyhflÏÓñ ï˛yÈüÈ•z Î%!_´˛õ)î≈ÈüüüÈ ~•z ï˛_¥ !lˆÏçˆÏܲ Ó˚*˛õyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ xlƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ ï˛ˆÏ_¥≠ Îy !ܲS%È ÓyhflψÏÓ !ÓÓ˚yç ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛yÈüÈ•z ôÁLjϧÓ˚ ˆÎyàƒ–ÛÛ ˆ•ˆÏàˆÏ°Ó˚ my!®μܲ ò¢≈lÈüÈˆÜ˛ ~ˆÏD°§ Îál xyÓ˚G §)- G §%!l!ò≈‹T ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï%˛ˆÏ°ˆÏSÈlñ !ï˛!l !°áˆÏSÈlÈüüüÈ ÚÚˆÎÙl˲yˆÏÓ K˛yl ܲáˆÏly Ùylӧ˲ƒï˛yÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ !lá%Ñï˛ ˛õ)îy≈D xÓfliyÎ˚ ã)˛í˛¸yhs˝ !§k˛yˆÏhs˝ xy§ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ lyñ ~ܲ•z˲yˆÏÓ •z!ï˛•y§ÈüÈG ܲálG ï˛y ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ lyó ~ܲ!ê˛ !lá%Ñï˛ ˆ◊¤˛ §Ùyçñ !láÑ%ï˛ xÓfliyñ ~=!° ÷ô%Ùye ܲ“lyˆÏï˛•z !ÓÓ˚yç ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ xlƒ!òˆÏܲñ §Ü˛° ôyÓ˚yÓy!•Ü˛ ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ ÓƒÓfliy ÙylÓ §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ !lã%˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zã%˛ ˛õÎy≈ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ xhs˝•#l !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛õˆÏÌ x“ܲy°fliyÎ˚# ôy˛õ–ÛÛ

~ˆÏD°§ ˆ•ˆÏàˆÏ°Ó˚ ò¢≈l ˆÏ̈Ïܲ ˆÎ my!®μܲï˛yÓ˚ !lÎy≈§ ˆÓÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !lˆÏFSÈlñ ï˛yˆÏï˛ÈüüüÈ ÚÚmy!®μܲ ò¢≈ˆÏl ˆÜ˛yˆÏly!ܲS%È•z x!hs˝Ùñ ˆ◊¤˛ñ §ˆÏÓy≈˛õ!Ó˚ Óy ˛õ!Óe lÎ˚– ~•z ò¢≈l §Ó!ܲSÈ%Ó˚ ~ÓÇ §Ó!ܲS%ÈÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ x!ã˛Ó˚fliyÎ˚# ã˛!Ó˚eÈüÈˆÜ˛ !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ó ˆÜ˛yˆÏly!ܲS%È•z ï˛yÓ˚ §yÙˆÏl !êÑ˛Ü˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly ÷ô%Ùye àë˛l ~ÓÇ ôÁLjϧÓ˚ ~•z xÓƒy•ï˛ âê˛lyÓ°# SÈyí˛¸yñ !lã%˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛Ñzã%˛˛õÎy≈ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ~•z xhs˝•#l í˛zayl SÈyí˛¸yñ ~ÓÇ my!®μܲ ò¢≈l !ã˛hs˝y¢#° ÙlˆÏl ~•z !e´Î˚yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ó¡∫ SÈyí˛¸y xyÓ˚ !ܲS%È•z lÎ˚–ÛÛ fl∫y˲y!Óܲ˲yˆÏÓ•zñ ~ˆÏD°§ ˆ¢£Ï ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ˆ•ˆÏàˆÏ°Ó˚ ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ§l– ˆ•ˆÏà° ˆÜ˛yl‰ !§k˛yˆÏhs˝ ˆ˛õÔÑSȈϰl⁄ !ï˛!l ïÑ˛yÓ˚ my!®μܲ ˛õk˛!ï˛ˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚î!ï˛ÈüÈˆï˛ !lˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l ly– ï˛yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ ~•z ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l§Ù)• §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒÜ˛yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˛õ!Ó˚Óï˛≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ ˜ï˛Ó˚# •Î˚ ly– ˜ï˛Ó˚# •Î˚ ÚÙllÛ Óy Ú≤Ãyî§_yÛÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˜ï˛Ó˚# •GÎ˚y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçˆÏlÈÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛°l !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˲y£ÏyÎ˚ !ã˛hs˝yÓ˚ï˛ Ùlñ ï˛yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈l §ÙyˆÏç Ó˚*˛õy!Î˚ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÏlÎ˚– ~ˆÏD°§ !°ˆÏáˆÏSÈlÈüüüÈ ÚÚxï˛~Ó Îï˛•z ˆ•ˆÏà°ñ ï˛yÓ˚ ÚÎ%!_´Û xl%ÎyÎ˚#ñ ˆÓyV˛yˆÏlyÓ˚ ˆã˛‹Ty ܲÓ˚&l ly ˆÜ˛l ˆÎ ~•z §lyï˛l §ï˛ƒ xyÓ˚ !ܲS%È•z lÎ˚ñ !lˆÏç•z •° Î%!_´˛õ)î≈ Óy ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ ܲyÎ≈yÓ°#ñ !ï˛!l ˆòáˆÏSÈl ˆÎ !ï˛!l !lˆÏç•z Óyôƒ •ˆÏFSÈl ~•z ≤Ã!e´Î˚yÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ x!hs˝Ù ˛õÎy≈Î˚ á%шÏç !òˆÏï˛ ÷ô%Ùye ~•z ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî•z ˆÎ ï˛yˆÏܲ ~•z ÓƒÓfliyˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ ˛õÎy≈ˆÏÎ˚ ˆ¢£Ï ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ï˛yÓ˚ ÚÎ%!_´ÛÈüÈˆï˛ !ï˛!l xyÓyÓ˚ ~•z x!hs˝Ù ˛õÎy≈Î˚ÈüÈˆÜ˛ ÚxyÓ˚Ω˛Û ÓylyˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓl ܲyÓ˚î ~áyˆÏl í˛z˛õ§Ç•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õÎy≈Î˚!ê˛ñ Îy •° §ˆÏÓ≈y˛õ!Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚Ù ôyÓ˚îy ˆ§ê˛y ˛õÓ˚Ù ÷ô%Ùye ~•z ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ˆÎ ï˛yÓ˚ Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ˆ•ˆÏàˆÏ°Ó˚ ~ˆÏܲÓyˆÏÓ˚•z !ÜS%È Ó°yÓ˚ ˆl•zñ ï˛y !lˆÏçˆÏܲ !Ó!FSÈߨ ܲˆÏÓ˚ xÌy≈Í ï˛y !lˆÏçˆÏܲ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ˆÏï˛ Ó˚*˛õyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ xyÓyÓ˚ !ã˛hs˝yÎ˚ !Ê˛ˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏ§ñ ÙlˆÏl ~ÓÇ •z!ï˛•yˆÏ§–ÛÛ ˆ•ˆÏà°#Î˚ !ã˛hs˝yÓ˚ §#ÙyÓk˛ï˛y=!° §ÇˆÏ«˛ˆÏ˛õ ~ˆÏD°§ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°l ~•z˲yˆÏÓñ ÚÚÎál Ó›Óyò ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ˆÏܲ ôyÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ܲÙye ÓyhflÏÓ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓñ ˆ•ˆÏà°#Î˚ Ùï˛ÓyˆÏò ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ •° ÷ô%Ùye ˛õÓ˚Ù Ë˛yÓÈüÈ~Ó˚ Ú!Ó!FSÈߨï˛yÛ– ܲyÎ≈ï˛/ !ã˛hs˝y ~ÓÇ !ã˛hs˝yÓ˚ ˛Ê˛° ˲yÓ •° ~áyˆÏl ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ– ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ •° ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛zq(ï˛ Ó›ñ Îy ÓyhflψÏÓ !ÓÓ˚yç ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÷ô%Ùye ˲yÓÈüÈ~Ó˚ §òÎ˚ï˛y ~ÓÇ òy!«˛ˆÏîƒÓ˚ çˆÏlƒñ ~ÓÇ ~•z mˆÏ®μ ï˛yÓ˚y Îï˛ê˛y §Ω˛Ó ï˛ï˛ê˛y lyܲy!l ˆã˛yÓy!l áyÎ˚–ÛÛ ˆ•ˆÏà°#Î˚ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ Ó›Óyò# ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆçyÓ˚yˆÏ°y xye´Ùî ≤ÃÌÙ ~ˆÏ§!SÈ° FeuerbachÈüÈ~Ó˚ ‘Essence of Christianity’ @˝ÃˆÏsi– Ê˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ÓyˆÏáÓ˚ Ó_´Óƒ≠ §ÙhflÏ ò¢≈lÈüÈ!lÓ˚ˆÏ˛õ«˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ•z ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ x!hflÏc¢#°– xyÙÓ˚y ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ í˛zͲõߨ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ°•z Óí˛¸ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ– ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ ~ÓÇ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ !ܲS%È ˆl•z– ˆÎ §Ó ôÙ≈#Î˚ ܲ“ly=ˆÏ°y xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ÙhflψÏܲ ˜ï˛Ó˚# •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆ§=!° xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !ã˛hs˝yÓ˚ñ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !lçfl∫ Ú!lÎ≈y§ÛÈüÈ ~Ó˚ x§yôyÓ˚î ≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛°l SÈyí˛¸y xyÓ˚ !ܲS%È•z lÎ˚– Ê˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ÓyˆÏáÓ˚ ~•z Ó˚ã˛lyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!e´Î˚y !ܲ òyÑí˛¸y°– ~ˆÏD°ˆÏ§Ó˚ ܲ°ˆÏÙÈüüüÈ ÚÚ§ˆÏ¡øy•l ˆË˛ˆÏ. !àˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ÚÓƒÓfliyÛ ã%˛Ó˚ÙyÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏܲ §!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆòGÎ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ ˆÎ ÷ô%Ùye xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ܲ“lyÎ˚ !ÓÓ˚yç ܲˆÏÓ˚ ӈϰ ˆòáyˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°ñ ï˛yÓ˚ xÓ°%!Æ âˆÏê˛ˆÏSÈ–ÛÛ ÚÚí˛zͧy• !SÈ° §y!Ó≈ܲó xyÙÓ˚y §Óy•z ï˛Í«˛îyÍ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆà°yÙ Ê˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ÓyˆÏܲÓ˚ xl%àyÙ#– ~•z lï%˛l ôyÓ˚îyˆÏܲ ÙyÜ≈˛§ !ܲ í˛zͧy• ˲ˆÏÓ˚ x!˲®l çy!lˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰl ~ÓÇ xˆÏlܲ §ÙyˆÏ°yã˛ly §ˆÏ_¥G !ܲ˲yˆÏÓ ï˛yÓ˚ myÓ˚y ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰlñ ï˛y ˆÓyV˛yÓ˚ çlƒ ~ܲçlˆÏܲ ‘Holy Family’ ˛õí˛¸ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–ÛÛ Ê˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚Óyá 1839ÈüÈ~ ï˛yÓ˚ ‘Principles of the Philosophy of the Future’ @˝ÃˆÏsi ˆ•ˆÏàˆÏ°Ó˚ §ÙyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ !°áˆÏ°lÈüüüÈ ÚÚˆ•ˆÏà°#Î˚ my!®μܲï˛yÓ˚ ˆày˛õl ܲÌyñ ˆ¢£Ï !Óã˛yˆÏÓ˚ñ ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ•z !l!•ï˛ xyˆÏSÈ ˆÎ ï˛y ôÙ≈ï˛_¥ˆÏܲ ò¢≈l myÓ˚y lyÜ˛ã˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ ~ÓÇ ò¢≈lˆÏܲ ôÙ≈ï˛_¥ myÓ˚y lyÜ˛ã˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚–ÛÛ Ê˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ÓyˆÏáÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ !flõˆÏlyçy ˆÎÙl {ŸªˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ lyÙ !òˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰl Ú≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ûñ ˆ•ˆÏà° ˆï˛Ù!l {ŸªˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ lyÙ !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl ˲yÓ– !ã˛hs˝y ~ÓÇ §_yÓ˚ x!˲ߨï˛yÓ˚ ≤Èϟ¿ Ê˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚Óyá ˆ•ˆÏàˆÏ°Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ §•Ùï˛ó !ܲv Ê˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚Óyá ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚l ˆ•ˆÏà° ~ê˛y ≤ÃÙyî ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl ÷ô%Ùye !ã˛hs˝yÓ˚ x˲ƒhs˝ˆÏÓ˚ (only within thought)– Ê˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ÓyˆÏáÓ˚ Ó_´Óƒ •° Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ •z!wÎ˚=!°Ó˚ ܲyç•z •° Ó›ˆÏܲ ≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛!°ï˛ ܲÓ˚yñ ~ܲ•z˲yˆÏÓ Ù!hflψϋÒÓ˚ ܲyç •° ˛õ,!ÌÓ#ˆÏܲ ôyÓ˚îyÎ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛!°ï˛ ܲÓ˚y– !ã˛hs˝y ~ÓÇ §_yÓ˚ x!˲ߨï˛yˆÏܲ ï˛y•z ç#Ó!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓñ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ lÎ˚– ‘Essence of Christianity’ÈüÈˆï˛ Ê˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚Óyá ˆòáyˆÏlyÓ˚ ˆã˛‹Ty ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ x§Çრ§yôyÓ˚î Ùyl%£ÏÈüÈ~Ó˚ ç#Ól ˆÌˆÏܲ•z !á fiê˛ôˆÏÙ≈Ó˚ ܲy!•!l=ˆÏ°y àˆÏí˛¸ í˛zˆÏë˛ˆÏSÈ– ç#Ól ˆÌˆÏܲñ §yôyÓ˚î Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ˜òl!®lï˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ•z ˆÎ ôˆÏÙ≈Ó˚ñ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îy=ˆÏ°yÓ˚ í˛zͲõ!_ñ Ê˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ÓyˆÏáÓ˚ ≤ÈÏã˛‹Ty ˆ§ ˆ«˛ˆÏe Ó›ˆÏܲñ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ÈüÈˆÜ˛ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ xÓfliyˆÏl ˆê˛ˆÏl xylˆÏï˛ !ӈϢ£Ï Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ÙyÜ≈˛§ ‘Thesis on Feuerbach’ å1845ä !°ˆÏá!SȈϰlñ ÎyˆÏï˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Ê˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ÓyˆÏáÓ˚ òy¢≈!lܲ ôyÓ˚îy=!° §¡∫ˆÏ¶˛ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ «%˛o !ܲv flõ‹T §ÙyˆÏ°yã˛ly– ~•z ˛Ó˚ã˛ly ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •Î˚ñ ~ˆÏD°§ Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ Ludwig Feuerbach... å1883äÈüÈ~Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ˛õ!Ó˚!¢‹T !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ– ‘Theses on Feuerbach’ lyÙ!ê˛G ~ˆÏD°ˆÏ§Ó˚ ˆòGÎ˚yñ ï˛yÓ˚ÈüÈ•z •yˆÏï˛ §¡õy!òï˛ •GÎ˚y ≤Ãܲy¢ly– 11!ê˛ ˆSÈyê˛ ˆSÈyê˛ xl%ˆÏFSȈÏò 1845ÈüÈ~ ÙyÜ≈˛§ Ê˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚Óyá §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ˆÎ !ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl ï˛yÓ˚ §yÓ˚§ÇˆÏ«˛˛õ •°ÈüüüÈ xyˆÏàܲyÓ˚ §ÙhflÏ Ó›Óyò#ˆÏòÓ˚ Ùï˛l Ê˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ÓyˆÏáÓ˚G Ù)° ºy!hs˝ ~•z ˆÎ !ï˛!l Ó›ñ ÓyhflÏÓï˛yñ •z!wÎ˚ ˆã˛ï˛lyˆÏܲ Ó›ÈüÈÓ˚ xyܲyˆÏÓ˚•zñ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ xhs˝à≈ï˛ x!hflψÏcÓ˚ !òܲ!ê˛ˆÏܲ•z ÷ô% @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈlñ ܲál•z ï˛yˆÏܲ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ •z!wç ܲyÎ≈ܲ°y˛õñ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ xl%¢#°l (practice) !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ !Ó£ÏÎ˚#àï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚l!l– ~•z !òܲ!ê˛ˆÏܲñ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ §ˆÏã˛ï˛lñ §!e´Î˚ !e´Î˚yܲ°yÏ˛õˆÏܲ ÓÓ˚Ç §yÙˆÏl ~ˆÏlˆÏSÈ Ë˛yÓÓyò– !ܲvñ fl∫y˲y!Óܲ˲yˆÏÓ•z ˲yÓÓyò ÷ô% !ÓÙ)ï≈˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ•z ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈó ܲyÓ˚î ˲yÓÓyò §!ï˛ƒÜ˛yÓ˚ •z!wÎ˚ç ܲyÎ≈ܲ°y˛õˆÏܲ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xyˆÏl ly– ‘The Essence of Christianity’ @˝ÃˆÏsi ÷ô% ï˛y!_¥Ü˛ !ӈϟ’£Ïî Óy ò,!‹T˲D# (Theoretical attitude)ÈüÈˆÜ˛•z ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ Ùyl!Óܲ ò,!‹T˲!D !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈlñ xyÓ˚ xl%¢#°l (practice)ÈüÈˆÜ˛ !ã˛!eï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl ÚˆlyÇÓ˚yÈüÈ•z‡ò#Î˚Û ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ÚÓ˚*˛õÛ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ– ï˛y•z !ï˛!l ܲálG•z Ú!Ó≤’Ó#Ûñ ÚÓyhflÏÓ !Óã˛yÓ˚Ù)°Ü˛Û ܲyÎ≈ܲ°yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ï˛yͲõÎ≈ˆÏܲ ôÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l !l– ÙyÜ≈˛ˆÏ§Ó˚ ˲yÓlyÎ˚ñ ˆÎ Ó›Óyò# Ó#«˛y ~ê˛y ӈϰ ˆÎ Ùyl%£Ï ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚!fli!ï˛ ~ÓÇ °y°lÈüÈ˛õy°ˆÏlÓ˚ Ê˛§°ñ ˆ§ ~ê˛y Ë)˛ˆÏ° ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎñ Ùyl%£Ï•z ˛õ!Ó˚!fli!ï˛ˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ !¢«˛Ü˛ˆÏܲ xÓ¢ƒ•z !lˆÏçˆÏܲ !¢!«˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •Î˚– ˛õ!Ó˚!fli!ï˛ˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚y ~ÓÇ Ùyl!Óܲ ܲyÎ≈ܲ°y˛õ Óy xyd˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ §Ùy˛õï˛lˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye !Ó≤’Ó# xl%¢#°l !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ•z ˆÎÔ!_´Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– Ê˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚Óyá !ÓÙ)ï≈˛ !ã˛hs˝yÎ˚ §v‹T llñ !ï˛!l ã˛yl •z!wÎ˚@˝Ãy•ƒ !Óã˛yÓ˚ñ @˝Ã•îˆÏÎyàƒï˛y– !ܲv !ï˛!l •z!wÎ˚@˝Ãy•ƒï˛yˆÏܲ ÓyhflÏÓñ Ùyl!Óܲñ •z!wÎ˚ç

!e´Î˚yܲ°y˛õ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Ó˚yç# ll– Ê˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚Óyá ÚôˆÏÙ≈Ó˚ !lÎ≈y§ÛˆÏܲ §Ùyôy ܲˆÏÓ˚lñ ˆòáˆÏï˛ ã˛yl Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ !lÎ≈y§ åÙl%£Ïƒ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ä !•§yˆÏÓ– !ܲv ÚÙyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ !lÎ≈y§Û ~ܲçl Óƒ!_´ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !ÓÙ)ï˛≈ xyܲyˆÏÓ˚ ˆl•z– ï˛y xy§ˆÏ°ñ §yÙy!çܲ §¡õÜ≈˛=ˆÏ°yÓ˚ (social relations) ~ܲ âl#Ë)˛ï˛ Ó˚*˛õ– ~ÓÇ ï˛y•z Ê˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚Óyá Îy Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l!lñ ï˛y •° ôÙ≈#Î˚ §ÇˆÏÓòl¢#°ï˛y !lˆÏç•z ~ܲ!ê˛ §yÙy!çܲ ÓƒÓfliyÓ˚ í˛zͲõy!òï˛ Ê˛° ~ÓÇ Ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ÓyˆÏáÓ˚ !ã˛hs˝yÓ˚ §)e ôˆÏÓ˚ !Ó!SÈߨñ !ÓÙ)ï≈˛ Óƒ!_´Ó˚ ˆÎ ôyÓ˚îy ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ï˛yG xy§ˆÏ° ~ܲ !ӈϢ£Ï §Ùyç ÓƒÓfliyÓ˚ Ê˛§°– ÙyÜ≈˛ˆÏ§Ó˚ Ùï˛yl%§yˆÏÓ˚ñ §Ù@˝Ã §Ùyçç#Ól•z ÓƒÓ•y!Ó˚ܲ– §Ü˛° Ó˚•§ƒ ÎyÓï˛#Î˚ xÓƒyáƒyï˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚§Ù)• ÙylÓç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•y!Ó˚ܲ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~ܲ Î%!_´@˝Ãy•ƒ §Ùyôyl °y˲ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆÎ Ó›Óyò •z!wÎ˚ˆÏã˛ï˛lyˆÏܲ ~ܲ ÓyhflÏ!Óܲ âê˛ly !•§yˆÏÓñ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ~ܲ §!e´Î˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy !•§yˆÏÓ fl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ly ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛˛õˆÏ«˛ !Ó!FSÈߨ ~ܲܲ Óƒ!_´ˆÏܲ•z ˆÜ˛Ó° á%шÏç ˛õyÎ˚– ~!ê˛ á%шÏç ˛õyÎ˚ ~ܲ §%¢#° §ÙyçˆÏܲ– ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚yˆÏly Ó›Óyò ï˛y•z ˆÜ˛Ó° §%¢#° §ÙyçˆÏܲ•z =Ó˚&c ˆòÎ˚– xyÓ˚ lÓƒ Ó›Óyò =Ó˚&c ˆòÎ˚ ÙylÓ §ÙyçˆÏܲ Óy §yÙy!çܲ ÙylÓï˛yÓyòˆÏܲ– ÙyÜ≈˛§ ~ܲyòy¢ !Ì!§ˆÏ§ ï˛yÓ˚ çà!máƒyï˛ Ùhs˝Óƒ!ê˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚lÈüüüÈ ÚÚòy¢≈!lܲÓ˚y xyç ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#ˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛Ó° lyly˲yˆÏÓ Óƒyáƒy•z ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆàˆÏSÈl– Îy ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçlñ ï˛y •° ˛õ,!ÌÓ#ˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ܲÓ˚y–ÛÛ ÙyÜ≈˛§ G ~ˆÏD°§‰ ~ܲˆÏe ÚçyÙ≈yl •z!í˛G°!çÛ @˝ÃˆÏsi˛ Ê˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ÓyˆÏáÓ˚ ÚÓ›ÓyòÛÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˛õÎ≈yˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚l– ïÑ˛yÓ˚y ˆ°ˆÏálÈüüüÈ ÚÚxyÙÓ˚y ˆÜ˛Ó° ~ܲ!ê˛ !ÓK˛yl•z çy!l– ï˛y •° •z!ï˛•yˆÏ§Ó˚ !ÓK˛yl– •z!ï˛•y§ˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛í˛z ò%•z !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏܲ ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ •z!ï˛•y§ G ÙylˆÏÓ!ï˛•y§ÈüüüÈ ~•z ò%•z˲yˆÏà ˲yà ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l– !ܲv ~•z ò%•z •z!ï˛•y§ x!ÓˆÏFSÈòƒ– Îï˛!òl Ùylӧ˲ƒï˛yÓ˚ x!hflÏc Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛ï˛!òl ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ •z!ï˛•y§ ÙylˆÏÓ!ï˛•y§ ˆÌˆÏܲ !ÓÙ%_´ lÎ˚–ÛÛ ÙyÜ≈˛§ G ~ˆÏD°§‰ Ó!î≈ï˛ ÚÚçyÙ≈yl •z!í˛G°!çÛÛÈüÈˆï˛ ~ˆÏD°§‰ ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ !ÓK˛yl G ÙylÓ§ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ !ÓÓï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ •z!ï˛•yˆÏ§Ó˚ x!Ó!FSÈߨï˛y G xyhs˝/ §¡õÜ≈˛ˆÏܲ xyÓ˚G !Ó¢ˆÏò Óî≈ly ܲˆÏÓ˚l– Ê˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ÓyˆÏáÓ˚ ˆ°ál#Ó˚ §Ó≈yˆÏ˛õ«˛y ç!ê˛° !òܲ!ê˛ •° •z!wÎ˚ˆÏã˛ï˛lyÓ˚ çàÍ §¡õÜ≈˛ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îyñ !ӈϟ’£Ïî G §ˆÏÓ≈y˛õ!Ó˚ xÓfliyl– ~ ≤çˆÏD ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ò,!‹TˆÏܲyî!ê˛ á%Ó•z =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈– xlƒÌyÎ˚ Ê˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ÓyˆÏáÓ˚ ò¢≈lG ˆ•ˆÏà°#Î˚ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ~ܲ ¢!_´¢y°# Ó›Óyò# ò¢≈l !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ !lˆÏçˆÏܲ •y!çÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ– ~ÓÇ ~•z˲yˆÏÓ ~!ê˛ ÙyÜ≈˛§Óyò# ò¢≈l G Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ !§k˛yhs˝ @˝Ã•ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe xÎÌy fliyl òᰠܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏܲ ~ܲ Îy!sfܲ Ó›ÓyˆÏò xô/˛õ!ï˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ– ÚçyÙ≈yl •z!í˛G°!çÛÈüÈˆï˛ xyÙÓ˚y ˛õy•zÈüüüÈ ÚÚ•z!wÎ˚ ˆã˛ï˛lyÓ˚ çàÍ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ Ê˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ÓyˆÏáÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îy ܲálG ˆÜ˛Ó° ~ܲ ˲yÓlyñ ܲálG ˆÜ˛Ó° xl%Ë)˛!ï˛– !ï˛!l Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓˆÏï≈˛ ~ܲ ÚÚ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ Ùyl%Ï£ÏÛÛÈüÈ~Ó˚ ܲÌy ӈϰl– Ùyl%£Ï ~áyˆÏl xy§ˆÏ° ~ܲçl ÚçyÙ≈ylÛ– ≤ÃÌÙ ˆ«˛ˆÏe •z!wÎ˚@˝Ãy•ƒï˛yÓ˚ çàÍ §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ ˲yÓlyÎ˚ ˆÎ §ÙhflÏ !ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚ §ˆÏD ï˛yÓ˚ ˆã˛ï˛ly G xl%Ë)˛!ï˛Ó˚ §Çâyï˛ âˆÏê˛ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ °â% ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòˆÏál– !ï˛!l °â% ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòˆÏál ˆ§•z §ÙhflÏ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ˆÏܲ Îy ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ)Ó≈!lô≈y!Ó˚ï˛ Ë˛yÓlyÓ˚ §ˆÏD áy˛õ áyÎ˚ ly– ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ •° Ùyl%£Ï G ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ xyhs˝/§¡õÜ≈˛– §Ù§ƒy ~í˛¸yˆÏï˛ !ï˛!l ~ܲ x˛õ!Óe ˜mï˛ ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ çàˆÏï˛ ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚l– ~ˆÏ•l çàˆÏï˛ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ò%!ê˛ ò,!‹T– ~ܲ!ê˛ ò,!‹T ÙyÓ˚Ê˛Í !ï˛!l !lï˛yhs˝ flõ‹T !Ó£ÏÎ˚=!°ˆÏܲ ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õyl xyÓ˚ x˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ í˛zFã˛ï˛Ó˚ òy¢≈!lܲ ò,!‹T ÙyÓ˚Ê˛Í !ï˛!l ˆòˆÏál Ó›§Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ fl∫Ó˚*˛õ– !ï˛!l ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õyl ˆÎ ï˛yÓ˚ ã˛yÓ˚˛õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ •z!wÎ˚@˝Ãy•ƒ Ó› çàÍ ˆÜ˛yl ~ܲ x§#Ù ˆÌˆÏܲ xyàï˛ x˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l#Î˚ ~ܲ çàÍ lÎ˚– ~!ê˛ •° !¢“ÈüÈxÌ≈l#!ï˛ÈüÈÓ˚y‹T…ÈüȧÙyˆÏçÓ˚ ~ܲ §!¡ø!°ï˛ Ê˛° ~ÓÇ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛•z ~ܲ ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ í˛zͲõyòl Îy Ó‡ ≤ÃçˆÏß√Ó˚ §!¡ø!°ï˛ ◊ˆÏÙÓ˚ Ê˛°– ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ãçß√ ˛õ)Ó≈Óï≈˛# ≤ÃçˆÏß√Ó˚ ôyÓ˚yÓy!•Ü˛ï˛yÎ˚ ~Ó˚ !¢“ G §yÙy!çܲ xyhs˝/§¡õÜ≈˛ˆÏܲ Ó•l ܲˆÏÓ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚!fli!ï˛Ó˚ G˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l §yôl ܲˆÏÓ˚– Ú•z!wÎ˚@˝Ãy•ƒ ÓyhflÏÓï˛yÛÓ˚ §yÙylƒï˛Ù Ó› G §yÙy!çܲ !Óܲy¢ñ !¢“ G ÓƒÓ§y!Î˚ܲ xyhs˝/§¡õˆÏÜ≈˛Ó˚ ~ܲ à)ì˛¸ §ï˛ƒˆÏܲ í˛z˛õfliy˛õl ܲˆÏÓ˚– xlƒylƒ Ê˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ àyˆÏSÈÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y•z ˆã˛!Ó˚Ê˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ àySÈG xyçG §Ü˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛– xÌã˛ ~!ê˛ Ùye ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ ¢ï˛y∑# ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ xM˛ˆÏ° ÓƒÓ§y!Î˚ܲ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçˆÏl ≤ÃÌÙ í˛zͲõyòl ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– xyÓ˚ ~˲yˆÏÓ•z ~ܲ !ӈϢ£Ï Î%ˆÏàÓ˚ !ӈϢ£Ï §Ùyç Ê˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ÓyˆÏáÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ˆÜ˛Ó° ~ܲ Ú•z!wÎ˚@˝Ãy•ƒ Óy›Óï˛yÎ˚Û Ó˚*˛õyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚–ÛÛ Ê˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ÓyˆÏáÓ˚ ò,!‹TˆÏܲyˆÏîÓ˚ Ó›Óyò# !òܲ!ê˛ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ÙyÜ≈˛§ÈüÈ~ˆÏD°§‰ ӈϰlÈüüüÈ ÚÚÎál Ê˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚Óyá !lˆÏç ~ܲçl Ú§yôyÓ˚î Ùyl%£ÏÛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ §%ÓyˆÏò !lˆÏçˆÏܲ ܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ xyáƒy!Î˚ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚l ï˛ál ˆÓyV˛y ÎyÎ˚ !ï˛!l Ü˛ï˛ flõ‹T˲yˆÏÓ !lˆÏçˆÏܲ ≤Ãï˛y!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏSÈl– ܲyÓ˚î !ï˛!l ˲yÓˆÏSÈl ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ !Ó≤’Ó# Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ òˆÏ°Ó˚ §ò§ƒ˛õˆÏòÓ˚ §ÇK˛yˆÏܲ !lSÈܲ•z ~ܲ ÓˆÏà≈ Ó˚*˛õyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓl– Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ §¡õÜ≈˛ !ӣψÏÎ˚ Ê˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ÓyˆÏáÓ˚ ~ܲÙye !§k˛yhs˝ÈüüüÈ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚ˆÏܲ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl ~ÓÇ ~•z ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl §Ó≈òy•z !ÓÓ˚yçÙyl ÌyܲˆÏÓ– ~˲yˆÏÓ !ï˛!l xlƒylƒ ï˛y!_¥Ü˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y•z ~Ùl ~ܲ !ӣψÏÎ˚ !lç §ˆÏã˛ï˛lï˛yˆÏܲ ≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ã˛yl ˆÎ !ӣψÏÎ˚ §Ü˛ˆÏ° •zˆÏï˛yÙˆÏôƒ•z §ˆÏã˛ï˛l– ~˲yˆÏÓ !ï˛!l !fliï˛yÓfliyÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛•z §GÎ˚y° ܲˆÏÓ˚l ~ÓÇ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ ܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyç •° !fliï˛yÓfliyˆÏܲ S%ÈшÏí˛¸ ˆÊ˛ˆÏ° ˆòGÎ˚y–ÛÛ

