Chemparathy Family History -part 1

June 2020
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sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

1

sNºcØn IpSpw_hpw ae\mSpw

{]kn≤oIcWw

sNºcØn IpSpw_tbmKw apXet°mSw, sXmSp]pg

_\UnIvSv ]Xn\mdma≥ ]m∏mbpsS Bio¿∆mZw Language

Malayalam Name CHEMPARATHY KUDUMBAVUM MALANADUM Written by Prof. George Mathew Chemparathy Edited by Historical Research Committee Chemparathy Family Association Published by Chemparathy Family Association Muthalakodam, Thodupuzha. Layout The Author Cover Shares the scenic beauty of native village, Ezhumuttom Joby Graphics, Thodupuzha D.T.P. Kottayil Graphics Thodupuzha Printedat Kottayil Offset Printers Thodupuzha. Ph: 9287267056 Edition First - January 2009 Copies - 1000 Limited Circulation

tPm¨t]mƒ c≠ma≥ ]m∏mbpsS ktµiw IpSpw_tbmKw UbdIvS¿

^m. sPbnwkv sNºcØn (]menb°pt∂¬)

am¿ tPm¿÷v ]p∂t°m´n¬ (_nj∏v)

{]knU‚v

sk{I´dn

kn.sP. sPbnwkv sNºcØn (Ipftº¬)

tPm¨ hn. sNºcØn (sN≈q∏dºn¬)

ap≥ `mchmlnIƒ

Ncn{XKthjW kanXn sNb¿am≥

UbdIvS¿ (bphP\thZn)

{]Ya {]knU‚v

{]knU‚v

s{]m^. tPm¿÷v amXyp sNºcØn amXyp ss]en Ipftº¬

^m. amXyp sNºcØn (]menb°pt∂¬)

{]knU‚v

{]knU‚v

{]knU‚v & sk{I´dn

AUz. ]n. hn. amXyp ]menb°pt∂¬

‰n. sP. h¿§okv sXt°¬

{]Ya sk{I´dn

kn. sP. sPbnwkv Ipftº¬

kn.sP. tPm_v sN≈q∏dºn¬

s{]m^. tPm¿÷v hn. sNºcØn

tkh\hoYn tPmk^v amXyp If∏pcbn¬

kn.‰n. tPmk^v If∏pcbn¬

kn.sP. tPm_v sN≈q∏dºn¬

tkmP≥ amXyp ]menb°pt∂¬

^m. t]mƒ sNºcØn S.J. P-347

sk{I´dn

sk{I´dn

sk{I´dn

Akn. sk{I´dn

Im¿Kokv cmPysØ hØn°ms‚ {]Xn\n[n

^m. tPmkv sNºcØn S.D.B. P-421

AcpWmNen¬ Xmakamb BZy sshZnI≥

^m. cmPp sNºcØn kn.Fw. k°dnbmkv sXt°¬

kn. sP. sPbnwkv Ipftº¬

]n.‰n. tPmk^v ]pXnbnSØpIpt∂¬

PnΩn sP. ]Xn\mdn¬

(]t≈m´n≥) P-354

^m. tPm¿÷v sNºcØn

tImgnt°mSv cq]Xbn¬ anj\dn

Xmact»cn cq]Xbn¬ AP]me\w

P-380

bphP\thZn ({]knU‚v)

(sk{I´dn)

X¶®≥amXyp sXt°¬

kmt‚m t]mƒ If∏pcbn¬

tPm¿÷v amXyp ]menb°pt∂¬

jn_p amXyp ]menb°pt∂¬

_nPp sN≈q∏dºn¬

{]oXn AKÃy≥ aTIpt∂¬

_nPp sN≈q∏dºn¬

an\n tPm¨ sN≈q∏dºn¬

`cWkanXn

Akn.sk{I´dn

tkmP≥ tPm¿÷v Rcf°m´v

tPmkv amWn sNºcØn

kn.sP. tPm_v sN≈q∏dºn¬

kmt‚m t]mƒ If∏pcbn¬

am\ph¬ ]pXnbnSØpIpt∂¬

]n.‰n. tPmk^v ]pXnbnSØpIpt∂¬ tdmbn amXyp ]menb°pt∂¬

t__n Ipcy≥ tIm{]Øv

tXmakv Ingt°SØn¬

t]mƒamXyp If∏pcbn¬

PnΩn sP. ]Xn\mdn¬

X¶®≥amXyp sXt°¬

skeo\ tdmbn ]menb°pt∂¬

tamfn tPm¿÷v If∏pcbn¬

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

kph¿Æ Pq_nen BiwkIƒ

IpSpw_tafbpsS Zriyßƒ

^m. tPm¿÷v sNºcØn°p kzoIcWw ^m. FΩm\pth¬

^m. sPbnwkv

sk{I´dnbpsS dnt∏m¿´v

Ahm¿Uv Zm\w kn.sP. sPbnwkv ˛ hnhmlPq_nen

tkh\hoYn tXmakv sNºcØn

tUm. tPm¿÷v sNºcØn

BapJ{]`mjWw

P-259

P-388

ap∂Wnt∏mcmfn cmjv{S]Xnbn¬\n∂pw {]iwkm]{Xhpw Ahm¿Upw

{]ikvX KthjI≥ _\UnIvSv ]Xn\mdma≥ ]m∏mbpsS injy≥

sXmΩ®≥ sNºcØn

tUm. t_m_n sNºcØn

P-415

tPmk^v sNm∆m‰pIpt∂e®s‚ {]kwKw

P-417

BtcmKyc£m\n[nbpsS Bﬂmhv

F©n\obdnwKnse {]Xn`m kZv 12

13

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

s]mXptbmKhpw \h sshZnI\v kzoIcWhpw

BapJw

14

KX-Ime kw`-h-hn-Im-k-ß-fn-te-bv°p≈ a\p-jys‚ FØn-t\m-´a - m-Wt√m Ncn{Xw. hc-samgn°p ]pdta hmbvsam-gn-bnepw sFXn-ly-ßf - nepw ]mc-º-cy-ß-fnepw, ]cm-a¿i-ß-fn-ep-sa√mw Ncn{Xmw-i-ß-fp≠v . thcp- I ƒ tXSn- b p≈ At\zjWw Ch-Iƒ°n-Sb - n-eq-sS-bp≈ Hcp Xo¿∞mS\amWv. Ah-km\w \mw FØn-t®-cp-∂Xv kXyw anYybpambn IqSnt®¿∂ Hcp e£y-Øn-em-bncn°pw. Ime-Øn-\p-am-{Xsa HSp-hn¬ kXysØ sXfnbn-s®-Sp-°m-\mhq. CØcw Hcp At\z-j-W-Øns‚ A¥y-amWv Cu {KŸw. kz¥w tKm{X-ß-fpsS kvacW \ne-\ndpØp-hm-\p≈ {iaw Ncn{Xm-cw`w apX¬ ImWm-hp-∂-XmWv. sslµh ]pcm-W-ßfpw, ss__nfnse ]g-b-\n-b-ahpw Zo¿L-amb hwim-h-en-tbm-Sp-Iq-Snb IpSpw-_-Ncn-{X-ß-fmWv. “A{_m-l-Øns‚ ]p{X-\mb Zmho-Zns‚ ]p{X≥ tbip{In-kvXp-hns‚ hwim-hen {KŸ” tØmSp-Iq-Sn-bmWv ]pXnb \nb-aØ - nse hn. aØm-bn-bpsS kphn-tijw XpS-ßp-∂-Xp-Xs∂. bqtdm-∏nse {]`p°-∑m¿ kz¥w IpSpw-_-N-cn{Xw Ipdn®p kq£n-°p-∂-Xn¬ PmK-cqIcmbn-cp∂p. Ncn-{Xm-t\z-j-W-Øn¬ Iºw Ib-dnb Ata-cn-°-°m¿ thcpIƒ tXSn B{^n-°-bnepw bqtdm-∏nepw Ae-bp-∂p≠v. CXn-s‚-sbms° ^esa-t∂mWw Ac-\q-‰m-≠mbn tIc-f-Ønepw N-cn-{Xm-t\z-j-Whpw, IpSpw-_-N-cn-{X-{KŸß-fpsS {]Imi\hpw \S-∂p-h-cp∂p. GXp IpSpw-_-N-cn-{Xm-t\z-jn-bpw t\cn-Sp∂ {][m\ sh√p-hnfn hniz-k\ - o-ba - mb Ncn-{X-km-a{- K-nI - f - psS Zu¿e`y-amWv. X∑qew aShogmØ sXfnhn\mbn Hcp Ncn-{X-Im-c\pw hmin-]n-Sn-°m-\m-hn√. Ncn-{X-Øns‚ KXn CXm-bn-cns° 9-mw \q‰m-≠nte {InkvXym-\n-Iƒ Ncn-{X-th-Zn-bn¬ {]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-∂p-≈p-sh∂pw, 16-mw \q‰m-≠n-\p-apºv ChnsS ]≈n-Isfm∂pw D≠m-bn-´n-s√∂pw a‰p-ap≈ Nne Ncn-{X-Imc∑m-cpsS \nKa\w \ne-\n-ev°p-∂-X√. sNº-c-Øn-t]mse At\-Iw ]q¿Æ-N-{µ-∑msc I≠n15

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

´p≈ IpSpw-_ß - ƒ Ah-bpsS Dev]Øn, hf¿®, hnI-k\w, XI¿®-bpsS ]co-£-W-ßƒ XpS-ßn-b-h-bvs°√mw km£y-ßƒ tXSp-∂Xv auVyam-bn-cn°pw. Fs¥-¶nepw tijn-∏p-Iƒ GsX-¶nepw Xc-Øn-ep-s≠-¶n¬ Ah Is≠-SpØv bp‡n-k-l-ambn ka-\z-bn-∏n-°p-I-bpw ]ns∂, e`yamb Npcp°w enJn-Xk - m£yßƒ°v _ew \¬Im≥ ]Xn-cn-√mØ ]mcº-cy-ß-sfbpw, {]m‡-\-ImeIY-I-sfbpw B{i-bn-°pIbpw sNømsX Xcan√. hnZq-c-]-cm-a¿i-ß-sfbpw, kml-Ncy sXfn-hp-Isfbpw shdpsX X≈n-°-f-bm-\p-am-hn√. Hcp tZi-Øns‚ Ncn{Xw AhnsS Pohn®ncp∂ hy‡n-I-fp-sSbpw, IpSpw-_-ß-fp-sSbpw Iq´mb IY-bm-Wt√m. Hcp IpSpw-_hpw Hcp H‰s∏´ Xpcp-Øm-hp-∂n√. AXn-\m¬ Chn-SsØ lnµp, apkveow, {InkvXy≥ IpSpw_-ß-fpsS Ncn{Xw ae\mSns‚ Ncn{Xambn amdnbn-´p≠v. cmP-`-cW-Im-eØv ae\m´nse P\-]-Y-Øn-\p-≠mb hr≤n-£-b-ßfpw hnhcn®n-cn-°p∂p. Bap-J-ambn tIc-f-Øn-s‚bpw `mcX ss{IkvX-h-cp-sSbpw Ncn{Xw Npcp-°-ambn tN¿Øn-´p-≈Xv Ncn{XIpXpIn-Iƒ°v hnc-k-amhm-\n-S-bn√. sNº-cØn IpSpw-_-sØ-t∏mse tIc-f-Ønse an°- ]pcm-X-\Ip-Spw-_-ßƒ°pw kz¥-ambn ]≈n-bp-≠m-bn-cp∂p; kz¥-ambn tZiØp-]-´-°mcpw. Ccp-]-Øn-b©v BZy-Ime ]≈n-I-sf-¶nepw Cßs\ D≠m-b-h-bm-Wv. hnizm-k-]-c-amb Imcy-ß-fn¬ ta¬∏-´-°m¿°v ]q¿Æambpw Iogvhg-ßn-bn-cp∂p. GXp hnizm-kn°pw ]≈n-bnse Xncp-°¿Ωßfn¬ ]s¶-SpØv t- ]m-Im-am-bn-cp∂p. tkmjy-enkw `mh-\b - n¬ t]mepw sXfn-bmØ A°m-eØv Abmfpw {]tXyI Ah-Im-i-ß-sfm∂pw D∂bn-®ncp∂n√. \q‰m-≠p-I-fmbn ChnsS `cn-®n-cp∂ hntZ-i-sa-{Xm-∑mcmIs´, hnizm-kn-I-fpsS Bﬂob Imcy-ßƒ am{Xsa At\z-jn-®n-cp-∂p≈p. AXp-sIm≠v ]≈n AXp ]Wn-bn-®-h-cp-sSbpw, Ah-cpsS A\-¥-c-h-∑mcp-sSbpw am{X-am-bn-Øp-S¿∂p. Aßs\ apX-e-t°mSw ]≈n-bpsS IYbpw, sNº-cØn IpSpw-_-Øns‚ IYbpw c≠√mXmbn. 17-mw \q‰m- ≠ n¬ sat\- k nkv sa{Xms‚ ImeØv eØo≥ {IaØn¬ apX-et- °mSw Hcp CS-hI - b - m-sb-¶nepw ]≈n-`c - W - Ø - n¬ ImXemb am‰-sam-∂p-ap-≠m-bn√. ]≈n°v 'sXm≈m-bn-c-∏d \nehpw ]pc-bnS-hp-w' D-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xmbn _¿ÆmUv A-®≥ k`m-N-cn-{X-Øn¬ {]kvXmhn-°p∂p≠v. F∂m¬ 20˛mw \q‰mt≠msS kztZ-in-sa-{Xm-∑m¿ D≠m-bt∏mƒ Ah¿ ]≈nbpsS `uXnI hkvXp-hII-fnepw CSs]´v XpSßn. XpS¿∂v c≠mw hØn-°m≥ Iu¨kn¬ tcJ-I-fnepw 86-se 'kzmX¥yhpw hntam-N-\hpw' F∂ Nm{InIteJ-\-Ønepw kmº-ØnI kmaq-

