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Downstream Technology
RON95 Media M di Workshop W k h
Greg Engeler Product Engineering Manager, Asia-Pacific June 2009
© Chevron 2009
Contents: What is Octane Number? Octane grade d d differences ff Product stewardship p Caltex with Techron Technology advances and future fuels
© Chevron 2009
Downstream Technology
2
Introduction When most drivers think about petrol, it is to remember to fill up and maybe to check the price. Since petrol almost always y performs p well,, drivers forget g what a sophisticated p product it really is. More thought would reveal a demanding set of performance expectations: p An engine that starts easily when cold, warms up rapidly, and
runs smoothly under all conditions.
An engine that delivers adequate power without knocking. knocking A vehicle that provides good fuel economy and generates low
emissions.
petrol that does not add to engine deposits or contaminate or
corrode the fuel system.
Although proper vehicle design and maintenance are necessary, petrol plays an important role in meeting these expectations. © Chevron 2009
Downstream Technology
3
Volatility Driveability describes how an engine starts, warms up and runs. It is the assessment of a vehicle’s response to the accelerator relative to what the driver expects. accelerator, expects Driveability problems include: hard starting, backfiring, rough idle, poor throttle response and stalling. The key petrol characteristic for good driveability is volatility
– the petrol’s tendency to vaporize. Volatility is important because liquids and solids don’t don t burn;
only vapors burn. In cold weather, petrol is blended to vaporize easily. This allows an engine to start quickly and run smoothly until it is warm. In warm weather, petrol is blended to vaporize less easily in
the vehicle to prevent vapor lock or other hot-fuel handling problems p ob e s and a d minimize e evaporation, e apo at o , which c contributes co t butes to air a pollution. © Chevron 2009
Starts easily, warms up rapidly, runs smoothly
Downstream Technology
4
The correct distillation profile is achieved by blending at the refinery Petrol is a mixture of hundreds of hydrocarbons, many of which have different boiling points. Thus petrol boils over a range of temperatures, unlike a pure compound e.g. water, that boils at a single temperature.
Front-end volatility is adjusted to provide:
easy cold starting
easy hot starting
freedom from vapor lock
low evaporation and running-loss emissions
Midrange volatility is adjusted to provide:
rapid warm-up and smooth running
good short-trip fuel economy
good power and acceleration
protection against carburetor icing and hot stalling
Tail-end volatility is adjusted to provide:
© Chevron 2009
good fuel economy after engine warm-up
f freedom d from f engine i deposits d it
minimal fuel dilution of crankcase oil
minimal volatile organic compound (VOC) exhaust emissions
Downstream Technology
5
Anti-knock performance Knock-free engine performance is as important as good driveability. Octane number is a measure of a petrol’s antiknock
performance – its ability to resist knocking as it burns in the combustion chamber. There are two laboratory test methods to measure the octane
number of a petrol. One yields the Research octane number (RON); the other, the Motor octane number (MON). RON correlates best with low speed, mild-knocking
conditions; MON correlates best with high speed and hightemperature knocking conditions and with part-throttle operation. For a given petrol, RON is always greater than MON. The
d e e ce between difference bet ee the t e two t o is s called ca ed the t e se sensitivity s t ty o of the t e petrol. © Chevron 2009
Delivers adequate power without knocking
Downstream Technology
6
Knocking or pinging is the sound of abnormal combustion Normal combustion in a spark-ignition internal combustion engine is
initiated by a spark.
The flame front fans out from the spark p p plug g and travels across the
combustion chamber rapidly and smoothly until almost all the fuel is consumed.
When combustion is abnormal, the last part of the unburned mixture
ignites spontaneously and burns very rapidly rapidly, causing the pressure in the cylinder to rise rapidly. This creates the characteristic knocking sound.