ò¢≈lñ !ÓK˛yl G ÙyÜ≈˛§Óyò ~ˆÏD°§‰ ÚÚ°%í˛í˛z•zà Ê˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚Óyá ~ÓÇ ÉÉÉÛÛ Ó•zˆÏï˛ òy¢≈!lܲˆÏòÓ˚ Ù)°ï˛ ò%•z ˲yˆÏà ˲yà ܲˆÏÓ˚lÈüüüÈ Ë˛yÓÓyò# G Ó›Óyò#– ~˲yˆÏÓ !ï˛!l ~Ùl ~ܲ ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ !Óï˛ˆÏÜ≈˛Ó˚ çß√ ˆòl Îy ~ˆÏD°ˆÏ§Ó˚ Ù,ï%˛ƒ ˆÌˆÏܲ xyç ˛õÎ≈hs˝ §Ùyl˲yˆÏÓ ã˛!ã≈˛ï˛– ˆã˛ï˛ly G Ó›Ó˚ §¡õÜ≈˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ܲ ≤ß¿!ê˛ˆÏܲ §!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏ°G ˆÎ ≤ß¿!ê˛ í˛zˆÏë˛ xyˆÏ§ ï˛y •° xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˲yÓly !ܲ˲yˆÏÓ ò,¢ƒÙyl çàÍ G ï˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ §ˆÏD §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛– ˛õy!Ó˚˛õy!Ÿª≈ܲ çàÍ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆã˛ï˛ly í˛zͧy!Ó˚ï˛ SÈ!Ó!ê˛ !ܲ §ï˛ƒ⁄ ò¢≈ˆÏl ~!ê˛ˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛yˆÏlyÓ˚ çlƒ ÓƒÓ•*ï˛ ÓyܲƒyÇ¢!ê˛ •°ÈüüüÈ ÚÚ˲yÓly G Ó›Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒÜ˛yÓ˚ §yò,¢ƒÛÛ– ˆ•ˆÏà° G Ê˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚Óyá §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÎ˚ xyÙÓ˚y ÙyÜ≈˛§ G ~ˆÏD°ˆÏ§Ó˚ ò,!‹T˲!D á%шÏç ˛õy•z– ~ !ӣψÏÎ˚ ܲyrê˛ G !•í˛zÙ §¡õ)î≈ !˲ߨ Ó_´Óƒ ˆÓ˚ˆÏáˆÏSÈl– ~ˆÏD°§‰ ˆò!áˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl ˆÎ ˆ•ˆÏà° G Ê˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚Óyá ܲyrê˛ G !•í˛zÙˆÏܲ !lç !lç ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚!ôÓ˚ Ùôƒ ˆÌˆÏܲ Îï˛ê˛y §Ω˛Ó !ÓˆÏÓ˚y!ôï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– !ܲv ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ !ÓˆÏÓ˚y!ôï˛y ~ÓÇ ï˛Í§• §Ùyôyl °%!ܲˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ÓyhflÏ!Óܲ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà G xl%¢#°ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~ÓÇ §!ë˛Ü˛ xˆÏÌ≈ Ó°ˆÏ° !¢ˆÏ“Ó˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ˆÏï˛– ~ ≤çˆÏD ~ˆÏD°ˆÏ§Ó˚ ˆ°ál#Ó˚ §Ó≈yˆÏ˛õ«˛y =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈ xÇ¢!ê˛ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õyë˛ Ü˛Ó˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛–

ÚÚï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈñ xyô%!lܲï˛Ó˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !SȈϰl !•í˛zÙ ~ÓÇ Ü˛yrê˛– ï˛yÓ˚y ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ çàˆÏï˛ ~ܲ =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl–ÛÛ ÚÚÎ!ò xyÙÓ˚y ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ ≤Ã!e´Î˚y §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îyˆÏܲ §ï˛ƒ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ó Î!ò xyÙÓ˚y ~!ê˛ˆÏܲ !lç xÓfliyl Óò° ܲˆÏÓ˚ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ §yôˆÏl ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ Ü˛yrê˛ Ó!î≈ï˛ xflõ¢≈l#Î˚ Ó›§_y lyÙܲ ôyÓ˚îy!ê˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚§Ùy!Æ âê˛ˆÏÓ– í˛z!qò G ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòˆÏ• í˛zͲõߨ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ Ó›§Ù)• ~ˆÏ•l ÚÓ›§_yÛ Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õ•z !ÓòƒÙyl ÌyˆÏܲ– ~Ó˚˛õÓ˚ Îál ~ܲ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ ≤Ã!e´Î˚yÎ˚ ~Ó˚y ~ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ í˛zͲõy!òï˛ G Ó˚*˛õyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ÷Ó˚& ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛ál ÚÓ›§_yÛ ï˛yÓ˚ xydˆÏܲ!wܲï˛y ï˛ƒyà ܲˆÏÓ˚ §Ó≈çl#l •ˆÏÎ˚ GˆÏ벖 ˆÎÙlÈüüüÈ Ùƒyí˛yÓ˚ å~ܲ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆË˛£Ïç í˛z!qòäÈüÈ~Ó˚ Ù)ˆÏ° ≤ÃyÆ ~ܲ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ xƒy°çy!Ó˚lˆÏܲ xyÙÓ˚y xyÓ˚ Ùƒyí˛yÓ˚ àyˆÏSÈ í˛zͲõߨ ܲ!Ó˚ ly– ~!ê˛ˆÏܲ xˆÏlܲ Ü˛Ù áÓ˚ˆÏã˛ G §•ç˲yˆÏÓ xy°Ü˛yï˛Ó˚y ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zͲõߨ ܲ!Ó˚– !ï˛lˆÏ¢y ÓSÈÓ˚ Óƒy˛õ# ˆÜ˛y˛õyÓ˚!lܲy§ Ó!î≈ï˛ ˆ§ÔÓ˚çàÍ ï˛yÓ˚ fl∫˛õˆÏ«˛ 100ñ 1000ñ 10000 / 1 ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî §Ω˛yÓly !lˆÏÎ˚ !ÓÓ˚yçÙyl !SÈ°– !ܲv ~!ê˛ !SÈ° !lSÈܲ•z ~ܲ xl%!Ù!ï˛– !ܲv ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ ˆ°ˆÏ˲!Ó˚Î˚yÓ˚ ~•z xl%!Ù!ï˛Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ~ܲ xçyly @˝ÃˆÏ•Ó˚ í˛z˛õ!fli!ï˛ ≤ÃÙyî ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°l ~ÓÇ Ù•yܲyˆÏ¢ ~ˆÏ•l @˝ÃˆÏ•Ó˚ ~ܲ ܲ!“ï˛ Ü˛«˛˛õˆÏÌÓ˚ SÈ!ÓG xÑyܲˆÏ°l– Îál àƒy!°!°G ~•z @˝Ã•!ê˛ˆÏܲ á%шÏç ˆ˛õˆÏ°l åˆl˛õã%˛lñ Óy!°≈l xÓçyÓ˚ˆÏ˲ê˛Ó˚# ˆÌˆÏܲ 1846 §yˆÏ° xy!Ó‹,Òï˛ä ï˛ál ˆÜ˛y˛õyÓ˚!lܲy§ !§ˆÏfiê˛Ù ≤ÃÙy!îï˛ •°– Î!òG çyÙ≈yl#ˆÏï˛ lÓƒ ܲyrê˛Óyò#Ó˚y ܲyˆÏrê˛Ó˚ Ùï˛ÓyòˆÏܲ ˛õ%l/≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛‹Ty ã˛y°yˆÏFSÈl ~ÓÇ •zÇ°ˆÏu˛ xˆÏK˛Î˚Óyò#Ó˚y !•í˛zˆÏÙÓ˚ Ùï˛Óyò !ӣψÏÎ˚ ~ܲ•z ܲyç ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈl 刧áyˆÏl ~!ê˛ Ü˛ál•z í˛zôyG •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚!läñ ï˛Ó% ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ï˛y!_¥Ü˛ G Ó›àï˛ áu˛ˆÏîÓ˚ §yˆÏ˛õˆÏ«˛ ò#â≈!òl ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈•z ï˛y x!ç≈ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– !ÓK˛yl§¡øï˛ ò,!‹TÓ˚ !Óã˛yˆÏÓ˚ ~!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õÿ˛yò‰àÙl ~ÓÇ ÓyhflψÏÓ ~ •° çàˆÏï˛Ó˚ §yÙˆÏl˛ xÓK˛y ˆò!áˆÏÎ˚ Ó›ÓyòˆÏܲ @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛‹Ty–ÛÛ ~ܲ ¢ï˛y∑#Ó˚ x!ôܲ §ÙÎ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ ˛õ)ˆÓÏ y≈ k,˛ï˛ Ó_´Óƒ!ê˛ §¡õˆÏܲ≈ !Óï˛Ü≈˛ ã˛°ˆÏSÈ– 1923 §yˆÏ° °%ܲyã‰˛ Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ ÚÚ•z!ï˛•y§ G ˆ◊!îˆÏã˛ï˛lyÛÛ @˝ÃˆsÏ i Ó!î≈ï˛ ~•z í˛zk˛, !ï˛ §¡õˆÏܲ≈ xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚ ˛õ)ˆÓÏ ≈ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ~ !ӣψÎÏ ˚ ˆ°!lˆÏlÓ˚ Ùï˛ ˆçˆÏl ˆlGÎ˚y ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çl– ÚÚÓ›Óyò G §y¡ÀyçƒÓyˆÏòÓ˚ §ÙyˆÏ°yã˛lyÛÛ @˝ÃˆsÏ i ˆ°!llñ ÙyáÈüÈ˛õsi#ˆÏòÓ˚ xÌ≈yÍ ˆÓyàòyˆÏly˲ñ ˲yˆÏ°!hs˝ˆlÏ y˲ñ ÓyçyˆÏÓy˚ ˲ñ ã˛yl≈˲ ≤Ã˲, !ï˛Ó˚ §ˆÏD ~ !ӣψÎÏ ˚ !Óï˛ˆÏܲ≈ xÇ¢ ˆll– ÚÚÓ›§_yÛÛ !Ó£ÏÎÜ˚ ˛ ˆ≤’áylˆÏ˲Ó˚ Óƒyáƒy!ê˛ˆÏܲ çlàî §ÙyˆÏ°yã˛ly˛ ܲˆÏÓ–˚ ~•z ˆ°áy!ê˛ˆÏܲ ~ܲ•z !ӣψÎÏ ˚ ~ˆÏD°ˆÏ§Ó˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚ ˆ°ál#Ó˚ ê˛#ܲy Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– xlƒï˛Ù Ùƒy!ܲfiê˛ G Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏe lyÓ˚ò!lܲ !˲QÓ˚ ã˛yl≈˲ ~ˆÏD°§‰ Ó!î≈ï˛ ÚÚÓ›§_yÛÛ !Ó£ÏÎÜ˚ ˛ Óƒyáƒy!ê˛Ó˚ ˛≤ÃܲyÏ¢ƒ §ÙyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓl˚ ÈüüüÈ !˲QÓ˚ ã˛yl≈˲ ï˛yÓ˚ Ó•z ÚÚÙyÜ≈˛§Óyò G xï˛#!wÎ˚Óyò# ò¢≈lÛÛÈüÈ~ ÙyÜ≈˛§ ~ˆÏD°ˆÏ§Ó˚ !ÓˆÏÓ˚y!ôï˛y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏã˛‹Ty ܲˆÏÓ˚l– ÚÚ°%퉲í˛z•zàÛÛ @˝ÃˆÏsi ~ˆÏD°§‰ ˆ°ˆÏálÈüüüÈ ÚÚxyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆã˛ï˛ly ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ çà͈Ïܲ !ܲ §¡õ)î≈˲yˆÏÓ Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ §«˛Ù⁄ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îy G ˲yÓly§Ù)• !òˆÏÎ˚ !ܲ xyÙÓ˚y ÓyhflÏÓ çàÍÈüÈ~Ó˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛FSÈ!Ó ˛õy•z⁄ÛÛ ã˛yl≈˲ ˆ≤’áylˆÏ˲Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ ºyhs˝ xl%ÓyˆÏòÓ˚ x!˲ˆÏÎyà xyˆÏll– !ï˛!l ӈϰlñ ~ˆÏD°§‰ ÚÚ≤Ã!ï˛FSÈ!ÓÛÛ Ü˛Ìy!ê˛ ˆ°ˆÏál!l– !ï˛!l !°ˆÏá!SȈϰl ÚÚò˛õ≈ˆÏî ≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛°lÛÛ– ˆ°!ll ã˛yl≈˲ˆÏܲ í˛zk,˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ӈϰlñ ÚÚˆÏܲyl lÓƒ ܲyrê˛#Î˚ ~ܲÌy ˆË˛ˆÏÓ x!˲Ë)˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õí˛¸ˆÏÓl ly ˆÎ xyÙÓ˚y xy°Ü˛yï˛Ó˚y ˆÌˆÏܲ xy!°çy!Ó˚l xyÓ˚G §hflÏyÎ˚ G §•çï˛Ó˚ ˛õk˛!ï˛ˆÏï˛ í˛zͲõyòl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚– !ܲv ~•z xy°Ü˛yï˛Ó˚y ˆÌˆÏܲ xy!°çy!Ó˚l Óƒï˛#ï˛ xyÓ˚G Îy í˛zͲõy!òï˛ •Î˚ ï˛y •° ÚÚÓ›§_yÛÛÈüÈÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ áu˛l– ~ˆÏ•l xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛Ó° lÓƒ ܲyrê˛#Î˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ•z lÎ˚ñ §Ü˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ•z ~ܲ !ÓfløÎ˚ܲÓ˚ xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚–ÛÛ ÚÚܲyrê˛ Ó›§_yàï˛ ôyÓ˚îy!ê˛ˆÏܲ xK˛yï˛ !•§yˆÏÓ Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈlÈüüüÈ ~ܲÌy ˆçˆÏl ~ˆÏD°§‰È ~•z ï˛_¥ˆÏܲ ~Ó˚ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ˆÏï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚l ~ÓÇ !§k˛yhs˝ ܲˆÏÓ˚l Îy !ܲS%È xK˛yï˛ ï˛y §Ó•z Ó›§_y–ÛÛ ˆ°!ll ˆ°ˆÏál ~ˆÏD°§‰ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˆ°áy xl%Óyò ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ˆ≤’áyl˲ G ã˛yl≈˲ ܲyrê˛#Î˚ xlyÎ˚_¢#° Ó›§_yÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îy ˆÌˆÏܲ xlyÎ˚_¢#°ï˛yˆÏܲ xΈÏb Óyò ˆòl– Îy•z ˆ•yܲ ly ˆÜ˛lñ ã˛yl≈ˆÏ˲Ó˚ ˆ°ál#Ó˚ !ÓˆÏÓ˚y!ôï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆ°!ll ˆ°ˆÏálÈüüüÈ ÚÚ≤ÃÌÙï˛ñ ~ˆÏD°§‰ Ó› §_yÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îy!ê˛ˆÏܲ Óy!ï˛° ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ~ܲ ˛õk˛!ï˛ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚l ï˛y §ï˛ƒ lÎ˚– ~ˆÏD°§‰ flõ‹T˲yˆÏÓ•z ӈϰl !ï˛!l ܲyˆÏrê˛Ó˚ xlyÎ˚_¢#° Ó›§_yˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ï˛ƒyà ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– ã˛yl≈˲ Ó›Ó˚ x!hflÏc §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ ~ˆÏD°ˆÏ§Ó˚ Ó›Óyò# ò,!‹T˲D#ˆÏܲ ÙylÓ˜Ïã˛ï˛lƒ !lÓ˚ˆÏ˛õ«˛ ˲yÓÓyˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏD =!°ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÊ˛ˆÏ°!SȈϰl– !mï˛#Î˚ï˛ñ ܲyrê˛#Î˚ ï˛_¥yl%§yˆÏÓ˚ Ó›§_y xˆÏK˛Î˚– ~Ó˚ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛ ï˛_¥yl%ÎyÎ˚# xˆÏK˛Î˚ï˛y•z •° Ó›§_y– ã˛yl≈˲ ÚxˆÏK˛Î˚Û ¢∑!ê˛ˆÏܲ ÚxK˛yï˛Û ¢∑ myÓ˚y ≤Ã!ï˛fliy!˛õï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚l– !ܲv !ï˛!l ~ܲÌy Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l!l ˆÎ ~Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !ï˛!l xyÓyÓ˚G ~ˆÏD°ˆÏ§Ó˚ Ó›Óyò# ò,!‹T˲D#ˆÏܲ !ÓÜ,˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl–ÛÛ ã˛yl≈ˆÏ˲Ó˚ ò,!‹T˲D# ˛õÓ˚#«˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ xyÙÓ˚y Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ ~ˆÏ•l ≤Ã!ï˛!e´Î˚y¢#° òy¢≈!lܲÓ˚y í˛z˛õ°!∏˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l ly ˆÎÈüüüÈ ~ˆÏD°§‰ Ó›§_yÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îy!ê˛ˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ï˛ƒyà ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l ly– ï˛ˆÏÓ ~ˆÏD°§‰ ˆÜ˛yl‰!ê˛ˆÏܲ Óy!ï˛° ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl⁄ !ï˛!l Óy!ï˛° ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl ܲyˆÏrê˛Ó˚ Ó›§_y §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ xˆÏK˛Î˚ï˛yÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îy!ê˛– ~Ó˚ xÌ≈ !ܲ⁄ ~Ó˚ xÌ≈ •° ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yl Ó› !ӣψÏÎ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ K˛yl xç≈l ܲÓ˚y §Ω˛Ó lÎ˚– ≤ÃÌÙï˛ñ ~ܲçl Ó›Óyò# !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ~ˆÏD°§‰ Ó›§_yÓ˚ x!hflÏcˆÏܲ ≤ß¿ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l ly– ~ !ӣψÏÎ˚ ˆÜ˛yl !Óï˛ˆÏÜ≈˛Ó˚ xÓܲy¢ ˆl•z– ã˛yl≈ˆÏ˲Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛ñ ~ˆÏD°§‰ xy!°çy!Ó˚lÈüÈ~Ó˚ í˛zòy•Ó˚î!ê˛Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ Ü˛yˆÏrê˛Ó˚ xlyÎ˚_¢#° Ó›§_yÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îy!ê˛ˆÏܲ Óy!ï˛° ܲˆÏÓ˚l– flõ‹Tï˛•z xK˛yï˛ Ó›Ó˚ K˛yï˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ ≤Ã!e´Î˚y ~ˆÏD°ˆÏ§Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛ Ü˛yˆÏrê˛Ó˚ xˆÏK˛Î˚ Ó›§_yÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îy!ê˛Ó˚ !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô#– ~!ê˛ ˆÜ˛Ó° ܲyˆÏrê˛Ó˚ !ã˛hs˝ˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲ ºyhs˝ Óƒyáƒy– Î!ò ~ˆÏD°§‰ ~ܲÌy ӈϰl ˆÎ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ˆÏï˛ Ó‡ xK˛yï˛ Ó› Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ÎyÓ˚y ˜ÓK˛y!lܲ §¶˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ í˛zò‰ây!ê˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ xÌ≈yÍ xçyly Ó›ˆÏܲ xyÙÓ˚y çylˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ ~ÓÇ Ê˛°ï˛ñ xˆÏK˛Î˚ ÚÚÓ›§_yÛÛ ÓˆÏ° !ܲS%È •Î˚ lyñ ï˛ˆÏÓ xyÙÓ˚y Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ï˛yÙ ˆÎ ~ˆÏD°§‰ ܲyˆÏrê˛Ó˚ Ó_´Óƒ Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l!l– !ܲv ~ˆÏD°§‰ ~ܲÌy ӈϰl!l– ܲyÓ˚î ~!Ó£ÏÎ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ !ï˛!l Ó‡!òl ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈•z ã˛ã≈˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl– 1877 §yˆÏ° !ï˛!l ~!ê˛ ≤ÃÌÙÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ çlƒ ã˛ã≈˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ÓˆÏ§l!l– 1845 §yˆÏ°•z !ï˛!l G ÙyÜ≈˛§ ~ !ӣψÏÎ˚ ÚçyÙ≈yl !Ê˛°§!Ê˛Û @˝ÃˆÏsi xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚l– ~•z xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚ §yÓ˚ Ó_´Óƒ •°ñ Î!ò ï%˛!Ù ˆÜ˛yl Ó› !ӣψÏÎ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ §ï˛ƒ çyly ÎyÎ˚ !ܲly ˆ§ !ӣψÏÎ˚ ≤ÃÙyî ã˛yG ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏܲ ˆ§ Ó›!ê˛ˆÏܲ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓñ ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l âê˛yˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ ˆ§!ê˛ˆÏܲ ÚÚ!lç ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçˆÏl ~Ùl˲yˆÏÓ Ü˛yˆÏç °yàyˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ Îy ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ §¡øï˛ å~ˆÏ°yˆÏوϰy˲yˆÏÓ Ü˛yˆÏç °yàyˆÏly lÎ˚ä–

Î!ò ~!ê˛ §yÙy!çܲ xl%¢#°ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~ܲ•z˲yˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~ܲ•z Ê˛° ˆòÎ˚ñ Î!ò ~!ê˛ °«˛ °«˛ ˆÜ˛y!ê˛ÈüÈˆÜ˛y!ê˛ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ò,!‹T˲D#Ó˚ §ˆÏD !وϰ ÎyÎ˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ xyÙÓ˚y Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ ˆÎ Ó› §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ §ï˛ƒ !ӣψÏÎ˚ xyÙÓ˚y xÓ!•ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈó Ó›§_y ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ xˆÏÌ≈ xˆÏK˛Î˚ lÎ˚– ~!ê˛ e´Ù!Óܲy¢Ùyl– ~ˆÏD°‰§ !°ˆÏá!SȈϰlñ xy°Ü˛yï˛Ó˚y ˆÌˆÏܲ xy!°çy!Ó˚ˆÏlÓ˚ í˛zͲõyòl ≤ÃÙyî ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ xyÙÓ˚y xy!°çy!Ó˚lˆÏܲ §!ë˛Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ– ~ˆÏD°§‰ˆÏܲ xyÓ˚G !Ó¢ˆÏò ˛õí˛¸ˆÏ° xyÙÓ˚y çylˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ ˆÎñ ≤Ãyî# G í˛z!qò ˆòˆÏ• í˛zͲõߨ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ Ó›§Ù)•ˆÏܲ §!ë˛Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°G Ó›§_yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ !ӣψÏÎ˚ xyÙÓ˚y !l/§ˆÏ®• •ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ ly– !ܲv ˆÎ•z ˜çÓ Ó˚y§yÎ˚l ~•z §Ü˛° Ó›Ó˚ í˛zͲõyòl ÷Ó˚& ܲˆÏÓ˚ åÎyÓï˛#Î˚ ç!ê˛° ≤Ã!e´Î˚y §Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙä ~ÓÇ xyÙÓ˚y ~=!°Ó˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ÷Ó˚& ܲ!Ó˚ ï˛ál•z ~Ó˚y !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ xˆÏK˛Î˚ï˛yˆÏܲ •yÓ˚yÎ˚– ÙyÜ≈˛§ Ó!î≈ï˛ Ê˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ÓyˆÏáÓ˚ ã˛ï%˛Ì≈ !Ì!§§ ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe í˛zˆÏÕ‘ˆÏáÓ˚ òy!Ó Ó˚yˆÏá– Ó›§_yÓ˚ xˆÏK˛Î˚ï˛yˆÏܲ Î!ò xyÙÓ˚y Ó˚•§ƒÙÎ˚ï˛y Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õ ôˆÏÓ˚ !l•z ï˛ˆÏÓ ~•z ܲÌy=!° xyÓ˚G ˆÓ!¢ =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈ •ˆÏÎ˚ GˆÏë˛ÈüüüÈ Úڧܲ° §yÙy!çܲ ç#Ól•z xÓ¢ƒΩ˛yÓ# Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õ ÓƒÓ•y!Ó˚ܲ– §Ü˛° Ó˚•§ƒ Îy ï˛_¥ˆÏܲ Ó˚•§ƒÙÎ˚ï˛yÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ !lˆÏò≈¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛y ÙylÓç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•y!Ó˚ܲ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~ܲ Î%!_´ @˝Ãy•ƒ §Ùyôyl °y˲ ܲˆÏÓ˚–ÛÛ ~ˆÏD°ˆÏ§Ó˚ ÙˆÏl •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°ñ ˆÎ Ó›!ê˛ˆÏܲ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ í˛zˆÏß√y!ã˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛yˆÏܲ xyÓ˚ Ó›§_y Ó°y ã˛ˆÏ° ly– ~!ê˛ ~ܲ §Ó≈çl#l Ó˚*˛õ °y˲ ܲˆÏÓ˚– xyÙÓ˚y Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ Ó›!ê˛ˆÏܲ !ܲ˲yˆÏÓ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– Ó›!ê˛ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ GˆÏë˛ó •ˆÏÎ˚ GˆÏë˛ ~Ùl ~ܲ Ó› ÎyÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ fl∫Ó˚*˛õ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §yÙˆÏl í˛zÂây!ê˛ï˛– ï˛ál ˆÌˆÏܲ•z ~ܲ!ê˛ ï˛#Ó  !Óï˛Ü≈˛ çß√°y˲ ܲˆÏÓ˚– !Óï˛Ü≈˛!ê˛ ˆ°!lˆÏlÓ˚ ÚÚÓ›Óyò G §y¡ÀyçƒÓyˆÏòÓ˚ §ÙyˆÏ°yã˛lyÛÛ @˝ÃˆÏsi ˆ¢£Ï •Î˚!l– çç≈ °%ܲyã‰˛ ÚÚ•z!ï˛•y§ G ˆ◊!îˆÏã˛ï˛lyÛÛ @˝ÃˆÏsi ïÑ˛yÓ˚ §ÙyˆÏ°yã˛ly!ê˛ !°!˛õÓk˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚l– ~•z @˝ÃˆÏsi ÚÚÓ%ˆÏç≈yÎ˚y ˲yÓlyÓ˚ !Ó≤Ãï˛#ˆÏ˛õÛÛ xLjϢ !ï˛!l ˆ°ˆÏálÈüüüÈ ÚÚˆ•ˆÏàˆÏ°Ó˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ Ú§_yÛ G Ú§Ó≈çl#lï˛yÛ ˆÜ˛yl˲yˆÏÓ•z ˛õÓ˚flõˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛ lÎ˚– ï˛yÓ˚y ˲#£Ïî˲yˆÏÓ ~ܲyd– ˆ•ˆÏàˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛yl !ܲS%ÈÓ˚ x!hflψÏcÓ˚ xÌ≈ •° ~!ê˛Ó˚ ~ܲ §Ó≈çl#l §_y Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ xÌ≈yÍ ~!ê˛Ó˚ x!hflÏc Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ÚxyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ çlƒÛ– Ó›§_y G ï˛yÓ˚ §Ó≈çl#l §_yÓ˚ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛ •° Ó›Ó˚ fl∫ܲ#Î˚ §_y– xÌ≈yÍ Ó› ~ܲ•z §ˆÏD ≤ÈÏÎ˚yàˆÏÎyàƒ ~ÓÇ !lç !ӣψÏÎ˚ §ˆÏã˛ï˛l–ÛÛ Ê˛°ï˛ ~ê˛y ≤ÃÙy!îï˛ ˆÎ °%ܲyã‰˛ ˆ°!lˆÏlÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §•Ùï˛ !SȈϰl ly– xyÙÓ˚y !Óï˛Ü≈˛ê˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ ò)ˆÏÓ˚ §ˆÏÓ˚ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ ly– ~ál ≤ß¿ GˆÏë˛ ˆÎ in itself ~ÓÇ for itself !ܲ ˛õÓ˚flõˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §ˆÏD §¡õÜ≈˛Î%_´⁄ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yl ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ xyˆÏSÈ !ܲ⁄ ܲyrê˛ÈüÈ~Ó˚ xˆÏK˛Î˚ ÚÓ›§_yÛÈüÈÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛ ~ˆÏD°§‰ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ~•z xyˆÏ°yã˛ly– ܲyrê˛ G !•í˛zÙÈüÈ~Ó˚ ò¢≈làï˛ Ùï˛ˆÏ˲ò xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚y =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈– !•í˛zÙÈüÈ~Ó˚ xˆÏK˛Î˚ÓyòÈüÈ~Ó˚ Ó_´Óƒ •° Ó›§_y ÓyhflψÏÓ ˆl•z– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ K˛yˆÏl!wÎ˚ Îy @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛y•z ˆÜ˛Ó° •z!wÎ˚ ˆã˛ï˛ly– lyly ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ xl%Ë)˛!ï˛ÈüÈ•z xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Ù!hflÏˆÏ‹Ò ˆÜ˛yl ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó›Ó˚ §Ω˛yÓƒï˛y §,!‹T ܲˆÏÓ˚– !Ù!°ï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ•z ï˛y ÓyhflψÏÓ Ó›!ê˛Ó˚ x!hflÏc ≤ÃÙyî ܲˆÏÓ˚ ly– Ó› xl%˛õ!fliï˛– !ܲv lylyÓ˚Ü˛Ù xl%Ë)˛!ï˛Ó˚ ÓyhflψÏÓ x!hflÏc xyˆÏSÈ– xˆÏK˛Î˚Óyò Ó›§_yÓ˚ x!hflÏc xfl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ xˆÏK˛Î˚ÓyòˆÏܲ Ó›Óyò G ˲yÓÓyò ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õ,Ìܲ òy¢≈!lܲ ˲yÓly !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ•z ôÓ˚y •Î˚– ܲyrê˛ !ܲv Ó›§_yÓ˚ x!hflÏcÈüÈ•z òy!Ó Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚l– !ܲv ï˛yÓ˚ ÓyhflÏÓ ò¢y çyly §Ω˛Ó lÎ˚– ï˛y•z !ï˛!l ~ˆÏܲ xK˛yï˛ Ó›§_y !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚l– Ù)° ≤ß¿ê˛y ~ˆÏD°§‰ ï˛yÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÎ˚ ˆï˛yˆÏ°l ˆÎ Ó›§_y !ܲ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ §!ï˛ƒ xˆÏK˛Î˚⁄ °%ܲyã˛ Ü˛yrê˛ÈüÈ~Ó˚ xˆÏK˛Î˚ Ó›§_yÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ !ÓˆÏÓ˚y!ôï˛y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ~ˆÏD°§‰ˆÏܲ ˆ•ˆÏà°˛õsi# ˆË˛ˆÏÓ!SȈϰl ˆÜ˛l ï˛y çyly ÎyÎ˚!l– !ܲv ~ܲ!ê˛ !l‹±yî Ó›Ó˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ !ܲ for itself •GÎ˚y §Ω˛Ó⁄ ÙylÓ !ã˛hs˝yÎ˚ ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Ó›Ó˚ ôyÓ˚îy í˛zˆÏß√y!ã˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚y•z xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ !SÈ°– ~ˆÏD°§‰ ~áyˆÏl ÚÓ›§_yÛÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yl !ÓÓ˚&k˛ ôyÓ˚îy !òˆÏï˛ ã˛yl!l– xyˆÏ°yã˛lyê˛y ˆÜ˛yl Óy!•ƒÜ˛ Óy xy˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l !ӣψÏÎ˚ lÎ˚ ÓÓ˚Ç Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ˲yÓlyÎ˚ Ó›Ó˚ x!hflÏc §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛– Îál•z ˆÜ˛yl ˆ◊!î ‘in itself’ ˆÌˆÏܲ ‘for itself’ÈüÈ~ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ •Î˚ñ ï˛y ˆÜ˛yl xy˛õyï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l lÎ˚ñ §y!Ó≈ܲ àë˛l G Ë)˛!ÙܲyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l– Ê˛ˆÏ° ~ê˛y ˛õ!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚ ˆÎ ~ˆÏD°§ Ó›Ó˚§_yÓ˚ ‘in itself’ G ‘for us’ xÓfliyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚l!l– ï˛yÓ˚ Óî≈ly !SÈ° ~ܲ Ó›Ó˚ ÙylÓ ÙˆÏl !m!Óô ≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛°l §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛– ~•z ≤çˆÏD ~ˆÏD°§‰ ӈϰ!SȈϰl ˆÎ xyÙÓ˚y Ó› §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xl%¢#°ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ K˛yl xç≈l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ å!ï˛!l ˛õÓ˚#«˛y!lÓ˚#«˛y G !¢“ˆÏܲ í˛zòy•Ó˚î fl∫Ó˚*˛õ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚lä– Ó›§_yñ Ê˛ˆÏ° xyÓ˚ xôÓ˚y Óy xˆÏK˛Î˚ Ó˚•z° ly– !ï˛!l ‘in itself’ G ‘for us’ ܲÌy ò%!ê˛ Ó› ˆÌˆÏܲ ÙylÓ ÙˆÏlÓ˚ xl%Ë)˛!ï˛Ó˚˛ ˛õ!Ó˚î!ï˛ˆÏܲ Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– ˆ•ˆÏàˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆ°áyÎ˚ ‘in itself’ G ‘for us’ ÓyܲƒyÇ¢ ò%!ê˛ Ó›ˆÏܲ Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ÓƒÓ•*ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– !ܲv Ó›ò¢y §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îy Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ~•z §¡õÜ≈˛!ê˛ çÓ˚&!Ó˚•z Óy ˆÜ˛l⁄ ˆÜ˛l °%ܲyã‰˛ Ó°ˆÏ°l ly ˆÎ ˆ•ˆÏà°#Î˚ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ §ˆÏD xl%¢#°ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §¡õÜ≈˛ ˆl•z– x˛õÓ˚!òˆÏܲ ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ Ù)° ܲÌy xl%¢#°l– ÷ô% ˆ•ˆÏà° ˆÜ˛lñ ˆÜ˛yl òy¢≈!lܲ•z ÙyÜ≈˛ˆÏ§Ó˚ xyˆÏà xl%¢#°ˆÏlÓ˚ Ë)˛!ÙܲyˆÏܲ Óí˛¸ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòˆÏál!l– ÙyÜ≈˛ˆÏ§Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛ Ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ÓyáG ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚l!l– Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ §ˆÏã˛ï˛lï˛yÎ˚ Ó›Ó˚ x˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ Ó˚*˛õ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ‘in itself’ G ‘for us’ ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ ˆ•ˆÏàˆÏ°Ó˚ ˲yÓlyÎ˚ ܲáˆÏly xyˆÏ§ !l– ÙyÜ≈˛ˆÏ§Ó˚ K˛ylï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ Ù)° !˲!_ xl%¢#°l ~ÓÇ ˆ•ˆÏà°#Î˚ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ !˲!_ !SÈ° Ó›Ó˚ ˆã˛ï˛lyÎ˚ Ó˚*˛õyhs˝Ó˚– ï˛y•z ~ê˛y ÷ô% §ˆÏã˛ï˛lï˛y G ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ my!®μܲ Ùôƒfliï˛y lÎ˚ Îy ˆ•ˆÏà°#Î˚ ò¢≈ˆÏl ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl !SÈ°– xÌ≈yÍ ˆ•ˆÏà° ò!¢≈ï˛ ‘in itself’ G ‘for us’ ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÎ˚ ˆã˛ï˛ly G Ó›Ó˚ my!®μܲ §¡õܲ≈ˆÏܲ Ó›ÓyˆÏòÓ˚ !˲!_Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚•z òÑyí˛¸ ܲÓ˚yˆÏly í˛z!ã˛ï˛È– ~SÈyí˛¸y Î!ò xyÙÓ˚y ˆ•ˆÏàˆÏ°Ó˚ m®μï˛_¥ !òˆÏÎ˚ ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ xl%¢#°lˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛yÓ˚ ˆã˛‹Ty ܲ!Ó˚ xyÙÓ˚y xyˆÏÓ˚y !Óºyhs˝ •Ó– ï˛y•z °%ܲyˆÏã˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛ ÚڈΠ˛õ!Ó˚˲y£Ïyàï˛ §Ù§ƒy!ê˛ ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ò%ˆÏÓ≈yôƒ •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏë˛ˆÏSÈ ˆ§!ê˛ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §Ùyôyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–ÛÛ °%ܲyˆÏã‰˛Ó˚ ~ˆÏ•l ≤ÈÏã˛‹Ty §•ç !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ˆÏܲ xyˆÏÓ˚y ç!ê˛° ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– °%ܲyã‰˛ !°ˆÏáˆÏSÈl ÚÚ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏeñ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚§Ó˚ Ó,!k˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ܲyrê˛ Ó!î≈ï˛ Ó›_yÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îy!ê˛ˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ Óyôy !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ˆòáˆÏ° ܲyrê˛ÈüÈ~Ó˚ K˛ylï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ §¡õ)î≈ Ë%˛° Óƒyáƒy •ˆÏÓ– x˛õÓ˚!òˆÏܲ ܲyrê˛ ï˛Íܲy°#l xyô%!lܲï˛Ù !ÓK˛yl ÎÌy !lí˛zê˛l#Î˚ Ù•yܲy¢ !ÓK˛yl ˆÌˆÏܲ !lç ï˛_¥ xy•Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl ~ÓÇ G•z !ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ˲!Ó£Ïƒï˛ §Ω˛yÓly ˆÌˆÏܲ !ï˛!l K˛yl ≤ÃyÆ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl– ˆ§•z ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî !ï˛!l !l!ÿ˛ï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˆË˛ˆÏÓ!SȈϰl ~•z ≤Ã!e´Î˚y ~ܲ §#Ùy•#l ˛õ!Ó˚Óƒy!Æ °yˆÏ˲ §ÙÌ≈– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ Ú§ÙyˆÏ°yã˛lyÛ ~ܲ!ê˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ˆÏܲ !l!ò≈‹T ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛y •° §ÙhflÏ Úâê˛ly !Ó£ÏÎ˚ܲ K˛ylÛ âê˛ly !Ó£ÏÎ˚ܲ K˛yl !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ•z ÌyܲˆÏÓ åÓ›§_yÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ˆÏï˛ä– ~SÈyí˛¸y âê˛ly !Ó£ÏÎ˚ܲ §yÙ!@˝Ãܲ K˛yl K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ àë˛làï˛ §#ÙyˆÏܲ x!ï˛e´Ù ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly xÌ≈yÍ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚

ܲÌyÎ˚ Ó°ˆÏ° Ó°ˆÏï˛ •Î˚ ~!ê˛ §yÙ!@˝Ãܲï˛y G ï˛yÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó›Ó˚ !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô#– ܲyrê˛ !lˆÏç xˆÏK˛Î˚Óyò G ï˛y §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ !•í˛zˆÏÙÓ˚ Ó_´Óƒ !ӣψÏÎ˚ flõ‹T ˲yˆÏÓ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl å~SÈyí˛¸yG !ï˛!l ӈϰˆÏSÈl ~Ùl ~ܲçˆÏlÓ˚ !ӣψÏÎ˚ ÎyÓ˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ !ï˛!l !ӈϢ£Ï˲yˆÏÓ §ˆÏã˛ï˛l !SȈϰl !ï˛!l •ˆÏ°l ÓyÜ≈˛!°ä– ï˛yÓ˚ ~•z xyˆÏ°yã˛ly!ê˛ ÚÚ˲yÓÓyˆÏòÓ˚ áu˛lÛÛ @˝Ãsi!ê˛ˆÏï˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–ÛÛ ~ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛y ÎyÎ˚ °%ܲyã˛ ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ my!®μܲï˛y çylˆÏï˛l ly– !ï˛!l ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ˆÏܲ ܲyˆÏrê˛Ó˚ ò,!‹T˲!DˆÏï˛•z ˆòáˆÏï˛l– ~ê˛y ˆÜ˛yÌy ˆÌˆÏܲ !ÓÓ!ï≈˛ï˛ •°ñ ï˛ÑyÓ˚ ò¢≈l §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ly!ܲ !ÓK˛yl §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ˆÓyV˛y ˛õí˛¸y ˆÌˆÏܲ ï˛y ˆÓyV˛yÓ˚ çlƒ ܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ ï˛y!_¥Ü˛ xl%§¶˛ylˆÏܲ à˲#Ó˚ xhs˝ò,≈!‹T ˆòáyˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– í˛zk,˛ï˛ xÇ¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛y ÎyÎ˚ °%ܲyã‰˛ Ó!î≈ï˛ !ÓK˛yl x!ô!Óòƒy Óƒyï˛#ï˛ xyÓ˚ !ܲS%È lÎ˚– ≤ÃÌÙï˛ âê˛lyˆÏܲ!wܲ §yÙ!@˝Ãܲ K˛yl ˆÜ˛Ó° âê˛ly§¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ K˛yl xˆÏ˛õ«˛y ˆÓ!¢ !ܲS%È– !mï˛#Î˚ï˛ñ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛yë˛yˆÏÙyàï˛ §#ÙyˆÏܲ x!ï˛e´Ù ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §«˛Ù– ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ï˛ñ ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ ~!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ Îy!sfܲ ≤Ã!e´Î˚y ï˛y•z ܲyrê˛ Ó›§_yˆÏܲ •z!wÎ˚@˝Ãy•ƒ ˲yÓly !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ Ó›§_y Ó› çàˆÏï˛Ó˚ |ˆÏk≈˛– ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ˆÎ my!®μܲï˛y Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛y °%ܲyã‰˛ fl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛l ly– xyÓyÓ˚ !ÓK˛yl !ӣψÏÎ˚ !ï˛!l ܲyrê˛#Î˚ ò,!‹T˲!DˆÏï˛ xyê˛ˆÏܲ !SȈϰl– !ÓK˛yl !ܲ˲yˆÏÓ ò¢≈lˆÏܲ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§ !ӣψÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏD°§ ÚÚ°%퉲!˲ܲ Ê˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ÓyáÛÛ @˝ÃˆÏsi !°ˆÏáˆÏSÈlÈüüüÈ ÚÚàï˛ ¢ï˛y!∑Ó˚ Ó›Óyò Ù)°ï˛ !SÈ° Îy!sfܲ– ܲyÓ˚î ˆ§ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ !ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye Îsf!Óòƒy G Ù)°ï˛ ˛õy!Ì≈Ó G Ù•yܲy¢àï˛ Ó›§Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ Îsf!Óòƒy ÎÌy Ù•yܲ£Ï≈ !ÓK˛yl !l!ò≈‹T ˛õ!Ó˚î!ï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– Ó˚§yÎ˚l !Óòƒy ˆ§ §ÙÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ˜¢¢Ó ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚yÎ˚!l– ç#Ó!ÓòƒyÓ˚G ~ܲ•z xÓfliyÈüüüÈ ≤Ãyî# G í˛z!qò §Ù)• fli(°Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˛õÓ˚#!«˛ï˛ !SÈ°– ï˛yÓ˚ ܲyÎ≈e´ˆÏÙÓ˚ Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚y •ï˛ Îy!sfܲ ˲yˆÏÓ– ˆòܲyˆÏï≈˛Ó˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ çv Îy !SÈ°ñ x‹Tyò¢ ¢ï˛y∑#Ó˚ Ó›Óyò#ˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ Ùyl%£Ï !SÈ° ï˛yÈüÈ•zñ ~ܲ!ê˛ Îsf– Ó˚§yÎ˚l G ç#Ó!ÓòƒyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe Îy!sfܲ ≤Ã!e´Î˚y§Ù)• ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚ !ë˛Ü˛•z !ܲv ~•z §Ü˛° Îy!sfܲ l#!ï˛ xlƒylƒ í˛zFã˛ï˛Ó˚ l#!ï˛ myÓ˚y ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛– ~áyˆÏl•z §lyï˛l# Ê˛Ó˚y!§ Ó›ÓyˆÏòÓ˚ §#ÙyÓk˛ï˛y °%!ܲˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ Î!òG ~•z §#ÙyÓk˛ï˛y ˆ§•z §ÙˆÏÎ˚ xl!ï˛e´Ùƒ•z !SÈ°– ~•z Ó›ÓyˆÏòÓ˚ !mï˛#Î˚ §#ÙyÓk˛ï˛y •° ~!ê˛ Ù•y!ÓŸªˆÏܲ ~ܲ ≤Ã!e´Î˚y !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚!l– Ù•y!ÓŸª ˆÎ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ ˲yˆÏÓ Óyôy•#l ~ܲ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛õˆÏÌ ã˛ˆÏ°ˆÏSÈ ï˛y ~•z Ó›Óyò Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚!l– ï˛Íܲy°#l ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛!ÓK˛yl !SÈ° x!ô!Óòƒyàï˛ G xmy!®μܲ– ~ˆÏ•l ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛!ÓK˛ylˆÏܲ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ àˆÏí˛¸ Gë˛y Ó›ÓyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ ~•z §#ÙyÓk˛ï˛y xÓ¢ƒΩ˛yÓ# !SÈ°– ~ê%˛Ü%˛•z çyly !SÈ° ˆÎ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ xhs˝•#lÓ˚*ˆÏ˛õ à!ï˛¢#°– ï˛ˆÏÓ G•z §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ôyÓ˚îy !SÈ° ~•z ˆÎ ~•z à!ï˛ Ó,_yܲyˆÏÓ˚ñ ~ܲ•z˛õˆÏÌ˛ ÓyÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚e´Ùî¢#° G ÓyÓ˚ ÓyÓ˚ ~ܲ•z Ê˛ˆÏ° ˛õÎ≈Ó!§ï˛– ˆ§ÔÓ˚ çàˆÏï˛Ó˚ í˛zͧ §¡∫ˆÏ¶˛ ܲyˆÏrê˛Ó˚ ï˛_¥ åˆÎ §)Î≈ ~ÓÇ @˝Ã•§Ù)• çˆÏß√!SÈ° xyˆÏ°yˆÏܲyIμ°ñ â)î≈yÎ˚Ùyl l#•y!Ó˚ܲy§Ù)• ˆÌˆÏܲä í˛z˛õfliy!˛õï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° !ë˛Ü˛ G•z §ÙˆÏÎ˚•z ~ÓÇ ï˛álG ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ˆÜ˛Ó° ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÜ˛Ôï)˛•ˆÏ°Ó˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ ӈϰ•z àÓ≈ •ï˛– ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ •z!ï˛•y§ñ l,ï˛_¥ñ ï˛ál !SÈ° §¡õ)î≈ xçyly ~ÓÇ xyçˆÏܲÓ˚ §ç#Ó ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ §_y§Ù)• ˆÎñ §Ó˚° ˆÌˆÏܲ ç!ê˛° !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ~ܲ ò#â≈ ˛õÓ˚¡õÓ˚yÓ˚ Ê˛°◊&!ï˛ ˆ§•z ôyÓ˚îyˆÏܲ !ÓK˛yl §¡øï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ í˛z˛õ!fliï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y §Ω˛Ó •Î˚ !l– ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ §¡∫ˆÏ¶˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ x˜Ïl!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ ò,!‹T˲!D ï˛ál xÓ¢ƒΩ˛yÓ# !SÈ°–ÛÛ ~ˆÏD°§‰ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˜ÓK˛y!lܲ ò,!‹T˲!DÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ˆï˛y°y ≤ß¿=ˆÏ°yÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe çÓ˚&!Ó˚ •ˆÏ°G í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚y_´ xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÎ˚ ܲyˆÏrê˛Ó˚ ˜ÓK˛y!lܲ ò,!‹T˲!D G Ó›§_y §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ ˲yÓlyÓ˚ xyhs˝/§¡õÜ≈˛ Óƒ_´ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– °%ܲyã‰˛ §ÙyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl ˆ§ ~ˆÏD°§‰ Ú˜ÓK˛y!lܲ ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÈüÈ!lÓ˚#«˛yÛ G Ú!¢“ÛÈüÈˆÜ˛ my!®μܲ G òy¢≈!lܲ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ xl%¢#°l !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ Óà≈#Ë)˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl–

ò¢≈l G xl%¢#°l ò¢≈lï˛ˆÏ_¥ xl%¢#°l §Ó≈çlfl∫#Ü,˛ï˛ Óà≈ lÎ˚– ˲yÓÓyò G Ó›Óyò ~áyˆÏl !Ó˲_´– Ó›ÓyòG ~ !ӣψÏÎ˚ !Ó!Óô Ó_´ÓƒˆÏܲ ôyÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚– ï˛y•z ~ˆÏD°§‰ÈüÈ~Ó˚ Ùhs˝ˆÏÓƒ˛ ÎyGÎ˚yÓ˚ xyˆÏà ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl my!®μܲ Ó›Óyò# ò,!‹T˲!DˆÏï˛ Úxl%¢#°lÛÈüÈˆÜ˛ §K˛y!Î˚ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y– Ê˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚Óyá !°ˆÏáˆÏSÈlñ ÚÚ~ê˛y ˲yÓÓyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ e&!ê˛ ˆÎ ï˛y ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ Ó›!l¤˛ï˛y G xydÙ%á#lï˛y (Objectivity and Subjectivity), ÓyhflÏÓï˛y G xÓyhflÏÓï˛yˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye ï˛y!_¥Ü˛ ò,!‹TˆÏܲyî ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤ß¿ ܲˆÏÓ˚ G í˛z_Ó˚ ˆòÎ˚– Ê˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ÓyáÈüÈ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛ ï˛_¥ •° xl%¢#°ˆÏlÓ˚ Ê˛§°– !ܲv Ê˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ÓyáÈüÈ~Ó˚ xl%¢#°l Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ §ˆÏã˛ï˛l ܲyÎ≈e´Ù lÎ˚– !ï˛!l !Ó£ÏÎ˚#àï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ï˛y fl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚l!l– !ï˛!l ~Ó˚ !l‹±yî Ó›àï˛ !òܲ!ê˛ Ùye Úxl%¢#°ˆÏlÛ xhs˝Ë%≈˛_´ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– ÙyÜ≈˛§ Úxl%¢#°lÛ G Ú!Ó≤’Ó# xl%¢#°lÛÈüÈ~Ó˚ ܲÌy ï˛yÓ˚ Ó‡ Ó˚ã˛lyÎ˚ ӈϰl– ≤ÃÌÙï˛ñ !ï˛!l ˆçyÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ӈϰl ˆÎ xl%¢#°l•z §Ü˛° K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ í˛zͧ– ÚÚ!ã˛hs˝yÓ˚ ÓyhflÏÓï˛y G xÈüÈÓyÓhflÏÓï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !Óï˛Ü≈˛!ê˛ñ Îy xl%¢#°l ˆÌˆÏܲ !Ó!FSÈߨ ~ܲ!ê˛ !Ó÷k˛ ˛õ![˛ï˛§%°Ë˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚–ÛÛ å!mï˛#Î˚ !Ì!§§ñ Ê˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ÓyˆÏáÓ˚ §¡∫ˆÏ¶˛ !Ì!§§ä ~áyˆÏl xl%¢#°l •° Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ §ˆÏã˛ï˛lñ §!e´Î˚ñ •z!wÎ˚ç ܲyÎ≈ñ Ó›Ó˚ åò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ï˛ˆÏÜ≈˛ä G˛õÓ˚ ˆã˛ï˛lyÓ˚ !e´Î˚yñ Îy Ó›Ó˚ ˆã˛ï˛lyÓ˚ e´Ù¢ §!ë˛Ü˛ ôyÓ˚îy àˆÏí˛¸ ˆÏï˛yˆÏ°– ~ê˛y ~ܲê˛y ≤Ã!e´Î˚y Îy Ó›§_yˆÏܲ e´Ù¢/ ˆã˛ï˛lyÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ §•çàÙƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛yˆÏ°– ~ˆÏD°§‰ !°ˆÏáˆÏSÈl≠ ÚÚxyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !e´Î˚yÓ˚ Ê˛°yÊ˛° xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòáy Ó› §yÙ@˝Ã# ˆÎ Ó›àï˛ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ §ˆÏD §yÙO§ƒ ˛õ)î≈ñ ï˛y ≤ÃÙyî ܲˆÏÓ˚–Û åÊ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚Óyá §¡∫ˆÏ¶˛ !Ì!§§ä ÙyÜ≈˛ˆÏ§Ó˚ !mï˛#Î˚ Úxl%¢#°lÛ •° Ú!Ó≤’Ó# xl%¢#°lÛñ ˆÎáyˆÏl ˛õ!Ó˚!fli!ï˛ˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚y G Ùyl!Óܲ !e´Î˚yܲ°y˛õ Óy xyd˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ §Ùy˛õï˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲÌy !ï˛!l Ú!Ó≤’Ó# xl%¢#°lÛÈüÈ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– åÊ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚Óyá §¡∫ˆÏ¶˛ !Ì!§§ä ~ÓyÓ˚ xyÙÓ˚y ˆòáÓ ~ˆÏD°§ ˆÜ˛yl‰ xl%¢#°ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲÌy ÓÏ°ˆÏSÈl– ~ˆÏD°§ ӈϰˆÏSÈl ˆ§•z xl%¢#°ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲÌy ÙyÜ≈˛§ ˆÎ ܲÌy ӈϰˆÏSÈl ï˛yÓ˚ 4lÇ !Ì!§ˆÏ§– åÊ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚Óyáä Ùyl!Óܲ xl%¢#°l ~ÓÇ ~•z xl%¢#°ˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õ°!∏˛ˆÏï˛ §Ù@˝Ã ˜ÓK˛y!lܲ ˛õÓ˚#«˛y!lÓ˚#«˛y ˆï˛y ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õí˛¸ˆÏÓ•z– ï˛ˆÏÓ•z

ly ÙyÜ≈˛§ ӈϰˆÏSÈl Ùyl!Óܲ xl%¢#°ˆÏlÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ §Ü˛° Ó˚•§ƒ Î%!_´!l¤˛ §ÙyôyˆÏl ˆ˛õÔÑSȈÏÓ– !¢“ ò%!òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ Ùyl!Óܲ xl%¢#°ˆÏlÓ˚ xyGï˛yË%˛_´ •Î˚– ≤ÃÌÙï˛/ ~Ó˚ §Ç!Ÿ’‹T G ~Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zͲõߨ !ÓK˛yl G ≤ÃÎ%!_´àï˛ !ӈϟ’£Ïî G ï˛yÓ˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛yÓ˚ í˛zqÓ– !mï˛#Î˚ï˛/ ˛õîƒ !Ó!lÙÎ˚ ÓƒÓfliyÎ˚ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ §ˆÏã˛ï˛l •z!wÎ˚ç xÇ¢@˝Ã•î ~ÓÇ ï˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zq(ï˛ xÌ≈l#!ï˛Ó˚ ï˛Ï_¥ G ˆ◊!îm®μÈüÈ~Ó˚ §Çe´yhs˝ ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ çß√– Ùyl!Óܲ xl%¢#°l !ܲlyñ ï˛y ˆÓyV˛yÓ˚ çlƒ ò%!ê˛•z Ùy˛õܲy!ë˛ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ ܲyÎ≈!ê˛ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ §ˆÏã˛ï˛lñ §!e´Î˚ñ •z!wÎ˚ç ܲyÎ≈ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏFSÈ !ܲlyñ xyÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ °yàyï˛yÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ §,!‹T ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ !ܲly– ˜ÓK˛y!lܲ ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÈüÈ!lÓ˚#«˛y G !¢“ ï˛y•z xÓ¢ƒ•z xl%¢#°l !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ @˝Ã•î#Î˚– ~ !ӣψÏÎ˚ xlƒylƒˆÏòÓ˚ §ÙyˆÏ°yã˛ly ï˛y•z §!ë˛Ü˛ lÎ˚–

~ˆÏD°ˆÏ§Ó˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ÈüÈ!ÓK˛yl ã˛ã˛y≈ ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ ˲y[˛yˆÏÓ˚ ܲy°≈ ÙyÜ≈˛§ Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ ܲƒy!˛õê˛y° Î!ò ˆ◊¤˛ •Î˚ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ !mï˛#Î˚ @˝Ãsi!ê˛ •GÎ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛ ~ˆÏD°§ Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ Úxƒy!rê˛ÈüÈí%˛ƒ!Ó˚ÇÛ– ~•z @˝ÃˆÏsi•z ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ï˛_¥ G ò¢≈l §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õ)î≈yDï˛yÎ˚ í˛z˛õ!fliï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~ˆÏD°ˆÏ§Ó˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ÈüÈ!ÓK˛yl ã˛ã˛y≈Ó˚ ï˛yͲõÎ≈ G ï˛yÓ˚ =Ó˚&c !lˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚y xyçˆÏܲÓ˚ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲ xï˛ƒhs˝ ï˛yͲõÎ≈˛õ)î≈ ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ï˛_¥ã˛ã˛y≈Ó˚ xD– xyÙÓ˚y ~ !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ !lˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ÷Ó˚& ܲÓ˚Ó !Óáƒyï˛ ˜ÓK˛y!lܲ ˆç !Ó ~§ •°ˆÏí˛lÈüÈ~Ó˚ 1939ÈüÈ~ ˆ°áy Ùï˛yÙï ˛G ò,!‹T˲!DÓ˚ §y•y΃ !lˆÏÎ˚– •°ˆÏí˛l ~ ≤çˆÏD !°ˆÏáˆÏSÈlÈüüüÈ ÚÚ~ˆÏD°§ §ÙhflÏ !ÓK˛ylȈÏܲ ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ò,!‹T˲D# ˆÌˆÏܲ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ ˆã˛‹Ty ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– !ï˛!l !ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ SÈye !SȈϰl– 1861 ˆÌˆÏܲ !ï˛!l Ó˚§yÎ˚l !ÓK˛yl# ‘Schorlemmer’ÈüÈ~Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ÙƒylˆÏã˛fiê˛yÓ˚ÈüÈ~ §Ó§ÙÎ˚ !l!Óí˛¸ ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà ÓçyÎ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏáˆÏSÈl– 1871 §yˆÏ° !ï˛!l °u˛ˆÏl xyˆÏ§l ~ÓÇ Óƒy˛õܲ ÙyeyÎ˚ !ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ @˝Ãsi Ó˚ã˛ly ~ÓÇ ≤ÃÓ¶˛ ˛õí˛¸y ÷Ó˚& ܲˆÏÓ˚l– !ï˛!l ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó,•Í @˝Ãsi Ó˚ã˛ly ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ •zˆÏFSÈ Ó˚yˆÏál ˆÎá˛yˆÏl !ï˛!l ~•z Ó_´ÓƒˆÏܲ ï%˛ˆÏ° ôÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ã˛yl ˆÎñ ˆÎ mˆÏ®μÓ˚ !lÎ˚Ù=!° •z!ï˛•yˆÏ§Ó˚ âê˛ly=!°Ó˚ xy˛õyï˛ xyܲ!fløܲï˛yȈÏܲ !lôy≈Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆ§•z ~ܲ•z !lÎ˚Ù=!°Ó˚ myÓ˚y ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ à!ï˛ˆÏÓàñ ï˛yÓ˚ x§Çრ!Ó¢,C°ï˛y §ˆÏ_¥G !lôy≈!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚– Î!ò ~•z Ó•z!ê˛ Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ •ï˛ñ ï˛y•ˆÏ° !ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ï˛yÓ˚ x˛õ!Ó˚§#Ù =Ó˚&c ÌyÜ˛ï˛–ÛÛ •°ˆÏÈí˛l ~ܲÌy !°ˆÏáˆÏSÈl Ú≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ my!®μܲï˛yÛÈüÈ~Ó˚ ≤çˆÏD– ≤ÃÌÙï˛/ !Óï˛ˆÏÜ≈˛Ó˚ ˆÜ˛ˆÏw Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ~•z ≤ß¿ ˆÎ ~ˆÏD°ˆÏ§Ó˚ ~•z !ÓK˛yl ã˛ã≈˛yÓ˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ÙyÜ≈˛ˆÏ§Ó˚ Ùï˛yÙï˛ !ܲ !SÈ°– ï˛yÓ˚ §•Ùï˛ !SÈ° !ܲ⁄ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛˛õˆÏ«˛ xlƒylƒ ¢yáyÓ˚ Ùï˛ !ÓK˛yl ã˛ã˛y≈Ó˚ ˆ«ˆÏeG ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ °yàyï˛yÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ~ê˛y•z ˆò!áˆÏÎ˚ ˆòÎ˚ ˆÎ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Ùï˛yÙï˛ !SÈ° ˆÎÔÌ K˛ylã˛ã≈˛yÓ˚ Ê˛§°– 1873ÈüÈ~Ó˚ 30ˆ¢ ˆÙÈüÈˆï˛ ÙyÜ≈˛§ ˆÜ˛ ˆ°áy ~ˆÏD°ˆÏ§Ó˚ !ã˛!ë˛Ó˚ ~ܲyÇ¢ÈüüüÈ ÚÚxyç §Ü˛yˆÏ° Îál xy!Ù !ÓSÈylyÎ˚ ÷ˆÏÎ˚ !SÈ°yÙñ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛!ÓK˛yl §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ !l¡¨!°!áï˛ Ü˛ï˛=!° mˆÏ®μÓ˚ ˆ«˛e xyÙyÓ˚ ÙˆÏl ~°≠ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÎ !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó› ï˛y •° çí˛¸ÈüÈ˛õòyÌ≈ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ à!ï˛ñ ˛õòyÌ≈ˆÏܲ ܲáˆÏly à!ï˛Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ xy°yòy ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ly– xlƒylƒ ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ˆÎ xÓfliylñ ï˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏD §¡õÜ≈˛ SÈyí˛¸y ˆÜ˛yˆÏly à!ï˛•#l ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ !ܲS%È Óî≈ly ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ly– ~ܲÙye à!ï˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ•z õòyÌ≈ !lˆÏçˆÏܲ í˛zˆÏß√yã˛l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– xï˛~Óñ ˛≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ !ÓK˛yl Ó›ˆÏòÓ˚ ~ˆÏܲ xˆÏlƒÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ~ÓÇ à!ï˛Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ §¡õܲ≈ °«˛ƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ Óî≈ly ܲˆÏÓ˚–ÛÛ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ÈüÈ!ÓK˛yl ã˛ã≈˛yÓ˚ ò#â≈ §ÙÎ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏD°ˆÏ§Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ÙyÜ≈˛ˆÏ§Ó˚ ˆÎ !lÎ˚!Ùï˛ Ùï˛!Ó!lÙÎ˚ ã˛ˆÏ°ˆÏSÈñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ò%ÛçˆÏlÓ˚•z x§Çრ!ã˛!ë˛ÈüÈ˛õˆÏe ï˛yÓ˚ lÙ%ly SÈ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– 1858ÈüÈˆï˛ DarwinÈüÈ~Ó˚ ‘Origin of Species’ ˛õí˛¸yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ~ˆÏD°§ ÙyÜ≈˛§ÈüÈˆÜ˛ ˆ°ˆÏálÈüüüÈ ÚÚxy!Ù ~ál í˛yÓ˚í˛z•zl ˛õí˛¸!SÈñ Îy ~ܲܲÌyÎ˚ x§yôyÓ˚îñ xyç xÓ!ô ܲáˆÏly ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ !Óܲy¢ ≤ÃÙyî ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ~ï˛ §%®Ó˚ ˆã˛‹Ty •Î˚!l–ÛÛ ~Ó˚ í˛z_ˆÏÓ˚ Ùyܲ≈§ ˆ°ˆÏálÈüüüÈ ÚÚí˛yÓ˚í˛z•zˆÏlÓ˚ @˝Ãsi á%Ó•z =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈ ~ÓÇ ~ê˛y xyÙyÓ˚ §ˆÏD á%Ó áy˛õ ˆáˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏSÈ ˆÎ ï˛y ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ò,!‹T˲D# ˆÌˆÏܲ •z!ï˛•yˆÏ§Ó˚ ˆ◊!î§Ç@˝ÃyÙˆÏܲ §ÙÌ≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ï˛y ÷ô%Ùye ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ÙܲyÓ˚îÓyòÈüÈˆÜ˛ ≤ÃÌÙÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ùï˛ Ù,ï%˛ƒÓ˚ xyâyï •yˆÏlñ ~•z lÎ˚ñ ÓÓ˚Ç àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÙ)°Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ Î%!_´˛õ)î≈ xÌ≈ˆÏܲ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚–ÛÛ á%Ó flõ‹T˲yˆÏÓ•z í˛zˆÏë˛ ~ˆÏ§ˆÏSÈ ÙyÜ≈˛ˆÏ§Ó˚ ˲y£ÏyÎ˚ñÈüÈ ‘class struggle in history from the viewpoint of nature science’ÈüüüÈ•z!ï˛•y§ G ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ÈüÈ!ÓK˛yl §¡õÜ≈˛– xƒy!rê˛ÈüÈí%˛ƒ!Ó˚Ç @˝Ãsi!ê˛ ≤Ã̈ÏÙ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°ñ Herr Eugen Dühring’s Revolution in Science lyˆÏÙ– Îy ôyÓ˚yÓy!•Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° çyÙy≈l §Ùyçï˛sf# ˛õ!eܲy VorwartsÈüÈ~– ~•z @˝Ãsi!ê˛ •° ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ò¢≈lñ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ ~ÓÇ ˜ÓK˛y!lܲ §Ùyçï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ È~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õ)î≈yD @˝Ãsi– ~ˆÏD°§ Îál Dialectics of NatureÈüȈ°áyÓ˚ ≤Û!ï˛˛õˆÏÓ≈ !ÓK˛yl ã˛ã˛y≈Î˚ í%˛ˆÏÓ xyˆÏSÈlñ ˆ§•z §ÙÎ˚ ܲy°≈ ÙyÜ≈˛§ çyÙy≈l ˆ§y§ƒy° ˆí˛ˆÏÙyˆÏe´!ê˛Ü˛ ˛õy!ê≈˛ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˆlï˛y Bebel, Bracke, Bernstien, LiebknechtÈüÈ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ˆlï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃÓ° xl%ˆÏÓ˚yˆÏôñ ~ˆÏD°§ÈüÈˆÜ˛ òy!Î˚c ˆòl Eugen DühringÈüÈ~Ó˚ ºyhs˝ Ùï˛ôyÓ˚yÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ ~ܲê˛y ˛õ)î≈yD Ó_´Óƒ ≤Ã›ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ çlƒ– Engels çy!lˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl ˆÎñ xƒy!rê˛Èüí%˛ƒ!Ó˚Ç @˝Ãsi!ê˛ Ü˛y°≈ ÙyÜ≈˛§ ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y ˛õˆÏí˛¸ˆÏSÈl ~ÓÇ xl%ˆÏÙyòl ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl ÷ô% ï˛y•z lÎ˚ñ ~•z @˝ÃˆÏsi xÌ≈l#!ï˛ §Çe´yhs˝ xÇ¢!ê˛ Ü˛y°≈ ÙyÜ≈˛ˆÏ§Ó˚•z ˆ°áy– xƒy!rê˛ÈüÈí%˛ƒ!Ó˚ÇÈüÈ•z ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ò¢≈l G ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ ~ܲÙye ˛õ)î≈yD @˝Ãsiñ ï˛y•zñ fl∫y˲y!Óܲ˲yˆÏÓ•z ~Ó˚ !Óï˛!Ü≈˛ï˛ xÇ¢=ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ ÙyÜ≈˛ˆÏ§Ó˚ §•Ùï˛ !SÈ° !ܲly ~ ≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ §Ùyôyl çÓ˚&Ó˚#– ÓyhflÏÓï˛/ ÙyÜ≈˛§ G ~ˆÏD°§ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õë˛lÈüÈ˛õyë˛l G Ó˚ã˛lyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~ܲ ܲyÎ≈!Ó˲yçl ܲˆÏÓ˚ !àˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰl– ÙyÜ≈˛ˆÏ§Ó˚ Ù)° òy!Î˚c òyÑ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ xLjϢ ÙˆÏly!lˆÏÓ¢ ܲÓ˚yñ ÎyÓ˚ Ê˛°yÊ˛° òyÑ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° ‘Capital’ ~Ó˚ §,!‹T– xlƒ!òˆÏܲ ~ˆÏD°ˆÏ§Ó˚ òy!Î˚c òyÑ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° ò¢≈lñ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ÈüÈ!ÓK˛yl !ӣψÏÎ˚ ÙˆÏly!lˆÏÓ¢ ܲÓ˚y G ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §ÙyˆÏ°yã˛Ü˛ˆÏòÓ˚ çÓyÓ ˆòGÎ˚yÎ˚– 1867ÈüÈ~Ó˚ 22 ç%ˆÏlÓ˚ !ã˛!ë˛ˆÏï˛ ÙyÜ≈˛§ !°ˆÏáˆÏSÈlÈüüüÈ ÚÚˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ï,˛!Æ xyÙyÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ Óy!ܲ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ Ùyl%£Ï Îy ӈϰ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ xˆÏlܲ ˆÓ!¢ =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈ÉÉÉÛÛ ˙ !ã˛!ë˛ˆÏï˛•z ÙyÜ≈˛§ !°ˆÏáˆÏSÈlÈüüüÈ