lnI taJe-Iƒ Aevam-b-cpsS kz¥w taJ-e-I-fm-sW∂v k`bv°v Dd∏n®p ]d-tb≠nh∂p. Aßs\ Ac-\q-‰m-≠n-\p-tijw ]cn-an-X-amb A[nImc AhImiß-tfmSpIq-Sn- ]≈n-s∏m-Xp-tbmKw Ct∏mƒ \ne-hn¬ h-∂n-´p≠v. sImSpß√q¿ ItºmfØnep≠mb Iem]sØØpS¿∂v \mSphn´ Hcp \{kmWn IpSpw_w ae\m´p cmPmhns\ apJw ImWn®v apfIpI®hS°mcmbn apXet°mSØp IqSn. AhcmWv sNºcØn IpSpw_Øns‚ ]q¿∆nI¿ Fs∂mcp hmZap≠v. tIm°-aw-Kew IS-hn¬ IpSpw-_-Øns‚ Hcp imJ-bmWv ISp-Øp-cp-Øn-bn¬ \n∂v sXmSp-]p-gbn¬ FØn sNº-cØn Xe°pSpw_w Bb-sX-∂mWv sNm∆m‰p-Ipt∂¬ Ncn-{X-Im-cs‚ \nco-£-Ww. aXw amdn-b-Xn-s\-Øp-S¿∂v Hcp \ºq-Xn-cn-bpsS Ggv B¨a-°fpw H≥]Xv s]¨a-°fpw sImSp-ß√ - q¿ hn´v sXmSp-]p-gbpw ]cn-kc - ß - f - nepw Xma-k-am-°n-sb∂pw Ah-cpsS ]n≥ap-d-°m-cmWv sNº-cØn, amfn-tb°¬ apX-emb Ggv IpSpw-_ß - s - f-∂p-amWv kz¥w IpSpw-_N - c - n-{X-Øn¬ ‰n.-kn. eqt°mkv, ]mem {]kvXm-hn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. HºXmw \q‰m-≠nse el-f-tbbpw Xosh-bv]n-t\bpw XpS¿∂v sImSp-ß-√q-cn¬ \n∂pw \mSp-I-S∂ \{km-Wn-Iƒ ae©c°v hym]mc tI-{µ-am-bn-cp∂ apX-et- °m-SØpw ]cn-kc - ß - f - n-ep-ambn Xmakambn F∂v Ing-t°-SØv IpSpw-_-N-cn-{X-Øn¬ ImWp-∂p-≠v. Ch-cn¬ {]am-Wn-amcmWv ssae-s°m-ºv, apX-e-t°m-Sw, s\Sn-b-ime, Bc-°pg ]≈n-Iƒ ]Wnbn®sX∂pw ]dbs∏Sp∂p. Ipe-Iq-S-ÿ-\mb ]nXm-a-l≥ {Zmhn-Ut\m, {_m“-Wt\m F∂v Iqe-¶-j-ambn At\z-jn®v Dd-∏n-°p-hm≥ {]tXyIw an\-s°´n´n√. Bcmbn-cp-∂mepw ]n≥ap-d-°m¿ Xe-ap-d-I-fmbn sshZnI ]mc-º-cyhpw PohnX-aq-ey-ßfpw apdp-sI-∏n-Sn® \{kmWn {InkvXym-\n-I-fm-bn-cp∂p. Db¿∂ kmaq-ly-Aw-Ko-Im-chpw, sshZnI t{iWnbpw, t{ijvT IpSpw-_-ß-fpam-bp≈ sXfn™ _‘-hpw, kmwkvIm-cnI \ne-hm-cw hy‡-am-°p-∂XmWv . BI- b m¬ XeapdIfmbn ]d- ™ p- d - ® n- ´ p≈, ]me- b qcnse sshZnI\mbncp∂ {_m“W≥ ISpØpcpØnbnse h¿ØI\mb \{kmWnbmbn amdnsb∂ hnizmkamWv ChnsS {]Xn-]m-Zn-®n-´p-≈Xv. ]mc-º-cy-kn-≤m¥w ]pcm-X\ Xd-hm-Sp-I-fn¬ \n∂pw ]co-£-Wim-e-bn-seØn B[p-\nIimkv{X-ambn ]pd-Øp-h-∂n-cn-°p-I-bmWt√m. Po\p-I-fpsS hyXymkw h¿§ KpW-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-am-bn-cn-°p∂p. hnhm-l-ßƒ°papºv Po\p-I-fpsS KpW-\n¿Æbw C∂sØ \nebv°v

16

17

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

km[y-a√. F¶nepw AXn-\p≈ km[yX hnZq-c-a√. GsXmcp IpSpw-_Øns‚bpw ta∑ \ne-\n¿Øp-hm≥ hwiip≤nbpw t{ijvT-]m-c-ºcyhpap≈ IpSpw-_-ßsf kmº-ØnI \ne-bv°-Xo-X-ambn hnhm-l-_‘-ßƒ°mbn ]cn-K-Wn-t°-≠-Xp≠v. ]q¿∆ ]nXm-°-∑msc-∏‰n Ht´sd sFXn-ly-ßfpw sI´p-I-Y-Ifpw IpSpw_]pcm-W-Øn-ep≠v. ASna˛DSa _‘-ßƒ ]≈n-bpsS \S-Øn∏v, ]pWy-hms‚ A¤p-X-ßƒ, ]tc-X-]qP, Xosh-´n-sIm-≈ XpSßn ]eXpw Cu IY-Iƒ°v hnj-b-amWv. Ch-bn¬ ]eXpw hnkva-b-I-chpw H∏w Ahn-iz-k-\o-b-hpw BWv. BI-bm¬ Npcp°w Nne kw`-h-ßƒ am{XamWv Cu {KŸ-Øn¬ tN¿Øn-´p-≈Xv. A∂sØ kmaq-ly kwhn-[m-\Øn-te°v shfn®w hoim≥ Cu IuXp-I-I-Y-Iƒ klm-bn-°p-sa∂p Icp-Xp∂p. Ncn-{X-Øns‚ ImWm-∏p-d-ßƒ tXSn ]e ]pcm-X\ ]≈n-I-fnepw, t£{X-ßf - nepw, C√-ßf - nepw t]mbn-. tIc-fØ - nse apJy-{K-Ÿi - m-eI - fpw am\p-kv{In]v‰v sse{_-dnbpw kµ¿in®p. {]mbw sN∂ A®-∑m-cp-sSbpw Aevamb{]ap-J-cp-sSbpw Hm¿Ω-Iƒ, Xd-hm-Sp-I-fn-ep-≈ Hme-I-c-W-ßƒ ZnhwKXcmb sshZn-I-cpsS Ub-dn-°p-dn-∏p-Iƒ XpS-ßn-bh D]-tbm-Ks∏-Sp-Øn. tI´p-tIƒhn-Iƒ°pw sI´p-I-Y-Iƒ°pw sNhn-sIm-Sp-Øp. Aßs\ XpS-ßnb A\p-kyq-X-amb At\z-jWw 1990˛¬ IpSpw-_-Øns‚bpw \mSns‚bpw Ncn{Xw Isø-gp-Øp-tc-J-bmbn. ]ns∂ At\I h¿jßƒ Dd-ßp-hm-\m-bn-cp∂p Ncn-{X-Øns‚ hn[n. XnI™ IpSpw-_-kvt\-lhpw, Ncn-{Xm-h-t_m-[hpw D≠m-bn-cp∂ Ign™ Xe-ap-d-bnse ]nXr-Xp-ey-cmb ]ecpw C°m-e-b-f-hn¬ Cl-temI-hmkw shSn-™p. ]qh-Wn-bmØ Ah-cpsS tamlw knan-tØ-cn-bnse kvamc-I-in-e-Iƒ°v Xmsg ]qgn-bn¬ AXn-Po-hn-°p∂p. CXp {]kn-≤oI-cn-°p-tºmƒ B aÆn¬\n-∂p-ap-b-cp∂ Ah-cpsS Bﬂ-l¿jw Rm≥ A\p-`-hn®dn-bp∂p. Hcp-]nSn en√n∏q°ƒ. amXr- I p- S pw- _ - Ø n¬ \n∂pw ]eIm- e - ß - f n¬ ]ncn™v hnhn[bnSß-fn¬ kz¥-amb bi-tmsS Ign-bp∂ ]e IpSpw-_-ßfpw Ah-cpsS Bﬂ-_‘w ]p\xÿm]n®n-´p≠v. tKm{X-_‘w \ne-\n¿Øp∂Xn\mbn AhcpsS {lkzNcn{Xw IqSn ChnsS tN¿Øn-cn°p∂p. Nne IpSpw-_-ß-fpsS t]cp-Iƒ am{Xw sImSp-Øn-cn-°p-∂Xv IqSp-X¬ hnh-c-ßƒ In´psa∂ {]Xo£bnemWv. Ime-K-W-\-bn¬ sX‰p-h∂n´p≠m-hmw. Bh¿Ø\ hnc-k-X-bpw A¬∏w Bﬂ-{]-iw-kbpw h-∂p-t]m-bn-cn°mw. hy‡n-I-sfbpw CXc