Occasional light knocking doesn’t hurt an engine. Heavy y or prolonged p g knocking g can result in:
• • • • •
Objectionable noise Loss of power Overheating of engine parts Knock-induced surface ignition Engine damage
Knock occurs because the petrol’s octane number is below the antiknock requirement of the engine at that moment. Generally, the situation involves high-load conditions, like hard acceleration or climbing a grade. © Chevron 2009
Downstream Technology
7
© Chevron 2009
Downstream Technology
8
Octane satisfaction curves In many countries programs
Octane Satisfaction Curve (1993, 128 vehicles) 98
103
97
102
96
101
95
100
94
99
Anti-Knock k Index (R+M)/2
92
US Premium
91 90 89 88 87 86
98 97 96
US Mid-grade
95 94 93 92
US Regular
91
85
90
84
89
83
88
82
87
81
86
80
85
79
84
78 83 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100 %
Percent Satisfied © Chevron 2009
Source: Coordinating Research Council
Laboratories’ determined the Research Octa ane NUmber (RO ON)
93
were conducted to determine octane requirement of representative car models. d l lowest octane number that would allow a vehicle to operate knock-free under standard conditions.
This data was used to
determine d i aggregate octane satisfaction requirement for a vehicle population.
These programs ceased with
the widespread adoption of knock sensors.
The Coordinating Research Council (CRC) is a non-profit organization. The Sustaining Members of CRC are the American Petroleum Institute (API), the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) and a group of automobile manufacturers (Chrysler, Ford, General Motors, Honda, Mitsubishi, Nissan, Toyota, and Volkswagen).
Downstream Technology
9
95R is the main grade sold in Europe, but 91R is popular in many countries EU Fuel Sales by RON Grade
US Fuel Sales by RON Grade
75%
7%
84%
9%
15% 10%
91R
~92R ~94/95R
95R 98R
Pool average RON ~ 95.0
Japan Fuel Sales by RON Grade
Aus Fuel Sales by RON Grade
75%
85% 5%
15%
20%
89 90R 89-90R
© Chevron 2009
91R 95R
>=96R Pool average RON ~ 91.2
~97/98R
Pool average RON ~ 92.9
Pool average RON ~ 92.2
98R Downstream Technology
10
Vehicles are designed and calibrated for a certain octane value When a customer uses petrol with an octane level lower
than that required, knocking may result Modern engines equipped with knock sensors can
handle lower octane levels by retarding the spark timing;
•
however, fuel consumption, driveability and power may suffer
Using petrol with an octane rating higher than that
recommended may not improve the vehicle’s performance.
© Chevron 2009
Downstream Technology
11
EU fuel & emission standards for SI passenger cars Petrol Emission Standards (EU)
Petrol sulfur content 4
1000
800 3
Removing sulfur destroys octane g/km g
mg/kg m
600 2
400
1 200
0
0 Euro 1
Euro 2
Euro3
Euro 4
E Euro 1
CO © Chevron 2009
E Euro 2
NOx
E Euro3 3
HC+NOx
E Euro 4
HC
Downstream Technology
12
Product Life Cycle Product Stewardship is a C b i Combustion comprehensive Re-process Re-blend Disposal risk Recycle management system for identifying, End understanding, User and d managing i potential SHE and Product Resellers Integrity risks of our products with everyone involved throughout the Contract Customer entire Life Cycle. © Chevron 2009
Idea
Research
Process Design
Competitors Imports
Marketing
Refining
Buy/Sell Partners Transport Marine & pipeline
Transport
Caltex trucks Third party trucks Rail
Terminals Caltex & Industry
Downstream Technology
13
Product Life Cycle
Combustion C b i Re-process Re-blend
Product/Process/ Project Development Process
Idea Disposal Recycle
Process Design
Competitors Imports
End User Marketing
Product Integrity Program
Research
Refining
Suppliers
Transport
Resellers
Marine & pipeline Transport
Emissions, Recycle, Disposal © Chevron 2009
Contract Customer
Caltex trucks Third party trucks Rail
Terminals Caltex & Industry
Downstream Technology
14
Product Stewardship It’s not only about Safety, Health, Environment & Risk. It’s also about delivering on the customer’s expectation of the Caltex brand… genuine products fit for purpose all the time
Customers expect us to design, develop, manufacture, & deliver products that are fit for the intended application
© Chevron 2009
Downstream Technology
15
The automakers challenge: Motorists expect modern vehicles must deliver: More power Enhanced performance Lower emissions Better fuel economy
The automakers achieve this through improvements in technology: gy Turbo-charging Variable valve timing Electronic throttle control Improved injector design Advanced catalyst systems © Chevron 2009
Emission durability requirements place additional pressure on automakers Downstream Technology
16
Fuel quality is becoming increasingly important… Fuel quality can be an enabler for the introduction of new technologies: Lower sulfur levels can enable new after-treatment