ÚÚÉÉÉxy!Ù ˆ•ˆÏàˆÏ°Ó˚ xy!Ó‹,Òï˛ ˆ§•z !lÎ˚Ù ˆÎ ÷ô% ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyîàï˛˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï˛≈l =îàï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏl Ó˚*˛õyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚ñ ï˛yˆÏܲ í˛zk,˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚°yÙ ~ÓÇ Ó_´Óƒ Ó˚yá°yÙ ˆÎ ~•z !lÎ˚Ù ~ܲ•z˲yˆÏÓ •z!ï˛•y§ ~ÓÇ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛!ÓK˛ylÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ≤ÈÏÎyçƒÛÛ È1860ÈüÈ~Ó˚ 19ˆ¢ !í˛ˆÏ§¡∫Ó˚üÈ~Ó˚ !ã˛!ë˛ˆÏï˛ ÙyÜ≈˛§ Origin of Species §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ !°ˆÏáˆÏSÈlÈüüüÈ ÚÚ~•z •° ˆ§•z Ó•z Îy xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ò,!‹T˲D#Ó˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛àï˛ ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ !˲!_ ôyÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚–ÛÛ Ùyܲ≈ˆ§Ï Ó˚ ≤ÃÌÙ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ Ó˚ã˛lyˆÏï˛G xyÙÓ˚y ~ܲ•z ˲yÓly ˛õy•z 1844ÈüÈ~Ó˚ Ùƒyly§‰!e´≤Wz§ÈüÈ~G ÙyÜ≈˛§ ≤Ãܲ, !ï˛ !ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚˚ !Ó¢y° K˛yl˲y[˛yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ !ÓÎ%_´ ÌyܲyÓ˚ çlƒ ò¢≈lˆÏܲñ òy¢≈!lܲˆÏòÓ˚ §ÙyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓˆ˚ SÏ Èlñ ˆ§áyˆÏlG !ï˛!l ≤Ãܲ, !ï˛ !ÓK˛ylÈüÈˆÜ˛ §ÙhflÏ K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ !˲!_ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲˆÏÓˆ˚ SÏ Èl– Ùyl%ˆ£Ï ÓÏ ˚ §yˆÏÌ ≤Ãܲ, !ï˛Ó˚ ˙ܲƒ fliy˛õlÈÈ•z !SÈ° Ùyܲ≈ˆ§Ï Ó˚ !Ó£ÏΖ˚ •zܲl!Ùܲ ~[˛ !Ê˛°ç!Ê˛Ü˛ƒy° Ùƒyly§‰!e´≤Wz§ÈüÈ~ ÙyÜ≈˛§‰ !°ˆÏáˆÏSÈlÈüüüÈ ÚÚ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ !lˆÏçˆÏܲ !ÓÙ)ï≈˛ï˛yÎ˚ @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°ñ ÙylÓ ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ˆÏܲ !Ó!FSÈߨ ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°ñ ï˛y Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ !ܲS%È•z lÎ˚ÛÛÈüÈ~Ó˚ xÌ≈ Îál ˆÜ˛í˛z ˆÜ˛í˛z ~Ùl ܲˆÏÓ˚l ˆÎ ÙyÜ≈˛§È ~ܲ•z @˝ÃˆÏsi !°ˆÏá ˆÓ˚ˆÏá ˆàˆÏSÈl Ú~ܲÙye ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ÈüÈ•z •° ˆÜ˛yˆÏly!ܲS%ÈÛ–ÛÛ ÚÚçyÙy≈l xyò¢≈Óyò ~ !ï˛!l !°ˆÏáˆÏSÈl Ú~•z §Ü˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ó!•/fli ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ =Ó˚&c •° xlye´yhs˝Û– ÚÚ˛õ!Óe ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ÈüÈ~ !ï˛!l !°ˆÏáˆÏSÈl ÚÙyl%£Ï !lˆÏç Ó›ˆÏܲ §,!‹T ܲˆÏÓ˚!l ~ÓÇ ~Ùl!ܲ ˆ§ ܲáˆÏly ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §,çl¢#° Óy í˛zͲõyòl¢#° «˛Ùï˛y §,!‹T ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚˛ ly Î!ò ly Ó› xyˆÏà ˆÌˆÏܲ•z !ÓòƒÙyl ÌyܲˆÏï˛yÛ– õ%Ñ!çÈüÈˆï˛ !ï˛!l !°ˆÏáˆÏSÈl Ú~ܲ!ê˛ Ó›Ó˚ xô/fli xÇ¢ §Ó§ÙÎ˚ ˛Óy!ܲ ÌyˆÏܲñ Îy Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ §y•y΃ Óƒï˛#ï˛ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ myÓ˚y §,!‹TÛ– ÛÛ ÙyÜ≈˛ˆÏ§Ó˚ Ùyl%£Ï G ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ §¡õÜ≈˛ Ó˚ã˛lyÎ˚ xyÙÓ˚y !Ê˛ˆÏÓ˚ xy§ˆÏÓy– ï˛yÓ˚ xyˆÏà xyÙÓ˚y ˆòáÓ ~ˆÏD°ˆÏ§Ó˚ !ÓK˛ylÈüÈã˛ã≈˛yÓ˚ Ù)° ≤Ã!ï˛˛õyòƒ!ê˛ˆÏܲ– !ï˛l!ê˛ ≤Ãôyl ˜ÓK˛y!lܲ xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚ˆÏÜ ~ˆÏD°§ ï˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ my!®μܲï˛yÈüÈ~Ó˚ Ù)° xyˆÏ°yã˛ƒ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ôyÎ≈ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl≠ 1ä ˆÜ˛y£ÏÈüÈ~Ó˚ xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚ 2ä ¢!_´Ó˚ §ÇÓ˚«˛î G Ó˚*˛õyhs˝ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !lÎ˚Ù– 3ä ≤Ãçy!ï˛Ó˚ (species) !ÓÓï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ x!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚– ≤ÃÌÙ xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚!ê˛Ó˚ ï˛yͲõÎ≈ •° ï˛y ˜çÓ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ x!˲K˛ï˛yÈüÈˆÜ˛ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚– !mï˛#Î˚ xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚!ê˛ ˆòáyÎ˚ ˆÎ ≤Ãܲ,!ï˛ •° xy§ˆÏ° ~ܲ x!ÓÓ˚yÙ ≤Ã!e´Î˚y– ï,˛ï˛#Î˚!ê˛ ÙylÓ •z!ï˛•y§ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ í˛zͧÈüÈˆÜ˛ ≤ÃÙyî ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~ˆÏD°§ ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛l ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ÈüÈ!ÓK˛ylÈüÈ~Ó˚ x@˝Ãà!ï˛ ~ܲ §DˆÏê˛Ó˚ Ù%ˆÏá òyÑ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° ÎyÓ˚ ò%!ê˛ ˛õ!Ó˚î!ï˛Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ âê˛ˆÏÓ 1ä !Ó¢,C°y G x§yÙO§ƒñ 2ä my!®μܲ §ÇˆÏŸ’ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ¢,C°y G §yÙO§ƒ fliy˛õl– !ï˛!l !°ˆÏáˆÏSÈlÈüüüÈ ÚÚ!Ó÷k˛ ≤ÃyˆÏÎ˚y!àܲ xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚=!°ñ ˆÎ=!° !Ó˛õ%° ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏî çÙy •ˆÏFSÈñ ˆ§=!°ˆÏܲ ÷ô%Ùye !Ólƒy§ xl%ÎyÎ˚# §yçyˆÏlyÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛yÓ˚ çˆÏlƒ ˆÎ !Ó≤’ÓÈüÈˆÜ˛ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ÈüÈ!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ Ó°˛õ)Ó≈ܲ ôyÎ≈ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏFSÈñ ï˛y ~Ùl•z ~ܲ ã˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚ ˆÎ ï˛yˆÏܲ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!e´Î˚yÓ˚ my!®μܲ ã˛!Ó˚eÈüÈˆÜ˛ e´Ù¢ ˆÓ¢# ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆã˛ï˛lyÎ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ xy§ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓñ ~Ùl!ܲ ˆ§•z §Ó ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà!ÓòˆÏòÓ˚˚ÈüÈG ˆã˛ï˛lyÎ˚ ÎyÓ˚y ï˛yˆÏܲ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ¢# !ÓˆÏÓ˚y!ôï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚–ÛÛ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ my!®μܲï˛y @˝ÃˆÏsi §Ù§yÙ!Î˚ܲ !ÓK˛ylÈüÈˆÜ˛ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏD°§ ˆÎ§Ó xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈlñ ï˛yÓ˚ ï˛yͲõÎ≈ ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ôyÓ˚yÓ˚ !ӈϟ’£ÏˆÏî §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˲y°Ë˛yˆÏÓ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl •°ˆÏí˛lÈüÈ •z– ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ my!®μܲï˛y @˝ÃˆÏsiÓ˚ Ù%áÓ¶˛ !°áˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ !ï˛!l xï˛ƒhs˝ Ù)°ƒÓyl xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆàˆÏSÈl– 1939ÈüÈ~ !ï˛!l !°áˆÏSÈl ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ ~ˆÏD°ˆÏ§Ó˚ ˛õy[%˛!°!˛õÈüÈ!ê˛ 1872 ˆÌˆÏܲ 1882ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆ°áy ñ ï˛y•z 60 ÓSÈÓ˚ xyˆÏàÓ˚ !ÓK˛ylÈüÈã˛ã˛y≈ˆÏܲ xl%ôyÓl ܲÓ˚y•z Ù%¢!ܲ° Î!ò ~ܲçl ˜ÓK˛y!lܲ xl%¢#°l G ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ •z!ï˛•y§ ly çyˆÏll– !ï˛!l !°áˆÏSÈlÈüüüÈ ÚÚ§yÙ!@˝Ãܲ !Óã˛yˆÏÓ˚ ¢!_´ x«˛Î˚ÈüüüÈ ~•z Ùï˛Óyò!ê˛ ï˛ál §ˆÏÓÙye ˛õòyÌ≈!Óòƒyñ Ó˚§yÎ˚l ~ÓÇ ç#Ó!ÓòƒyÈüÈÎ˚ ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– !ܲvñ ï˛ál ~•z Ùï˛Óyò á%Ó•z x§¡õ)î≈˲yˆÏÓ í˛z˛õ°∏˛˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– ÚÓ°Ûñ Úà!ï˛Û ~ÓÇ ‘vis viva’ÈüÈ~•z ܲÌy=!° ÎyˆÏܲ xyÙÓ˚y ˛xyç Ú¢!_´Û Ó!° ˆ§•z çyÎ˚àyÎ˚ ÓƒÓ•*ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°–ÛÛ ÚÚà!ï˛Ó˚ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ xyܲyÓ˚ÛÛñ ÚÚà!ï˛!e´Î˚yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õÛÛ •zï˛ƒy!ò xLjϢ ~ˆÏD°§ §Ù§yÙ!Î˚ܲ !Óï˛Ü≈˛=!°ñ Îy ¢!_´ !ӣψÏÎ˚ x§¡õ)î≈ Óy e&!ê˛˛õ)î≈ ï˛_¥ ˆÌˆÏܲ çß√ !lˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°ñ ˆ§ !ӣψÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– ~ˆÏD°ˆÏ§Ó˚ ï˛Íܲy°#l ÓƒÓ•*ï˛ ¢∑ ‘vis viva’ ÎyÓ˚ xÌ≈ !SÈ° à!ï˛Ó˚ ¢!_´ˆÏܲ !m=î ܲÓ˚yñ ~ál xyÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ •Î˚ly ~ÓÇ Ó° ¢∑!ê˛ ~ál ˛õòyÌ≈!ÓòƒyÈüÈÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ !l!ò≈‹T xˆÏÌ≈•z ÷ô% ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ •Î˚– •ƒ°ˆÏí˛l !°ˆÏáˆÏSÈlÈüüüÈ ÚÚ~ˆÏD°§ Óï≈˛Ùyl xyܲyˆÏÓ˚ ~=ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ܲáˆÏly ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛l ly ÷ô%Ùye ~•z ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ˆÎñÈ ÈˆçyÎ˚yÓ˚ ˲yÑê˛y §Çe´yhs˝ â£Ï≈î (tidal friction) §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤Ãӈ϶˛ !ï˛!l xyÓ˚G xyô%!lܲ ˛õ!Ó˚˲y£Ïy ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰlÛÛ– •ƒy°ˆÏí˛l !°áˆÏSÈlÈüüüÈ ÚÚ!Óò%ƒˆÏï˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ≤ÃÓ¶˛!ê xyÓ˚G xyˆÏà ˆ°áy •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ‘Weidemann’ÈüÈ~Ó˚ x§D!ï˛Ó˚ §ÙyˆÏ°yã˛ly !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ˆ§!ê˛ ˆÓ¢ ˆÜ˛Ôï) •°ÈüÈí˛zj#˛õܲ ~ÓÇ Ó˚§yÎ˚!lܲ !e´Î˚y ~ÓÇ ˜Óò%ƒ!ï˛Ü˛ !e´Î˚yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÎ §ÇˆÏÎyà ï˛yˆÏܲ xyÓ˚G ܲySÈ ˆÌˆÏܲ xl%§¶˛yl ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ xyˆÏÓòl !lˆÏÎ˚ ˆ§!ê˛ ˆ¢£Ï •Î˚– ~ˆÏD°§ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛ ~•z xl%§¶˛yl ò%!ê˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏe•z =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈ Ê˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ !lˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏÓ– ~•z ˲!ӣσÍÓyî# xyçˆÏܲ ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y˛õ%!Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° !àˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ‘Arhenius’ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ‘ionic theory’ Ó˚§yÎ˚lÈüÈˆÜ˛ Ó˚*˛õyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ ‘Thornson’s electron theory’ ˛õòyÌ≈!ÓòƒyÎ˚ !Ó≤’Ó ~ˆÏlˆÏSÈ– ~áyˆÏlG ≤ÃܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ ˛õy[%˛!°!˛õÈüÈ!ê˛ !lÿ˛Î˚ xyÓ˚G ~ܲÓyÓ˚ §ÇˆÏ¢yôl ܲÓ˚y •ï˛– 1882 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ 23ˆ¢ lˆÏ˲¡∫ˆÏÓ˚ ÙyÜ≈˛§ÈüÈˆÜ˛ ˆ°áy ~ܲ!ê˛ !ã˛!ë˛ˆÏï˛ !ï˛!l !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚l ˆÎ Siemens !Ó !ê˛¢ ~ˆÏ§y!§ˆÏÎ˚¢lÈüÈ~Ó˚ í˛zˆÏjˆÏ¢ƒ ï˛yÓ˚ §Ë˛y˛õ!ï˛Ó˚ ˲y£ÏˆÏî ˜Óò%ƒ!ï˛Ü˛ ӈϰÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ lï%˛l Ú~ܲܲ ÙyeyÛÈüÈÓ˚ §ÇK˛y ˆòlñ ÎyÓ˚ lyÙ ÚGÎ˚yê˛Û (Watt), Îy ÚˆÓ˚yôÛ (Resistance) ~ÓÇ !Óò%ƒÍ≤ÃÓy• (Current)ÈüÈ~Ó˚ =ˆÏîÓ˚ §Ùyl%˛õyï˛– !ï˛!l ~ˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏD ˲Ó˚ˆÏÓà (Momentum) ~ÓÇ ¢!_´ (Energy)ÈüÈÓ˚ x!Ë˛Óƒ!_´Ó˚ ï%˛°ly ܲˆÏÓ˚lñ Îy !lˆÏÎ˚ !ï˛!l xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl ‘The measure of motion-work’ åà!ï˛!e´Î˚yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õä lyÙܲ ≤ÃÓ¶˛!ê˛ˆÏï˛– !ï˛!l ~áyˆÏl !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚l ˆÎ Îál xyÙÓ˚y ¢!_´Ó˚ ~ܲ xyܲyÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ xlƒ xyܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ó˚*˛õyhs˝Ó˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ ܲyç ܲÓ˚!SÈ ï˛ál ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏe xyÙÓ˚y ~ܲ!ê˛ §Ó˚° xl%˛õyï˛ ˛õy•z åÚà!ï˛Ó˚Û xl%˛õyˆÏï˛ Ú˲Ó˚ˆÏÓàÛ ~ÓÇ Ú!Óò%ƒÍ ≤ÃÓyˆÏ•Ó˚Û xl%˛õyˆÏï˛ Ú˜Óò%ƒ!ï˛Ü˛ Ó°Ûä– !ܲvñ Îál Ú¢!_´Ûñ Úï˛y˛õÛ Óy ÚܲyˆÏçÛ Ó˚*˛õyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ •ˆÏFSÈ ï˛ál à!ï˛ xÌÓy

≤ÃÓy•ÈüÈˆÜ˛ !lˆÏçÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ =î ܲˆÏÓ˚ §!ë˛Ü˛ ÙyeyÈüÈ!ê˛ ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– Úxï˛~Óñ ~!ê˛ à!ï˛Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ §yôyÓ˚î !lÎ˚Ù ˆÎ!ê˛ xy!Ù ˛≤ÃÌÙ §)eÓk˛ ܲ!Ó˚Û– xyÙÓ˚y ~ál ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õy•z ˆÜ˛l ï˛y §Ω˛Ó •ˆÏFSÈ– ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ñ ˲Ó˚ˆÏÓà ~ÓÇ ˜Óò%ƒ!ï˛Ü˛ Ó° ~•z ò%!ê˛Ó˚ !l!ò≈‹T !òˆÏܲ à!ï˛˛õÌ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ˆ§ˆÏ•ï%˛ à!ï˛ Óy !Óò%ƒÍ ˛≤ÃÓyˆÏ•Ó˚ !òܲ í˛zˆÏŒê˛ !òˆÏ°ñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚G !òܲ í˛zˆÏŒê˛ ÎyÎ˚– !ܲvñ ¢!_´ ~ܲ•z ÌyˆÏܲ– xï˛~Ó à!ï˛ Óy ≤ÃÓy• ~•z §)ˆÏe ‘Square’ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ xy§ˆÏÓ Ü˛yÓ˚î (–x)(–x)=X2ÛÛ ÚÚÚˆçyÎ˚yÓ˚ ˲yÑê˛y §Çe´yhs˝ â£Ï≈îÛÈüÈ~•z ≤Ãӈ϶˛ ~ˆÏD°§ ~ܲ!ê˛ =Ó˚&ï˛Ó˚ Ë%˛° ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl xÌÓy xyÓ˚G ÎÌyÎÌ˲yˆÏÓ Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆàˆÏ° ~ܲ!ê˛ Ë)˛° Îy ≤ÃÓ¶˛!ê˛ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° =Ó˚&ï˛Ó˚ •ï˛–ÛÛ ÚÚxlƒylƒ ˆ«˛ˆÏeñ !ÜS%È Ó_´Óƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎ=!° !l!ÿ˛ï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ x§ï˛ƒ ˆÎÙl l«˛e ~ÓÇ ‘Protozoa’ í˛z˛õÓ˚ xÇ¢=!°– !ܲvñ ~áyˆÏl ï˛Íܲy°#l Î%ˆÏàÓ˚ xlƒï˛Ù ˆçƒy!ï˛!Ó≈K˛yl# G ≤Ãyî#!ÓK˛yl#ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲçlˆÏܲ ˆÙˆÏl ã˛°yÓ˚ çˆÏlƒ ~ˆÏD°§ ˆòy£ÏyˆÏÓ˚y˛õ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ly–ÛÛÈ È•ƒy°ˆÏí˛lüÈ~Ó˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÎ˚ ~ˆÏD°§üÈ~Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆÎ e&!ê˛=!° ôÓ˚y ˛õˆÏí˛¸ˆÏSÈñ ï˛yˆÏï˛ Ü˛áˆÏly•z ÙˆÏl •Î˚ ly ˆÎ ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ï˛_¥ ò)Ó≈° •ˆÏFSÈ– ÓÓ˚Ç ~˲yˆÏÓ•z ~ܲê˛y òy¢≈!lܲ ò,!‹T˲D# !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ fl∫Ó˚*˛õˆÏܲ xyÓ˚G flõ‹T G §ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ xyÓ˚G ܲySÈyܲy!SÈ !lˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– •ƒy°ˆÏí˛l !°ˆÏáˆÏSÈlÈüüüÈ ÚÚÎál ~•z §Ü˛° §ÙyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏFSÈñ ~!ê˛ xï˛#Ó !ÓfløÎ˚ܲÓ˚ ˆÎ !ܲ˲yˆÏÓ ï˛yÓ˚ Ó˚ã˛lyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ £Ïyê˛ ÓSȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ !ÓܲyÏ¢ !ï˛!l ˛õ)Óy≈ˆÏ•´•z í˛z˛õ°!∏˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl–ÛÛ ÚÚï˛yÓ˚ ò,ì˛¸ Ó_´Óƒ ˆÎ ≤Ãyî •° ÚˆÏ≤Ãy!ê˛lÛ §Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˜Ó!¢‹TÙ)°Ü˛ xyã˛Ó˚î x!ôܲyÇ¢ ≤ÃyîÈüÈÓ˚§yÎ˚l!Óò (Biochemist)ÈüȈòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ xï˛ƒhs˝ ~ܲˆÏ˛õˆÏ¢ ò,!‹T˲D# !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ÙˆÏl •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°ñ ܲyÓ˚î ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ xhs˝ˆÏÓ˚ ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l SÈyí˛¸y xyˆÏÓ˚y xlƒylƒ ç!ê˛° ˜çÓ˛õòyÌ≈ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye ˆ¢£Ï ã˛yÓ˚ ˛ÓSȈÏÓ˚ ~•z ôyÓ˚îy!ê˛ ~ˆÏ§ˆÏSÈ ˆÎ !ܲS%È !Ó÷k˛ Úˆ≤Ãy!ê˛lÛ §!ï˛ƒ•z ≤Ãyî#çàˆÏï˛Ó˚ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ x˛õ!Ó˚•yÎ≈ ˜Ó!¢‹Tƒ ≤Ãò¢≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚ Îy •° !Ó!˲ߨ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢ !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ%lÓ˚&Ͳõyòl ܲˆÏÓ˚ §ÇáƒyÓ,!k˛ ܲÓ˚y–ÛÛ •ƒy°ˆÏí˛l Ù)°ï˛ ~ܲçl !ÓK˛yl#– ~ˆÏD°§ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ºy!hs˝ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl !ܲly ˆ§ !ӣψÏÎ˚ •ƒy°ˆÏí˛lüÈ~Ó˚ Ùï˛yÙï˛ˆÏܲ Ùyey!ï˛!Ó˚_´ =Ó˚&c ly ˆòGÎ˚yG ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ !Ü v !Óàï˛ ¢ï˛y∑#ˆÏï˛ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ xlƒï˛Ù ˆ◊¤˛ ~ܲçl !ÓK˛yl# !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ Îál ˆ°ˆÏálÈüüüÈ ÚÚÎ!ò ~ˆÏD°ˆÏ§Ó˚ ˲yÓlyÓ˚ ≤Ã!e´Î˚y xyÓ˚G ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ •ï˛ñ ˛õòyÌ≈!ÓK˛ylÈüÈ~Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˲yÓly=!°Ó˚ Ó˚*˛õyhs˝Ó˚ñ Îy àï˛ !e¢ ÓSȈÏÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ ã˛ˆÏ°ˆÏSÈñ ï˛y xyÓ˚G Ù§,î •ï˛– Î!ò í˛yÓ˚í˛z•zlÈüÈ~Ó˚ Ùï˛ÓyˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ Ó_´Óƒ xyÓ˚G ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ •ï˛ñ ï˛y•ˆÏ° ˆÎÙl xy!Ù xˆÏlܲ !ܲS%È !Ó¢,C° !ã˛hs˝y˲yÓly ˆÌˆÏܲ !lˆÏçˆÏܲ ÓyÑã˛yˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ï˛yÙ–ÛÛ ï˛ál ˛≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ÈüÈ!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~ˆÏD°§üÈ~Ó˚ my!®μܲ Ó›ÓyòÈüÈ~Ó˚ !ӈϟ’£ÏˆÏîÓ˚ ã˛Ùܲ≤Ãò §yÊ˛°ƒ xy@˝Ã• §,!‹T ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˜Ó!ܲú

!ÓÇ¢ ¢ï˛y∑#Ó˚ !ÓK˛yl G ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ò¢≈l !ÓÇ¢ ¢ï˛y∑#Ó˚ !ÓK˛yl ã˛ã˛y≈Ó˚ ~ܲê˛y §yÙ!Î˚ܲ !ã˛e Óy !ӈϟ’£Ïî ~áyˆÏl xyˆÏ°yã˛ƒ lÎ˚– !ܲv Ӈܲy° ôˆÏÓ˚ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÎ §¡õÜ≈˛ñ !ӈϢ£Ï ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ò¢≈l ˆÎ˲yˆÏÓ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛!ÓK˛ylˆÏܲ ˆòˆÏáˆÏSÈñ ï˛yˆÏï˛ K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ~•z !ӈϢ£Ï ¢yáy!ê˛Ó˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ à!ï˛üÈ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ Gï˛ˆÏ≤Ãyï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ç!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~ ≤çˆÏD ï˛y•z !ӈϢ£Ï =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈ !ܲS%È ˜ÓK˛y!lܲ xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚ˆÏܲ xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÎ˚ ˆê˛ˆÏl xylyê˛y xyÓ!¢ƒÜ˛– ~Ùl•z ~ܲ ï˛_¥ •° Warner HeisenbergÈüÈ~Ó˚ x!lÿ˛Î˚ï˛yÓ˚ l#!ï˛ (Uncertainty Principle)– 1972 §yˆÏ° Heisenberg ï˛yÓ˚ ~•z !Óáƒyï˛ ï˛_¥ í˛z˛õfliy!˛õï˛˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚l– Heisenberg ï˛yÓ˚ ~•z ˜ÓK˛y!lܲ ï˛_¥ˆÏܲ ÷ô% ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ÈüÈ!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ hflψÏÓ˚•z §#ÙyÓk˛ Ó˚yˆÏál !lñ ~Ó˚ òy¢≈!lܲ ï˛yͲõÎ≈ˆÏܲG §%flõ‹T ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï%˛ˆÏ°ˆÏSÈl– 1932 §yˆÏ° ï˛yÓ˚ system of matrix mechanicsÈüÈ~Ó˚ çlƒ !ï˛!l ˆlyˆÏÓ° ˛õ%Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚ ˛õyl– x!lÿ˛Î˚ï˛yÓ˚ l#!ï˛ G ï˛yÓ˚ òy¢≈!lܲ Óƒyáƒy ~ˆÏD°ˆÏ§Ó˚ Ù,ï%˛ƒÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ âˆÏê˛ ÎyGÎ˚y ˜ÓK˛y!lܲ ï˛_¥yÎ˚lÈüÈ~Ó˚ çàˆÏï˛ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ï˛yͲõÎ≈˛õ)î≈ ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ò¢≈l !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô# §)eyÎ˚l– HeisenbergüÈ~Ó˚ x!lÿ˛Î˚ï˛yÓ˚ l#!ï˛ÈüÈÓ˚ Ù)° ܲÌy •°ÈüüüÈ~ܲ!ê˛ particleÈüÈ~Ó˚ xÓfliyl (position) ~ÓÇ à!ï˛ˆÏÓà (velocity) Î%à˛õÍ ˛õ)î≈ ܲy!A«˛ï˛ §!ë˛Ü˛ï˛yÎ˚ !lôy≈Ó˚î ܲÓ˚y §Ω˛Ó lÎ˚– ParticleÈüÈ!ê˛Ó˚ xÓfliyl Îï˛ !l!ÿ˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÓñ ï˛ï˛ ï˛yÓ˚ à!ï˛ˆÏÓà !lôy≈Ó˚î x!l!ÿ˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õí˛¸ˆÏÓ– !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ~ܲ•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛Ê˛°yÊ˛° ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyˆÏÓ– ~ܲ!ê˛ •zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛ΔˆÏlÓ˚ xÓfliyl !ܲ˲yˆÏÓ !lô≈yÓ˚î ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ñ Î!ò ~ܲ!ê˛ ¢!_´¢y°# xî%Ó#«˛î Îsf ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ñ ï˛yÓ˚ xÌ≈ •° •zˆÏ°Q…l!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ‘Photon’ ܲîyÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ xyâyï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y– xyˆÏ°yܲ ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛îyÓ˚ Ùï˛ xyã˛Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛y•z ~•z xyâyï˛ electronÈüÈ!ê˛Ó˚ ˲Ó˚ˆÏÓà (momentum)ÈüÈ~ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏÓ– xÌy≈Í ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ electronÈüÈ!ê˛Ó˚ ˲Ó˚ˆÏÓàÈüÈ•z ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆà°– ~•z ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l •ˆÏFSÈ x!lˆÏò≈¢ƒ ~ÓÇ x!lÎ˚sfîˆÏÎyàƒ– ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ !ÓòƒÙyl quantum theory xl%ÎyÎ˚# xyˆÏ°yܲ quantumÈüÈ~Ó˚ precise angleÈüÈ~ lensÈüÈ~Ó˚ G˛õÓ˚ !lˆÏ«˛˛õ xyˆÏà ˆÌˆÏܲ•z çyly Óy !lÎ˚sfî ܲÓ˚y §Ω˛Ó lÎ˚ñ ï˛y•z •zˆÏ°Q…l!ê˛Ó˚ à!ï˛ˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ Ùyl G !òܲ !lô≈yÓ˚î ܲÓ˚y §Ω˛Ó lÎ˚– ≤ß¿ •ˆÏFSÈñ Î!ò xyÓ˚G í˛zß¨ï˛ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ •zˆÏ°Q…l Ùy•zˆÏe´yˆÏflÒy˛õ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ï˛y•ˆÏ°⁄ í˛z_Ó˚ •°ñ ï˛yˆÏï˛G §Ù§ƒy !Ùê˛ˆÏÓ ly– ܲyÓ˚îñ ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ §ÙhflÏ ˆ«˛ˆÏe energy xy§ˆÏÓ quantum !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ ï˛y ~ܲ•z§yˆÏÌ ï˛Ó˚D ~ÓÇ Ü˛îyÓ˚ ôÙ≈ ≤Ãò¢≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛y•z §Ó ˆ«˛ˆÏe•z ~ܲ•z ôÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ §Ù§ƒy ˆÌˆÏܲ ÎyˆÏÓ– !Ó˛õÓ˚#ˆÏï˛ñ ˲Ó˚ˆÏÓàüÈ~Ó˚ !lá%Ñï˛ !lô≈yÓ˚îÈüÈ~Ó˚ çlƒ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •° á%Ó !l¡¨ ˲Ó˚ˆÏÓàüÈ~Ó˚ light quanta– fl∫y˲y!Óܲ˲yˆÏÓ•z ï˛yÓ˚ wave light •ˆÏÓ ˆÓ!¢– Ê˛°ï˛/ angle of diffraction •ˆÏÓ Óí˛¸ó ÈxÓfliyl !lôy≈Ó˚î ï˛ï˛ê˛y•z á%Ñï˛Î%_´ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏÓ– Warner Heisenberg !°áˆÏSÈl (Physics and Philosophy, 1958)ÈüüüÈ ÚÚ~ܲ!ê˛ •zˆÏ°Q…lñ ôÓ˚y Îyܲ ‘E’ñ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ÚxÓfliylÛ (position) ~ÓÇ Úà!ï˛Û (volocity)ÈüÈ~•z ¢∑=!° ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙÙy≈Ì≈ ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §Ω˛yÓƒ ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà=!°Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeñ ÎÌyÎÌ ~ÓÇ mƒÌ≈•#l˲yˆÏÓ !fliÓ˚#Ü,˛ï˛ ӈϰ ÙˆÏl •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~ê˛y §!ï˛ƒ ˆÎ !lí˛zê˛l#Î˚ ˆÙܲy!lܲ§‰