kaq-l-ß-tfbpw ]‰n-bp≈ ]cm-a¿i-ß-fn¬ ]ng-hp-Iƒ ]‰nbncn°mw. H∂pw a\-∏q¿∆-a√; £an-°pI. F∂m¬ hmb-\-bpsS Cº-Øn-\mbn Bibßƒ kw{Kln®v, Ncn- { X- h n- h - c WcoXn Ipd- ® n- ´ p- ≈ Xv a\∏q¿∆amWv. Cu {KŸcN- \ bv ° v Ht´- s d- t ∏¿ klm- b n- ® n- ´ p- ≠ v . _lp. FΩm\pth¬ sNºcØnb®≥ Ipsd hnhcßƒ tiJcn®p X∂p. ]pkvX-I-ßƒ hmbn®v t\m´p-Iƒ Xøm-dm-°nbXv Fs‚ ]nXmhv AUz. ]n.-hn. amXyp ]men-b-°p-t∂¬ BWv. Ncn-{X-`m-K-ßƒ Xøm-dm-°p-∂Xn\v {io. sPbnwkv Ipf-tº¬ {]tXyIw klm-bn-®p. {io. tPm_v sN≈q∏- d - º nepw tPmk^v If- ∏ p- c - b nepw a‰pw hwim- h en hnhcßƒ tiJcn°p-∂-Xn¬ {i≤ h®p. Ggp-ap-´-sØ-∏‰n Ht´sd hnhc-ßƒ tPm¿÷v amWn ]menb°pt∂¬ \¬Ip-I-bp-≠m-bn. A®Sn cwKsØ s{]m^. tPm¿÷v h¿§okv sN≈q-∏-d-ºnens‚ ap≥]-cn-Nbw klm-bIam-bn. Fs‚ kl[¿ΩnWnbpsS klmbhpw kam\XIfn√mØXmWv. {]uVamb Hcp AhXmcnI FgpXn Cu Ncn{X{KŸsØ hmb\°msc G¬∏n® A\p{KloX A≤ym]I\pw {]K¤ {]kwKI\pw kmlnXyImc\pw aXNn¥I\pamb s{]m^. amXyp DeIwXdbv°v {]tXyIw \µn]dbp∂p. ]pXnb temI-{I-a-Øns‚ `mK-sa-t∂mWw Cu IpSpw-_-Ønse AwK-ßƒ C∂v temI-sa-ºm-Sp-ap≠v. Aßs\ {]hm-kn-If - mbn Ign-bp∂ IpSpw-_-ßƒ°v Bizm-kambpw, F√m IpSpw-_mw-K-ßƒ°pw Xßƒ Hcp ]pcmX\-tKm-{X-Øns‚ `mK-am-Wv- F-∂p≈ A`n-am-\ambpw `mhn-Kth-j-W-ßƒ°p≈ Hcp \pdp-ßp-sh-´-ambpw Cu {KŸw D]-Im-c-s∏´m¬ Rm≥ IrXm¿∞-\mbn. £am-]q¿∆w Cu Ncn-{X-{K-Ÿ-Øns‚ {]Im-i-\-Øn-\mbn ImØncp∂ F√m IpSpw-_mw-K-ß-tfmSpw k¿t∆m-]cn k¿∆-i-‡\pw \nXy-\pamb ssZhn-]n-Xm-hn-t\mSpw F\n-°p≈ \µnbpw kvt\lhpw tcJ-s∏SpØn-s°m-≈-s´.

18

19

sXmSp]pg, {InkvXpakv 2008.

s{]m^. tPm¿÷v amXyp sNºcØn

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

Ign™ Ac\q‰m≠n\p≈n¬ At\Iw IpSpw_Ncn{Xßƒ {]kn≤oIrXambn´p≠v. A[nIhpw ItØmen°cpsS IpSpw_ Ncn{XßfmWv. CXc ]mcºcyk` ItfmSv _‘s∏´hbpw C√mXn√. Htc IpSpw_Ønse Nne imJIƒ Hm¿ØtUmIvkv k`Ifnte°pw \hoIcW k`Ifnte°pw th¿]ncn™v t]mbn´p≈XpsIm≠v k`m¥c IpSpw_Ncn{Xßfpw A]q¿∆ambn ImWm\nSbmbn´p≠v. IpSpw_Ncn{XcN\bn¬ ASpØImeØp≠mb Cu Xm¬∏cyh¿≤\hv ipt`mZ¿°amb Hcp ]pXnb DW¿∆ns‚ e£Wambn IcpXmhp∂XmWv. IpSpw__‘ßfpsS alXzhpw hnip≤nbpw {]m[m\yhpw \ΩpsS kKuchNn¥bv°v hnjbo`hn®ncn°p∂p F∂mWv CXn\¿∞w. AXn\v as‰mcp sXfnhmWv IpSpw_tbmKßfpsS Bhn¿`mhhpw hf¿®bpw. IpSpw_tbmKßƒ IpSpw_Ncn{XcN\bv°v t{]cIambnØocp∂ A\p`hhpw Xosc Ipdh√. Cßs\ kao]ImeØv ImWm\nSbmb IpSpw_Ncn{X{KŸ ßfn¬ h®v AXy¥w hyXykvXhpw {it≤bhpamb H∂mWv s{]m^. tPm¿÷v sNºcØn Ct∏mƒ \ΩpsS apºn¬ ka¿∏n®ncn°p∂Xv; “sNºcØn IpSpw_hpw ae\mSpw”. CsXmcp IpSpw_Øns‚ am{Xw

Ncn{Xa√; Hcp tZhmebØns‚bpw hwiØns‚bpw tZiØns‚bpw Ncn{XamWv. hnkvXrXamb Iym≥hmkn¬ hn]peamb KthjWØns‚ ^eßƒ kw{Kln®v EPphpw efnXhpamb `mjbn¬ At±lw Cu {KŸØn¬ AhXcn∏n®ncn°p∂p. CsXmcp tZiØns‚bpw ImeØns‚bpw kaqlØns‚bpw IYbmWv; cmPhwißfpsSbpw kmaqly_‘ßfpsSbpw IYbmWv. ImeØns‚ \o≠ hgnØmcbneqsS hoWpw Fgpt∂‰pw \S∂pw HmSnbpw apt∂dnb Hcp hnizmknkaqlØns‚ kw`h _lpeamb Xo¿∞mS\ IYbmWv. AhnsS ]≈nIfpw ]Stbm´ßfpw Hfnt®m´ßfpw aXa’cßfpw al\ob kulrZßfpw Hs°bp≠v. a¿Ω{Kmlnbmb Hcp kmlnXym≤ym]Is‚ Icap{ZIƒ sNºcØn IpSpw_Ncn{XsØ \qX\amb Hcp ]mcmbWm\p`ham°n am‰nbncn°p∂p F∂p ]dbmw. AXnep]cn tIcf Ncn{Xhpw {]mtZinI k`mNcn{Xhpw H‰t\m´Øn¬ {]Xy£am°nØcp∂ Hcp Aaqey tcJbpamWnXv . {]kv X pX IpSpw_hpambn _‘an√mØ Ncn{XIpXpInIƒ°pw kq£n®p hbv ° mhp∂ hn[w ap≥hn[nbn√mØ \njv ] £ \nKa\ßfm¬ kº∂amWv Cu IpSpw_IYbnse Ncn{XmhtemI\w . am¿tØmΩm«olm Icam¿§w k©cn®v C¥ybpsS hS°p]Sn™mdp `mKØp≈ kn‘p\ZoXSßfnemWv BZyw kphntij{]tLmjWw \SØnbsX∂pw, AhnsS\n∂mWv {InkvXpaXw sXt°m´v hym]n®sX∂pw ]Xn\mdmw _\UnIvSv am¿∏m∏m kmµ¿`nIambn {]kvXmhn®Xp tIcfØn¬ Hcp hnhmZtImemlew krjvSn°pIbp≠mbt√m. am¿tØmΩmbpsS H∂mw bm{X ]›ntamØc `mcXØnse ]m¿Ønbm cmPytØ°mbncp∂psh∂pw AhnsS F.Un. 20 apX¬ 48 hsc Kp≠^dkv F∂ cmPmhp `cn®ncp∂psh∂pw ASpØImeØp KthjI¿ Is≠Ønbn´p≠p. sFXnlyßfpambn CWßnt∏mIp∂ Cu Is≠Ø¬ AwKoIcn®psIm≠p am¿tØmΩmbpsS IS¬am¿§ap≈ c≠mw bm{XbnemWp At±lw tIcfØnseØp∂sX∂pw sImSpß√qcn¬ XºSn®ncp∂ blqZ hym]mcnIsfbmWp BZyw kphntijadnbn ®sX∂pap≈ {KŸImcs‚ \nKa\w bp‡nbp‡amWp. am¿∏m∏mbpsS

20

21

AhXmcnI

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

{]kv X mhsØ AXp icnhbv ° pIbpw sNøp∂p. Bcy∑mcpsS tIcf{]thiw, \{kmWnIfpsS \ºqXncn ]mcºcyw apXemb X¿°hnjbßfnepw \n¿_‘_p≤n IqSmØ \njv]£ \ne]mSpIfmWv s{]m^. tPm¿÷v kzoIcn®ncn°p∂Xv. hwim`nam\tØ°mƒ Ncn{XkXyØn\v hneI¬∏n°p∂ {KŸImcs‚ CØcw \ne]mSpIƒ BZymhkm\w BZcWobambn ImWs∏Sp∂p. IpSpw_Ncn{Xw, tZhmebNcn{Xw, IpSpw_tbmKw, hwimhen, F∂nßs\ \mev `mKßfmbn Xncn®ncn°p∂ Cu {KŸw tIcf]pcmWØnemcw`n®v ss{IkvXh k`mNcn{XØneqsS apt∂m´v NphSphbv°p∂p. am¿tØmΩm «olm ]mebqcn¬ kv\m\s∏SpØnb ‘aShq¿a\’ F∂ C√ØnemWv Xs‚ hwimhen Bcw`n°p∂sX∂mWv At±lØns‚ A`yqlw. sFXnlyßsf B{ibn®psIm≠v apt∂dptºmƒ sImSpß√qcnte°pw ISpØpcpØnbnte°psams° Xs‚ ]q¿∆nI¿ IpSntbdp∂Xmbn {KŸImc≥ Is≠Øp∂p. ISpØpcpØn c≠mw \q‰m≠n¬ IS¬ØpcpØv Bbncp∂t√m. AhnsS IShn¬ Xmakapd∏n® ]q¿∆nIcn¬ \n∂pw ]pds∏´ Hcp imJbmWv sXmSp]pg hS°pwIq¿ cmP[m\nbn¬ A¥nbpdßm≥ CSbmbXv . HuZmcy\n[nbmb hS°pwIq¿ cmPmhv sNºcØn sNSnbpsS adhn¬ ÿnXnsNøp∂ {kmºnbn¬ Ah¿°v hn{iakt¶Xw Hcp°nsImSpØphs{X. Cu sNºcØn F∂ \mat[tbm¬]Øn IY ]Xnaq∂ma≤ymbØn¬ \ap°v hmbn°mw.