technologies (catalysts) Higher octane fuels can enable higher compression
more fuel efficient vehicles High h detergency d fuels f l can enable bl accurate & precise
fuel delivery to the combustion process over the life of the vehicle and so help assist the autos meet performance, fuel economy & emissions goals …without the right fuel, the engine won’t perform as well as it was designed to perform. © Chevron 2009
Downstream Technology
17
High quality fuel contains effective deposit control additives “Combustion of even good quality gasoline can lead to deposit formation. Such deposits will increase engineout emissions and affect vehicle performance. High quality fuel contains deposit control additives to significantly reduce deposit formation.” Source: World-Wide Fuel Charter European Automobile
Manufacturers Association US Alliance of Automotive
Manufacturers Japan Automobile
Manufacturers Association © Chevron 2009
Downstream Technology
18
What is Techron ? ®
Caltex petrol contains our technologically advanced, specially formulated and patented synthetic fuel system cleaning ingredient ingredient, Techron Techron. Techron is exclusive to Caltex, Chevron & Texaco. The
Techron formulation has evolved over almost 30 years of research & development. development Unlike many of our competitors, the Techron ingredient is in
all grades of petrol
Caltex with Techron is unbeatable at cleaning vital engine parts in y p your car’s fuel system y so your y car and you y can perform at your best. © Chevron 2009
Downstream Technology
19
Caltex with Techron is unbeatable at cleaning vital engine parts in your car’s fuel system. Fuel Injectors: Fuel injectors j are designed g to accurately meter fuel to the engine and to deliver it in a precise pattern of fine droplets. Because the fuel passages are small, small injectors and engine operation are highly sensitive to small amounts of deposits in the critical regions where the fuel is metered and atomized.
Fuel System Cut-away:
Intake Valve
Fuel Injector
Intake Valves: Intake valves are like metal doors in the engine that open and close at specific times in the combustion cycle. By opening and closing, these doors control the air and fuel mixture entering your engine. © Chevron 2009
Downstream Technology
20
Fuel injector clean-up in only one tank full! Caltex with Techron cares for your car by removing injector tip deposits. In fact, only one tank full can clean fuel injectors and on-going use will maintain a clean fuel system.
with Inferior Fuel Fine spray p y burns efficiently! y
© Chevron 2009
Dirty y injector j gives g poor p combustion and delivers poor vehicle performance. Downstream Technology
21
Clean intake valves are essential for efficient engine operation Caltex with Techron is unbeatable at cleaning vital engine parts in your car’s fuel system so your car can perform at its best. Deposits form on intake valves when components of the fuel, or even an improperly formulated f l additive fuel dditi package k itself, break down due to the high temperatures encountered inside your engine.
Intake valves after just 16,000 km
®
Caltex with Techron
Lower quality fuel
Your car will perform at its best when vital engine parts are kept clean. © Chevron 2009
Downstream Technology
22
How does the customer benefit from the unbeatable cleaning power of Techron? Caltex with Techron is unbeatable at cleaning vital engine parts in your car’s fuel system. A great way to protect and maintain your engine’s performance is by using Caltex with Techron. The cleaning power of Techron removes performanceperformance robbing deposits, and delivers 5 key benefits: Restores lost power and acceleration (pick-up) (pick up) Improves fuel economy Reduces exhaust emissions Delivers smooth performance Enhances E h reliability li bilit © Chevron 2009
Downstream Technology
23
Benefit #1: Power and Pick-up
with Techron - the “clean-up cycle” l ” – at the h completion l off the test, 75% of the lost power had been restored due to the unbeatable cleaning power of Techron ! ®
6% powe er loss
97% 96% 95% % 94%
Dirtty-Up
The fuel was switched to petrol
98%
% of Origiinal Power
100 hours of operation on an inferior retail petrol – this is the “dirty-up” cycle – there was a 6% power loss due to th di the dirty t valves l
99%
pow wer restored d
The valves were subjected to
Clean-up
The unbeatable cleaning power of Caltex with Techron helps restore lost power and pick-up caused by deposit b ild build-up. 100%
93% 92% 91% 90%
Start of Test 1994 Ford Ranger
Inferior Petrol with Retail Petrol Techron
ASTM D6201 100 h cycle © Chevron 2009
Downstream Technology
24
Benefit #2: Reduces exhaust emissions Caltex with Techron is unbeatable at removing performance-robbing deposits from vital engine parts.