(Newtonian Mechanics)ÈüÈ~Ó˚

ày!î!ï˛Ü˛ ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~•z ¢∑=!° •° xï˛ƒhs˝ §%flõ‹T˲yˆÏÓ !lôy≈!Ó˚ï˛ ôyÓ˚îy– !ܲvñx!l!ÿ˛!ï˛Ó˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛Ó˚ ò,!‹T ˆÌˆÏܲñ ~•z ¢∑=!° ÓyhflÏ!Óܲ xï˛ê˛y flõ‹T˲yˆÏÓ !lôy≈!Ó˚ï˛ lÎ˚ñ ~ܲçl Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l ˆÎ !lí˛zÏê˛l#Î˚ ˆÙܲy!l܉˛§ÈüÈ~ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xÓfliyˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ï˛yÓ˚y flõ‹T˲yˆÏÓ !lôy≈!Ó˚ï˛ñ !ܲv ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ §ˆÏD ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ï˛yÓ˚y xï˛ê˛y lÎ˚– ~!ê˛ ˆòáyÎ˚ ˆÎ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ ò%à≈Ù xLjϢñ ˆÎáyˆÏl xyÙÓ˚y ÷ô%Ùye !Ó¢ò ΈÏsfÓ˚ myÓ˚y ˆË˛ò ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ñ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ≤çyÓ˚ !ܲS%È !l!ò≈‹T ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆÜ˛yl ˆÜ˛yl §#ÙyÓk˛ï˛y xy§ˆÏÓñ ˆ§ê˛y xyÙÓ˚y ܲáˆÏly•z ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ xy®yç ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ lyñ xï˛~Óñ ˆË˛ò ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ≤Ã!e´Î˚yÎ˚ñ !ܲS%È §ÙÎ˚ xyÙÓ˚y xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îy=!°ˆÏܲ ~Ùl˲yˆÏÓ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Óyôƒ ••z ˆÎ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆÎÔ!_´Ü˛ï˛y ÌyˆÏܲ ly ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly xÌ≈ Ó•l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ly– §¡õ)î≈ Î%!_´˛õ)î≈ flõ‹Tï˛yÓ˚ ˆÎ ¢ï≈˛ñ ˆ§•z ¢ˆÏï≈˛Ó˚ çlƒ !çò !ÓK˛ylˆÏܲ x§Ω˛Ó ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï%˛°ˆÏÓ– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ~áyˆÏl xyô%!lܲ ˛õòyÌ≈!ÓòƒyÓ˚ myÓ˚y ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚yˆÏly K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ܲÌy fløÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòGÎ˚y •Î˚ ˆÎ !Î!l ܲáˆÏly ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ë% ° ly Ó°yÓ˚ !çò ôˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲlñ !ï˛!l ˆÎl ~ˆÏܲÓyˆÏÓ˚ ã%˛˛õ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲl–ÛÛ ÓyhflÏÓï˛/ñ Heisenberg ܲyˆÏrê˛Ó˚ xˆÏK˛Î˚ Ó›§_yÓ˚˚ ˆÌˆÏܲG ˲yÓÓyˆÏòÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ˆâÑˆÏ£Ï xyˆÏSÈl– ˆÎ §ï˛ƒ xyÙÓ˚y í˛zò‰âyê˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ ÓˆÏ° xy˛õyï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ÙˆÏl •Î˚ñ ï˛yG ˆÎ §!ë˛Ü˛ lÎ˚ ˆ§ê˛y•z !ï˛!l ˛õòyÌ≈!Óòƒy G ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ hflψÏÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yÓ˚ ˆã˛‹Ty ã˛y!°ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl– Heisenberg !°áˆÏSÈl (1958)ÈüüüÈ ÚÚxï˛~Óñ ÚܲyÎ≈ÈüÈܲyÓ˚îÈüȧ¡∫¶˛ÛÈüÈ~Ó˚ !lÎ˚ˆÏÙÓ˚ ‘a priori’ ã˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛Ï ܲyrê˛ÈüÈ~Ó˚ Î%!_´=!° xyçˆÏܲ xyÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ lyñ fl∫ï˛/ °∏˛ K˛yl !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ÚfliylÛ (space) ~ÓÇ Ú§ÙÎ˚Û (time)ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ‘a priori’ ã˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ xl%Ó˚*˛õ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– Ê˛° ~ܲ•z •ˆÏÓ– ‘a priori’ ôyÓ˚îy ÎyˆÏܲ ܲyrê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ x!Ó§¡∫yò# §ï˛ƒ ӈϰ àîly ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛lñ ï˛yÓ˚ xyô%!lܲ ˛õòy≈Ì≈!ÓòƒyÓ˚ ˜ÓK˛y!lܲ ÓƒÓfliyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xÓfliyl ˆl•z–ÛÛ HeisenbergÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˛õòyÌ≈!Óòƒy Óy ò¢≈l !ӣψÏÎ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !ÓhflÏy!Ó˚ï˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÎ˚ xyÙÓ˚y ~áyˆÏl ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲÓ˚Ó ly– !ܲv ~Ó˚ ï˛yͲõÎ≈ƒ G fl∫Ó˚*˛õ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ !ܲS%È ≤Ãy§!Dܲ ܲÌy Ó°y òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚– HeisenbergÈüÈ~Ó˚ ï˛_¥ˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !Ó!FSÈߨ ï˛_¥ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ lÎ˚ñ §Ù§yÙ!Î˚ܲ ˲y£Ïyï˛_¥ G ò¢≈ˆÏl ˆÎ§Ó ≤Ã!ï˛!e´Î˚y¢#° ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ x!ô˛õï˛ƒ ~ܲ!ÓÇ¢ ¢ï˛y∑#Ó˚ ≤ÃÌÙ ò¢Ü˛ ˛õÎ≈hs˝ flõ‹T˲yˆÏÓ•z ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyˆÏFSÈñ ~ ï˛yÓ˚•z ~ܲ xÇ¢– !ÓÇ¢ ¢ï˛y∑#Ó˚ 20ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ò¢Ü˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ §ÙhflÏ ¢yáyˆÏï˛•z Ó%ˆÏçy≈Î˚y Ùï˛yòˆÏ¢≈Ó˚ ˆÎ xy!ô˛õï˛ƒ ˆòáy ˆàˆÏSÈ ï˛yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ ˲yˆÏÓ•z !ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ çàˆÏï˛ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘áˆÏÎyàƒ G ≤Ã˲yÓ¢y°# ˲yÓÓyò# ò,!‹T˲D#ÈüÈÓ˚ ≤Ãܲy¢ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ HeisenbergÈüÈ~Ó˚ ò¢≈lˆÏܲ ˆòáˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– •y•zˆÏí˛àyÓ˚ Î!ò ˆ¢!°Ç ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆò!Ó˚òyÈüÈÓ˚ §)eÓy•Ü˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲl ï˛ˆÏÓñ !ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe Heisenberg ˆ§•z ôyÓ˚yÓy!•Ü˛ï˛yÓ˚ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘áˆÏÎyàƒ Óy•Ü˛ Ó°y ÎyÎ˚– •y•zˆÏí˛àyÓ˚ xyÓ˚ •y•zˆÏçlÓyà≈ ò%ÛçˆÏlÓ˚•z Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ !Ù° •° ò%ÛçˆÏl !SȈϰl !•ê˛°yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §!e´Î˚ §ÙÌ≈ܲ– HeisenbergÈüÈ~Ó˚ x!lÿ˛Î˚ï˛yÓ˚ l#!ï˛ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˛õòyÌ≈!ÓòƒyÈüÈàï˛ !òܲ!ê˛ !lˆÏÎ˚ xyÙÓ˚y ~áyˆÏl ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ùhs˝Óƒ ܲÓ˚Ó ly– !ܲv ï˛yÓ˚ òy¢≈!lܲ ≤Ã˲yÓ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ !ܲS%È ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ Ùhs˝Óƒ xyÙÓ˚y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛•z ˛õy!Ó˚– ≤ÃÌÙï˛/ •y•zˆÏçlÓyˆÏà≈Ó˚ ˛õòyÌ≈!Óòƒy §Çe´yhs˝ ~•z ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ Ó‡ xyˆÏà•z Brownian motionÈüÈ~Ó˚ ܲÌy xyÙÓ˚y ˛õòyÌ≈!ÓòƒyÎ˚ ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚!SÈ ˆÎáyˆÏl gaseous ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ random, movementÈüÈ~Ó˚ ܲÌy Ó°y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– my!®μܲ Ó›Óyò ÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚•z °ƒy˛õˆÏ°§üÈ~Ó˚ !lôy≈Ó˚îÓyò# ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ !ÓˆÏÓ˚y!ôï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈñ ˆÎáyˆÏl «%˛oï˛Ù ܲîyÓ˚ §M˛Ó˚î G ܲyÎ≈ܲyÓ˚î §¡õÜ≈˛ G !lÿ˛Î˚ï˛yÓ˚ !ã˛hs˝yàï˛ Ü˛yë˛yˆÏÙyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !l!ÿ˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛‹Ty ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– my!®μܲ Ó›Óyò ÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚•z ~ˆÏܲ ˆòˆÏáˆÏS x!lÓyÎ≈ï˛y G xy˛õ!ï˛Ü˛ï˛yÓ˚˚ x!˲ߨï˛y !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓñ ˆÎáyˆÏl ~ܲ!ê ܲîyÓ˚ §M˛Ó˚î ˆÓ¢ !ܲS%Èê˛y ܲyÎ≈ܲyÓ˚î §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛Ó˚ å~áyˆÏl x!lÓyÎ≈ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õòyÌ≈!Óòƒyàï˛ ≤Ãܲy¢äÈüÈ~Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚y ÎyˆÏÓñ çyly ÎyˆÏÓó xyÓyÓ˚ xˆÏlܲê˛y Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ~Ó˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ñ ÎyˆÏܲ xy˛õ!ï˛Ü˛ï˛y Ó°y •Î˚– mˆÏ®μÓ˚ ~•z ò%!ê˛ !òˆÏܲÓ˚ x!˲ߨï˛yüÈˆï˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏS ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ ˆË˛ò– xÌy≈Í x!lÓyÎ≈ï˛y ܲálG ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ •Î˚ xy˛õ!ï˛Ü˛ï˛yÎ˚– xyÓyÓ˚ xy˛õ!ï˛Ü˛ï˛y G x!lÓyÎ≈ï˛yüÈˆï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ •Î˚– xy˛õ!ï˛Ü˛ï˛yÓ˚È˚ xÌ≈ !ܲ⁄ ~Ó˚ xÌ≈ !ܲ ~•z ˆÎ ~Ó˚ !˛õSȈÏl ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ܲyÎ≈ÈüÈܲyÓ˚î §¡õÜ≈˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ly– ly ï˛y lÎ˚– xy§ˆÏ° ~ܲ!ê Ó›Ó˚ à!ï˛ Óy ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ G˛õÓ˚ x§#Ù §ÇáƒÜ˛ í˛z˛õyòyl ≤Ã˲yÓ !ÓhflÏyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ ÎyÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ G ã˛!Ó˚eñ ÙyeyÓ˚ !Ó!Ëߨï˛yÓ˚ x§#Ù §Çáƒy– fl∫y˲y!Óܲ˲yˆÏÓ•z ~ˆÏܲ ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y˛õ%!Ó˚ (absolute) xˆÏÌ≈ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !lˆÏÎ˚ xy§y ÎyÎ˚ ly– ≤ÃyôylƒÜ˛yÓ˚#ñ !lôy≈Ó˚ܲñ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈ í˛z˛õyòyl=!° Ó›!ê˛Ó˚ à!ï˛ Óy ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈ ˆÏÏlÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ xÇ¢ñ ÎyˆÏܲ ܲyÎ≈ܲyÓ˚î §¡õÜ≈˛ Ó°y •ˆÏFSÈñ ï˛y !fliÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòÎ˚ñ xÓ!¢‹T x§#Ù §ÇáƒÜ˛ í˛z˛õyòyl Îy !Óã˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ã˛ˆÏ° xy§ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ xyÓyÓ˚ ~ál ˆÎ§Ó í˛z˛õyòyl ܲyÎ≈ܲyÓ˚î §¡õÜ≈˛ àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ˆÏ§ ˛õí˛¸ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ §ÇÎ%_´ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ lï%˛l í˛z˛õyòylȧÙ)•– ~˲yˆÏÓ xy˛õ!ï˛Ü˛ï˛y G ܲyÎ≈ÈüÈܲyÓ˚î §¡õÜ≈˛ (causality) x!˲ߨï˛y àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ ˆË˛ˆÏòÓ˚ xÓfliyÎ˚– ܲyˆÏrê˛Ó˚ xˆÏK˛Î˚ Ó›§_yÓ˚ Îál !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ò¢≈lÈ üüüÈÈï˛yÓ˚ xÌ≈ ܲál•z ~Ùl lÎ˚ Ó›§_y ˆK˛Î˚ ã˛Ó˚Ù xˆÏÌ≈– ܲyÓ˚î ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚È ò¢≈l x!hflÏc ~ÓÇ à!ï˛ Óy ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛lÈüÈ~Ó˚ fl∫#Ü,˛!ï˛ SÈyí˛¸y xlƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly K˛ylÈüÈˆÜ˛•z xlˆÏ˛õ«˛ ӈϰ ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ly– ÙyÜ≈˛§Óyò xlˆÏ˛õ«˛ §ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô#– Heisenburg Ó›Ó˚ xÓfliyl G à!ï˛ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ˆÎ çylyÈüÈˆÜ˛ ã)˛í˛¸yhs˝ !láÑ%ï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ çylyÓ˚ ܲÌy ӈϰˆÏSÈlñ ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ò¢≈l ò¢≈lÈ àï˛ Ë˛yˆÏÓ ï˛y x§Ω˛Ó ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚– !ܲv ~Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó›§_y ã)˛í˛¸yhs˝Ë˛yˆÏÓ xˆÏK˛Î˚ !ܲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !§k˛yhs˝ •Î˚ñ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Î%!_´§Dï˛ Óƒyáƒy Heisenburg ˆòl !l– ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚#«˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ causalityÈüÈˆÜ˛ !ܲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y˛õ%!Ó˚ Óy!ï˛° ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ÈüüüÈï˛yÓ˚G ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Óƒyáƒy ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ly– ≤ÈÏÊ˛§yÓ˚ •ƒy°ˆÏí˛l 1941ÈüÈ ~ !°ˆÏá!SȈϰl (The Laws of Nature ≤Ãӈ϶˛äÈüüüÈ ÚÚ˛õ!ç!ê˛!˲fiê˛ (Positivists)ÈüÈÓ˚y ~ÓÇ Ë˛yÓÓyò#Ó˚y ~•z !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ÈüÈˆÜ˛ !lˆÏÎ˚ xˆÏlܲ ˆá°y ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl ˆÎ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ Ó‡ !lÎ˚Ùñ Îy !ÓK˛yl#ˆÏòÓ˚ myÓ˚y §)ey!Î˚ï˛ñ ˆ¢£Ï ˛õÎ≈hs˝ xÎÌyÎÌ ≤ÃÙy!îï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ §Ó !lÎ˚ÙÈüÈ•z ï˛y•z •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– !ܲv ~ê˛y ~ˆÏܲÓyˆÏÓ˚•z ~•z ܲÌy!ê˛ Ó°yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î lÎ˚ ˆÎ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛àï˛ ~Ùl ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !lÎ˚Ù Óy ôyÓ˚y ˆl•zñ ÎyÓ˚ §ˆÏD xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ !lÎ˚ˆÏÙÓ˚ Ó_´Óƒ §yÙO§ƒ˛õ)î≈ •ˆÏÓ– ~ܲçl Ó°ˆÏï˛•z ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l ˆÎ •zÇ°ƒyˆÏu˛Ó˚ ~ܲòÙ §!ë˛Ü˛ xyܲyÓ˚ ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ùƒy˛õÈüÈ•z !òˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ lyñ ˆ§ˆÏ•ï%˛ •zÇ°ƒyˆÏu˛Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly xyܲyÓ˚ ˆl•z– ˆÎê˛y ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ !lÎ˚Ù §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ x§yôyÓ˚î ï˛y •° §yôyÓ˚î Úxy§ß¨ ÙylÛÈüÈ~Ó˚ á%Ñï˛¢)lƒï˛y– ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ò%!ê˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ܲyl Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ üüüÈ~•z !lÎ˚ˆÏÙÓ˚ Óƒ!ï˛e´Ù á%шÏç ˛õyGÎ˚yÓ˚ xyˆÏà ~ܲçlˆÏܲ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ ¢ïÈüȧ•flÀ Ùyl%£ÏˆÏܲ ˆòáˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ˛õòyÌ≈!ÓòƒyÓ˚ xˆÏlܲ !lÎ˚ˆÏÙÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~ܲ•z

§ï˛ƒ ˛≤ÈÏÎy΃– !ܲS%È !ܲS%È ˆ«˛ˆÏe xyÙÓ˚y ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õy•z ˆÜ˛l ~Ùl •Î˚– !ÓŸªÈüÈÓ ·˛y[˛ •° §Ù!‹TÓ˚ ˛õ%!Oï˛ Ó˚*˛õ– xˆÏlܲ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÓ¢ Óí˛¸ Ê˛yÑܲ ˆÊ˛yܲÓ˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ÚÓˆÏÎ˚°Û (Boyle)ÈüÈ~Ó˚ !lÎ˚Ù ˆÎ ~ܲ!ê˛ àƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ÚâlcÛ ï˛yÓ˚ Úã˛yˆÏ˛õÛÓ˚ §Ùyl%˛õyï˛ ~ÓÇ Úã˛y°≈§Û (Charles)ÈüÈ~Ó˚ !lÎ˚Ù ˆÎ ~ܲ!ê˛ àƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ÚxyÎ˚ï˛lÛ ï˛yÓ˚ Úï˛y˛õÙyeyÛÓ˚ §Ùyl%˛õyï˛ñ ~=!° ~ܲòÙ !lá%Ñï˛ •ï˛ Î!ò àƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ xî%=!° ~ܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ !Ó®% •ï˛ñ ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly xyÎ˚ï˛l ˆl•z ~ÓÇ ÎyÓ˚y ~ˆÏܲ xlƒˆÏܲ xyܲ£Ï≈î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ly– §yôyÓ˚î ï˛y˛õÙyey ~ÓÇ ã˛y˛õÈüÈ~ ~•z !lÎ˚Ù=!° ˛≤ÃyÎ˚ §ï˛ƒñ ܲyÓ˚î ˆÎ fliyˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ àƒy§ÈüÈ!ê˛ xÓfliyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈñ ï˛yÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ x!ï˛ «%˛o xÇ¢ àƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ xî%=!° òᰠܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ xï˛ƒhs˝ «%˛o xLjϢ ï˛yÓ˚y ~ˆÏܲ xlƒˆÏܲ xyܲ£Ï≈î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çˆÏlƒ ï˛ï˛ê˛y ܲyˆÏSÈ xyˆÏ§– ~ܲ•z˲yˆÏÓñ l«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ à!ï˛ !lˆÏÎ˚ xˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ñ l«˛e=!° ~ˆÏܲ xˆÏlƒÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ï˛ê˛y ò%Ó˚ˆÏc ÌyˆÏܲ ˆÎ á%Ó Ë%˛°e&!ê˛ SÈyí˛¸y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ !Ó®% !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ôÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ÉÉÉ ÚÚˆÙˆÏ[˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ !lÎ˚ÙyÓ°#ñ Îy xl%ÎyÎ˚# ò%!ê˛ ôÓ˚î !ܲS%È ˆ«˛ˆÏe 1≠1 xl%˛õyˆÏï˛ ~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ ˆ«˛ˆÏe 3≠1 xl%˛õyˆÏï˛ í˛z!òï˛ •Î˚– ï˛_¥àï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ §!ï˛ƒ Îál ˆÜ˛yˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ xÇ¢ (Nucleus)ÈüÈ~Ó˚ !Ó˲yçˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ã!e´Î˚y á%Ó•z !lÎ˚!Ùï˛ ~ÓÇ Îál ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ôÓ˚lÈüÈ•z ~ï˛ê˛y ò)Ó≈° lÎ˚ ˆÎ àîly ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ xyˆÏà ï˛yÓ˚ Ù,ï%˛ƒ •ˆÏÓ ≤ÃÌÙ ¢ï≈˛!ê˛ Ü˛áˆÏly•z §!ï˛ƒ lÎ˚ ~ÓÇ !mï˛#Î˚ ¢ï≈˛!ê˛ ˆÓyô•Î˚ §!ï˛ƒ lÎ˚– !ܲv ≤ÃÌÙ ¢ï≈˛!ê˛Ó˚ Óƒ!ï˛e´Ù á%Ó•z ܲòy!ã˛Í– ~ܲ!ê˛ !ӈϢ£Ï ˆ«˛ˆÏeñ ~ܲ!ê˛ =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈ !Ó˲yçlÈüÈ~Ó˚ Ë%˛° •Î˚ ò¢ •yçyˆÏÓ˚ Ùye ~ÜÓyÓ˚– 1≠1 xl%˛õyï˛ !ܲÇÓy 3≠1 xl%˛õyï˛ÈüÈ~Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ~Ó˚ Ê˛° !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyˆÏÓ ÷ô%Ùye ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ ¢ï˛ °«˛ í˛z!qò !ܲÇÓy ≤Ãyî#Ó˚ àîly ܲˆÏÓ˚– xyˆÏ˛õ!«˛Ü˛ ˆÎyàƒï˛yÓ˚ ï˛Ê˛yÍ xyÓ˚G ˆÓ!¢ =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈– !ܲvñ ï˛y §ˆÏ_¥G ˆÙˆÏ[˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ xl%˛õyï˛=!° ܲáˆÏly xï˛ƒhs˝ !lá%Ñï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ≤Ã!ï˛˛õߨ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ §yôyÓ˚î˲yˆÏÓ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÙyê˛yÙ%!ê˛ Ë˛yˆÏ°y ˛õÌ!lˆÏò≈¢Ü˛ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲˆÏÓ˚–ÛÛ !e´ˆÏfiê˛yÊ˛yÓ˚ ܲí˛GˆÏÎ˚° å˛õòyÌ≈!ÓòƒyÓ˚ §B˛ê˛äÈüÈ~ ܲyÎ≈ܲyÓ˚î §¡õÜ≈˛ˆÏܲ ~•z˲yˆÏÓ Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl–ÈÈüüüÈ ÚÚxyô%!lܲ !ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤ÃÓîï˛y ˜ï˛Ó˚# •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎ ÚܲyÎ≈ÈüÈܲyÓ˚î §¡∫¶˛Û l#!ï˛ˆÏܲ Ú!lÎ˚!ï˛ÓyòÛ˘Ú!l!Ù_ÓyòÛÈüÈ~Ó˚ §ÙyÌ≈ܲ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y– ~!í˛Çê˛l §!ë˛Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ•z !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl ˆÎ ~•z ò%!ê˛ §ÙyÌ≈ܲ ˆï˛y ò)ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲÌyñ ï˛yÓ˚y x§Dï˛ñ ܲyÓ˚î ~ÓÇ Ü˛yˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ܲyÓ˚î ˆÌˆÏܲ ܲyÎ≈ ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ¢!_´Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤ÃÓy• ÓˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– ~ÓÇ ˆ§•zçˆÏlƒ ܲyÓ˚îÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî fl∫yô#lï˛y ÓçyÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– !ܲvñ Îál ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛!ê˛ âê˛ly •° §¡õ)î≈˲yˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ x˛õ!Ó˚•yÎ≈˲yˆÏÓ !lôy≈!Ó˚ï˛ñ ï˛ál !ܲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ âê˛lyˆÏܲ ܲyÓ˚î !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ Îál ˆ§!ê˛ §)ã˛ly ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y˛õ%!Ó˚ !lôy≈!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈Ó˚ âê˛lyÓ˚ myÓ˚y⁄ÛÛ !ÓK˛yl G ò¢≈ˆÏl §B˛ê˛ ˆÓyV˛yˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ ˙ Ó•z!ê˛ˆÏï˛•z ܲí˛GˆÏÎ˚° Quantum PhysicsÈüÈ~Ó˚ çß√òyï˛y PlanckÈüÈˆÜ˛ í˛zk,˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈlÈüüüÈ ÚÚ•z!ï˛•yˆÏ§Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ xllƒ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ Óy Ù%•)ˆÏï≈˛ xyÙÓ˚y Óy§ ܲ!Ó˚– ~!ê˛ •° ~ܲ!ê˛ §ÇܲˆÏê˛Ó˚ Ù%•)ï≈˛ñ ~ˆÏܲÓyˆÏÓ˚ xy«˛!Ó˚ܲ xˆÏÌ≈– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ xyôƒy!dܲ ~ÓÇ Ó›àï˛ §Ë˛ƒï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ¢yáyÎ˚ xyÙÓ˚y ~ܲ!ê˛ =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈ §!¶˛«˛ˆÏî ~ˆÏ§ ˆ˛õÔˆÏSÈ!SÈ– ~•z Ù)° l#!ï˛!ê˛ ~ál ÷ô%Ùye çl§yôyÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÓyhflÏÓ xÓfliyÎ˚ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ ï˛y lÎ˚ñ ÓÓ˚Ç Óƒ!_´àï˛ ~ÓÇ §yÙy!çܲ ç#ÓˆÏlG ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– ÚÚ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ñ !SÈ° ÷ô% ôÙ≈ñ !ӈϢ£Ïï˛ ï˛yÓ˚ Ùï˛Óyò ~ÓÇ l#!ï˛Ó˚ ÓƒÓfliy=!°ñ Îy !SÈ° §ˆÏ®•Óy!òï˛y˛õ)î≈ xye´ÙˆÏîÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó›– ~Ó˚˛õÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ÙyÈüÈ˛õ)çy!ÓˆÏÓ˚yô#Ó˚y ˆ§•z§Ó xyò¢≈ ~ÓÇ l#!ï˛ ã)˛î≈ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ÷Ó˚& ܲÓ˚°ñ Îy ~ï˛!òl xÓ!ô !¢“ÈüÈܲ°yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe fl∫#Ü,˛ï˛ !SÈ°– ~ál !ï˛!l !ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ Ù!®ˆÏÓ˚ ì%˛ˆÏܲˆÏSÈl– ~áyˆÏl xyhs˝!Ó˚ܲ˲yˆÏÓ•z ~ܲ!ê˛ ˜ÓK˛y!lܲ fl∫ï˛/!§k˛ §ï˛ƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎ xyçˆÏܲÓ˚ !òˆÏl ˆÜ˛í˛z xyÓ˚ ܲálG xfl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly– !ܲv ~ܲ•z §ˆÏDñ ≤ÃyÎ˚ ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yl ~ܲ!ê˛ xÌ≈•#l ï˛_¥ Î!ò ï˛y !ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ lyˆÏÙ ~!àˆÏÎ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ ÎyGÎ˚y •Î˚ñ ï˛y•ˆÏ° ï˛y ≤ÃyÎ˚ !l!ÿ˛ï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ•z ˆÜ˛yÌyG ly ˆÜ˛yÌyG !ÓŸªy§# ~ÓÇ Ë˛_´ˆÏòÓ˚ á%шÏç ÓyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ–ÛÛ CaudwellÈüÈ~Ó˚ Ó˚ã˛lyÎ˚ á%Ó §%flõ‹T˲yˆÏÓ Óî≈ly ܲÓ˚y Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎ §yôyÓ˚î˲yˆÏÓ !ÓK˛yl G ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~ܲ!ê˛ §ÇÜ˛ê˛ !ÓÓ˚yç ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ÚÚxyòˆÏ¢≈Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏe í˛z˛õ§à≈=!° ≤ÃyÎ˚ ~ܲ•z–ÛÛ xyÙÓ˚y ~•z xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÎ˚ •z!ï˛ ê˛ylˆÏï˛ ã˛y•z CaudwellÈüÈ~Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛z!_´ !òˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÓ˚ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ •° !ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ çàˆÏï˛ ï˛y!_¥Ü˛ §ÇܲˆÏê˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ÙyÜ≈˛§Óyò#ˆÏòÓ˚ §yÙˆÏl ˆÎ ã˛ƒyˆÏ°O S%ÈшÏí˛¸ ˆòGÎ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyîˆÏܲ flõ‹T ܲÓ˚y– ÚÚxy•zlfiê˛y•zl •° xyˆÏ˛õ!«˛Ü˛ï˛y ˛õòyÌ≈!ÓòƒyÓ˚ çlܲ ~ÓÇ ˛≤’ƒyl܉˛ •° ˆÜ˛yÎ˚yrê˛yÙ (Quantum) ˛õòyÌ≈!ÓòƒyÓ˚ çlܲ– ï˛yÓ˚y !lç !lç ˆ«˛ˆÏe ò%çˆÏl•z Ú!Ó≤’Ó#Û !SȈϰl– ~Ùl!ܲñ ≤’ƒyl܉˛ÈüÈ~Ó˚ !ÓŸªy§ ~ÓÇ xy•zlfiê˛y•zlÈüÈ~Ó˚ xl%˛õ°!∏˛Ó˚ñ ˆ§•zçˆÏlƒñ xÙ#ÙyÇ!§ˆÏï˛ÏÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆê˛ˆÏl ˆï˛y°yÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛y Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– !ܲvñ ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Ü˛Ù ÓÎ˚§# ˆ°yˆÏܲÓ˚y ˆÎÙl ˆ••zˆÏ§l‰Óyà≈ (Heisenburg), fl;˛!í˛ÇçyÓ˚ (Schrodinger) ~ÓÇ !í˛Ó˚yܲ (Dirac), ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃÎ%!_´àï˛ §yÊ˛ˆÏ°ƒÈÓ˚ ~ܲ•zÓ˚Ü˛Ù Ú!Ó≤’Ó#Û ã˛!Ó˚e Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~ˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §ˆÏ®• ˆl•z ˆÎ ~•z lï%˛l ôyÓ˚y!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ xflõ‹T ~ÓÇ ò%ˆÏÓy≈ôƒ Ó ·˛y[˛ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ çˆÏlƒ ˆÎ ˛õ!Ó˚◊Ù Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏSÈñ ï˛y e´Ù¢/ çlàˆÏîÓ˚ §ÙÌ≈l !çï˛ˆÏï˛ §Ê˛° •ˆÏFSÈ–ÛÛ