‘ae_m¿ sabn¬ tIkv’ F∂ io¿jIØn¬ {KŸImc≥ Npcp°n {]Xn]mZn®ncn°p∂Xv t\m°pI. aqeIpSpw_amb IShn¬°m¿ ]Wnbn® ISpØpcpØn ]≈nbpsS IYbpsams° Ncn{XØns‚ `mKsa∂ \nebv°v hnhcn°s∏´n´p≠v. Im\msXmΩs‚ IpSntb‰IYbpw At±ltØmsSm∏w sImSpß√q¿ sXt°sØcphn¬ h∂v Bÿm\apd∏n® Hutk∏v sa{Xm\n¬\n∂pw Bcw`n°p∂ kpdnbm\n ss]XrIhpsams° ]pXnb Xeapdbv ° v IuXpIw P\n∏n°p∂ AdnhpIfmWv.

henb C√ßƒ°v IpSpw_t£{Xap≠mbncp∂t]mse, \ap°v {Inkv X ob IpSpw_ßƒ°v kz¥amb ]≈nbpw A°meØp ≠mbncp∂p. Fgp]p∂ ]mdmbnØcI∑mcpsS ]≈nbn¬ Ah¿°v GXm≠v kºq¿Æ `cWm[nImcw hscbp≠mbncp∂Xmbn F\n°v Hm¿Ωn°m≥ Ignbp∂p≠v. apXet°mSw ]≈n sNºcØn°pSpw_w hI ]≈nbmbncps∂∂ Ncn{X hkvXpXbpw \ntj[nt°≠ Imcyan√. “]≈nbpsS AhImihpw ]≈ntbmKØns‚ A[nImchpw” tNmZyw sNøs∏SmhXs√∂v A∂v \{kmWnIƒ IcpXnbncp∂p. cq]Xm[nImcnIfpambp≠mb AhImiØ¿°hpw tImSXnt°kpw

sNºcØn IpSpw_Øn¬ \n∂pw Xmbv h gnIƒ krjv S n® ]menb°pt∂¬, ]pXnbnSØpIpt∂¬, If∏pcbn¬, apXemb IpSpw_ßsf°pdn®v CXn¬ {]Xn]mZ\ap≠v . Fs‚ A`nhµy kplrØmb am¿ amXyp hmWnb°ngt°ens‚ IpSpw_hpw Cu XmbvhgnIfpsS kz¥amWv F∂ Adnhv BlvfmZIcamWv. hnhmlw hgn°pw a‰pw _‘s∏´ CXc IpSpw_ßfpw {KŸImcs‚ {]Xn]mZ\ ]cn[nbn¬ Dƒs∏Sp∂p. Npcp°n∏d™m¿ tZiIme kapZmb kulrZßfpsS Hcp kwKa ÿm\hpw IqSnbmWv sNºcØn IpSpw_Ncn{Xw. ssIcfnbpsS A`nam\`mP\amb almIhbn{Xn kn. tacn s_\o⁄ AhcpsS ]q¿∆m{ia PohnXØn¬ Hcp sNºcØn IpSpw_mwKhpambn {]Wb_‘Ønte¿s∏´ncp∂psh∂pw AXn¬ \n∂p≠mb ss\cmiyamWv Ahsc k\ymkhrØnbnte°v Xncn®phn´sX∂pw Hcp InwhZ¥n ap≥Imeßfn¬ {]Ncn®ncp∂p. AXns‚ AesbmenIƒ C∂pw ian®n´n√. {]Wbw {]IrXnP\yamb Hcp hnImcamWv. AsXmcp sX‰msWt∂m ]m]amsWt∂m ]d™pIqSm. GsX¶nepw ImcWØm¬ AXv k^eamImsX hcptºmƒ BfpIƒ thsd hgnIfnte°v Xncn™pt]mIp∂Xpw kzm`mhnIw Xs∂. F∂m¬ ta¬∏d™ InwhZ¥n°v bmsXmcSnÿm\hpans√∂v F\n°v Xo¿® ]dbm≥ Ignbpw. hm\ºmSn F∂ BﬂIYbn¬ Cu tI´ptIgvhn°v bmsXmcSnÿm\hpans√∂v knÃ¿ FgpXn h®n´p≠v. AXp hnizkn®ns√¶n¬ t]mepw {]kvXpX InwhZ¥n \ncmkv]ZamsW∂p≈Xn\v kmlNcyßfpw

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23

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

km£nsamgnIfpw sXfnhp\¬Ip∂p. Xs‚ amXpe\mb ^m. sska¨ kn.Un.bpsS hm’ey]m{Xambn am∂m\Øv _meyw ]n∂nSpIbpw At±lØn¬ \n∂v IhnXmhmk\bpw B≤ymﬂnIm`n\nthißfpw Hcpan®v t]mjn∏ns®Sp°bpw sNbvXbmfmWv kn. _\o⁄. KoXmhen, IhnXmcmaw F∂ c≠v kamlmcßfmWv bu∆\mcw`Øn¬ B{ia{]thi\Øn\papºv Ah¿ {]kn≤s∏SpØnbn´p≈Xv. B kamlmcßfn¬s∏´ IhnXIfnseßpw {]WbhnImcØns‚ emRvP\t]mepw ImWp∂n√. AXnep]cn B≤ymﬂnI Nn¥Ifpw `mh\Ifpw BZy¥w {]Xn^en°p∂pap≠v. CXn¬\n∂v hyXykvXambn IhnXmcmaØnse {]`mhXn F∂ H‰°hnX am{Xta Nq≠n°mWn°phm\p≈q. {]`mhXnbmIs´, sIm√Øv s{Sbn\nwKv kv I qfn¬ knÃ¿ hnZym¿∞n\nbmbncp∂t∏mƒ kw`hn® Hcp kXo¿∞ybpsS Zpc¥sØ Bkv]Zam°n FgpXnbXmsW∂v AhcpsS as‰mcp kXo¿∞y˛ ap≥a{¥n _n. sh√nwKvSs‚ `mcymamXmhv ˛ ]d™ptIƒ°m\pw F\n°nSbmbn´p≠v. Ihbn{XnbpsS ]mWn{KlWw B{Kln®p\S∂ A°mesØ Nne Ihnbix{]m¿∞n IfpsS \ncmiXbn¬ \n∂pSseSpØXmbncn°Ww Cu Zpjv{]NcWw F∂pw Rm\qln°p∂p. AØcsamcp hnZzm≥ Ihbn{Xnsb `ojWns∏SpØns°ms≠gpXnb {kKv[cmhrØØnep≈ Hcp t«mIw Cßs\bmWhkm\n°p∂Xv. “Xn´w \n≥ sNºcØn°YIfpaJnew temIsa√mw ]cØpw.” `·taml\mb B hnZzms\ F\n°dnbmw. C∂t±lw Pohn®ncn∏n√. kv { XoIsf∏‰nbpw IhnIsf∏‰nbpw Zpjv{]hmZw ]dbp∂Xv F√mh¿°pw CjvSamsW∂v almIhn `h`qXn Xs∂ FgpXnh®n´p≠t√m. B Zpjv{]hmZØns‚ Hc‰w sNºcØn°pSpw_Ønt∑¬ ]Xn°m\nSbmbtXm¿ØmWv C{Xbpw ]dtb≠n h∂Xv. IpSpw_Ncn{XcN\bpsS Dt±iysas¥∂v {KŸImc≥ Xs∂ kqNn∏n®n´p≠v. a\pjyhwiNcn{Xw Xs∂ Hcp IpSpw_Ncn{XamWv. ZmºXy_‘amWv IpSpw_PohnXØns‚ Aÿnhmcapd∏n°p∂Xv. AXn\nf°w X´p∂Xv AhnsSh®pXs∂bmWv. ]dpZokmbnemcw`n® BZnIpSpw_Øns‚ IY t\m°pI. `¿Ømhnt\msSm∂mtemNn°m≥ 24

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26

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28

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32

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RßfpsS am¿§Zo]w bphP\thZn {]h¿ØI¿ 34

A≤ymbw -1

tIc-f]p-cmWw

A

t\-I-\q-‰m-≠p-I-fmbn temI-sa-ºmSpw Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂Xpw At\Iw {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ D-≈-Xp-amb Hcp `qhn-`m-K-am-Wt√m tIcfw. Cu tZi-Øns‚ `qan-im-kv{Xhpw Ncn-{Xhpw Chn-SsØ P\-ß-fpsS hf¿®-bp-sSbpw hnIm-kØ - ns‚bpw IY-bmWv. Cu IY-bn¬ Chn-SsØ kwkvIm-c-Øn\pw, aX-ßƒ°pw BNm-c-ßƒ°pw ]pdta ]e ]pcm-X\-Ip-Spw-_ß - ƒ°pw ÿm\-ap≠v. AXn-\m¬ \ΩpsS IpSpw-_h - r-£Ø - n\v hfhpw sh≈hpw \¬In ]cn-c-£n-®p-t]m-cp∂ Cu aÆns‚ Ncn-{X-]›m-Ø-e-Øn-te°v Hs∂-Øn-t\m°mw. AXn-]p-cm-X-\-Im-eØv B{^n-°≥ h≥I-c-bpsS `mK-am-bn-cp-∂phs{X C¥y. `qan-bpsS D]-cn-X-e-Øn-ep-≠mb am‰w-a-dn-®n-ep-Iƒ AXns\ apdn®v C¥y≥ D]-`q-JW - vUw- D≠m°n. AXns‚ sXs°-Øo-cØ - p-≠mb Xnc-bn-f°w kap-{Z-Øn¬ \n∂pw aÆ-Sn-®p-b¿Øn kly-]¿∆-XsØ Hcp tIm´-t]mse \ndpØn.* Hen-®n-d-ßnb aÆpw ]n∂oSv Fs∂m-s°tbm D≠mb Ic-]nSpØhpw IqSn hoXn Ipd™v \ofw IqSnb tIc-f-°csb krjvSn®p. ^e-`q-bn-jvT-amb Cu ]pØ≥ Ic-bn-te°v Bfp-Iƒ IpSn-tbdn. s\{K-t‰mkv, Bkv{S-tem-bnUvkv XpS-ßnb ASn-ÿm-\-h¿§Øn¬s∏-´-h-cm-bn-cp∂p Cu BZn-hm-kn-Iƒ. Ch-cpsS kw`m-h-\-bm-bncp∂p {ZmhnUkwkvImcw. hS-°p-\n∂v ]n∂oSv h∂p-tN¿∂-hc - mWv Bcy∑m¿. kz¥-ambn Hcp kwkvIm-ch - n-ti-jh - p-am-bn-´mWv Ah¿ FØn-bXv. 35

* (CXv 4200-˛Hmfw h¿j-ßƒ°v apsº∂v dh. hn√yw sSbve¿)

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

blq-Z¿ XpS-ßnb A\y-\m-´p-Im¿ ]∂oSv FØn-t®-cp-tºmƒ ChnsS _p≤-a-Xhpw ssP\-a-Xhpw thtcm-Sn-bn-cp∂p. H∂mw \q‰m-≠p-ap-X¬ {InkvXym-\n-Ifpw Ggmw \q‰m-≠p-ap-X¬ apk¬am-∑mcpw ChnsS D≠v. Aßs\ \q‰m-≠p-Iƒ sIm≠v ka-RvPk-ambn ka-\z-bn-°s - ∏´ hnhn[ kwkvIm-c-hn-ti-j-ß-fpsS BsI-Øp-I-bmWv tIc-f-Ønse C∂sØ h¿§-L-S-\-bpsS Aÿn-hmcw. ]pcm-X\ Imew apX¬ ^n\ojy¿, tdma-°m¿, {Ko°p-Im¿ BZn-bmb hntZ-in-b¿ Im‰n\-\p-Iq-e-ambn I∏-tem-Sn®v ChnsS FØn-bn-cp∂p. kz¿Æw, cXv\-ßƒ, ]´p-h-kv{X-ßƒ, kv^Sn-I-h-kvXp-°ƒ XpS-ßn-bh ChnsS Cd-°n-b-tijw Ipcp-ap-fIv, Gew XpS-ßnb akm-e-h¿§-ßfpw, Ip¥n-cn°w, Nµ\w XpS-ßnb kpK-‘h - k - vXp-°fpw, tX°v, Cu´n F∂o XSn-Ifpw Ib-‰n-s°m≠p t]mbn-cp∂p. {InkvXp-h¿jw Bcw-`n-°p-∂X - n\p apºp-Xs∂ Z£n-W`- m-cXw tNcw, tNmfw, ]mWvUyw F∂n-ßs\ `mKn-bv°-s∏-´n-cp∂p. tIcfw Dƒs∏´ tNc-cmPyw {ZmhnUhwi-Pcmb \mI-∑m¿ `cn-®n-cp∂p. Bcy-∑m-cpsS i‡n h¿≤n-®-Xns\ XpS¿∂v tIc-fsØ \mep Xfn-I-fmbn Xncn®v Xfnbm-Xncn `cWw \S-∏n-em°n. At∏mƒ Xfn-bm-Xncn Bcy\pw a{¥n -\mI\pw Bbn-Øo¿∂p. alm-_en Fs∂mcp [¿Ω-cm-Pmhpw tIcfw `cn®n-cp-∂-Xmbn sFXn-ly-ap≠v. ho≠pw tI{µ-`-cWw sIm≠p-h∂v tIc-fs∏-cp-am-fmbn Hcp £{Xn-bs\ tImb-º-Øq-cn¬ \n∂p sIm≠p-h∂p hmgn®p. tImb-º-Øq¿ apX¬ I\ym-Ip-amcn hsc A∂p Hcp hnime tIc-f-ap-≠mbn. Ah-km-\sØ s]cp-amƒ cmPysØ Xs‚ kz¥°m¿°pw kt\-ln-X-∑m¿°p-ambn `mKn-®p-sIm-SpØp. Aßs\ tNccmPyw On∂-`n-∂a - mbn. At∏m-gmWv hn√m¿h´w F∂ ss{IkvXh - c - mPyw D≠m-b-sX∂v ]d-b-s∏-Sp∂p. cmtP-{µ-tNm-fs‚ B{I-aWw aqe-amWv tIcfw Iodn-ap-dn-bv°-s∏-´-sX∂pw Ncn-{X-ap≠v. C∂sØ tIm´-∏p-dhpw tNµ-aw-K-ehpw a‰p-apƒs∏´ h©n-\-K-c-ambn-cp∂p cmP-[m\n. henb ]≠-I-im-e-Ifpw Aßm-Sn-Ifpw tIm´-sImØ-fß - fpw AhnsS D≠m-bn-cp∂p. Ccp-]t- Xmfw sNdp-]´- W - ß - fpw Ipsd {Kma-ßfpw {ItaW tIc-f-Øn¬ D≠mbn. _p≤-a-Xhpw ssP\-a-Xhpw ChnsS IqSpX¬ {]Nm-c-Øn-embn. F∂m¬ Ah-bpsS A]-N-bsØ XpS¿∂v ImeSn {ioi-¶-cm-Nm-cy-cp-sSbpw Iq´-cp-sSbpw {]h¿Ø\w hgn sslµh kwkvImcw Hcp a-Xa - mbn {]-Nm-cØ - n-se-Øn. H∂mw \q‰m-≠nse am¿tØmΩm «olm-bpsS aX-{]-Nm-c-Whpw \memw \q‰m-≠nse Iv\mbn