The chart on the right shows clean intake valve give lower exhaust emissions.
Exhaust em missions, g/km
It is well known that injector blockage and intake valve deposits contribute to emissions.
Intake valve deposits increase emissions 0.25
Cleaner Emiissions
Your car will use less fuel and that's good for you and good for the environment.
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05
Cl Cleaner V Valves l 0.00 6
7
8
9
10
Valve rating (10 = clean) Hydrocarbons
Carbon Monoxide/10
Nitrogen Oxides
Source: SAE 922259 © Chevron 2009
Downstream Technology
25
Benefit #3: Enhances reliability The unbeatable cleaning power of Caltex with Techron helps keep your car healthy.
That’s why we partnered with the San Diego Yellow Cab Company to field test the unbeatable cleaning power of petrol with Techron. h
This field test logged over 130 million kilometres!
Toyota Camry 2.2L IVD Keep Clean 3 Cab Average, 80 000km
10
Intake e Valve Rating (10 = clean)
If you want to test automotive performance under “real world” conditions, it doesn’t get more real than the demands put on a taxi cab.
9
8
No Techron 7
6
5 0
20 000
40 000
60 000
80 000
Distance Traveled (km) © Chevron 2009
Downstream Technology
26
Benefit #4: Improves fuel economy Caltex with Techron cares for your car by removing performance-robbing deposits. A clean engine will use less fuel and that's good for all of us. Your car will perform at its best when vital engine parts
are kept clean. The unbeatable cleaning power of Caltex with Techron
A clean engine burns fuel more completely meaning
more energy from every drop of fuel, resulting in improved distances traveled from every tank.
© Chevron 2009
Downstream Technology
Averag ge
restores fuel economy lost from deposit build up in the fuel system.
27
Benefit #5: Delivers smooth performance Caltex with Techron is unbeatable at cleaning vital engine parts in your car’s fuel system so your car can perform at its best. A clean engine provides for a smoother
performance by ensuring optimum combustion reducing misfires (partial combustion, combustion events) and enhancing y driveability. A car with a clean fuel system is more
p than a car with a recurring g responsive misfire. © Chevron 2009
Downstream Technology
28
Key messages: Caltex with Techron is unbeatable at cleaning up deposits on critical engine parts in a car’s fuel system and keeping them clean. clean ®
Removing these fuel system deposits helps: restore lost power & acceleration (pick-up) improves fuel economy reduce emissions enhance reliability deliver smoother performance p
Best of all, the unbeatable cleaning power of Techron is available in all grades of Caltex petrol! © Chevron 2009
Downstream Technology
29
Global transport fuel perspectives Growing fuel demand globally,
especially in China and India Increasing demand for cleaner fuels
and technologies Need to improve energy efficiency Need to diversify supply & integrate
sustainable resources Increasing expectations
surrounding climate change
© Chevron 2009
Downstream Technology
30
Customer acceptance Energy companies will provide fuels to meet customer demands. For a customer to demand an alternative fuel, they want to see three criteria fulfilled: Equal or improved driving performance, safety, reliability and
comfort Equal or lower vehicle and fuel costs Improved fuel economy and environmental benefits
Photo: BMW © Chevron 2009
Downstream Technology
31
Outlook for Advanced Petrol Engine Technology Downsized, turbocharged, and supercharged
engines Increasing use of Direct Injection
• • • •
Multiple injection strategies Optimized homogeneous fuel/air mixture formation Better control over fuel/air mixture stratification Better control over catalyst light-off and heating
Variable valve actuation and cylinder
d deactivation i i Higher compression ratios Heat recovery from all engine and vehicle
components Use of advanced automatic transmissions to
reduce frictional losses and improve fuel consumption Increasing use of mild to heavy hybridisation, © Chevron 2009
including “start-stop” and regenerative braking
Downstream Technology
32
Carbon intensity will become increasingly important Cellulosic Ethanol
© Chevron 2009
•
Cellulose is the main structural component of green plants
•
Provides the opportunity to explore a variety of feedstocks
•
Can help avoid the foodversus-fuel debate
•
However, chemical bonds in cellulose ll l are more d difficult ff l to break down
•
Land use change issues are critical Downstream Technology
33
© Chevron 2009
Downstream Technology
34
RON95 Media M di Workshop W k h
Greg Engeler Product Engineering Manager, Asia-Pacific June 2009
© Chevron 2009
Contents: What is Octane Number? Octane grade d d differences ff Product stewardship p Caltex with Techron Technology advances and future fuels
© Chevron 2009
Downstream Technology
2
Introduction When most drivers think about petrol, it is to remember to fill up and maybe to check the price. Since petrol almost always y performs p well,, drivers forget g what a sophisticated p product it really is. More thought would reveal a demanding set of performance expectations: p An engine that starts easily when cold, warms up rapidly, and
runs smoothly under all conditions.