åܲä ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ m®μ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ §!ë˛Ü˛ ÓƒyáƒyÓ˚ §ÇÜ˛ê˛– mˆÏ®μÓ˚ !lÎ˚Ù xyÙÓ˚y !ÓhflÏy!Ó˚ï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈñ my!®μܲ Ó›ÓyòÈüÈ~Ó˚ ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ÙyÜ≈˛§ ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏD°§ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÎÔÌ ˆÓyV˛y˛õí˛¸yÓ˚ §)ã˛lyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚– ~áyˆÏl xyÙÓ˚y ÚmÏ®μÛÈüÈ~Ó˚ ôyÓ˚îy !lˆÏÎ˚ ܲyç ܲÓ˚Ó ~ÓÇ àï˛ 86 ÓSÈÓ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ ~•z ï˛_¥ xl%¢#°l ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ˆÎ ˆÎ Ë%˛° ôyÓ˚îy ˜ï˛Ó˚# •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆ§=!° !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛‹Ty ܲÓ˚Ó– ~ˆÏD°§ ÚmˆÏ®μÓ˚Û ôyÓ˚îyˆÏܲ !ï˛l!ê˛ !lÎ˚ˆÏÙÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÓшÏô ˆÊ˛ˆÏ°l ï˛yÓ˚ Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ Ú≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ my!®μܲï˛yÛ @˝Ãsi!ê˛ˆÏï˛– !ï˛!l ˆ°ˆÏálÈüüüÈ ÚÚxï˛~Óñ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ ~ÓÇ ÙylÓ §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ •z!ï˛•y§ ˆÌˆÏܲ mˆÏ®μÓ˚ !lÎ˚Ù=!° xy•Ó˚ î ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ï˛yÓ˚y xyÓ˚ !ܲS%È•z lÎ˚ ÷ô% ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ !Óܲy¢ ~ÓÇ !ã˛hs˝yÓ˚ ~•z ò%!ê˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ §yôyÓ˚î !lÎ˚ÙyÓ°#– ~ÓÇ §!ï˛ƒñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ ≤Ãôylï˛ !ï˛l!ê˛ˆÏï˛ ly!ÙˆÏÎ˚ xyly ÎyÎ˚≠ ÚÚÙyey ˆÌˆÏܲ =îÈüÈ~ Ó˚*˛õyhs˝Ó˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛!m˛õÓ˚#ï˛ÈüÈ~Ó˚ !lÎ˚Ùñ ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ ˆË˛òƒï˛yÓ˚ !lÎ˚Ùñ ˆl!ï˛Ó˚ ˆl!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚îÈüÈ~Ó˚ !lÎ˚Ù–ÛÛ ~•z !ï˛l!ê˛ !lÎ˚Ù•z ˆ•ˆÏà° !Óܲ!¢ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚lñ !ܲvñ fl∫y˲y!Óܲ˲yˆÏÓ•z ï˛yÓ˚ ˲yÓÓyò# !˲!_ˆÏï˛– ~ˆÏD°§ ˆ°ˆÏálÈüüüÈ ÚÚ~•z !ï˛l!ê˛ !lÎ˚Ù ˆ•ˆÏà° ï˛yÓ˚ ˲yÓÓyò# ˲D#ˆÏï˛ !Óܲ!¢ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl ÷ô% ˲yÓlyÓ˚ !lÎ˚ÙÙye !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ≠ ≤ÃÌÙ!ê˛ñ ï˛yÓ˚ ÚÎ%!_´ÛÈüÈÓ˚ ≤ÃÌÙ

xLjϢ Ú§_yÓ˚ Ùï˛ÓyòÛ (Doctrine of Being)ÈüÈ~ó !mï˛#Î˚!ê˛ ï˛yÓ˚ ÚÎ%!_´ÛÈüÈÓ˚ !mï˛#Î˚ ~ÓÇ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈ xÇ¢!ê˛ Ú§yÓ˚yLjϢÓ˚ Ùï˛ÓyòÛ (Doctrine of essence)ÈüÈˆÜ˛ ˛˛õ!Ó˚˛õ)î≈ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆ¢£Ï xÓ!ôñ ï,˛ï˛#Î˚!ê˛ •° ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y ÓƒÓfliy!ê˛Ó˚ àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ çˆÏlƒ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ ~ÓÇ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ !lÎ˚Ù–ÛÛ ˆ•ˆÏàˆÏ°Ó˚ Ë% ° ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚ !SÈ°⁄ ~ˆÏD°§ í˛z_Ó˚ ˆòlÈüüüÈ ÚÚË%˛°!ê˛ !SÈ° ~•z çyÎ˚àyÎ˚ ˆÎ ~•z !lÎ˚Ù=!°ˆÏܲ !ã˛hs˝yÓ˚ !lÎ˚Ù !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ xlƒyÎ˚˲yˆÏÓ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ ~ÓÇ •z!ï˛•yˆÏ§Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ xyˆÏÓ˚y˛õ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°ñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ !§k˛yhsy!ò ܲÓ˚y •Î˚!l– ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚yÙyeyÎ˚ ã˛y!˛õˆÏÎ˚ ˆòGÎ˚y ~ÓÇ ≤ÃyÎ˚•z xy˛õ!_çlܲ xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚ ôÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ í˛zͧ •° ~ê˛y•z– Ó ·˛y[˛ÈüÈˆÜ˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ !ã˛hs˝yÈüÈÓƒÓfliy xl%ÎyÎ˚# §yçyˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ˆÎ !ã˛hs˝yÈüÈÓƒÓfliy Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ˲yÓlyÓ˚ !ÓÓï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ !l!ò≈‹T ôyˆÏ˛õÓ˚ §,‹Tñ xyÙÓ˚y Î!ò !ç!l£Ïê˛yˆÏܲ â%!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ñ ï˛y•ˆÏ° ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ !ç!l£Ï §yôyÓ˚î •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ my!®μܲ !lÎ˚Ù=!°ñ Îy ˲yÓÓyò# xyòˆÏ¢≈ xï˛ƒhs˝ ò%ˆÏÓy≈ôƒ °yà!SÈ° ï˛y •ë˛yÍ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏlÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yÓ˚ Ùï˛ §yôyÓ˚î ~ÓÇ flõ‹T •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛z벰–ÛÛ xyÙÓ˚y ~áyˆÏl ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ !lÎ˚Ù!ê˛ á%Ñ!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚Ó Îy ~ˆÏD°ˆÏ§Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛ ˆ•ˆÏàˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y ÓƒÓfliyÓ˚ àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ !lÎ˚Ù–

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§!•ï˛ §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ §Ùyçï˛sf G §yÙƒÓyˆÏò Ó˚*˛õyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ òy¢≈!lܲ ≤Ã!ï˛!°!˛õÈüÈˆÜ˛ ˆÓyV˛ÓyÓ˚ çˆÏlƒ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl– Úˆl!ï˛Ó˚ ˆl!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚îÛÈüÈ~Ó˚ ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ xy!Ó≈˲yÓ ~ÓÇ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ˆÏܲ Ù)ï≈˛ ~ÓÇ §ÇˆÏ«˛˛õ ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°ñ ï˛y òÑyí˛¸yÎ˚ ~•z Ó˚*Ï˛õÈüüüÈ Úˆl!ï˛Ó˚ ˆl!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚îÛÈüÈ~•z ôyÓ˚îy!ê˛ ÙyÜ≈˛§ ÚmˆÏ®μÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îyÛÈüÈÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ xáu˛ xÇ¢ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ˆ•ˆÏàˆÏ°Ó˚ ܲySÈ ˆÌˆÏܲ !lˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰl ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ ˲yÓÓyò# !˲!_Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ï˛y xy°yòy •GÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ï˛y ÙyÜ≈˛§Óyò# !ÓŸªÈüÈò,!‹T˲D#ñ Úmy!®μܲ Ó›ÓyòÛÈüÈ~Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ x!ÓˆÏÓFSÈòƒ xLjϢ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •Î˚– ÙyÜ≈˛§ ◊!Ùܲ ˆ◊!îÓ˚ çlƒ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÎ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ xÙ)°ƒ xÓòylñ ˆ§•z §Ùyçï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ §yÙy!çܲ ~ÓÇ ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ Î%!_´Ó˚ òy¢≈!lܲ ÓƒyáƒyÓ˚ çˆÏlƒ Úˆl!ï˛Ó˚ ˆl!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚îÛ ôyÓ˚îy!ê˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl ◊!Ùܲ ˆ◊!îÓ˚ Ù%!_´Ó˚ çˆÏlƒ §!ë˛Ü˛ ܲï≈˛Óƒ §)eyÎ˚l ܲÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ í˛zˆÏjˆÏ¢ƒ– ÙyÜ≈˛§ñ •z!ï˛•yˆÏ§Ó˚ Ó›Óyò# ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚î!ï˛ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ Óƒ!_´àï˛ §¡õ!_ åç!Ù ~ÓÇ í˛zͲõyòl í˛z˛õyÎ˚ §yÙ@˝Ã#Ó˚ Ùy!°Ü˛ylyä ˆ°yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ òy¢≈!lܲ =Ó˚&c Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ ÚmˆÏ®μÓ˚ !lÎ˚ÙÛÈüÈ~Ó˚ ~•z !ӈϢ£Ï xÇ¢!ê˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– xï˛~Ó xyÙÓ˚y ~•z !§k˛yhs˝ !lˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ ˆÎñ òy¢≈!lܲ ˲y£ÏyÎ˚ñ l#ã˛ï˛Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zFã˛ï˛Ó˚ ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ñ §Ùyç ~ÓÇ !ã˛hs˝yÓ˚ ˆÎ !Óܲy¢ ï˛yˆÏܲ Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏ°ñ Úˆl!ï˛Ó˚ ˆl!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚îÛ •° ÚmˆÏ®μÓ˚ !lÎ˚ˆÏÙÓ˚Û ≤Ãôyl xÇ¢– Úˆl!ï˛Ó˚ ˆl!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚îÛ Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ ÙyÜ≈˛§ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §Ó≈yD#l ≤ÃÓ¶˛ ˆ°ˆÏál!l– ~•z ܲyç!ê˛ ~ˆÏD°§‰ §¡õߨ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰlñ ï˛yÓ˚ Úxƒy!rê˛ÈüÈí%˛!Ó˚ÇÛ @˝ÃˆÏsiñ !ï˛!l ~•z ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ §¡õ)î≈ ï˛ç≈Ùy ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl– ~ˆÏD°§‰ ˆ°ˆÏálÈüüüÈ ÚÚà!îï˛ ¢yˆÏflfÈüÈG ~ܲ•z !ç!l§– ôÓ˚y Îyܲñ xyÙÓ˚y ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó#çày!î!ï˛Ü˛ §Çáƒy ôÓ˚°yÙ– í˛zòy•Ó˚î fl∫Ó˚*˛õ ÚÜ˛Û– Î!ò ~!ê˛ˆÏܲ }îydܲ xÌ≈yÍ ˆl!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚î ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ xyÙÓ˚y ˛õy•z Ú–ÈÜ˛Û– Î!ò xyÙÓ˚y ˆ§!ê˛ˆÏܲG }îydܲ ܲ!Ó˚ xÌ≈yÍ ˆl!ï˛Ó˚ ˆl!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚î ܲ!Ó˚ å–ܲä !òˆÏÎ˚ å–ܲä =î ܲˆÏÓ˚ xyÙÓ˚y ˛õy•z å+ܲä2 xÌ≈yÍ ≤ÃyÓ˚!Ω˛Ü˛ ôlydܲ Ùyeyñ !ܲv í˛zFã˛ï˛Ó˚ ôyˆÏ˛õñ !mï˛#Î˚ áyˆÏï˛ í˛z˛õl#ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ÛÛ– ÚÚxyÙÓ˚y Î!ò ~ܲ!ê˛ Óy!°≈Ó˚ òylyÈüÈˆÜ˛ ô!Ó˚ñ ~Ó˚Ü˛Ù xÓ%≈òÈüÈ!lÓ%≈ò Óy!°≈ òyly çÑyï˛yܲˆÏ° =ˆÏí˛¸y ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ çˆÏ° Ê%˛!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ ~ÓÇ âl ܲˆÏÓ˚ xyÓyÓ˚ áyGÎ˚y •Î˚– !ܲv Î!ò ˆ§Ó˚Ü˛Ù ~ܲ!ê˛ Óy!°≈Ó˚ òylyÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ~Ùl ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ §y«˛yÍ •Î˚ Îy ï˛yÓ˚ çˆÏlƒ ~ˆÏܲÓyˆÏÓ˚ fl∫y˲y!Óܲñ Î!ò ˆ§ ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛z˛õÎ%_´ ç!ÙˆÏï˛ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ñ ï˛y•ˆÏ° ï˛y˛õÙyey ~ÓÇ xyo≈ï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yˆÏÓñ ï˛yÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ !l!ò≈‹T Ó˚*˛õyhs˝Ó˚ âˆÏê˛ ï˛y xB%˛!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚ó Óy!°≈Ó˚ òyly!ê˛ ~ܲ Ó˚ܲÙ˲yˆÏÓ ÓyhflψÏÓ xyÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚yç ܲˆÏÓ˚ lyñ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆl!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚î •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ çyÎ˚àyÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ àyˆÏSÈÓ˚ xy!Ó≈˲yÓ •Î˚ñ Îy ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zͲõߨ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆl!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚î •ˆÏÎ˚– !ܲv ~•z àySÈ!ê˛Ó˚ fl∫y˲y!Óܲ ç#ÓlÎyey !ܲÓ˚ܲÙ⁄ ˆ§!ê˛ !Óܲ!¢ï˛ •Î˚ñ ˛õ%ˆÏ‹õ §Ù,k˛ •Î˚ñ àË≈˛Óï˛# •Î˚ ~ÓÇ xӈϢˆÏ£Ï xyÓ˚G ~ܲÓyÓ˚ ≤Ãã%˛Ó˚ Óy!°≈Ó˚ òyly í˛zͲõߨ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ Îál•z ~=ˆÏ°y ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •Î˚ Ù)° àySÈ!ê˛ ÙyÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ñ ï˛yÓ˚ xyÓyÓ˚ ˆl!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚î •Î˚– xï˛~Óñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Úˆl!ï˛Ó˚ ˆl!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚îÛÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚î!ï˛ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ xyÙÓ˚y xyÓyÓ˚ ˆ§•z ≤ÃyÓ˚!Ω˛Ü˛ Óy!°≈Ó˚ òyly ˆ˛õ°yÙñ !ܲv ~ܲܲ ÙyeyÎ˚ lÎ˚ ò¢ñ Ü%˛!í˛¸ñ !e¢ =ˆÏî–ÛÛ ÚÚí˛zòy•Ó˚î fl∫Ó˚*˛õñ ≤Ãçy˛õ!ï˛Ó˚y !í˛Ù ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zͲõߨ •Î˚ !í˛ˆÏÙÓ˚ ˆl!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙñ !ܲS%È !l!ò≈‹T Ó˚*˛õyhs˝ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚y ~!àˆÏÎ˚ ã˛ˆÏ° Îï˛«˛î ly ï˛yÓ˚y ˆÎÔl ˛õ)î≈ï˛y °y˲ ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈñ ˆçyí˛¸y á%шÏç !lˆÏFSÈ ~ÓÇ §Ó ˆ¢ˆÏ£Ï ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆl!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚î •ˆÏFSÈñ !Ù°l §¡õ)î≈ ܲˆÏÓ˚ flf# ≤Ãçy˛õ!ï˛Ó˚ x§Çრ!í˛Ù í˛zͲõߨ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §ˆÏD §ˆÏD ï˛yÓ˚y ÙyÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚–ÛÛ ÚÚxyÙÓ˚y xyÓ˚G ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛zòy•Ó˚î !l•zÈüüüÈ ≤Ãyã˛#l ò¢≈l !SÈ° xy!òÙñ fl∫ï˛fl≥)˛ï≈˛ ˲yˆÏÓ !Óܲ!¢ï˛ Ó›Óyò– ˆ§•z ˆ•ï%˛ñ ˆ§!ê˛ Ùll ~ÓÇ çí˛¸Ó›Ó˚ §¡õܲ≈ˆÏܲ flõ‹T ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §«˛Ù •Î˚!l– !ܲvñ ~•z ≤Èϟ¿ flõ‹Tï˛yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛y çß√ ˆòÎ˚ ˆò• ˆÌˆÏܲ xydyÈüÈˆÜ˛ ˛õ,Ìܲ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ Ùï˛Óyòñ ˆ§áyl ˆÌˆÏܲ ~•z xydyÓ˚ x!ÓlŸªÓ˚ï˛yÓ˚ ò,ì˛¸ ˆây£Ïîy ~ÓÇ xӈϢˆÏ£Ïñ ~ˆÏܲŸªÓ˚ÓyˆÏòÓ˚ çß√ ˆòÎ˚– xï˛~Óñ ≤Ãyã˛#l Ó›ÓyˆÏòÓ˚ ˲yÓÓyˆÏòÓ˚ myÓ˚y ˆl!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚î •Î˚– !ܲvñ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ xyÓ˚G !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛õˆÏÌñ ˲yÓÓyòÈüÈˆÜ˛ !ê˛!ܲˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚yáy x§yôƒ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆl!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚î âˆÏê˛ xyô%!lܲ Ó›ÓyˆÏòÓ˚ myÓ˚y– xyô%!lܲ Ó›Óyò ˆl!ï˛Ó˚ ˆl!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚îñ ÷ô%Ùye ≤Ãyã˛#ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ%l/≤Ã!ï˛¤˛y lÎ˚ñ !ܲv ≤Ãyã˛#l Ó›ÓyˆÏòÓ˚ fliyÎ˚# !˲!_Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ Î%_´ •Î˚ ò% •yçyÓ˚ ÓSȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ò¢≈l ~ÓÇ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ !ÓK˛yl ~ÓÇ ~•z ò% •yçyÓ˚ ÓSȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ •z!ï˛•y§– ˆ§!ê˛ ï˛ál xyÓ˚ ÷ô%Ùye ò¢≈l lÎ˚ñ !ܲv ~ܲ!ê˛ !ÓŸª ò,!‹T˲D#ñ ÎyˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚ !lˆÏçÓ˚ xܲyê˛ƒï˛yˆÏܲ fliy˛õl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ Ú˛õ,Ìܲ#Ü,˛ï˛ !ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ !ÓK˛ylÛ (science of sciences apart)ÈüÈ~ lÎ˚ñ !ܲv ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ !ÓK˛yˆÏl– xï˛~Óñ ò¢≈l ~áyˆÏl ‘Sublated’ xÌ≈yÍ x!ï˛e´!Ùï˛ ~ÓÇ §ÇÓ˚!«˛ï˛≠ xyܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe x!ï˛e´yhs˝ ~ÓÇ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ §yÓ˚ÙˆÏÙ≈Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe §ÇÓ˚!«˛ï˛–ÛÛ ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ Ùï˛ÓyˆÏòÓ˚ myÓ˚y §¡õ)î≈˲yˆÏÓ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆl!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ≤Èϟ¿ ~ˆÏD°§‰ ~áyˆÏl !lˆÏç •z!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛ í˛z_Ó˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl– !ܲv ï˛y •° Karl Korsch, George Lukacs !ܲÇÓy AlthusserÈüÈ~Ó˚ ÓƒyáƒyÓ˚ ~ܲòÙ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛– ï˛yÓ˚y ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ Ùï˛ÓyˆÏòÓ˚ Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚l ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !ܲS%È Ü˛Ù !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ xÌÓy §¡õ)î≈˲yˆÏÓ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒyáƒyl !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ åˆl!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚î !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ lÎ˚ä– Ü˛y°≈ ܲ§≈ (Karl Korsch) ˆ°ˆÏálÈüüüÈ ÚÚï˛yÓ˚y ÓÓ˚Ç ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˜ÓK˛y!lܲ §Ùyçï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ ܲï≈˛Óƒ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ˆòˆÏál ÷ô%Ùye ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈Ó˚ §ÙhflÏ Ó%ˆÏç≈yÎ˚y ˲yÓÓyò# ò¢≈l ÷ô% lÎ˚ñ ~ˆÏܲÓyˆÏÓ˚ ò¢≈l ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ xyܲyÓ˚ G §yÓ˚ÙÙ≈ˆÏܲ !l!ò≈‹T˲yˆÏÓ x!ï˛e´Ù ~ÓÇ Óy!ï˛° ܲÓ˚yˆÏܲ ÉÉÉÛÛ ~ˆÏD°§‰ !ܲv ~ܲ!ê˛ §¡õ)î≈ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛ ò,!‹T˲D# ˆÓ˚ˆÏá!SȈϰl ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ Ùï˛Óyò ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ !ܲS%È x!ôܲ– ~áyˆÏlñ xyܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ò¢≈l x!ï˛e´!Ùï˛ ~ÓÇ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ §yÓ˚ÙˆÏÙ≈Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ò¢≈l §ÇÓ˚!«˛ï˛– ~ê˛y á%Ó•z ˛õ!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚ ˆÎ ܲy°≈ ܲ§≈ (Karl Korch) ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ò,!‹T˲D#Ó˚ xy!Ó≈˲yˆÏÓÓ˚

≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ ~ÓÇ ã˛!Ó˚e Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Ë%˛° ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ §yÓ˚ÙÙ≈ ~ÓÇ xyܲyÓ˚ ~•z ò%!ê˛ÈüÈ•z x!ï˛e´yhs˝– !ܲv !ï˛!l ~!ê˛ í˛z˛õ°!∏˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ x§Ê˛° •l ˆÎ ò¢≈l !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ §yÓ˚ÙÙ≈ ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ !ÓŸªÈüÈò,!‹T˲D#Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §ÇÓ˚!«˛ï˛ – !ï˛!l ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ Úˆl!ï˛Ó˚ ˆl!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚îÛ ≤Ã!e´Î˚y!ê˛ Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ x§Ê˛° •l– ¢∑!ê˛Ó˚ òy¢≈!lܲ xˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe Ú≤Ãï˛ƒyáƒylÛ ~ÓÇ Úˆl!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚îÛÈüÈ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˆ§•z xˆÏÌ≈ñ xlƒylƒ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ˆÏï˛ ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ò¢≈lñ !ÓŸªÈüÈˆÜ˛ Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ í˛zˆÏjˆÏ¢ƒ ÷ô%Ùye ~ܲ!ê˛ •y!ï˛Î˚yÓ˚ lÎ˚– ~Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆ§ ~•z Ùï˛ ≤Ãã˛yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ çàÍÈüÈˆÜ˛ ~ܲÙye ï˛álÈüÈ•z §!ë˛Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚y ~ÓÇ ˆÓyV˛y ÎyˆÏÓ Îál ï˛yˆÏܲ å§Ùyç Óy Ó›ä ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ≤Ã!e´Î˚y ÷Ó˚& ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÓ– xï˛~Óñ ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ò¢≈lñ xlƒylƒ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ˆÏï˛ñ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#ˆÏܲ xl%¢#°ˆÏlÓ˚ ò,!‹T˲D# ˆÌˆÏܲ Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚– ÙylÓçy!ï˛Ó˚ •z!ï˛•y§ xÌ≈yÍ •z!ï˛•yˆÏ§Ó˚ Ó›Óyò# ôyÓ˚îy •° Ú!Ó≤’Ó# xl%¢#°lÛÈüÈ~Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ç#Óhs˝ !Ó£ÏÎ˚– §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §ˆÏD §ˆÏD •z!ï˛•y§ x≤Ãï˛ƒy!¢ï˛ ~ÓÇ x!ã˛!hs˝ï˛ ˛õ)Ó≈ ˛õyܲ G ÓÑyˆÏܲÓ˚ §ˆÏD˛ Ó‡ ˛õˆÏÌÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ~!àˆÏÎ˚ ã˛ˆÏ°– !ӈϢ£Ïï˛ñ Îál •z!ï˛•y§ !lˆÏçÓ˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ú§!˛õ≈°Û ˛õˆÏÌ ~!àˆÏÎ˚ ã˛ˆÏ°ñ Îál !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ ˆl!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !Ó≤’Ó# xl%¢#°l xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆë˛ˆÏ° ˆòÎ˚ñ ï˛ál §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ !l¤%˛Ó˚ òy!Î˚c!ê˛ •z!ï˛•y§ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚– ï˛ál ܲáˆÏly ܲáˆÏly xyÙÓ˚y !Óflø,ï˛ ••z ˆÎñ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛õÌ!ê˛ §Ó˚°ˆÏÓ˚áy lÎ˚ó !ܲv ~ܲ!ê˛ §!˛õ≈° Óy xÑyܲyÓÑyܲy ˛õÌó xyÙÓ˚y !Óflø,ï˛ ••z ˆÎ ôyÓ˚yÓy!•Ü˛ï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ í˛zÕ‘¡≥˛lñ !Ó˛õ≈ÎÎ˚ G ˲yDl ÌyܲˆÏÓ– ~ál my!®μܲ Ó›Óyòñ Îy !lˆÏç ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õÌÈüÈ!lˆÏò≈¢Ü˛ !ÓŸª ò,!‹T˲D# ~ÓÇ Îy !lˆÏç ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õ%lÙ)≈°ƒyÎ˚l ~ÓÇ ˛˛õ%lÓ˚l%§¶˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÓ˚ l!çÓ˚ñ ï˛y ܲáˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ mƒÌ≈ܲ ~ÓÇ xflõ‹T ôyÓ˚îy •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly– ~ÓÇ ~•záyˆÏl•z •° §ÇÜ˛ê˛– !Óàï˛ ~ܲ¢ï˛ ÓSȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ !Ó≤’Ó# xl%¢#°l §ˆÏ_¥G ÚmˆÏ®μÓ˚ !lÎ˚ÙÛÈüÈ~Ó˚ ÓƒyáƒyÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ à˲#Ó˚ §ÇÜ˛ê˛ !ÓÓ˚yç ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ~!ê˛ xl%§¶˛yl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ˆÎ Óï≈˛Ùyl §ÙˆÏÎ˚ xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ ܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏl ÚmˆÏ®μÓ˚ !lÎ˚ÙÛÈüÈ~Ó˚ ÓƒyáƒyÎ˚ xyˆÏòÔ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §ÇÜ˛ê˛ !ÓÓ˚yç ܲˆÏÓ˚ !ܲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ly–

åáä ÚmˆÏ®μÓ˚ ÓƒyáƒyÛ ~ÓÇ Ú§Çܲê˛Û xyÙÓ˚y xˆÏlܲ«˛î ôˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ ˆÎ !ܲ˲yˆÏÓ ~ˆÏD°§‰ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ Ó˚ã˛ly=!° ÙyÜ≈˛§ÓyˆÏòÓ˚ !˲!_G ÓˆÏê˛– !Óàï˛ ~ܲ¢ï˛ ÓSÈÓ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ ï˛y xye´yhs˝ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~ÓÇ !ï˛!l •ˆÏ°l ~ܲÙye ˆ°!llñ !Î!l !lˆÏçÓ˚ ÜÑ˛yˆÏô §¡õ)î≈ òy!Î˚c !lˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰl ï˛#Ó  ˆ◊î# §Ç@˝ÃyÙˆÏܲ ~!àˆÏÎ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ ÎyGÎ˚yÓ˚ñ !Î!l ïÑ˛yÓ˚ @˝Ãsi ‘Materialism and Emperio-criticism’üÈ~ ≤ÃÓ° ˲yˆÏÓ ˆã˛‹Ty ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆà!SȈϰl ~ˆÏD°§‰ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˛õ«˛ §Ù≈Ìl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛– !ܲv xyÙÓ˚y •zˆÏï˛y˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ ˆÎ ˆ°!lˆÏlÓ˚ Ù,ï%˛ƒÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ çl!≤ÃÎ˚ ï˛Ìyܲ!Ìï˛ ÚÙyÜ≈˛§Óyò# òy¢≈!lܲÛÈüÈÓ˚y ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ Ùï˛ÓyˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ xyÓ˚G ï˛#Ó  ~ÓÇ xyˆÏÓ˚y §Ó≈Óƒy˛õ# xyâyï˛ •yˆÏl !ӈϢ£Ïï˛ ~ˆÏD°‰§ÈüÈˆÜ˛ xye´ÙˆÏîÓ˚ xyܲyˆÏÓ˚– xyÙÓ˚y ~•z ≤Ãӈ϶˛ñ ÙyÜ≈˛§ !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô# ï˛_¥ ˆÎÙl Heidegger !ܲÇÓy ˆí˛!Ó˚í˛y !lˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲ!Ó˚!l– !ܲvñ ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ !ÓŸªÈüÈò,!‹T˲D#Ó˚ Óƒyáƒy ~ÓÇ Ú§yôyÓ˚î˲yˆÏÓ ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ï˛ˆÏ_¥ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚Û ˆ«˛ˆÏe Heidegger, Derida, Karl Korsch, George Lukacs Óy Althusser ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §ÇܲˆÏê˛Ó˚ §,!‹T ܲˆÏÓ˚l!l– ~•z Ó%!k˛ç#Ó#ˆÏòÓ˚ñ ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ §yÓ˚y !ӈϟªÓ˚ ܲÙ%í˛z!lfiê˛ÈˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó≤’Ó# xl%¢#°ˆÏlÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ §ÇˆÏÎyà ˆl•zñ ï˛y•z ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §ÇÜ˛ê˛ Óy §Ù§ƒy §,!‹T ܲÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ çyÎ˚àyÎ˚ ïÑ˛yÓ˚y ~ˆÏܲÓyˆÏÓ˚•z òÑy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˆl•z– ~ܲÙye ܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ˆÏòÓ˚ xy˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î §#ÙyÓk˛ï˛yñ ò%Ó≈°ï˛y ~ÓÇ !ÓÊ˛°ï˛y ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ ~•z ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ çß√ !òˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– !Óàï˛ ¢ï˛y∑#Ó˚ !e¢ ò¢ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆ¢£Ï !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ ~•z ò%Ó≈°ï˛y xl%Ë)˛ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ï˛Íܲy°#l xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ ܲÙ%í˛z!lfiê˛ xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏlÓ˚ ò%•z!ê˛ Óí˛¸ ˛õy!ê≈˛ÈüÈÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÜ˛í˛zÈüÈ•z ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ Heidegger, Heisenberg, Lukacs ~ÓÇ AlthusserÈüÈ~Ó˚ ≤Ãã˛[˛ xye´ÙîˆÏܲ í˛z_Ó˚ ˆòGÎ˚y ~ÓÇ ≤Ã!ï˛!e´Î˚y çylyˆÏlyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ÎÌyÎÌ ˆã˛‹Ty ܲˆÏÓ˚l!l– ܲÙ/ hflÏy!°l ~ÓÇ Ü˛Ù/ ÙyGñ ˆ°!lˆÏlÓ˚ Ù,ï%˛ƒÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛#ܲyˆÏ° xyhsç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ ܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏlÓ˚ ò%•z ≤Ãôyl ˆlï˛yñ Ó%ˆÏç≈yÎ˚y ï˛y!_¥Ü˛ˆÏòÓ˚ xye´Ùî ˆÌˆÏܲ ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ Ùï˛ÓyòÈüÈˆÜ˛ Ó˚«˛y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çˆÏlƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚l!l– xlƒ!òˆÏܲ ò%çˆÏl•z !˲ߨ í˛zͧ ~ÓÇ ï˛yͲõˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ ÚÓ›ÓyòÛ ≤Ãã˛yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl Îy ÙyÜ≈˛§ ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏD°§‰ÈüÈ~Ó˚ Úmy!®μܲ Ó›ÓyòÛÈüÈ~Ó˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ x˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛– hflÏy!°l ~ÓÇ ÙyGÈüÈ~Ó˚ myÓ˚y ÚmˆÏ®μÓ˚Û ~•z lï%˛l Óƒyáƒy xyhsç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ ܲÙ%í˛z!lfiê˛ xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏl ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ !ÓŸª ò,!‹T˲D#Ó˚ xˆÏÌ≈ ~ÓÇ ï˛yͲõˆÏÎ≈ =Ó˚&ï˛Ó˚ !Óºy!hs˝Ó˚ §,!‹T ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– fl∫y˲y!Óܲ˲yˆÏÓ•zñ !Óàï˛ §_Ó˚ ÓSÈÓ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ñ xlƒylƒ §Ü˛° ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ ˛õÌ!lˆÏò≈¢Ü˛ ˆÎ Ùï˛Óyò ï˛yˆÏܲ Ó‡ ≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ §¡ø%á#l •ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y xl%ÎyÎ˚# my!®μܲ ≤Ã!e´Î˚y ~ÓÇ !˲!_ SÈyí˛¸y ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ !Óܲy¢ ܲáˆÏly âê˛yˆÏly ÎyˆÏÓ ly– ܲÙ/ hflÏy!°l Úˆl!ï˛Ó˚ ˆl!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚îÛÈüÈˆÜ˛ mˆÏ®μÓ˚ !lÎ˚Ù !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ˆòáˆÏï˛ xfl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚l– ï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãӈ϶˛ Úmy!®μܲ ~ÓÇ ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ Ó›ÓyòÛÈüÈ~ !ï˛!l ÚÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ my!®μܲ ˛õk˛!ï˛ÛÈüȈΠÓî≈ly ܲˆÏÓ˚l ï˛y ã˛yÓ˚!ê˛ ≤Ãôyl ˜Ó!¢‹Tƒ myÓ˚y à!ë˛ï˛ñ ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ò%!ê˛ •° Ú≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ Ùyeyàï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •Î˚ =îàï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÛ ~ÓÇ Ú≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ §•çyï˛ m®μÛÈüÈ~•z ò%!ê˛ •° ~ˆÏD°§‰ÈüÈ~Ó˚ §)eyÎ˚l ܲÓ˚y !ï˛l!ê˛ !lÎ˚ˆÏÙÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ò%!ê˛– !ï˛!l ï˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏD xyÓ˚G ò%!ê˛ !lÎ˚Ù ≤Ãôyl ˜Ó!¢‹Tƒ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ˆÎyà ܲˆÏÓ˚lÈüüüÈ Ú§¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ ~ÓÇ !lô≈y!Ó˚ï˛ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Û ~ÓÇ Ú≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ •° xlhs˝ à!ï˛ ~ÓÇ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ xÓfliyÛ– !ܲv !ï˛!l Úˆl!ï˛Ó˚ ˆl!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚îÛ !lÎ˚Ù!ê˛ˆÏܲ Óy ~ˆÏD°§‰ÈüÈ~Ó˚ §)ey!Î˚ï˛ ÚmˆÏ®μÓ˚ !ï˛l!ê˛ !lÎ˚ˆÏÙÓ˚Û ~ܲ!ê˛ !lÎ˚Ùñ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó˚Ü˛Ù Ü˛yÓ˚î Óy Î%!_´ ly !òˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒy•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°l– ˆÜ˛l !ï˛!l ~ˆÏD°§‰ÈüÈˆÜ˛ fl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl ~ÓÇ mˆÏ®μÓ˚ ˛õk˛!ï˛ Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ í˛zk,˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛l !ï˛!l mˆÏ®μÓ˚ !lÎ˚ˆÏÙÓ˚ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈ ~ÓÇ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ !lÎ˚Ùñ ÎyˆÏܲ ÙyÜ≈˛§ ÙylÓçy!ï˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ï˛yÓ˚ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ xÙ)°ƒ xÓòyl §Ùyçï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ ï˛ˆÏ_¥ñ í˛z˛õl#ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ xï˛ƒhs˝ §%ò«˛ ˲yˆÏÓ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰlñ ï˛yˆÏܲ Óyò !òˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰl ~ÓÇ Ê˛°ï˛ ≤Ãï˛ƒyáƒyl ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰlÈüüüÈ ~•z ≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ í˛z_Ó˚ xyÙÓ˚y çy!l ly– ܲyÓ˚îñ !ï˛!l ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó˚ã˛lyÎ˚ ˆÜ˛yÌyG Úˆl!ï˛Ó˚ ˆl!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚îÛ ôyÓ˚îy!ê˛ˆÏܲ !lˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚l!l– Ú!Ó˛õÓ˚#ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˙ܲƒÛ !lˆÏÎ˚ ܲÙ/ hflÏy!°ˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õ°!∏˛ !Óºy!hs˝Ó˚ §,!‹T ܲˆÏÓ˚ Îál !ï˛!l ˆ°ˆÏálÈüüüÈ ÚÚÎ%k˛ ~ÓÇ ¢y!hs˝Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒñ Ó%ˆÏç≈yÎ˚y ~ÓÇ ≤Èϰï˛y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒñ ç#Ól ~ÓÇ Ù,ï%˛ƒÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly x!˲ߨï˛y ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ lyñ ܲyÓ˚î ï˛yÓ˚y •° ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ~ˆÏܲ x˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô# ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏܲ x˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ fl∫ï˛sfÛÛ– ~•z!ê˛ mˆÏ®μÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ §!ë˛Ü˛ Óƒyáƒy lÎ˚– !ï˛!l ÷ô%Ùye §Ç@˝ÃyÙÈüÈˆÜ˛ fl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– !ܲv !Ó˛õÓ˚#ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˙ܲƒÈüÈˆÜ˛ lÎ˚– !ï˛!l !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛ˆÏܲ ˆòˆÏál ~ˆÏܲ x˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ fl∫ï˛sf !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ !ܲv ï˛yÓ˚y !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xyhs˝/§¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ !ÓÓ˚yç ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~ÓÇ ~•z!ê˛ •° ÙyÜ≈˛§ ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏD°§‰ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ !¢«˛y– ~Ùl!ܲ ï˛yÓ˚ Ó˚ã˛ly Ú≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ §•çyï˛ m®μÛÈüÈ~ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ~ܲˆÏ˛õˆÏ¢˛õly flõ‹T˲yˆÏÓ ˆÓyV˛y ÎyÎ˚– ~•z ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛ ~ˆÏD°§‰ÈüÈˆÜ˛ xyÓ˚G ~ܲÓyÓ˚ í˛zk,˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚y xÌ≈˛õ)î≈ •ˆÏÓÈüüüÈ