tXmΩm-bp-sSbpw Iq´-cp-sSbpw IpSn-tb-‰hpw aqew ChnsS Ipsd {InkvXym-\n-Iƒ D≠m-bn. ]me-bq¿, sImSp-ß-√q¿, sIm√w apX-em-b-hbm-bn-cp∂p Ah-cpsS tI{µ-ßƒ. Ggmw \q‰m-≠m-bt- ∏mƒ C…mw aXhpw Chn-sS-sb-Øn. apkvenw {]mam-Wyw, ]Stbm´w, {]Ir-Xn-t£m`w XpSßnb Imc-W-ß-fm¬ {InkvXym-\n-Iƒ A¶-amen, ISp-Øp-cpØn DZ-bwt]-cq¿ apX-emb ÿe-ßf - n-te°v IpSn-tb-dn. I®-hS- hpw, Iqdp≈ aÆpw, ITn-\m-≤zm-\hpw Ah¿°v XpW-tb-In. ]c-kv]cw bp≤w sNøp∂ At\Iw sNdp-InS cmPy-ßfpw, hfsc k¶o¿Æ-amb aXL-S-\-bpw D≠mbncp∂ Hcp \m´n-te-bv°mWv ]Xn\©mw \q‰m-≠n¬ t]m¿®p-Ko-kp-Im¿ IS∂p h∂Xv. ]Xn-t\gmw \q‰m≠m-b-t∏mƒ U®p-Imcpw ChnsS FØn-t®¿∂p. hmWn-Py-Øn\p h∂ Ccp-Iq-´cpw {ItaW Chn-SsØ cmjv{Sob kwhn-[m-\-Øns‚ `mK-ambn. thWm-´-c-N-\m-bn-cp∂ hoc-am¿Øm-WvU-h¿Ω sX°≥tIcfØnse cmPy-ßsf sh´n-∏n-Sn®v Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ ÿm]n®p. {_m“W-im]w `b∂v sIm®nsb Hgn-hm°n. ]Xn-t\gmw \q‰m-≠n¬ hym]m-cm-h-iy-ßƒ°mbn Chn-sS-sbØnb {_n´o-jp-Im¿ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-s\bpw sIm®n-sbbpw sacp°n hcpXnbnem°nbpw DØ-c-tI-c-f-Ønse sNdp-cm-Py-ßsf IogS°nbpw ae-_m¿ s{]mhn≥kv D≠m°n a{Zm-kn-t\mSp tN¿Øp. ap∂qdp h¿j-ß-tfmfw {_´ojv \pI-Øn\pIogn¬ Ign-™-tijw Hcp kl-\k-a-c-Øn-eqsS C¥y kzX-{¥-ambn. A[nIw XmaknbmsX Xncp-hnXmwIqdpw sIm®nbpw tN¿Øv Xncp˛sIm®n kwÿm\w D≠mbn. 1956 ¬ ae-_m¿ IqSn- tN¿∂-t∏mƒ sFIy-tI-cfw kwPm-Xa - mbn. tIc-fØ - n\p 38855 N. Intem-ao-‰¿ hnkvXo¿Æ-ap≠v. kap-{Z-Xocw 360 ssa¬ BWv. kly-]¿∆Xw 3000 apX¬ 9000 hsc ASn Db-c-ap≈ Hcp tIm´-bmbn tIcfsØ Im°p∂p. C∂v {]Ir-Xn-ZØ - a - mb AXn-cp-Iƒ°p-≈n¬ Htc `mj, `£-Wc - oXn, kwkvImcw, Imem-hÿ F∂nh-sIm≠v H∂mbn t{ib-tkmsS hkn°p∂ lnµp, apkveow, {InkvXy≥ aX-hn-izm-kn-If - psS Hcp Iq´mbvabmWv 'ssZh-Øns‚ Cu kz¥w \mSv'.

36

37

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

A≤ymbw 2

ss{IkvX-h -`m-cXw

BZy- \q-‰m-≠p-ap-Xe- p≈ ]mc-ºcyw Ah-Im-is- ∏-Sp∂ ]e \{km

Wn-Ø-d-hm-Sp-Ifpw tIc-f-Øn-ep-≠t√m. Cßs\bp≈ IpSpw-_-ßƒ ]t{Xmkv«olm t{]jn-X{]-h¿Ø\w \S-Ønb C‰-en-bntem, bmt°m_v «olm am¿§w Adn-bn® kvs]bn-\ntem D≈-Xmbn Ah-Im-i-s∏-´n-´n√. bqtdm-∏n¬ ss{IkvX-ho-IX Hcp aX-ambn AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xpw tdman¬ {]Xn- j v T - t \- S p- ∂ Xpw aq∂mw \q‰m- ≠ n¬ am{X- a mWv . tXmΩm«olm kphn-tijw Adn-bn® C¥y-bnse ss{IkvX-h-cpsS Ncn{Xw, tIc-fØ - n-se ]e ]pcmX\ IpSpw-_ß - f - p-sSbpw H∂mw \q‰m≠p apXep≈ Ncn{XamWv. `mc-X-Ønse kaql-L-S-\-bpsS ASn-°-√p-Iƒ Xs∂ IpSpw-_ß - f - m-Wt√m. \ΩpsS IpSpw-_Ø - n-s‚bpw, IS-hn¬ amXrIp- S pw- _ - Ø ns‚bpw k`m- t k- h - \ - ß - s f- ∏ ‰n ]pdtI {]kv X m- h n°p∂XmWv. '\nßƒ temI-saßpw t]mbn Fs‚ kphn-tijw Adn-bn-°p-hn≥' F∂ {InkvXp-\m-Ys‚ Iev]-\-b-\p-k-cn®v t]¿jy-bnse {]h¿Ø-\ßƒ°p-tijw A^vLm-\n-ÿm-\n¬ IqSn Ic-hgn A.D. 47 ¬ tXmΩm«olm Chn-sS- FØn-t®¿∂p. kn‘q-\Z- o-XS- ß - f - n¬ kphn-tij {]tLmjWw \SØn, tKm¨U-t^m-dkv cmPm-hn-s\bpw a‰-\-h-[n-t]-scbpw 38

thZ-Øn¬ tN¿Øp. F∂m¬ I\y-Im-am-Xm-hns‚ ac-W-sØ-Øp-S¿∂v F.Un. 50 t\mS-SpØv At±lw Pdp-k-te-an-te°v aSßnt∏mbn. IS¬ hgn-bm-bn-cp∂p At±lØns‚ ASpØ bm{X. sN¶-S¬ XocØp \n∂pw I∏¬am¿§w sImSp-ß-√q¿ h∂n-dßn. Chn-sSbpw s]cpamƒ sIm´m-c-Ønse Hcp Cf-ap-d-cm-Pm-hn-s\bpw A\p-N-c-∑m-sc-bp-amWv BZyw am\-km-¥-c-s∏-Sp-Øn-bXv. sImSp-ß-√q-cn¬ Xs∂ 40 blq-Z-IpSpw-_-ßƒ ss{IkvX-h-cmbn. XpS¿∂v ]mebq¿ XpS-ßnb ÿe-ß-fn¬ Iq´m-bva-Ifpw {]m¿∞\ kuI-cy-ßfpw Hcp°n. tI∏sb apJy-{]-`m-jI-\mbpw ]e-tcbpw t{]j-nXcmbpw Npa-X-e-s∏-SpØn. Aßs\ C¥ybnse BXv-aob t\Xr-\n-c-bnse BZy-I-Æn- am¿ tXmΩm-«olm Xs∂bmbn. c≠mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ A¥y-Øn¬ C¥y-bn¬ Bﬂob t\XrXzw Ahkm-\n® a´mbn. At∏mƒ Chn-SsØ {]_e kap-Zm-b-ßƒ kwL-Sn-Xambn {InkvXym-\n-Isf B{I-an-°p-Ibpw Iq´m-bva-Isf XI¿°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. sNdnb kaq-l-ßsf _e-ambn aX-]-cn-h¿Ø\w sNøn°pIbpw kΩ-Xn-°m-Ø-hsc \n{K-ln°pIbpw sNbvXp. Cu h¿§ob hmZnIsf _p≤n-]c - a - mbn t\cn-Sp-∂X - n-\mbn 190-¬ ]WvUn-X\ - mb ]t¥\qkv ChnsS hs∂-¶nepw At±lw ]cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-I-bm-Wp-≠m-bXv. F.Un. 345 ¬ Im\m sXmΩ≥ F∂ I®-h-S-°m-cs‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ Hcp Hutk^v sa{Xm\pw, Iptd sshZn-Icpw Dƒs∏-Sp∂ 472 IpSpw-_ßƒ tIc-f-Øn-seØn, t]¿jy-bnse sImSnb aX-]oV\-am-bn-cp∂p ImcWw. sImSp-ß-√q-cn¬ sXt°-sØ-cp-hn¬ Xma-kn-®n-cp∂ sXmΩt\bpw Iq´-scbpw sX°pw-`m-Ks - c∂pw hS-t°-sX-cp-hn¬ Xma-kn-®n-cp∂ \m´p-{In-kvXym-\n-Isf hS-°pw-`m-K-sc∂pw hnfn-®n-cp∂p. A°m-eØv sImSp-ß-√q¿ cmP-\K-cn-bn-se -h¿ØI {]am-Wn-Iƒ apgp-h≥ {InkvXym\n-I-fm-bn-cp∂p. Hutk^v sa{Xms\ kzoI-cn-°pI hgn At±-l-Øns‚ amXr-`m-j-bm-bn-cp∂ kpdn-bm\n \Ωp-sSbpw Bcm-[-\- `m-j-bm-bnØo¿∂p. F{_m-b B-bn-cp∂p blq-Z-cpsS amXr-`m-j-sb-¶nepw _m_ntem-Wn-b≥ ASn-aØ - Im-eØv Ahn-SsØ Acm-sa°v `mj Ah¿ ]Tn®p. 70 h¿jw Ign™v aS-ßn-sb-Øn-b-t∏mƒ Acm-sa°v Ah-cpsS kwkmc-`m-j-bm-bn-Øo¿∂p. I¿Ømhv kwkm-cn-®Xv Cu `mj-bn-em-bn-cp∂p. kpdn-bm\n `mj AXns‚ Hcp XXv`-h-am-b-Xn-\m¬ AXns\ F√m-hcpw BZ-cn-®n-cp∂p. 39