An engine that delivers adequate power without knocking. knocking A vehicle that provides good fuel economy and generates low
emissions.
petrol that does not add to engine deposits or contaminate or
corrode the fuel system.
Although proper vehicle design and maintenance are necessary, petrol plays an important role in meeting these expectations. © Chevron 2009
Downstream Technology
3
Volatility Driveability describes how an engine starts, warms up and runs. It is the assessment of a vehicle’s response to the accelerator relative to what the driver expects. accelerator, expects Driveability problems include: hard starting, backfiring, rough idle, poor throttle response and stalling. The key petrol characteristic for good driveability is volatility
– the petrol’s tendency to vaporize. Volatility is important because liquids and solids don’t don t burn;
only vapors burn. In cold weather, petrol is blended to vaporize easily. This allows an engine to start quickly and run smoothly until it is warm. In warm weather, petrol is blended to vaporize less easily in
the vehicle to prevent vapor lock or other hot-fuel handling problems p ob e s and a d minimize e evaporation, e apo at o , which c contributes co t butes to air a pollution. © Chevron 2009
Starts easily, warms up rapidly, runs smoothly
Downstream Technology
4
The correct distillation profile is achieved by blending at the refinery Petrol is a mixture of hundreds of hydrocarbons, many of which have different boiling points. Thus petrol boils over a range of temperatures, unlike a pure compound e.g. water, that boils at a single temperature.
Front-end volatility is adjusted to provide:
easy cold starting
easy hot starting
freedom from vapor lock
low evaporation and running-loss emissions
Midrange volatility is adjusted to provide:
rapid warm-up and smooth running
good short-trip fuel economy
good power and acceleration
protection against carburetor icing and hot stalling
Tail-end volatility is adjusted to provide:
© Chevron 2009
good fuel economy after engine warm-up
f freedom d from f engine i deposits d it
minimal fuel dilution of crankcase oil
minimal volatile organic compound (VOC) exhaust emissions
Downstream Technology
5
Anti-knock performance Knock-free engine performance is as important as good driveability. Octane number is a measure of a petrol’s antiknock
performance – its ability to resist knocking as it burns in the combustion chamber. There are two laboratory test methods to measure the octane
number of a petrol. One yields the Research octane number (RON); the other, the Motor octane number (MON). RON correlates best with low speed, mild-knocking
conditions; MON correlates best with high speed and hightemperature knocking conditions and with part-throttle operation. For a given petrol, RON is always greater than MON. The
d e e ce between difference bet ee the t e two t o is s called ca ed the t e se sensitivity s t ty o of the t e petrol. © Chevron 2009
Delivers adequate power without knocking
Downstream Technology
6
Knocking or pinging is the sound of abnormal combustion Normal combustion in a spark-ignition internal combustion engine is
initiated by a spark.
The flame front fans out from the spark p p plug g and travels across the
combustion chamber rapidly and smoothly until almost all the fuel is consumed.
When combustion is abnormal, the last part of the unburned mixture
ignites spontaneously and burns very rapidly rapidly, causing the pressure in the cylinder to rise rapidly. This creates the characteristic knocking sound.