ÚÚmˆÏ®μ Úˆl!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚îÛÈüÈ~Ó˚ xÌ≈ ÷ô% ï˛yÓ˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á•z ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚ lyñ !ܲÇÓy ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ !ç!l§ ÓyhflψÏÓ !ÓÓ˚yç ܲˆÏÓ˚ lyÈüüüÈ ˆ§ê˛yÓ˚ ˆây£ÏîyˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚ ly ~ÓÇ ˆÎÙl •zˆÏFSÈ ï˛yˆÏܲ ôÁǧ ܲÓ˚yˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚ ly– Ó‡!òl ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ !flõˆÏlyçy ӈϰ!SȈϰl ˆÎ Ú≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ §#ÙyÓk˛ï˛y Óy !lô≈yÓ˚î ~ܲ•z §ˆÏD ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆl!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚îÛ– ~ÓÇ xyÓ˚Gñ ˆl!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ ~áyˆÏl !lô≈y!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚ ≤ÃÌÙï˛ ≤Ã!e´Î˚yÓ˚ §yôyÓ˚î ã˛!Ó˚e ~ÓÇ !mï˛#Î˚ï˛ ≤Ã!e´Î˚yÓ˚ !l!ò≈‹T ã˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚ myÓ˚y– xy!Ù ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye ˆl!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚î ܲÓ˚Ó lyñ !ܲv ˆl!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚îÈüÈˆÜ˛ ‘Sublate’ ܲÓ˚Óñ xy!Ù ~Ùl˲yˆÏÓ ≤ÃÌÙ ˆl!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ xyˆÏÎ˚yçl ܲÓ˚Ó ÎyˆÏï˛ !mï˛#Î˚ ˆl!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚î˛ ÌyˆÏܲ !ܲÇÓy §Ω˛Ó˛õÓ˚ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– !ܲ˲yˆÏÓ⁄ ~•z!ê˛ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !l!ò≈‹T ~ܲܲ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ !l!ò≈‹T ã˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚– xy!Ù Î!ò ~ܲ!ê˛ Óy!°≈ òyly =ˆÏí˛¸y ܲˆÏÓ˚ !ò•z !ܲÇÓy ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆ˛õyܲyˆÏܲ Ùy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ !ò•z xy!Ù ï˛y•ˆÏ° !e´Î˚y!ê˛Ó˚ ≤ÃÌÙ xÇ¢!ê˛ §¡õߨ ܲÓ˚Ó !ܲv !mï˛#Î˚ xÇ¢!ê˛ˆÏܲ x§Ω˛Ó ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï%˛°Ó– ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ !ç!lˆÏ§Ó˚ ˆl!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˜Ó!¢‹Tƒ˛õ)î≈ í˛z˛õyÎ˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ÎyˆÏï˛ ˆ§ ~ܲ!ê˛ !Óܲy¢ˆÏܲ çß√ !òˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~ÓÇ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ ≤ÃܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˲yÓly Óy ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe Óƒy˛õyÓ˚ê˛y ~ܲ•z– xl%ܲ°l (infinitesimal calculus) ˆÎ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ ˆl!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ xhs˝Ë%≈˛_´ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛y }îydܲ Óà≈Ù)° (roots) ˆÌˆÏܲ ôlydܲ âyˆÏï˛ (Power) ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆÎ ˆl!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚î ÓƒÓ•*ï˛ •Î˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ !˲ߨ– xlƒ §Ó!ܲS%ÈÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ~ê˛yG !¢áˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– Óy!°≈ àySÈ ~ÓÇ xl%ܲ°l ~•z ò%!ê˛ ˆÎñ Úˆl!ï˛Ó˚ ˆl!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚îÛ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ •Î˚ñ ÷ô%Ùye ~•z §yÙylƒ K˛yl xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §Ê˛°Ë˛yˆÏÓ Óy!°≈ àySÈ ã˛y£Ï ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !ܲÇÓy ‘Differentiate and integrate’ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ ly– ˆÎÓ˚Ü˛Ù Ë˛yˆÏÓñ ï˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙyˆÏ˛õÓ˚ myÓ˚y ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ !lô≈yÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ !lÎ˚Ù=!° §¡∫ˆÏ¶˛ ~•zê%˛Ü%˛ K˛yl xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˲yˆÏÎ˚y!°l ÓyçyˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ ly– !ܲv ~ê˛y flõ‹T ˆÎ ˆ§•z Úˆl!ï˛Ó˚ ˆl!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚îÛ ÎyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚y!ß∫ï˛ Ë˛yˆÏÓ ÚÜ˛Û ˆ°áy ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛ˆÏê˛ ˆòGÎ˚y ~•z Óy°§%°Ë˛ xˆÏ˲ƒ§!ê˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ !ܲÇÓy ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚y!ß∫ï˛ Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˆây£Ïîy ܲÓ˚y ˆÎ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆày°y˛õ •ˆÏ°y ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆày°y˛õ ~ÓÇ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆày°y˛õ lÎ˚ñ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ !ܲS%È•z âˆÏê˛ lyñ ÷ô%Ùye ˆÎ•z Óƒ!_´!ê˛ ~•z Üœ˛y!hs˝Ü˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!e´Î˚y!ê˛ §¡õߨ ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈl ï˛yÓ˚ Ù)á≈y!Ù SÈyí˛¸y–ÛÛ Úˆl!ï˛Ó˚ ˆl!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚îÛÈüÈ~Ó˚ ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ §%flõ‹T ~ÓÇ xhs˝ˆÏË≈˛ò# !ӈϟ’£ÏˆÏîÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ xyÙÓ˚y ܲálG xhs˝ï˛˛õˆÏ«˛ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Ù•yl ˆlï˛yñ ܲÙ/ hflÏy!°l ~ÓÇ Ü˛Ù/ ÙyGÈüÈ~Ó˚ ܲySÈ ˆÌˆÏܲ l#Ó˚Óï˛y !ܲÇÓy •yÕÒy xÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà# Ùhs˝Óƒ ÷lÓ ÓˆÏ° xy¢y ܲ!Ó˚!l– !ܲvñ xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ ܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏlÓ˚ ~ê˛y•z §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ x≤Ãï˛ƒy!¢ï˛ ~ÓÇ ˆÓòlyòyÎ˚ܲ âê˛ly– ܲÙ/ ÙyG ˆ°ˆÏálÈüüüÈ ÚÚ~ˆÏD°§‰ !ï˛lˆÏê˛ !Ó˲yà !lˆÏÎ˚ ܲÌy ӈϰˆÏSÈlñ !ܲvñ xyÙyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe xy!Ù ~=!°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ò%!ê˛ !Ó˲yˆÏà !ÓŸªy§ ܲ!Ó˚ ly– åÚ!Ó˛õÓ˚#ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˙ܲƒÛ •° §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ !lÎ˚Ùó Ùyey ~ÓÇ =ˆÏîÓ˚ ~ˆÏܲ xˆÏlƒÓ˚ Ó˚*˛õyhs˝Ó˚ •° ò%•z !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛ Ùyey ~ÓÇ =ˆÏîÓ˚ ˙ܲƒ ~ÓÇ Úˆl!ï˛Ó˚ ˆl!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚îÛ ÓyhflψÏÓ xyˆÏòÔ !ÓÓ˚yç ܲˆÏÓ˚ lyä– Ùyey ~ÓÇ =ˆÏîÓ˚ ~ˆÏܲ xˆÏlƒÓ˚ Ó˚*˛õyhs˝Ó˚ñ ˆl!ï˛Ó˚ ˆl!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚î ~ÓÇ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˙ˆÏܲƒÓ˚ !lÎ˚Ù ~=!°ˆÏܲ §Ù ˛õòˆÏfli ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ Ó˚yáy •° Ú˜eôcÛ (triphism)ñ Ú~ܲcÓyòÛ (monism) lÎ˚– §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ •° !Ó˛õÓ˚#ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˙ܲƒ– Ùyey ~ÓÇ =ˆÏîÓ˚ ~ˆÏܲ xˆÏlƒÓ˚ Ó˚*˛õyhs˝Ó˚ •° ò%•z !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛ Ùyey ~ÓÇ =ˆÏîÓ˚ ˙ܲƒ– ˆl!ï˛Ó˚ ˆl!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚î ӈϰ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó› ˆl•z– •z!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚îñ ˆl!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚îñ •z!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚îñ ˆl!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚îüüüÈ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !ç!lˆÏ§Ó˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢ñ ~ܲ!ê˛ âê˛ly ≤ÃÓyˆÏ•Ó˚ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛!ê˛Ó˚ §ÇˆÏÎyà •° Ú•z!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚îÛ ~ÓÇ Úˆl!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚îÛ ò%!ê˛ÈüÈ•z– òy§ §Ùyç xy!òÙ §yÙƒÓyò# §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆl!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚î !ܲv §yÙhs˝ §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛ ˆ§!ê˛ •° •z!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚îó §yÙhs˝ §Ùyç òy§ §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆl!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚î !ܲv ˛õÖ)!çÓyò# §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛ ˆ§!ê˛ •° •z!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚îó ˛õ%Ñ!çÓyò# §Ùyç §yÙhs˝ §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆl!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚î !ܲvñ §Ùyçï˛y!sfܲ §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛ •z!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚î–ÛÛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ í˛z_ˆÏÓ˚ Ü˛ÙˆÏÓ˚í˛ ÙyG í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲÌy=!° ӈϰl– ≤ß¿!ê˛ !SÈ° åÜ˛ÙˆÏÓ˚í˛ ˆ¢Çä≠ ˆã˛Î˚yÓ˚Ùƒyl !ܲ !ï˛l!ê˛ !Ó˲yˆÏàÓ˚ §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ §¡∫ˆÏ¶˛ !ܲS%È Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓl⁄ ~!ê˛ Ó˚•§ƒÙÎ˚ !ܲ˲yˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛l ܲÙ/ ÙyGÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ~ܲçl ˆlï˛y Úˆl!ï˛Ó˚ ˆl!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚îÛÈüÈ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y !Ó£ÏÎ˚ˆÏܲ ~ï˛ê˛y •yÕÒy ˲yˆÏÓ ˆòáˆÏ°lÈüüüÈ ÚÚˆl!ï˛Ó˚ ˆl!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚î ÓyhflψÏÓ xyˆÏòÔ !ÓÓ˚yç ܲˆÏÓ˚ ly–ÛÛ ~•z ôyÓ˚îyˆÏܲ ܲy°≈ ÙyÜ≈˛§‰ ˆÎ ˲D#ˆÏï˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ §yÓ˚Ó_y fl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛lñ ï˛yˆÏܲ §ÙyˆÏ°yã˛ly ~ÓÇ !ӈϟ’£Ïî ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ mƒÌ≈•#l˲yˆÏÓ my!®μܲ ˛õk˛!ï˛Ó˚ ~ï˛ =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈ ~ܲ!ê˛ xLjϢÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒyáƒyl ÓyhflÏ!Óܲ˲yˆÏÓ ~ˆÏܲÓyˆÏÓ˚ mˆÏ®μÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îyˆÏܲ•z Óy!ï˛° ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòGÎ˚y– ~ܲ•z ≤Ãӈ϶˛ñ ÙyG ӈϰˆÏSÈlÈüüüÈ ÚÚò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ò%Ó≈°ï˛y ~•z çyÎ˚àyÎ˚ ˆÎ ˆ§!ê˛ Ü˛áˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ ÓƒÓ•y!Ó˚ܲ ò¢≈l ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚!lñ ÷ô% ˛õ%Ñ!Ìàï˛ ò¢≈l ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ–ÛÛ ÚÓƒÓ•y!Ó˚ܲ ò¢≈lÛñ Ú˛õ%Ñ!Ìàï˛ ò¢≈lÛÈüÈ~•z ܲÌy=!° ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ¢yˆÏflf ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y ÙyeyÎ˚ lï%˛l– ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ !ÓŸªÈüÈò,!‹T˲D# §¡õ)î≈˲yˆÏÓ ò¢≈lˆÏܲ x!ï˛e´Ù ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛yÓ˚ xyܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe– ˆ§!ê˛ x!ï˛e´yhs˝ ~•z xˆÏÌ≈ ˆÎ xlƒylƒ §Ü˛° ò¢≈l çà͈Ïܲ Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛_¥ ~ÓÇ K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ò,!‹T˲D# ˆÌˆÏܲñ !ܲv ÙyÜ≈˛§Óyò çà͈Ïܲ Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚ xl%¢#°ˆÏlÓ˚ ò,!‹T˲D# ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ ~ܲ•z §ˆÏD ˆ§!ê˛ Ú!Ó≤’Ó# xl%¢#°ˆÏlÓ˚Û Ü˛ï≈˛Óƒ !fliÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– !ܲv ÙyÜ≈˛§Óyò ÚÓƒÓ•y!Ó˚ܲ ò¢≈lÛ lÎ˚ ~ÓÇ Ü˛áˆÏly •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly– xï˛~Óñ çl!≤ÃÎ˚ Óy ÓƒÓ•y!Ó˚ܲ ò¢≈lñ §Ü˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ çlƒ ò¢≈lÈüüüÈ ~=!° •° Üœ˛y!§Ü˛y° ÙyÜ≈˛§ÓyˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ x˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛– ÙyÜ≈˛§ Óy ~ˆÏD°§‰ ܲáˆÏly ò¢≈lˆÏܲ ˆ§Ë˛yˆÏÓ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲˆÏÓ˚l!l– ò¢≈l ˛õí˛¸yˆÏï˛ ~ÓÇ ≤Ãòyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ xÓ¢ƒ•z §•ç ˲y£ÏyÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ˆã˛‹Ty ܲÓ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛– !ܲvñ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ§•z Ó˚*˛õˆÏܲ ܲáˆÏly•z ÚÓƒÓ•y!Ó˚ܲ ò¢≈lÛ Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ ly– •Î˚ˆÏï˛y ܲÙ/ ÙyG ˆ§Ó˚Ü˛Ù ~ܲ!ê˛ ò¢≈l ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆã˛‹Ty ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ x!hs˝Ù Ê˛°yÊ˛° !SÈ° ÚmˆÏ®μÓ˚Û §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ 刕ˆÏà°ñ ÙyÜ≈˛§ ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏD°§‰ÈüÈ~Ó˚ m®μä ï˛Ó˚°#ܲÓ˚îñ ºy!hs˝ ~ÓÇ ~Ùl!ܲ !Óã%˛ƒ!ï˛ ˛õÎ≈hs˝– ò¢≈l §Çe´yhs˝ Ó˚ã˛lyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ï˛yÓ˚ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ çl!≤ÃÎ˚ ˆÎ Ó˚ã˛ly!ê˛ ÚmˆÏ®μ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛Ûñ ܲÙ/ ÙyG ÚmˆÏ®μÓ˚ !lÎ˚ÙÛ ˆÌˆÏܲ Úˆl!ï˛Ó˚ ˆl!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚îÛ ôyÓ˚îy!ê˛ Óyò !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆòl mˆÏ®μÓ˚ ~•z xï˛ƒhs˝ =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈ xÇ¢!ê˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ §¡õ)î≈ l#Ó˚Óï˛y ÓçyÎ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá– !ï˛!l Ú!Ó˛õÓ˚#ˆÏï˛Ó˚ m®μÛÈüÈ~Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !Ó¢ò˲yˆÏÓ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚l ~ÓÇ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ñ §Ùyç Óy ÙlˆÏlÓ˚ í˛zFã˛ï˛Ó˚ ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛õÌ §¡∫ˆÏ¶˛ !ܲS%È ÓˆÏ°l!l– ~•z ˛õÌ §Ó˚°ˆÏÓ˚áy ly §!˛õ≈°ñ !Óܲy¢ Óy x@˝Ãà!ï˛ ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚yˆÏlyˆÏܲ ≤Ãï˛ƒyáƒyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ly ï˛yÓ˚ ˆl!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚î âê˛yÎ˚ñ ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚yˆÏly !ܲ §¡õ)î≈˲yˆÏÓ x!ï˛e´yhs˝ •Î˚ñ ly ï˛yÓ˚ !ܲS%È xÇ¢ §ÇÓ˚!«˛ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲÈüüüÈ Ü˛Ù/ ÙyG ~•z §Ü˛° ≤Èϟ¿ l#Ó˚Ó ˆÌˆÏܲˆÏSÈl– Î!ò ÚmˆÏ®μÓ˚Û ~•z ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ §yÓ˚Ó_yˆÏܲ fl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ !Óܲy¢ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •Î˚ñ ï˛y•ˆÏ° fl∫Î˚Ç ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ !ÓŸª ò,!‹T˲!DˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ §ÇˆÏ¢yôl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ~ÓÇ ˆ§ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ÙyÜ≈˛§ÈüÈ~Ó˚ •z!ï˛•yˆÏ§Ó˚ Ó›Óyò# ôyÓ˚îy ˛õ%lÓ˚yÎ˚ !°áˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓñ ܲyÓ˚î ï˛yÓ˚ !˲!_ •° ˆ§•z

ò¢≈Ïlñ ˆÎ ò¢≈l Úˆl!ï˛Ó˚ ˆl!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚îÛÈüÈ~Ó˚ ôyÓ˚îyˆÏܲ Úmy!®μܲ ˛õk˛!ï˛Ó˚Û ~ܲ!ê˛ xï˛ƒhs˝ =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈ xÇ¢ ôyÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ òy¢≈!lܲ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ÙylÓçy!ï˛Ó˚ •z!ï˛•y§ˆÏܲ !ÓŸ’£Ïî ~ÓÇ xl%§¶˛yl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòáÓyÓ˚ í˛zˆÏjˆÏ¢ƒ– xlƒ!òˆÏܲñ ܲÙ/ ÙyG !SȈϰl !mï˛#Î˚ !ÓŸªÎ%k˛ ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ ܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏlÓ˚ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ !ܲÇÓòhs˝# !Ó≤’Ó# ˆlï˛y– ï˛ySÈyí˛¸yñ xyçˆÏܲÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ñ Óï≈˛Ùyl ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏî ˜Ó≤’!Óܲ ܲÙ≈ܲyˆÏu˛Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ Ü˛Ù/ ÙyGÈüÈ~Ó˚ lyÙ ç!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏSÈ åÚÙyGÓyòÛ Óy ÚÙyG !ã˛hs˝yôyÓ˚yÛ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓä– Ê˛°ï˛ ÙyGÓyò# !Ó≤’Ó#ˆÏòÓ˚ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ Ó˚ã˛ly=!°ˆÏï˛ m®μÈüÈ~Ó˚ ôyÓ˚îy !lˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe Úˆl!ï˛Ó˚ ˆl!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚îÛ ôyÓ˚îy!ê˛ˆÏܲ ≤ÃyÎ˚ ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y˛õ%!Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˆ˛õÓ˚&ÈüÈÓ˚ ܲÙ%í˛z!lfiê˛ ˛õy!ê≈˛ÈüÈÓ˚ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ Ó˚ã˛ly=!° Ó°ˆÏSÈ üüüÈ ÚÚÙyGÓyˆÏòÓ˚ xyˆÏôÎ˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ñ ï˛yÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó› §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ñ xyÙÓ˚y ~•z ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚=!° !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ÈüüüÈ ÙyÜ≈˛§ÓyˆÏòÓ˚ ò¢≈ˆÏlñ mˆÏ®μÓ˚ §yÓ˚Ù≈Ùñ ÚmˆÏ®μÓ˚ !lÎ˚ÙÛÈüÈˆÜ˛ !ï˛!l !Óܲ!¢ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚l ~ܲÙye ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ !lÎ˚Ù !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓñ ~ÓÇ ï˛ySÈyí˛¸y ÚK˛ylÈüÈï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚Û §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ï˛yÓ˚ à˲#Ó˚ my!®μܲ í˛z˛õ°!∏˛ !SÈ°ñ ÎyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛ˆÏw Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ò%!ê˛ í˛zÕ‘¡≥˛l Îy ~•z !lÎ˚Ù!ê˛ àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ åxl%¢#°l ˆÌˆÏܲ K˛yl ~ÓÇ ï˛!m˛õÓ˚#ï˛ó !ܲv K˛yl ˆÌˆÏܲ xl%¢#°l •° ≤Ãôylä– xyÙÓ˚y ~ê˛y ˆçyÓ˚yˆÏ°y ˲yˆÏÓ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲ!Ó˚ ˆÎ !ï˛!l Ó˚yçl#!ï˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ÚmˆÏ®μÓ˚ !lÎ˚ÙÛ xï˛ƒhs˝ §%ã˛yÓ˚&˲yˆÏÓ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲˆÏÓ˚l– ÙyÜ≈˛ˆÏ§Ó˚ Óy!ܲ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá ÎyGÎ˚y ܲyçˆÏܲ §¡õ)î≈ ܲˆÏÓ˚l–ÛÛ ò,¢ƒï˛•zñ ˆ˛õÓ˚&Ó˚ ܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ ˛õy!ê≈˛ ~ˆÏD°§‰ !ܲÇÓy Ùyܲ§≈ÈüÈ~Ó˚ m®μ ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ §ˆÏD !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ x!˲ߨ Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õ àîƒ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚l!l– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ mˆÏ®μÓ˚ ÓƒyáƒyÎ˚ ˆÜ˛yÌyG Úˆl!ï˛Ó˚ ˆl!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚îÛÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly fliyl ˆl•z– xl%Ó˚*˛õ˲yˆÏÓñ ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ ܲÙ%í˛z!lfiê˛ ˛õy!ê≈˛ åÙyGÓyò#äÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˆã˛Î˚yÓ˚Ùƒylñ ܲÙ/ ≤Ãã˛u˛ ÚÙyGÓyÏòÛ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ˆ°ˆÏálÈüüüÈ ÚÚÙyG ÚmˆÏ®μÓ˚ !lÎ˚ÙÛÈüÈˆÜ˛ my!®μܲ Ó›ÓyˆÏòÓ˚ §yÓ˚ÙÙ≈ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ fliy˛õl ܲˆÏÓ˚l ~ÓÇ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ñ §Ùyç G ÙylÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ §Ü˛° ˆ«˛ˆÏe mˆÏ®μÓ˚ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ !lÎ˚Ù !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ fliy˛õl ܲˆÏÓ˚l– mˆÏ®μÓ˚ §Ó≈çl#l §_yÓ˚ !ӈϟ’£Ïî ~ÓÇ ≤Ãôyl m®μÈüÈˆÜ˛ !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ≤Ã!e´Î˚y ~ÓÇ =Ó˚&cˆÏܲñ !ï˛!l mˆÏ®μÓ˚ ÓƒyáƒyÓ˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ lï%˛l í˛zFã˛ï˛yÎ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏSÈl– mˆÏ®μÓ˚ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ !lÎ˚Ù !Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ Ó˚îl#!ï˛ ~ÓÇ Ó˚îˆÏÜ˛Ô¢° §)eyÎ˚l ܲÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ çˆÏlƒ ˆÎ =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛y flõ‹Tï˛ ≤Ãï˛#Î˚Ùyl–ÛÛ Ü˛ÙˆÏÓ˚í˛ ≤Ãã˛u˛ ÙyG ܲï≈,˛Ü˛ Úˆl!ï˛Ó˚ ˆl!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚îÛÈüÈ~Ó˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒyáƒyˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ùhs˝Óƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚l!l– ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ò¢≈l §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ~•z ≤Ãã˛yÓ˚=!° •z!ï˛˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe =Ó˚&ï˛Ó˚ §Ù§ƒy ~ÓÇ !Óºy!hs˝Ó˚ §,!‹T ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~ܲ xˆÏÌ≈ñ ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ xyò¢≈àï˛ ~ÓÇ ï˛_¥àï˛ §Ω˛yÓly ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ≤ÃÓîï˛y Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl Ù)°ôyÓ˚yÓ˚ ã˛°Ùyl !Ó≤’Ó# ܲÙ≈ܲyˆÏ[˛Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ §Çâyï˛ ÓyôyˆÏFSÈÈ– ~!ê˛ ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ §Ù§ƒyˆÏܲ ÓˆÏí˛¸y xyܲyˆÏÓ˚ Ó,!k˛ â!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–