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

F.Un. 542 ¬ {Ko°v k©mcn tImkvtamkv, Ipcp-ap-fIv hnf-bp∂ amte (ae-\mSv) F∂ ÿeØpw Hcp k`-bp-s≠∂pw AhnsS Ieym-Wbn¬ (sIm√w) Hcp sa{Xm-\p-s≠∂pw FgpXn. 825 ¬ _mtdip apX-emfn F∂ hWnIv Iptd Bfp-I-fp-ambn Ieym-W-bn¬ IpSn-tbdn. cmPmhv Ch¿°v ]Wn-Xp-sIm-SpØ ]≈n Bbncw h¿j-ßƒ°p-tijw IS-em{I-aWw aqew \in®p. 880 ¬ _mt_-en¬ \n∂p h∂ kmt∏¿, t{]mØv F∂ c≠p _nj∏v ktlm-Z-c-∑m¿ Chn-sS-bp-≠m-bn-cp∂p. sImSp-ß-√qcnse el-f-bn¬ ]cm-Pn-X-cmbn {InkvXym-\-nIƒ \mSp-hn-´-t∏mƒ am¿ km-t∏¿ hn√m¿h´w ss{IkvXh - c - mPmhns‚ Xe-ÿm-\a - m-bn-cp∂ DZnbwt]-cqcn¬ Xma-k-am°n. Ch¿°ptijw Zo¿L-Imew Hcp Uo°¨ am{X-ambn `cWw \S∂p. ]Øpw, ]Xn-s\m∂pw \q‰m-≠p-I-fn¬ c≠p tbml-∂m≥ sa{Xm-∑mcpw Hcp tXmΩm-sa-{Xm\pw ChnsSbp≠mbn. ]{¥≠mw \q‰m-≠n¬ am¿∏m∏sb tbml-∂m≥ F∂ C¥y≥ sa{Xm≥ kµ¿in-®n-´p≠v. 1290 Ifn¬ Chn-sSsb-Ønb tam≠n-Im¿thmbpw, am¿t°m-t]m-tfmbpw, ChnsS blq-Zcpw ss{IkvX-hcpw hfsc a¿±\w kln-°p-∂-Xmbn ]d-™n-cn°p∂p. sNdp-In-S-cm-Py-ß-fnse \mSp-hm-gn-I-fpsS klm-b-tØmsS lnµp°ƒ {InkvXym-\n-Isf D]-{Z-hn®p. aX-hn-izm-khpw BNm-c-ßfpw Hcp kmaq-ly-{]-iv\-ambn Db¿Øn. 1329 ¬ sIm√w cq]X ÿm]n®v Ahn-SsØ sa{Xm-\mbn tPm¿Zm\p-kns\ am¿∏m∏ t\cn´p \nb-an®p. sIm√w kµ¿in® a¿t°mt]mtfm am¿tXmΩm {InkvXym-\n-Iƒ ]ªnIv B^n-kp-I-fnse A[n-]-∑m-cmsW∂pw am¿∏m-∏-bpsS {]Xn-\n-[n-bm-I-bm¬ Ah¿ X\n°v {]Xn-amkw 100 s]m≥]-Whpw, aS-ßn-t∏m-∂-t∏mƒ 1000 ]Whpw XcpI-bp-≠mbn F∂pw FgpXn. 1439 ¬ bqPn≥ N{I-h¿Øn hn√m¿h´w cmPmhv tXmΩmbvs°-gpXn 'Xm¶fpw Xm¶-fpsS cmPysØ {]P-Ifpw kXy-{In-kvXym-\nI-fm-sW∂ tIƒhn \ΩpsS apºn¬ ]e-t∏mgpw h∂n-´p≠v". ]Xn-\©mw\q‰m-≠n¬ \√- [o-c∑ - m-cmb \{kmWn∏S-bm-fn-Iƒ D≠mbn-cp∂p. hmWn-Py-Ønepw cmP-tk-h-\-Ønepw hncp-X-∑m-cmb Ch¿°v Ic-®p-¶hpw Agn-®p-¶hpw C√m-bn-cp∂p. Cug-h¿, Nm∂m≥, Bimcn XpSßn-b-h¿ Ch¿°v Iogvs∏-´n-cp∂p. D∂-X-Ip-e-Pm-X-sc∂ \ne-bn¬ Xo≠epw sXmSoepw BNcn-®n-cp∂p. ]mdmhpw ]√°pw Ch¿°pw A\ph-Zn-®n-cp∂p. aX-]-c-amb Adnhpw \njvTbpw D≠m-bn-cp∂p. C°m-esØ

{InkvXym\n s]mXpth kmaq-ly-ambpw, kmº-Øn-I-ambpw aXm-ﬂ-Iambpw D∂-X-\n-e-bn-em-bn-cp∂p. F∂m¬ CXv A[n-I-Imew \o≠p-\n-∂n√. tdmanse tNcn-Xn-cnhv, t]¿jy≥ aX-]o-V\w, apl-Ω-Zo-b-cpsS apt∂‰w, thZ-sR-cp°w apXem-bh sIm≠v Chn-SsØ Bﬂo-b-t\-XrXzw \in®p. CS-b-\n-√mØ BSp-I-fmbn tIc-f-ss{I-kvX-h¿. Hcp \q‰m-t≠mfw ChnsS s\kvtXm-dnb≥ ]mj-ﬁX - b - psS kzm[o-\hpw \ne-\n∂p. sIm®n-bnepw, ]pd°m´pw, sX°p-]-Sn-™msd XocsØ Adp-]-Xn¬∏cw sIm®p-]-´-W-ß-fn-ep-ambn shdpw Adp-]-Ø-øm-bncw {InkvXym-\n-I-fmWv A∂p-≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv. ]Xn- \ mdmw \q‰m- ≠ n¬, C¥y- b nse ss{Ikv X - h - c psS Npa- X e am¿∏m∏ t]m¿®p-Ko-kvIm¿°v \¬In. AtXmsS {^m≥kn-kvI≥, sPkyq´v anj-\d- n-am-cpsS kl-Ic - W - Ø - n¬ t{]jn-X{- ]-h¿Ø\w \S∂p. 1652 ¬ sIm®n cq]-Xb - p-≠mbn. 17-mw \q‰m-≠n¬ Nne ioivaI - fpw, Iq\≥ Ipcnip kXysØ XpS¿∂p ]pØ≥Iq¿ hn`m-Khpw P∑-sa-Sp-sØ-¶nepw am¿tØmΩm {InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS FÆw Hcp-e-£-tØm-f-ambn. 1750 apX¬ 1850 hsc-bp≈ \qdv h¿j-ßƒ tIc-f-ss{I-kvX-h-k`°v ho≠pw ]oVm-\p-`-h-Im-e-ambn. sshZn-I-£maw aqew ⁄m\kv\m\w apSßn. lnµp-tZ-ih - m-gn-Ifpw U®p-Imcpw hf-sc-tbsd D]-{Zhw sNbvXp. ]ecpw aX-XymKw sNtø-≠n-h∂p. {InkvXym\n Bb-Xn-\m¬ kh¿Æ-ln-µp-hm-bn-cp∂ tZh-k-lmbw ]n≈ shSn-sh®v sIm√-s∏´p. Poh-c-£m¿∞w ss{IkvX-h¿ Ing-°≥ Xo-c-ß-fn-te-bvt°mSn. At\Iw t]¿ ]´n-Wnbpw tcmKhpw aqew acn®p. ssakq¿ ISphm Sn∏p, At\Iw ]≈n-Iƒ sIm≈-sN-øp-Ibpw, \in-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. ]e-scbpw \n¿_-‘a - mbn C…mw aX-Øn¬ tN¿°p-Ibpw AXn\p hg-ßm-Øh - sc h[n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. ]sØm≥]Xmw \q‰m-≠n¬ ChnsS Ipsd cq]-X-I-fp-≠m-b-X-√msX anj≥ {]h¿Ø\w H∂pw \S-∂n√. {_o´ojv `cWw ChnsS anj-\dn {]h¿Ø-\sØ \ncp-’m-l-s∏-SpØn. lnµp-°ƒ At\Iw Zpcm-Nm-cßƒ°v hg-ßn-bn-cp∂p. apkveoß-fm-Is´ hnZym-hnlo-\cpw aX-hn-j-bß-fn¬ ISpw-]n-Sp-Ø° - m-cp-am-bn-cp∂p. Ccp-]Xmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ a[y-Øn¬ cmjv { So- b - k zm- X - { ¥y- t Øm- s Sm∏w, C¥y≥ P\- X - b n¬ Ht´sd kmaqly˛kmwkvIm-cnI am‰-ßƒ h∂p. imkv{X-ßƒ°pw, Ie-Iƒ°psam∏w ss{IkvX-h- Z¿i-\ßƒ°pw henb {]Nmcw e`n®p. `uXn-I-hm-

40

41

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

A≤ymbw ˛3

\ΩpsS ]q¿∆n-I¿

tIc-f-Ønse am¿tØmΩm {InkvXym-\n -Ip-Spw-_-ß-fn¬ ]e-Xn-

Z-sØbpw, k¶p-NnX tZio-b-X-tbbpw, F√m-Ø-c-Øn-epap≈ h¿§o-bX-tbbpw, sNdp-°p∂ ss{IkvX-h-[¿Ω-Øns‚ ImX¬ km¿∆-P-\o-\am-sW∂pw AXns‚ ktµiw Ahn-On-∂-amb kXyhpw kulr-Z-hp-amsW∂pw IqSp-X¬ Bfp-Iƒ a\-n-em-°n-. 2001 se IW-°-\p-k-cn®v C¥y-bnse P\-kw-Jy-bn¬ 2.31 iXam\amWv {InkvXym-\n-Iƒ. 13.4% apkveo-ßfpw, 80.5% lnµp-°-fp-amWv. tIc-f-Øn¬ 19% {InkvXym-\n-Iƒ D≠v. Xan-gv\m-´n¬ 15.7 iXam\hpw {InkvXym-\n-I-fmWv. taLm-e-b-bn¬ 70.3% {InkvXym-\n-Iƒ D≈t∏mƒ \mKm-em‚n¬ 90% hpw {InkvXym\nIfmWv. {InkvXym-\n-If - n¬ 1000 ]pcp-j\v 1009 kv{XoI-fp≠v. apkveo-ßƒ°v 936 Dw lnµp-°ƒ°v 931 Dw kv{XoItf D≈q. Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw, ]Ø-\wXn´, tIm´bw, Fd-Wm-Ipfw, Xriq¿ F∂o Pn√-I-fn¬ {InkvXym-\n-IfmWv IqSp-X¬.