Occasional light knocking doesn’t hurt an engine. Heavy y or prolonged p g knocking g can result in:
• • • • •
Objectionable noise Loss of power Overheating of engine parts Knock-induced surface ignition Engine damage
Knock occurs because the petrol’s octane number is below the antiknock requirement of the engine at that moment. Generally, the situation involves high-load conditions, like hard acceleration or climbing a grade. © Chevron 2009
Downstream Technology
7
© Chevron 2009
Downstream Technology
8
Octane satisfaction curves In many countries programs
Octane Satisfaction Curve (1993, 128 vehicles) 98
103
97
102
96
101
95
100
94
99
Anti-Knock k Index (R+M)/2
92
US Premium
91 90 89 88 87 86
98 97 96
US Mid-grade
95 94 93 92
US Regular
91
85
90
84
89
83
88
82
87
81
86
80
85
79
84
78 83 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100 %
Percent Satisfied © Chevron 2009
Source: Coordinating Research Council
Laboratories’ determined the Research Octa ane NUmber (RO ON)
93
were conducted to determine octane requirement of representative car models. d l lowest octane number that would allow a vehicle to operate knock-free under standard conditions.
This data was used to
determine d i aggregate octane satisfaction requirement for a vehicle population.
These programs ceased with
the widespread adoption of knock sensors.
The Coordinating Research Council (CRC) is a non-profit organization. The Sustaining Members of CRC are the American Petroleum Institute (API), the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) and a group of automobile manufacturers (Chrysler, Ford, General Motors, Honda, Mitsubishi, Nissan, Toyota, and Volkswagen).
Downstream Technology
9
95R is the main grade sold in Europe, but 91R is popular in many countries EU Fuel Sales by RON Grade
US Fuel Sales by RON Grade
75%
7%
84%
9%
15% 10%
91R
~92R ~94/95R
95R 98R
Pool average RON ~ 95.0
Japan Fuel Sales by RON Grade
Aus Fuel Sales by RON Grade
75%
85% 5%
15%
20%
89 90R 89-90R
© Chevron 2009
91R 95R
>=96R Pool average RON ~ 91.2
~97/98R
Pool average RON ~ 92.9
Pool average RON ~ 92.2
98R Downstream Technology
10
Vehicles are designed and calibrated for a certain octane value When a customer uses petrol with an octane level lower
than that required, knocking may result Modern engines equipped with knock sensors can
handle lower octane levels by retarding the spark timing;
•
however, fuel consumption, driveability and power may suffer
Using petrol with an octane rating higher than that
recommended may not improve the vehicle’s performance.
© Chevron 2009
Downstream Technology
11
EU fuel & emission standards for SI passenger cars Petrol Emission Standards (EU)
Petrol sulfur content 4
1000
800 3
Removing sulfur destroys octane g/km g
mg/kg m
600 2
400
1 200
0
0 Euro 1
Euro 2
Euro3
Euro 4
E Euro 1
CO © Chevron 2009
E Euro 2
NOx
E Euro3 3
HC+NOx
E Euro 4
HC
Downstream Technology
12
Product Life Cycle Product Stewardship is a C b i Combustion comprehensive Re-process Re-blend Disposal risk Recycle management system for identifying, End understanding, User and d managing i potential SHE and Product Resellers Integrity risks of our products with everyone involved throughout the Contract Customer entire Life Cycle. © Chevron 2009
Idea
Research
Process Design
Competitors Imports
Marketing
Refining
Buy/Sell Partners Transport Marine & pipeline
Transport
Caltex trucks Third party trucks Rail
Terminals Caltex & Industry
Downstream Technology
13
Product Life Cycle
Combustion C b i Re-process Re-blend
Product/Process/ Project Development Process
Idea Disposal Recycle
Process Design
Competitors Imports
End User Marketing
Product Integrity Program
Research
Refining
Suppliers
Transport
Resellers
Marine & pipeline Transport
Emissions, Recycle, Disposal © Chevron 2009
Contract Customer
Caltex trucks Third party trucks Rail
Terminals Caltex & Industry
Downstream Technology
14
Product Stewardship It’s not only about Safety, Health, Environment & Risk. It’s also about delivering on the customer’s expectation of the Caltex brand… genuine products fit for purpose all the time
Customers expect us to design, develop, manufacture, & deliver products that are fit for the intended application
© Chevron 2009
Downstream Technology
15
The automakers challenge: Motorists expect modern vehicles must deliver: More power Enhanced performance Lower emissions Better fuel economy
The automakers achieve this through improvements in technology: gy Turbo-charging Variable valve timing Electronic throttle control Improved injector design Advanced catalyst systems © Chevron 2009
Emission durability requirements place additional pressure on automakers Downstream Technology
16
Fuel quality is becoming increasingly important… Fuel quality can be an enabler for the introduction of new technologies: Lower sulfur levels can enable new after-treatment