§Ù§yÙ!Î˚ܲ ï˛_¥àï˛ §Ç@˝ÃyˆÏÙÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ G ܲï≈˛Óƒ xyÙÓ˚y Óï≈˛Ùyl ≤Ãӈ϶˛ Ù)°ï˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ò¢≈lÈüÈ~Ó˚ §yÙƒÓyò# !ÓŸªÈüÈò,!‹T˲!D •ˆÏÎ˚ Gë˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe Úmy!®μܲ Ó›ÓyòÛÈüÈ~Ó˚ ï˛_¥Ü˛yë˛yˆÏÙy ≤çˆÏD– ÙyÜ≈˛§ÈüÈ~ˆÏD°ˆÏ§Ó˚ Ù,ï%˛ƒÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ~•z ï˛_¥ ≤Ãîy°# §Çe´yhs˝ (methodological) G K˛ylï˛_¥ §Çe´yhs˝ (epistemological) ò%•z !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ•z ˆÎ §Ó x§yÙOˆÏ§ƒÓ˚ Ù%ˆÏá ˛õˆÏí˛¸ˆÏSÈ xyÙÓ˚y ˆ§=!° !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛‹Ty ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ– xlƒ ï˛y!_¥Ü˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚=!°ˆÏï˛ ò,!‹T˛õyï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ xyˆÏà xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃÌÙï˛ flõ‹T ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆlGÎ˚y òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ ˆÎ ~•z !ÓŸªÈüÈò,!‹T˲!DÈüÈˆÜ˛ ÙyÜ≈˛§ G ~ˆÏD°§ §ÙyçÈüÈ•z!ï˛•yˆÏ§Ó˚ !ÓÓï≈˛l Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆÎ xhs˝!l!•≈ï˛ !lÎ˚Ù !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈlñ ï˛yˆÏï˛ àˆÏí˛¸ í˛zˆÏë˛ˆÏSÈ ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ Ó›Óyò Óy •z!ï˛•yˆÏ§Ó˚ Ó›Óyò# ôyÓ˚îy– §ÙyçÈüÈ•z!ï˛•yˆÏ§Ó˚ !ÓÓï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ÓƒyáƒyÓ˚ ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ï˛_¥Ü˛yë˛yˆÏÙyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ•z ˆÜ˛yˆÏly x§yÙO§ƒ ôÓ˚y ˛õí˛¸ˆÏ° xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ xÓ¢ƒ•z ï˛y Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ Óy ˛õ%l!Ó≈ã˛yˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚y!ç ÌyܲˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– Óï≈˛Ùyl ≤Ãӈ϶˛ xÓ¢ƒ•z ˆï˛Ùl ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §Ç¢Î˚ Óy !çK˛y§yÓ˚ fliyl ˆòGÎ˚y •Î˚!l– ܲy°≈ ÙyÜ≈˛§ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆàyê˛y !Óã˛yÓ˚ÈüÈ!ӈϟ’£ÏˆÏîÓ˚ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!¢ §ÙÎ˚ ÓƒÎ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ §Ó≈ˆÏ◊¤˛ @˝Ãsi Das Capital Ó˚ã˛lyÎ˚ñ ˆÎáyˆÏl !ï˛!l ˛õ%Ñ!çÓyò# ÓƒÓfliyÓ˚ xhs˝!l≈!•≈ï˛ !lÎ˚Ù=!° Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ ôÁǧ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ÎyeyÓ˚ ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ ≤Ã!e´Î˚y!ê˛ˆÏܲ Óî≈ly G Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– xyÙÓ˚y •z!ï˛ÙˆÏôƒ•z ~ ≤çˆÏD !ܲS%È xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ– ÙyÜ≈˛§ ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏD°ˆÏ§Ó˚ Ù,ï%˛ƒÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ñ ~Ùl!ܲ !ÓÇ¢ ¢ï˛y∑#Ó˚ ≤ÃÌÙ !òܲܲyÓ˚ ÓSÈÓ˚=!°ˆÏï˛ §yôyÓ˚î˲yˆÏÓ ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~ܲ ¢)lƒï˛y °«˛ƒ ܲÓ˚y Îy!FSÈ°ñ !ӈϢ£Ïï˛ Ùyܲ§≈#Î˚ !ÓŸªÈüÈÓ#«˛yÓ˚ §y!Ó≈ܲ §Ù,!k˛ §yôlÈüÈ~Ó˚ ≤Èϟ¿– Î!òG àï˛ ~ܲ ¢ï˛y∑# !l!Óí˛¸ Óƒy˛õܲ xl%¢#°ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ í˛zq(ï˛ xyçˆÏܲÓ˚ §B˛ˆÏê˛Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ï%˛°ly•z ã˛ˆÏ° ly– ï˛Ó% ~ ≤çˆÏD È1903üÈ~ ˆ°áy ˆÓ˚yçy °%ˆÏ:ÙÓ%ˆÏà≈Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó˚ã˛ly xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ~ !ӣψÏÎ˚ §y•y΃ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ– ÚÙyÜ≈˛§ÓyˆÏòÓ˚ !Óܲy¢•#lï˛y G ≤Ãà!ï˛Û Ó˚ã˛lyÎ˚ !ï˛!l !°ˆÏá!SȈϰlÈüüüÈ ÚÚ!Óàï˛ ˆÓ¢ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ ÓSÈÓ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ xyÙÓ˚y Îy °«˛ƒ ܲÓ˚!SÈñ ï˛y !ܲ ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ !Óܲy¢•#lï˛yÓ˚ lÙ%ly⁄ÛÛ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ âê˛ly •°ÈüüüÈ Ü˛ƒy!˛õê˛yˆÏ°Ó˚ ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ áˆÏu˛Ó˚ ≤Ãܲy¢ ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏD°§ ˆ¢£Ï ˆ°áy §Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ò%ÈüÈ~ܲ!ê˛ fl∫yô#l Ó˚ã˛ly SÈyí˛¸y Óyܲ# Ó˚ã˛ly=!° x§yôyÓ˚î çl!≤ÃÎ˚ G ÓƒyáƒyÙ)°Ü˛ Ó˚ã˛ly SÈyí˛¸y xyÓ˚ !ܲS%È lÎ˚– ~•z ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ ÙÙ≈Ó› ˜ÓK˛y!lܲ §ÙyçÓyˆÏòÓ˚ ò%•z ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yï˛y ˆÎ hflψÏÓ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá ˆà!SȈϰl ˆ§áyˆÏl•z Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏSÈ– ˆÊ ˛í˛!Ó˚ܲ ~ˆÏD°ˆÏ§Ó˚ Ù,ï%˛Ó˚ xyê˛ ÓSÈÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ~•z !SÈ° ˆÓ˚yçyÈüÈÓ˚ í˛z˛õ°!∏˛– !ï˛!l xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈlñ ÙyÜ≈˛§Óyò !ܲ ~Ùl•z ~ܲ xlÙl#Î˚ !˲!_ ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# ÙyÜ≈˛§Óyò#ˆÏòÓ˚ fl∫yô#l Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l §Ω˛Ó •Î˚!l– !ï˛!l !°ˆÏá!SȈϰlÈüüüÈ ÚÚxÌ≈yÍñ ~ê˛y Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ ly ˆÎñ ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ !ã˛hs˝yÈüȈ§ÔˆÏôÓ˚ xlÙl#Î˚ï˛y ~ÓÇ ˛õ)î≈yDï˛y•z ÙyÜ≈˛ˆÏ§Ó˚ í˛z_Ó˚y!ôܲyÓ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚ ï˛y!_¥Ü˛ !Óܲy¢ ~!àˆÏÎ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ ÎyGÎ˚yÓ˚ ÓƒÌ≈ï˛yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î–ÛÛ ˆÜ˛l !ï˛!l ~˲yˆÏÓ !ã˛hs˝y ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°l⁄ !ï˛!l !°ˆÏá!SȈϰlÈüüüÈ ÚÚï˛Ó% ÷ô%Ùye xÌ≈l#!ï˛ §Çe´yhs˝ !Ó£ÏÎ˚=!°Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe•z xyÙÓ˚y ÷ô% ÙyÜ≈˛ˆÏ§Ó˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá ÎyGÎ˚y Ó#«˛yÓ˚ ÓƒyáƒyÎ˚ Ü˛ÙˆÏÓ!¢ ˛õ)î≈yD Ó_´Óƒ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ §«˛Ù– ï˛yÓ˚ !¢«˛yÎ˚ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ Ù)°ƒÓyl xÇ¢ •z!ï˛•yˆÏ§Ó˚ Ó›Óyò# my!®μܲ ôyÓ˚îyñ Îy xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ •y!çÓ˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ÷ô%Ùye xl%§¶˛yl

ã˛y°yˆÏlyÓ˚ ~ܲ ˛õk˛!ï˛ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓñ ~Ùl ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ í˛zj#˛õly §,!‹TܲyÓ˚# x@˝Ãî# !ã˛hs˝y Îy ~ܲ lï%˛l ò%!lÎ˚yÎ˚ ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ çlƒ ~ܲ xy˲y§Ï ˆÓ˚ˆÏá ˆàˆÏSÈñ Îy xçyly !ã˛hs˝yˆÏ«˛ˆÏe xlhs˝ !e´Î˚y¢#°ï˛yÎ˚ fl∫yô#l ܲyÎ≈ƒyܲ°yˆÏ˛õ !môy•#l !Óã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ òÓ˚çy á%ˆÏ° !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–ÛÛ fiê˛ƒy!°l G ÙyGÈüÈ~Ó˚ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ˆÏï˛ ˆ°!ll G ˆÓ˚yçy xï˛ƒhs˝ flõ‹T ˲y£ÏyÎ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Ùï˛ Óƒ_´ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl ˆÎÈüüüÈ ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Èϟ¿ñ ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ !ÓŸªÈüÈÓ#«˛yÓ˚ ≤Èϟ¿ ºyhs˝ òy¢≈!lܲ ≤ÃÓîï˛yÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ §Ç@˝ÃyÙ ã˛y°yˆÏï˛ ã˛y°yˆÏï˛ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ï˛_¥ˆÏܲ ~ܲ x§yÙylƒ í˛zFã˛ï˛yÎ˚ ˆ˛õÔшÏSÈ !òˆÏÎ˚ !àˆÏSÈl– ˆ°!ll ï˛yÓ˚ Ùï˛ xˆÏlܲ ˆÓ!¢ flõ‹T˲yˆÏÓ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– ï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ òy¢≈!lܲ Ó›ÓyˆÏòÓ˚ Ú§ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ flõ‹TÛ ~ÓÇ Ú˛õ)î≈ !ÓhflÏyÓ˚Û §¡∫!°ï˛ Óƒyáƒy ˛õyGÎ˚y òyÎ˚ ~ˆÏD°§ Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ å1ä Ú°%í˛!˲à Ê˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚Óyáñ !ã˛Ó˚yÎ˚ï˛ çyÙ≈yl ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ xÓ§ylÛñ å2ä Úxƒy!rê˛ÈüÈí%˛ƒ!Ó˚ÇÛ– !ï˛!l !°ˆÏá!SȈϰlÈüüüÈ ÚÚÙyÜ≈˛§ ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏD°§ §Ó≈òy•z òy¢≈!lܲ Ó›ÓyòˆÏܲ xï˛ƒhs˝ ò,ì˛¸ï˛yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §%Ó˚!«˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl ~ÓÇ ~•z !˲!_ ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ !Óã%˛ƒ!ï˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ìyܲy à˲#Ó˚ ºy!hs˝ˆÏܲ ÓyÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ò,!‹T˲!D §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ flõ‹T˲yˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ ˛õ)î≈ !ÓhflÏyˆÏÓ˚ Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ˆÏD°§ÈüÈ~Ó˚ Ó˚ã˛lyÎ˚ñ Ú°%í˛!˲à Ê˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ÓyáÛ ~ÓÇ Úxƒy!rê˛ÈüÈí%˛ƒ!Ó˚ÇÛÈüÈ~ñ Îy ܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ Ùƒy!lˆÏÊ˛fiê˛yÓ˚ Ùï˛•z ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ˆ◊!î §ˆÏã˛ï˛l ◊!ÙˆÏܲÓ˚ ày•zí˛Ó%ܲ–ÛÛ á%Ó•z flõ‹T ˆÎñ ÚÚmy!®μܲ Ó›ÓyòÛÛ §Çe´yhs˝ ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆ°!ll ~ˆÏD°ˆÏ§Ó˚ ÓƒyáƒyˆÏܲ•z ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ò,!‹T˲D# !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y˛õ%!Ó˚ @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl– xyÙÓ˚y xÓ¢ƒ•z ÙˆÏl ܲ!Ó˚ ˆÎñ ò%•z Ù•yl ˆlï˛y fiê˛ƒy!°l G ÙyG ÚÓ›Óyò# my!®μܲï˛yÓ˚ !lÎ˚ÙÈÛÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˆÎ Óƒyáƒy í˛z˛õ!fliï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈlñ ï˛y §yôyÓ˚î˲yˆÏÓ ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ ˆÓyV˛y˛õí˛¸y ~ÓÇ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe•z à˲#Ó˚ §B˛ˆÏê˛Ó˚ çß√ !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– !ܲvñ ~Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ~•z ºyhs˝ ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ çß√ •GÎ˚y ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˲yˆÏÓ•z í˛z!ã˛ï˛ lÎ˚ !Óàï˛ Ü˛Ù˛õˆÏ«˛ ˛õM˛y¢ ÓSȈÏÓ˚ ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢ ˆÎ ¢)lƒï˛y ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ~Ó˚ çlƒ ïÑ˛yÓ˚y•z òyÎ˚#– ÙyÜ≈˛§ ~ˆÏD°§ñ ˆ°!ll Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ •z!ï˛•yˆÏ§Ó˚ Ó›Óyò# ôyÓ˚îy xl%§yˆÏÓ˚ §Ë˛ƒï˛yÓ˚ ~!àˆÏÎ˚ ÎyGÎ˚yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛y (necessity) ~ÓÇ ˆ§ ˛ÎyeyÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ˛õˆÏÌ x@˝Ãà!ï˛Ó˚ §Ω˛yÓly (Chance), Îy ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛y (necessity)ÈüÈÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §yÙO§ƒ˛õ)î≈ ˛õ!Ó˚î!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õÔшÏSÈ !òˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ÈüüüÈ ï˛yÓ˚ ˙ܲƒÓk˛Ü˛Ó˚î– ÙyÜ≈˛§Óyò ˆçƒy!ï˛£Ï!Óòƒy°Î˚ lÎ˚ñ ï˛yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˛õ)Ó≈ !lô≈y!Ó˚ï˛ §)eyÎ˚l ˆl•z §Ùyçï˛sf Óy §yÙƒÓyòˆÏܲ §¡õyòl ܲÓ˚yÓ˚– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Î%ˆÏà ˜Ó≤’!Óܲ xl%¢#°ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ~•z Ú§Ω˛Óly=!°Ó˚Û (Chances) §¡∫ˆÏ¶˛ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !lçfl∫ ˲yÓly ~ÓÇ Ù)°ƒyÎ˚l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Óyôƒ •ˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰl– ÙyÜ≈˛§ñ ~ˆÏD°§‰ñ ˆ°!llñ hflÏy!°lñ ÙyGÈüÈ~Ó˚ ~•z Ù)°ƒyÎ˚l=!°Ó˚ xˆÏlܲ=!° §¡õ)î≈ §!ë˛Ü˛ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ≤ÃÙy!îï˛ •Î˚ñ ~ܲ•z §ˆÏD !ܲS%È ºy!hs˝ÈüÈG !SÈ°– !ܲv ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ §Ü˛° ≤Ãôyl ܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ Ó%ˆÏç≈yÎ˚y ˛õy!ê≈˛ˆÏï˛ Ó˚*˛õyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ •GÎ˚yñ 60 ÓSÈÓ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ ˆÜ˛ˆÏwÓ˚ xl%˛õ!fli!ï˛ ~ÓÇ ~Ùl!ܲ !mï˛#Î˚ !ÓŸªÎ%k˛ ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ ˛õ%Ñ!çÓyò# !ӈϟª ˆÜ˛yˆÏly =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ xyˆÏ°yí˛¸l ~ÓÇ ◊!Ùܲ ˆ◊!îÓ˚ xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏlÓ˚ xl%˛õ!fli!ï˛ §¡õ)î≈˲yˆÏÓ ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ï˛_¥ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈ xl%§¶˛yl ~ÓÇ ˛õ)l≈Ù)°ƒyÎ˚l ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ç!ÙÓ˚ çß√ !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– Óï≈˛Ùyl ˆ≤ë˛y˛õˆÏê˛ñ Úï˛_¥àï˛ §Ç@˝ÃyÙÛÈüÈ~Ó˚ ~ܲ §y!Ó≈ܲ ܲÙ≈§)ã˛# ˜ï˛!Ó˚Ó˚ çlƒ ܲï≈˛Óƒ=!° òy!Î˚c •Î˚ÈüüüÈ 1. §Ù§yÙ!Î˚ܲ ≤Ã!ï˛!e´Î˚y¢#° Ó%ˆÏç≈yÎ˚y òy¢≈!lܲ G Ùï˛yò¢≈àï˛ ï˛_¥=!°Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ §Ç@˝ÃyÙ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ÈüÈ•z my!®μܲ Ó›ÓyòÈüÈˆÜ˛ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ xˆÏÌ≈ñ Ú!Ó≤’Ó# xl%¢#°lÛÈüÈ~Ó˚ ~ܲ ï˛_¥ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓñ §Ù§yÙ!Î˚ܲ xôƒÎ˚l G àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÓ˚ ~ܲ ç#Óhs˝ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï%˛°ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– 2. àï˛ ˆòí˛¸¢ ÓSȈÏÓ˚ ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ¢yáyÓ˚ñ !ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe å!ӈϢ£Ï˲yˆÏÓ ˛õòyÌ≈!ÓòƒyÓ˚ §y!Ó≈ܲ ã˛ã≈˛yÎ˚ñ ˆçƒy!ï˛!Ó≈òƒyñ §%≤Ãçll!Óòƒyñ ˜çÓ≤ÃÎ%!_´ñ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛ylä ˲y£Ïyï˛_¥ñ ≤ÃÎ%!_´ !ÓK˛ylñ Óy›ï˛sf !Ó£ÏÎ˚ܲ xôƒÎ˚lñ !°DÈüȧÇe´yhs˝ xôƒÎ˚lñ l,ï˛_¥!Óòƒyñ çy!ï˛í˛zqÓ §Çe´yhs˝ !Óòƒyñ çyï˛ÈüÈ˛õyï˛ ~ÓÇ ôÙ≈ §Çe´yhs˝ xôƒÎ˚lˆÏܲ ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ !ÓŸªÈüÈÓ#«˛yÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ˛õë˛lÈüÈ˛õyë˛lñ Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚yñ !Óï˛Ü≈˛ ܲÓ˚y G !Óܲ!¢ï˛ ܲÓ˚y– 3. ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ !ÓŸªÈüÈÓ#«˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛ñ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Ù•yl !¢«˛Ü˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆlï,˛ˆÏc àˆÏí˛¸ Gë˛y xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ ܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó≤’Ó# xl)¢#°lÈüÈçyï˛ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ ï˛_¥§Ù)•ñ Óƒyáƒy §Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ìyܲy x§D!ï˛=!°Ó˚ ˛õ)l!Ó≈ˆÏÓã˛ly G !ã˛!•´ï˛Ü˛Ó˚î– 4. !l¡¨!°!áï˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚=!°ÈüÈÓ˚ !ӈϟ’£Ïî G ˛õ%l!Ó≈ˆÏÓã˛lyÎ˚ !ӈϢ£Ï =Ó˚&c ˆòGÎ˚y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçlÈüüüÈ (i) §Ùyçï˛ˆÏsf í˛z_Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ Ú≤Èϰï˛y!Ó˚Î˚ ~ܲlyÎ˚ܲcÛ G Ú≤Èϰï˛y!Ó˚Î˚ àîï˛ˆÏsfÛÓ˚ my!®μܲ xyhs˝/§¡õÜ≈˛– (ii) !ӈϢ£Ïï˛ ˛õÿ˛yͲõò ˆò¢=!°ˆÏï˛ñ §Ùyçï˛sf í˛z_Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ í˛zͲõy!òܲy ¢!_´Ó˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õܲÓ˚î=!°Ó˚ Ùy!°Ü˛ylyÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ xˆÏÌ≈ §yÙy!çܲ#ܲÓ˚î ≤Ã!e´Î˚yÓ˚ §¡õÜ≈˛– (iii) ˛õÿ˛yͲõò ˆò¢=!°ˆÏï˛ §Ùyçï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ !Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ x@˝Ãà!ï˛Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ í˛zß¨ï˛ ˛õ%Ñ!çÓyò# ò%!lÎ˚yÎ˚ !Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ xyhs˝/§¡õÜ≈˛– (iv) ܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ ˛õy!ê≈˛ˆÏï˛ Úàîï˛y!sfܲ ˆÜ˛!wܲï˛yÛÈüÈÓ˚ !e´Î˚yܲyˆÏ° ÚˆÜ˛!wܲï˛yÛ G Ú≤Èϰï˛yÓ˚#Î˚ àîï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚Û ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ xl%≤ÈÏÓ¢ (interpenetration) G Ó˚*˛õyhs˝Ó˚ (transformation)ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ ã˛!Ó˚e G ˜Ó!¢‹Tƒó Ó˚y‹T…«˛Ùï˛y òáˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ G ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ ˛õy!ê≈˛ ~ÓÇ §Ù@˝Ã ≤Èϰï˛y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ï˛ÈüÈ~Ó˚ xyhs˝/ §¡õÜ≈˛ñ (v) ~ܲ!ÓÇ¢ ¢ï˛y∑#ˆÏï˛ ˛õ%Ñ!çÓ˚ §M˛Î˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˜Ó!¢‹Tƒ§Ù)• ~ÓÇ §y¡ÀyçƒÓyò# Ó˚y‹T…Îsf=!°Ó˚ !ÓÓï≈˛l ≤Ã!e´Î˚yó ~ÓÇ §yôyÓ˚î˲yˆÏÓ ~ܲ!ÓÇ¢ ¢ï˛y∑#ˆÏï˛ !ÓŸª ˛õ%Ñ!çÓyòÈüÈ~Ó˚ §B˛ê˛ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ã˛!Ó˚e G ˜Ó!¢‹Tƒ– xyçñ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ §Ó≈e §Ü˛° òy!Î˚c¢#° ܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ Ü˛Ù≈#ñ ˆlï,˛cñ @˝Ã&˛õ Óy ˛õy!ê≈˛ ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ ~ܲ =îàï˛ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛y xl%Ë˛Ó Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– ï˛yñ xyhs˝ç≈!ï˛Ü˛ hflψÏÓ˚ §Ü˛° òy!Î˚c¢#° ܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ §Çàë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ú≤ß¿Û Óy Ú!Óºy!hs˝Û !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ çß√ !lˆÏFSÈ Óy ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ xy§ˆÏSÈ– ~Ùl!ܲñ ÙyGÓyò#ÈüÈÓ˚yG ~Ó˚ Óƒ!ï˛e´Ù ll– !Ó˛õÓ˚#ˆÏï˛ñ ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ ܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ ˛õy!ê≈˛ åÙyGÓyò#ä xyhs˝çy!ï≈˛Ü˛ ܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe =Ó˚&ï˛Ó˚ ï˛y!_¥Ü˛ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛yˆÏܲ ~ܲ xï˛ƒhs˝ flõ‹T ~ÓÇ !ã˛hs˝y¢#° ˛õk˛!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ˆçyÓ˚yˆÏ°y˲yˆÏÓ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– !§!˛õ~lå~Ùä ܲï≈,˛Ü˛ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ Ú!ò GÎ˚yÜ≈˛yÓ˚ñ §Çáƒy 11, ç%°y•z 2007 §ÇáƒyÎ˚ Ú§y¡ÀyçƒÓyò G ~ܲ!ÓÇ¢ ¢ï˛y∑#ˆÏï˛ ≤Èϰï˛yÓ˚#Î˚ !Ó≤’ÓÛ ≤Ãӈ϶˛ ˆ°áy •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ üüüÈ ÚÚ•z!ï˛•y§ xˆÏlܲ =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈ ≤ß¿ !Óã˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ çlƒ •y!çÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ≤Ãôyl ˆlï˛yÓ˚ Ù,ï%˛ƒÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚•z ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó˚_´˛õyï˛ SÈyí˛¸y•z ˆÜ˛l ≤Èϰï˛yÓ˚#Î˚ ~ܲlyÎ˚ܲc ï˛yÓ˚ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ˆÏï˛ Ó˚*˛õyhs˝Ó˚ •Î˚⁄ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ˆ¢yôlÓyò# ¢!_´§Ù)• ~ï˛ §•ˆÏç ≤Èϰï˛y!Ó˚Î˚ ~ܲlyÎ˚ܲˆÏcÓ˚ ˛õï˛l âê˛yÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ¢!_´¢y°# ˆÓ˚í˛ xy!Ù≈ñ Ó˚y‹T…ÈüÈÓƒÓfliy ~ÓÇ !Ó≤’Ó# çl§yôyÓ˚îÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏl%y ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yô SÈyí˛¸y•z ˛õ%Ñ!çÓyò ˛õ%lÓ≈•y° ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚⁄ Ü˛ÙˆÏÓ˚í˛ fiê˛ƒy!°l ˆçyÓ˚yˆÏ°y òÙlÈüÈÙ)°Ü˛ ˛õòˆÏ«˛˛õ ˆlGÎ˚y §ˆÏ_¥G ï˛yÓ˚ ˆlï,˛cyô#l ˛õy!ê≈˛ˆÏï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ó≤’Ó# !ÓŸªy§âyï˛Ü˛ˆÏòÓ˚ í˛zayl G !ê˛ˆÏܲ ÌyܲyˆÏܲ ôÁǧ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ÓƒÌ≈ •ˆÏ°l ˆÜ˛l⁄ ã˛#ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ó≤’Ó Ü˛# ~ܲ Ó˚yï˛yÓ˚y!ï˛ âˆÏê˛ ÎyGÎ˚y Ü%˛ƒˆÏòï˛y ly!ܲ ~Ó˚ ˆ˛õSȈÏl ~ܲ ò#â≈ xô/˛õï˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ã!e´Î˚y í˛z˛õ!fliï˛ !SÈ° Îy 1976üÈ~ ˛õ!Ó˚î!ï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°⁄ÛÛ ÚÚÜ˛ÙˆÏÓ˚í˛ ˆ°!ll §y¡ÀyçƒÓyòˆÏܲ ÙÓ˚ˆÏîy¡ø%á ˛õ%Ñ!çÓyò !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ §ÇK˛y!Î˚ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl– !ܲv ˆÜ˛yl §y¡ÀyçƒÓyò ÷ô% !ê˛ˆÏܲ•z ÎyˆÏFSÈÈ

lyñ ¢!_´¢y°#G •ˆÏFSÈ⁄ Û70üÈ~Ó˚ ˆò¢ˆÏܲ Îál xyhs˝/§y¡ÀyçƒÓyò# !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ !ÓŸªÎ%ˆÏk˛Ó˚ ˆòyÓ˚ˆÏàyí˛¸yÎ˚ ˆ˛õÔшÏSÈ ˆà°ñ ÙyG ӈϰ!SȈϰlñ ÚÚ•Î˚ !Ó≤’Ó Î%k˛ˆÏܲ ˆë˛Ü˛yˆÏÓñ ly •Î˚ Î%k˛ !Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ §)e˛õyï˛ âê˛yˆÏÓ–ÛÛ ÚÚ!ܲv xyç ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ~Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏlyê˛y•z âˆÏê˛!l ˆÜ˛l⁄ 21 ¢ï˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ≤Èϰï˛yÓ˚#Î˚ !Ó≤’ÓˆÏܲ ~!àˆÏÎ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ ÎyGÎ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãçß√ˆÏܲ ~•z=!° ~ÓÇ ~Ùl•z xyÓ˚G ܲï˛Ü˛=!° xï˛ƒhs˝ =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈ ≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ §!ë˛Ü˛ í˛z_Ó˚ xÓ¢ƒ•z !òˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–ÛÛ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Ùï˛yÙï˛ •°ñ ~•z Ù%•)ˆÏï≈˛ ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ Ú!ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚Û ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ ~Ùl lÎ˚ ˆÎ ≤Ãã˛!°ï˛ ï˛_¥ÈüÈ~ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §ÇˆÏÎyçl xyçˆÏܲÓ˚ ã˛y!•òy ˆÙê˛yˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ– !ܲS%È ~ˆÏ°yˆÏوϰy ~ÓÇ ~ܲˆÏ˛õˆÏ¢ lï%˛l ï˛_¥ ˛õ!Ó˚!fli!ï˛Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l âê˛yˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ ly– ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~ܲ=FSÈ §Çà!ï˛˛õ)î≈ G §y!Ó≈ܲ ï˛_¥ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– ~ ≤çˆÏDñ §yôyÓ˚î˲yˆÏÓ §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ !Óܲy¢ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ˆ°!llÈüÈˆÜ˛ ˛õ%lÓ˚yÎ˚ í˛zk,˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ÈüüüÈ ÚÚ!ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ôyÓ˚îyñ !ÓÓï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îy Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl ≤ÃyÎ˚ §Ù@˝Ã §yÙy!çܲ ˆã˛ï˛lyÎ˚ ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈñ !ܲv ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ xlƒ ˛õˆÏÌñ ˆ•ˆÏà°#Î˚ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ lÎ˚– ˆ•ˆÏàˆÏ°Ó˚ ò¢≈ˆÏlÈüÈˆÜ˛ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÙyÜ≈˛§ ~ˆÏD°§ ˆÎ˲yˆÏÓ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §)e !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl !ÓÓï≈˛l §Çe´yhs˝ Óï≈˛Ùyl ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ ï˛y xˆÏlܲ ˆÓ!¢ §y!Ó≈ܲ ~ÓÇ xhs˝Ó≈›ˆÏï˛ xˆÏlܲ ˆÓ!¢ §yÓ˚àË≈˛– x!ï˛e´yhs˝ hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õ%lÓ˚yÓï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y !Óܲy¢ñ !ܲv ˛õ%lÓ˚yÓï≈˛l xlƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛zFã˛ï˛Ó˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ åˆl!ï˛Ó˚ ˆl!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚îäñ §Ó˚°ˆÏÓ˚áyÎ˚ !Óܲy¢ lÎ˚ñ Ó°y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ §!˛õ≈°Ó,_ Óy flõy•zÓ˚y° xyܲyˆÏÓ˚ !Óܲy¢ó í˛zÕ‘¡≥˛lñ ôÁǧñ !Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ !Óܲy¢ó Úe´!Ùܲï˛yÓ˚ ˆSÈòÛó ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî ˆÌˆÏܲ =ˆÏî í˛z_Ó˚îñ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó›Ó˚ G˛õÓ˚ xÌÓy !l!ò≈‹T âê˛lyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚§#ÙyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !ܲÇÓy ~ܲ!ê˛ §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ x˲ƒhs˝ˆÏÓ˚ §!e´Î˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ¢!_´ G ≤ÃÓîï˛yÓ˚ !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô ˆÌˆÏܲñ §Çâyï˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õyGÎ˚y !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ xy˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î ï˛yí˛¸lyó ÉÉÉÛÛ [ˆ°!llñ ÚÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ Ùï˛ÓyòÛ ≤Ãӈ϶˛Ó˚ Úmy!®μܲï˛yÛ ¢#£Ï≈ܲ xÇ¢ñ ˆ°!ll ܲyˆÏ°Ü˛ˆÏê˛í˛ GÎ˚yÜ≈˛§ñ •zÇÓ˚y!çˆÏï˛ !ï˛l ˲°%ƒÙÈüÈ~ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ñ ≤ÈÏ@˝Ã§ ˛õyÓ!°¢y§≈ñ 1967] ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ !ÓŸªÈüÈÓ#«˛yÓ˚ ~•z flõ‹T ò,!‹T˲!D Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ !ã˛hs˝y≤Ã!e´Î˚y ~ÓÇ K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢G ≤ÈÏÎy烖 ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl fl∫#Ü,˛!ï˛≤ÃyÆ xˆÏlܲ xLjϢÓ˚ ˆl!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚î ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ fl∫yˆÏÌ≈•z– ~ÓÇ ï˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ñ ~ê˛y ÙyÌyÎ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ˆÎ Óç≈l Óy ôÁǧ§yôl lÎ˚ñ ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ òy¢≈!lܲ ï˛yͲõÎ≈ƒˆÏܲ !ÓˆÏÓã˛lyÎ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá Úˆl!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚îÛ •° ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚– ÙylÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢ xyÙÓ˚y ~ܲ §!˛õ≈° ˛õˆÏÌÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ Îy!FSÈñ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §Ó˚°ˆÏÓ˚áyÎ˚ lÎ˚ÈüüüÈ í˛zÕ‘¡≥˛lñ ôÁǧñ !Ó≤’Ó ~ÓÇ e´!Ùܲï˛yÓ˚ ˆSȈÏòÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ÙylÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ !Óܲy¢– !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ~•z ã˛!Ó˚e ï˛y•zñ ÙylÓ K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲ í˛zFã˛ï˛Ó˚ ôyˆÏ˛õ Îyeyñ ˆÎáyˆÏl !ÓŸªç%ˆÏí˛¸ ˆÜ˛y!ê˛ ˆÜ˛y!ê˛ ¢•#ˆÏòÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ òyˆÏÙ xl%¢#!°ï˛ ~ÓÇ à,•#ï˛ ï˛_¥ˆÏܲ Ú~ܲ•z §yˆÏÌ Ó˚!«˛ï˛ ~ÓÇ ˆ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyGÎ˚yÛ •ˆÏÓñ ˆ•ˆÏàˆÏ°Ó˚ ˲y£ÏyÎ˚ åÎy í%˛ƒ!Ó˚Ç Ú¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ ˆË˛!ÕÒÓy!çÛ ÓˆÏ° !l®y ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰlñ !ܲv ܲy°≈ ÙyÜ≈˛§ §§¡øyˆÏl ~ÓÇ §y@˝ÃˆÏ• @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈlä– ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ ˆ§•z §Ó xÇ¢ ~ÓÇ xhs˝Ó›≈ˆÏܲ ˆ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓñ Îy xl%¢#!°ï˛ ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ §yˆÏ˛õˆÏ«˛ñ §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §yˆÏ˛õˆÏ«˛ ~ÓÇ §ˆÏÓ≈y˛õ!Ó˚ Ùyܲ≈§#Î˚ !ÓŸªÈüÈÓ#«˛yÓ˚ !Óã˛yˆÏÓ˚ x§D!ï˛˛õ)î≈ ~ÓÇ xã˛°ó ~ÓÇ xlƒ!òˆÏܲ ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ xhs˝Ë%≈˛_´ §Ù@˝Ã !Ó≤’Ó# ≤Ãyî§_yñ Ú§ˆÏï˛ƒÛÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ï˛yÓ˚ ˜lÜ˛ê˛ƒ ÓyhflÏÓ ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ à,•#ï˛ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ ÎÌyÎÌ ~ÓÇ Ó›àï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛°lñ ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ìyܲy ˆ◊!î§ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ ˆÎÔ!_´Ü˛ ~ÓÇ my!®μܲ !ӈϢ£Ïî ~ÓÇ xÓ¢ƒ•z òy¢≈!lܲ Ó›Óyò Îy ˙ §Ü˛° ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ xhs˝!l≈!•≈ï˛ ~ÓÇ xhs˝@˝Ã≈!Ìï˛ ÙÙ≈Ó›ÈüüüÈ ï˛yˆÏܲ Ó˚«˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–

@˝Ãsi˛õO#≠ 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26.

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28. ‘Philosophical Notebook’ by Lenin. 29. ‘Physics and Philosophy’ by Werner Heisenberg, 1958. 30. ‘Talk on Questions of Philosophy’, August 18, 1964. Selected Works of Mao Tse Tung, IXth volume. [Source: Mao chuhsi tui P’eng, Hua-ng, Chang, Chou fan-tang chi-t’uan ti p’i-p’an]— Mao Tse Tung. 31. ‘On Contradiction’ by Mao Tse Tung. 32. ‘Stagnation and Progress of Marxism’ by Rosa Luxemburg, 1903. 33. ‘Marxist Doctrine’ by V.I. Lenin. 34. ‘Imperialism and Proletarian Revolution in the 21st Century’ [Published in ‘The Worker’, No. 11, July 2007]. 35. ‘Fundamental Documents of PCP (Peruvian Communist Party)’ 36. ‘On Maoism’ by Com. Prachanda. 37. ‘Dialectics of Nature’ by Engels.