42

s‚bpw ]q¿∆n-I¿ 'sImSp-ß-√q¿ alm-tZ-h¿]-´-W-Øn¬ \n∂p h∂ {InkvXym-\ntbm', sIm√-Øp-\n∂p h∂ \{km-Wntbm BWt√m. sNºc-Øn- Ip-Spw-_-Ønse Nne ]pcmX\ kq£n-∏p-I-fn¬s∏´ Hme-I-c-Wß-fnepw a‰pw CØcw ]cm-a¿i-ß-fp≠v. Xe-apd Xe-ap-d-bmbn ]I¿∂p X∂n-´p≈ hmNn-I-]m-c-º-cyhpw CXn-te°v IqSp-X¬ shfn®w hoip-∂XmWv. C∂v sFXn-ly-ßf - mbn tXm∂p∂ ]eXpw ap≥Im-eß - f - n¬ kw`hn-®n-´p-≈X - ns‚ X\n-ab - p-≈tXm, s]mSn∏pw sXmßepw tN¿∂tXm Bbncn°pw. C∂sØ coXn°v ]eXpw Ahn-iz-k-\o-bhpw. IrXy-amb sXfnhp-Iƒ°mbn ImØn-cn-bv°msX e`y-am-b-hsb ]cn-tim-[n®v kXyhpw anYy-bpw th¿Xn-cn-°-pItb Ic-Wo-b-am-bn-´p≈p. ASn-th-cp-Iƒ tXSnbp≈ Cu At\z-j-W-Ønepw AXmWv sNbvXn-´p-≈Xv. H∂mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ a[yZiI-ß-fn¬ _p≤-a-X-°mcpw ssP\-∑m-cpamWv ChnsS `qcn-]-£-ambn D≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv. {Zmhn-U∑m¿°p ]pdta bYm-ÿn-Xn-I-cmb Iptd Bcy-∑mcpw Ah-cpsS I¿Ωm-\p-jvTm-\-ß-fn¬ apgpIn HXpßn Ign-™p-t]m∂p. Aßs\ Ign™ncp∂h¿ {Kma-ßfn¬ Iq´-am-bn-´m-bn-cp∂p Xmakw. F¶nepw A[n-Im-c-ÿm-\-ß-fn¬ ]e¿°pw \√ kzm[o-\-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. Ch¿°p-]p-dt- a-, bh-\-∑m¿, kndn43

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

b-°m¿ XpS-ßnb hntZ-i-I-®-h-°mcpw D≠mbncp∂p. Ah¿°mIs´ sImSp-ß-√q¿ s]cp-amƒ tImhn-e-IØv am\y-amb ÿm\hpw D≠m-bncp∂p. {InkvXp-h¿jØn\p apºv tIc-fhpw saUn-‰t- d-\n-b≥ {]tZ-iß - fpw XΩn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ hn]p-e-amb hmWn-Py-_-‘-ß-fpsS ]n≥_ew, tXmΩm-«o-lm-bpsS tIc-fm-K-a-\-sØ Dd∏m°p∂p. A.D. 68 ¬ sImSp-ß√q¿ h∂n-d-ßnb Hcp Iq´w blqZ-∑m¿ ]c-ºcbmbn kq£n-®p-t]mcp∂ hnh-c-W-ß-fn¬ A∂p sImSp-ß-√q¿ D≠mbn-cp∂ blq-Z-k-aqlsØ-°p-dn®v ]cm-a¿in°p∂p≠v. am¿tØmΩm {InkvXym-\n-If - psS ]mc-ºc - y-hn-izm-k{- ]-Imcw lm_m≥ F∂ blq-Zh - ym-]m-cn-tbm-sSm∏w I∏-en-dß - nb tXmΩm-«olm bqZt°mf-\n-bn¬ Xma-kn®p. AhnsS Iptd blqZ IpSpw-_-ßsf {InkvXp-a-XØn¬ tN¿Øp. sImSp-ß-√q¿ sIm´m-c-Ønse Ipam-cn-bpsS hnhm-l-hncp-∂n¬ ]s¶-SpØ At±lw A¤p-X-{]-h¿Øn-Iƒ hgn ]e cmP-Ip-Spw_mw-K-ß-sfbpw am\-km-¥-c-s∏-SpØn. Ah-tcm-sSm∏w ]e DtZym-Kÿcpw tkh-Icpw kXy-thZw kzoI-cn®p. aX-hn-izmkw hy‡n-]c - a - mb Hcp hnjbam-bn-cp-∂X - n-\mepw, AXn\p bmsXmcp kmaq-ly-{]-k-‡nbpw C√m-Xn-cp-∂-Xn-\mepw aXw amdp-∂Xv A∂v Hcp km[mcW kwKXnbmbncp∂p. ]n∂o-Sv A-t±lw tNmf-cm-Py-tØ-°p-t]mbn. AhnsS Hcp h¿jtØmfw t{]jn-X-{]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ apgpIn. sImSp-ß-√qcn¬ Xncn-s®Ønb At±lw thZ-Øn¬ tN¿∂-hsc hnfn-®p-Iq´n {]m¿∞-\-Iƒ ]Tn∏n-°p-Ibpw kvt\l-ip-{iqj \S-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Ah¿ Iq´p-tN¿∂ ÿew {]m¿∞-\m-e-b-ambn amdn. Cf-apd cmPm-hns\bpw, hnizm-k-XojvWX D≠m-bn-cp∂ Nne-tcbpw, ssIshbv]v \¬In A\p-{K-ln®p. XpS¿∂v ]d-hq¿, ]≈n-∏pdw, \ncWw, \ne-bv°¬ XpS-ßnb ÿe-ßfn¬ t{]£n-Xt- he sNøp-Ibpw Iq´m-bvaI - ƒ ÿm]n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. ]n∂oSmWv «olm ]me-bq¿ FØn-t®-cp-∂Xv. ]mepd, ]meqcv Fs∂ms° Adn-b-s∏-´n-cp∂ ChnSw Bcy-∑m-cmb IpSn-tb-‰-°m-cpsS Hcp ]pWy-Xo¿∞ÿehpw, kmwkvIm-cnI tI{µ-hpam-bn-cp∂p. sImSp-ß-√q¿°v 40 ssa¬ am{X-am-bn-cp∂p Zqcw. A[nIw AI-se-b-√m-Xp≈ sIm√w IqSn Ign-™m¬ ]ns∂ ]me-bq-cm-bn-cp∂p {][m\ ]´Ww. sNtº¿Ipfw, ]q°pfw, Xfn-I° - pfw, HmØp-Ipfw F∂o

Ipf-ß-fpsS \Sp-hn-em-bn-cp∂p, ]qPm-a-WvU]w. sX°p-h-i-Øv HmØpim-ebpw AI-se-b-√msX hkXn-Ifpw ImW-s∏´p. Xfn-I°p-f-Øn¬ X¿∏Ww \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂-h-tcmSv sh≈w BIm-iØv \ndp-Øm≥ Ignbptam F∂v «olm tNmZn-®s{X. "X\n-°-Xn\p Ign-bp-s∂-¶n¬ Rßƒ \ns‚ tZhs\ hWßmw" F∂m-bn- Ah¿. DS≥ At±lw Ipf-Øn-endßn sh≈w sh≈n-°-´-Iƒ t]mse BIm-iØp \ndpØn. A¤p-XkvX-_v[-cmb At\-Iw t]¿ At∏mƒXs∂ am\-km-¥-c-s∏´p. Ahsc «olm AtX Ipf-Øn¬ \n∂v Xs∂ Pe-sa-SpØv kv\m\-s∏-SpØn. A∂pw XpS¿∂pw {InkvXym-\n-If - mbnØo¿∂ 23 a\-If - n¬ s\Sp-ºp≈n, Xe°q¿, FS-∏p≈n, ap√-t»cn, aS-hq¿ F∂nh {]i-kvX- {_m“W `h\-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p. \ΩpsS aqe-Ip-Spw-_-amb aS-hq¿ a\ ]q°p-f-Øns‚ hS-°p-`m-KØm-bn-cp∂p. ]me-bq¿ hnt√Pv cPn-Ã-dn¬ Cu ÿe-tØ-∏‰n ]cm-a¿iap-≈-XmWv. `qcn-]£w IpSpw-_ß - fpw {InkvXp-aX - Ø - n-te°v amdnbXn¬ IpWvTn-Xs - ∏´ Nne C√-°m¿ 'C\n-bsØ Ipfn thtº-\m´v' F∂p ]d™v AhnSw hn´p-t]mbn. Aßs\ sXt°m´v Xmakw am‰n-b-hsc 'sImt≠mSn-b-h¿' F∂p hnfn®p. Ah-cpsS im]-ta‰ ÿe-amWv 'im]-°mSv' AYhm 'Nmh-°mSv'. aXw amdmsX amdn Xma-kn® GI a\-°m-cn¬ \n∂p 'Hcpa\-bq¿' D≠mbn. sImt≠m-Sn-b-h¿ thº\m-s´Øn Iq´-ambn Xmakn® ÿew ']pXp-a-\-t»cn' Bbn. ]me-bq¿ {ItaW Hcp ss{IkvX-h{Kmaw Bbn-Øo¿∂p. tIc-f-Øn-te-bv°p≈ Bcy∑m-cpsS IpSn-tb‰w {InkvXp h¿j-Øn\p aptº XpS-ßn-bn-cp-∂p. tXmΩm-«olm FØp-tºmƒ Bcy∑m-cpsS kzm[o\w tIc- f - k m- a qly Pnhn- X - Ø n¬ D≠m- b n- c p∂p F∂- X n\v kwLkmln-Xy-Øn¬ sXfn-hp-Iƒ ImWmw. F∂m¬ Kth-j-I-cpsS ]pXnb Xe-apd CXv AwKo-I-cn-bv°p-∂n-√. ASn-th-cp-Iƒ tXSn-bp≈ \ΩpsS At\z-jWw Bcy {_m“-W\ntem BZn{Zmhn-U-\ntem A¥n-a-ambn Dd-∏n-°p-hm≥ \mw C\nbpw _lp-Zqcw apt∂-td-≠n-bn-c-n°p-∂p.

44

45

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

A≤ymbw 4

ISp-Øp-cp-Øn-bn-te°v

P ∑-tZiw hn´v A\y-\mSpIfn¬ IpSn-tb-dp-hm≥ s]mXpsh

]e¿°pw CjvS-a√. F∂m¬ IqSp-X¬ ÿew ssIh-i-s∏-Sp-Øm\pw, kmº-Øn-I-t\-´-ßƒ°p-ambn Bfp-Iƒ IpSn-am-dm-dp-ap≠v. `qIºw, bp≤w, ]I¿®-hym-[n-Iƒ apX-em-bh a\p-jysc \n¿_-‘n®p ÿew am‰p∂p. F∂m¬ aX-]o-V\w aqew \mSp-I-S-t°-≠n-h-cp-∂-hcpw D≠v. \ΩpsS {]]n-Xm-a-l≥ Aßs\ aq∂mw iX-I-Øn-setßm ]me-bq¿ hn´v ISp-Øp-cp-Øn-bn¬ FØn-t®-¿∂ncp-∂p. ']mepd F∂ ÿew blq-Z-cp-sSbpw {InkvXym-\n-I-fp-sSbpw sFXnly-ßt- fm-Sp-Iq-Snb ]gb {Kma-w B-Ip∂p. sImSp-ß-√q¿, ]mepd, tImew Ch {InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS Dd® ]´-W-ß-fmWv" F∂v F.Un. 77 ¬ tIcfw kµ¿in® πo\n FgpXn.* F∂m¬ c≠mw \q‰m-≠m-b-t∏mƒ Chn-SsØ Bﬂo-b-t\-XrXzw A\yw \n∂p. ss{IkvX-h-Iq-´m-bva-Iƒ A\m-Y-ambn. Ip™pßƒ°v amtΩm-Zokm \¬Im-\mbn aq∂p sIm√-Øn-sem-cn-°¬ Hcp sshZn- I s\ kndn- b - b n¬ \n∂p sIm≠p hcn- I - b m- b n- c p∂p. kam[m\{]nb-∑m-cm-bn-cp∂ ssP\cpw _u≤cpw £bn-®p-sIm-≠n-cp∂p. Zp¿∫-e-∑m-cm-bn-cp∂ s]cp-am-°-∑m-cpsS `c-W-Øn¬ Bcy-∑m¿ IqSpX¬ kzm[o\w t\Sn. kly-\∏ - p-dØp \n∂pw IqSp-X¬ Bcy-Pm-X¿ IpSntb-dn-s°m-≠p-an-cp∂p. kwL-Sn-Xi - ‡ - ntbm, i‡-amb t\Xr-Xztam C√mXn-cp∂ \{km-Wn-Iƒ°pw CXv h≥ `oj-Wn-bmbn. 46