technologies (catalysts) Higher octane fuels can enable higher compression
more fuel efficient vehicles High h detergency d fuels f l can enable bl accurate & precise
fuel delivery to the combustion process over the life of the vehicle and so help assist the autos meet performance, fuel economy & emissions goals …without the right fuel, the engine won’t perform as well as it was designed to perform. © Chevron 2009
Downstream Technology
17
High quality fuel contains effective deposit control additives “Combustion of even good quality gasoline can lead to deposit formation. Such deposits will increase engineout emissions and affect vehicle performance. High quality fuel contains deposit control additives to significantly reduce deposit formation.” Source: World-Wide Fuel Charter European Automobile
Manufacturers Association US Alliance of Automotive
Manufacturers Japan Automobile
Manufacturers Association © Chevron 2009
Downstream Technology
18
What is Techron ? ®
Caltex petrol contains our technologically advanced, specially formulated and patented synthetic fuel system cleaning ingredient ingredient, Techron Techron. Techron is exclusive to Caltex, Chevron & Texaco. The
Techron formulation has evolved over almost 30 years of research & development. development Unlike many of our competitors, the Techron ingredient is in
all grades of petrol
Caltex with Techron is unbeatable at cleaning vital engine parts in y p your car’s fuel system y so your y car and you y can perform at your best. © Chevron 2009
Downstream Technology
19
Caltex with Techron is unbeatable at cleaning vital engine parts in your car’s fuel system. Fuel Injectors: Fuel injectors j are designed g to accurately meter fuel to the engine and to deliver it in a precise pattern of fine droplets. Because the fuel passages are small, small injectors and engine operation are highly sensitive to small amounts of deposits in the critical regions where the fuel is metered and atomized.
Fuel System Cut-away:
Intake Valve
Fuel Injector
Intake Valves: Intake valves are like metal doors in the engine that open and close at specific times in the combustion cycle. By opening and closing, these doors control the air and fuel mixture entering your engine. © Chevron 2009
Downstream Technology
20
Fuel injector clean-up in only one tank full! Caltex with Techron cares for your car by removing injector tip deposits. In fact, only one tank full can clean fuel injectors and on-going use will maintain a clean fuel system.
with Inferior Fuel Fine spray p y burns efficiently! y
© Chevron 2009
Dirty y injector j gives g poor p combustion and delivers poor vehicle performance. Downstream Technology
21
Clean intake valves are essential for efficient engine operation Caltex with Techron is unbeatable at cleaning vital engine parts in your car’s fuel system so your car can perform at its best. Deposits form on intake valves when components of the fuel, or even an improperly formulated f l additive fuel dditi package k itself, break down due to the high temperatures encountered inside your engine.
Intake valves after just 16,000 km
®
Caltex with Techron
Lower quality fuel
Your car will perform at its best when vital engine parts are kept clean. © Chevron 2009
Downstream Technology
22
How does the customer benefit from the unbeatable cleaning power of Techron? Caltex with Techron is unbeatable at cleaning vital engine parts in your car’s fuel system. A great way to protect and maintain your engine’s performance is by using Caltex with Techron. The cleaning power of Techron removes performanceperformance robbing deposits, and delivers 5 key benefits: Restores lost power and acceleration (pick-up) (pick up) Improves fuel economy Reduces exhaust emissions Delivers smooth performance Enhances E h reliability li bilit © Chevron 2009
Downstream Technology
23
Benefit #1: Power and Pick-up
with Techron - the “clean-up cycle” l ” – at the h completion l off the test, 75% of the lost power had been restored due to the unbeatable cleaning power of Techron ! ®
6% powe er loss
97% 96% 95% % 94%
Dirtty-Up
The fuel was switched to petrol
98%
% of Origiinal Power
100 hours of operation on an inferior retail petrol – this is the “dirty-up” cycle – there was a 6% power loss due to th di the dirty t valves l
99%
pow wer restored d
The valves were subjected to
Clean-up
The unbeatable cleaning power of Caltex with Techron helps restore lost power and pick-up caused by deposit b ild build-up. 100%
93% 92% 91% 90%
Start of Test 1994 Ford Ranger
Inferior Petrol with Retail Petrol Techron
ASTM D6201 100 h cycle © Chevron 2009
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Benefit #2: Reduces exhaust emissions Caltex with Techron is unbeatable at removing performance-robbing deposits from vital engine parts.
The chart on the right shows clean intake valve give lower exhaust emissions.
Exhaust em missions, g/km
It is well known that injector blockage and intake valve deposits contribute to emissions.
Intake valve deposits increase emissions 0.25
Cleaner Emiissions
Your car will use less fuel and that's good for you and good for the environment.
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05
Cl Cleaner V Valves l 0.00 6
7
8
9
10
Valve rating (10 = clean) Hydrocarbons
Carbon Monoxide/10
Nitrogen Oxides
Source: SAE 922259 © Chevron 2009
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Benefit #3: Enhances reliability The unbeatable cleaning power of Caltex with Techron helps keep your car healthy.
That’s why we partnered with the San Diego Yellow Cab Company to field test the unbeatable cleaning power of petrol with Techron. h
This field test logged over 130 million kilometres!
Toyota Camry 2.2L IVD Keep Clean 3 Cab Average, 80 000km
10
Intake e Valve Rating (10 = clean)
If you want to test automotive performance under “real world” conditions, it doesn’t get more real than the demands put on a taxi cab.
9
8
No Techron 7
6
5 0
20 000
40 000
60 000
80 000
Distance Traveled (km) © Chevron 2009
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Benefit #4: Improves fuel economy Caltex with Techron cares for your car by removing performance-robbing deposits. A clean engine will use less fuel and that's good for all of us. Your car will perform at its best when vital engine parts
are kept clean. The unbeatable cleaning power of Caltex with Techron
A clean engine burns fuel more completely meaning
more energy from every drop of fuel, resulting in improved distances traveled from every tank.
© Chevron 2009
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Averag ge
restores fuel economy lost from deposit build up in the fuel system.
27
Benefit #5: Delivers smooth performance Caltex with Techron is unbeatable at cleaning vital engine parts in your car’s fuel system so your car can perform at its best. A clean engine provides for a smoother
performance by ensuring optimum combustion reducing misfires (partial combustion, combustion events) and enhancing y driveability. A car with a clean fuel system is more
p than a car with a recurring g responsive misfire. © Chevron 2009
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Key messages: Caltex with Techron is unbeatable at cleaning up deposits on critical engine parts in a car’s fuel system and keeping them clean. clean ®
Removing these fuel system deposits helps: restore lost power & acceleration (pick-up) improves fuel economy reduce emissions enhance reliability deliver smoother performance p
Best of all, the unbeatable cleaning power of Techron is available in all grades of Caltex petrol! © Chevron 2009
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Global transport fuel perspectives Growing fuel demand globally,
especially in China and India Increasing demand for cleaner fuels
and technologies Need to improve energy efficiency Need to diversify supply & integrate
sustainable resources Increasing expectations
surrounding climate change
© Chevron 2009
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Customer acceptance Energy companies will provide fuels to meet customer demands. For a customer to demand an alternative fuel, they want to see three criteria fulfilled: Equal or improved driving performance, safety, reliability and
comfort Equal or lower vehicle and fuel costs Improved fuel economy and environmental benefits
Photo: BMW © Chevron 2009
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Outlook for Advanced Petrol Engine Technology Downsized, turbocharged, and supercharged
engines Increasing use of Direct Injection
• • • •
Multiple injection strategies Optimized homogeneous fuel/air mixture formation Better control over fuel/air mixture stratification Better control over catalyst light-off and heating
Variable valve actuation and cylinder
d deactivation i i Higher compression ratios Heat recovery from all engine and vehicle
components Use of advanced automatic transmissions to
reduce frictional losses and improve fuel consumption Increasing use of mild to heavy hybridisation, © Chevron 2009
including “start-stop” and regenerative braking
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Carbon intensity will become increasingly important Cellulosic Ethanol
© Chevron 2009
•
Cellulose is the main structural component of green plants
•
Provides the opportunity to explore a variety of feedstocks
•
Can help avoid the foodversus-fuel debate
•
However, chemical bonds in cellulose ll l are more d difficult ff l to break down
•
Land use change issues are critical Downstream Technology
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© Chevron 2009
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