*(Pn.-‰n.-sa-°≥kn)

CXn-\nsS amWn-Iy-hm-NI - ¿ Fs∂mcp a{¥-hmZn Xan-gv\m-´n¬ _p≤˛ ss{IkvXh aX-ßsf Aa¿Øn Bcy-a-XsØ hf¿Øm≥ ]pd-s∏´p. acWw `b∂v Iptd-t∏¿ tIc-fØ - n¬ A`bw tXSn. Chn-sSbpw {InkvXym\n-Isf B{I-an-°p-Ibpw H‰-s∏´p Xma-kn-®n-cp-∂-hsc sIm√p-Ibpw sNbvXp. \q‰n-Ad- p-]t- Xmfw ss{IkvXh IpSpw-_ß - sf ''£ocw Z[n XYm NmPyw aq{Xw tKma-b-ta-hNm'' ip≤n sNbvXv Bcy-th-Z-Øn¬ tN¿Øp. B aX-{`m-¥≥ sNbvX hn{In-b-Ifpw Db¿Ønb sh√p-hn-fnIf-pw Nn√d-b√. sImSp-ß-√qcpw, ]me-bqcpw t]mepw Cu {Iqc-Xbv°v Cc-bmbn. Ahn-SsØ ]pcm-X\ ss{IkvX-h¿ t]mepw A¶-amen, ISp-Øp-cpØn XpS-ßnb ÿe-ß-fn-te°v {]mW-c-£m¿∞w ]em-b\w sNbvXp. Cu Ime-ØmWv \ΩpsS {]]n-Xm-a-l-∑m-cmb aS-hq¿ C√-°mcpw ]me-bq¿ Dt]-£n®v sXt°m´v Xncn-®-Xv. Im´p- a r- K - ß - s fbpw I≈- ∑ m- s cbpw `b∂v As∂ms° bm{X IS¬am¿§-am-bn-cp-∂t√m. c≠mw \q‰m-≠nse Hcp {Ko°p-Ir-Xn-bn¬ sImSp-ß-√q-cn\p sXm´p-sX-°mbn hnhcn-°p∂ Xpd-ap-J-ßƒ DZ-nbw-t]cqcpw, sNºpw, ISp-Øp-cp-Øn-bpw BWv. Cu sX°≥ NmephgnbmhWw \ΩpsS ]q¿∆nIcpw k©cn®Xv . hS- ° ≥]- d - h q¿, Xr∏q- W n- Ø pd, tIm´bw, Nß-\m-t»cn, \ncWw, Aº-e∏ - pg, ]pd-°mSv F∂n-hb - m-bn-cp∂p ]Sn-™m-d≥ XocsØ a‰p kt¶-X-ßƒ. C∂sØ sIm®nbpw tN¿Øebpw Be-∏p-gbpw A∂v Ad-_n-°S-ens‚ ASn-Ø-´n-em-bn-cp∂p.

]me-bq¿ ]≈n Ic-bn¬ \n∂v IS-en¬ Imeq∂n \n∂n-cp∂ Hcp 'IS¬Øp-cpØv' Bbn-cp∂p A∂v ISp-Øp-cpØn. IS-∏p-dØv Ing-°p-]-Sn-™m-dmbn Xma47

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

kn-®n-cp-∂-h-cpsS {][m\ sXmgn¬ I®-h-S-am-bn-cp∂p. Ae-am-e-Ifn¬ \n∂-I∂v henb sI´p-h-≈-ßƒ ae-©-c-°p-Iƒ Ib-‰m≥ IS-hn¬ ImØp-In-S∂ - n-cp∂p. I\-Ia - W - n-Iƒ hnf-bp∂ ImSp-If - n-se-Øm≥ AhnsS \n∂pw ImX-ßƒ t]mtI-≠n-bn-cp-∂n√. C∂sØ Ce-bv°mSpw Ipd-hne-ßmSpw A∂v h≥ hr£-ßfpw {Iqc-ar-K-ßfpw \nd™ \n_nV-h-\ß-fm-bn-cp∂p. C∂v sXt°-SØv \mb¿ Xd-hm-Sn-t\mSv sXm´p hS°p ImWp∂ Ip∂m-bn-cp∂p A∂sØ XpcpØv. Ct∏mƒ Np‰pw ImWp∂ \ne-ßƒ Ipgn-®m¬ Nn∏nbpw Ncepw In´pw. H∂mw tNc-`-c-W-Im-eØpw ISp-ØpcpØn Hcp henb hym]m-c-tI-{µ-am-bn-cp∂p. [mcmfw ]WvU-I-im-e-Ifp-≠m-bn-cp∂ ChnsS \n∂v a[p-cbv°pw t_mUn-\m-bbv°∂q-cn\pw hoXn-tb-dnb ]mX-I-fp-≠m-bn-cp∂p. Xe-®p-a-Smbn km[-\-ßƒ ]m≠n-bnte°pw Xncn®pw sIm≠p-h-∂n-cp∂p. DÆn-\oen ktµ-i-Øn¬ ISp-Øpcp-Øn-sb 'hS-°p-tZ-isØ a[pc' F∂p hnti-jn-∏n-°p∂p. \memw iXI-Øn¬ tNc-am≥ s]cp-amƒ Iv\mbn-tXm-Ωmbv°v \¬Inb sNt∏-Snse Hcp km£n 'IS-t¥-\n'-bnse {]mtZ-in-I -`-c-Wm-[n-Imcn hn{I-a≥ Nnß\m- b n- c p∂p. CXn¬ \ns∂√mw tNc- t Z- i Øv Nnß\pw ISp- Ø p- c pØnbv°pw D≠m-bn-cp∂ {]mamWyw Dulnbv°mw. Nnßamkhpw sNß∂qcpw Cu Nnßs‚ km£nIƒ. h\-hn-`h - ß - ƒ hmßm-\p≈ km[yX, Ib-‰p-aX - n-bv°p≈ kuIcyw, `c-W-tI-{µ-Øns‚ Bÿm\w, F∂o kuI-cy-ßƒ I≠n-´m-hWw aShq¿ a\-bv°se aq∏o∂v ISp-Øp-cpØn IS-hn¬ Xs∂ tXmWn D-d-∏n®Xv. {Kma-{]m-¥-ß-fnse {]tXyIw t]cn-√mØ Im´p-{]-tZ-i-ß-fnte°v Irjn e£y-am°n IpSn-tb-dp-∂-h¿°v AhnsS Xß-fpsS kz¥w IpSpw_ \maw \ne-\n-dp-Øm≥ Ignbpw. Nne-t∏mƒ Ah-cpsS ho´p-t]cv ÿet∏-cmbn amdn-sb∂pw hcpw. Ipd-hn-e-ßm-Sn\v ASpØ 'Imfn-bm-¶¬' Aßs\bmWv. F∂m¬ ISp-Øp-cpØn IShv (Xpd-apJw) t]mse A\y\m-Sp-I-fn¬t∏mepw Adn-b-s∏-´n-cp∂ Hcp ÿeØp Xma-kn-°p-tºmƒ t\sc Xncn-®mWv kw`hn-°pI. B ÿe-t∏¿ ho´p-t]-cmbn amdpIbpw, ]gb IpSpw- _ - \ maw A{]- k - ‡ - a m- h p- I bpw sNøp- ∂ p. ISp- Ø pcpØnbnepw CXm-Wp-≠m-b-Xv. ]me-bq-cnse aS-hq¿ a\ Imem-¥-c-Øn¬ ISp-Øp-cp-Øn-bnse IShn¬ AYhm IS-hØv F∂-dn-b-s∏´p. B IS-hn¬ \n∂p ]Sn-bn-d-ßm\m-bn-cp∂p sNº-cØn IpSpw-_-Øns‚ \ntbmKw.

48

A≤ymbw 5

\mep-ho-S¿

]ucm-Wn-I-Xzhpw {]i-kvXnbpw GsXmcp IpSpw-_-Øn-s‚bpw

BZysØ B{K-l-amWv. Fgp-Xnbpw ]d™pw Ah kz¥-am-°m-\p≈ {iaw F°m-eØpw D≠m-bn-´p≠v. Chn-SsØ ss{IkvX-h-k-ap-Zm-bØns‚ XmbvXSn Xß-fm-sW∂p hsc Nne IpSpw-_-ßƒ s]m≈bmbn Ah-Im-i-s∏Sp∂p≠v. hnizm-k-ss]-XrIw, sshZnI-]m-c-ºcyw t{]jn-X{]-h¿Ø\w, tZhm-eb - \ - n¿ΩmWw F∂nh sIm≠v tIcf \{kmWn kaql-Øn\p DuSpw ]mhpw s\bvX \mep IpSpw_ßfn¬ H∂mWv sNº-cØn-bpsS s]‰-Ω-bmb ISp-Øp-cpØn IS-hn¬ IpSpw_w. [o£-W im-en-bmb Hcp Cutimk`m sshZn-I-\m-bn-cp∂p tam¨. {^m≥kokv tdmkv. tIc-fØ - nse t]sc-SpØ \{kmWn IpSpw-_ß - f - nse Ip´n-Iƒ am{Xw ]Tn-®n-cp∂ tNµ-aw-Kew ssh∏n≥tIm´ skan-\m-cn-bpsS sdIvSd- m-bn-cp∂p Ct±lw. Chn-SsØ kpdn-bm-\n-∏≈ - n-Is - fbpw \{kmWnI-sfbpw ]‰n \√ Ah-Km-l-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂ ^m. tdmkmbncp∂p DZ-bwt]-cq¿ kq\l-tZm-kns‚ kq{X[mc≥. sat\-knkv sa{Xm≥ kq\-ltZm-kns‚ Ah-km\w Xs∂ Ct±-lØ - n\v sa{Xm≥ ]´w \¬In. XpS¿∂v At±lw A¶-amen sa{Xm\mbn. 1624 ¬ acn-°p-tºmƒ _nj∏v tdmkv sImSp-ß-√q¿ AXn-cq-]-X-bpsS sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØ-bm-bn-cp∂p. 49

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

Aßs\ tIcf \{km-Wn-I-sf-∏‰n hn]p-e-amb Adn-hp-≠m-bn-cp∂ B¿®v _nj∏v {^m≥kokv tdmkv At±-l-Øns‚ {KŸ-Øn¬ ]d-™ncn-°p-∂Xv t\m°pI. ''Iv\mbn sXmΩ≥ hcp-∂-Xn\p apºv ae-_m¿ apgp-h≥ {]kn-≤-amb \mep-Ip-Spw-_ß - ƒ D≠m-bn-cp∂p. Ah tIm´q¿, IS-hn¬, HmWm¥p-cpØv, \cn-a‰w F∂n-h-bmWv. CsX-gp-Xp∂ Ah-k-c-Ønepw (1604) Cu IpSpw_-°m¿ {]_-e-cmWv. Ch¿ {InkvXp-a-XØn-te°v ]cn-h¿Ø\w sNbvXh¿°p klmbw sNbvXp sImSp-°p-∂p-ap≠v.''* IqSp-X¬ hnh-c-ßƒ A∂sØ kpdn-bm\n tcJ-I-fn¬ Ds≠∂p XpS¿∂v At±lw ]dbp∂pap≠v. Iv\mbn sXmΩ\pw Iq´cpw ChnsS hcp-∂Xv F.Un. 345 ¬ BWv. 'AXn\p apºp' F∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xp-sIm≠v 2-mw \q‰m≠v BZyw apX-¬ F¶nepw Bbn-cn-°Ww. Aßs\sb¶n¬, taev]-d™ '\mep-ho-S¿' A°mew apX¬ {]_-ecpw {]i-kvXc - p-am-bn-cp∂p. ss{IkvXh - - aX-Øn¬ tNcp∂-h¿°v Zo¿L-Imew Ch¿ kmaq-lnI kmº-ØnI klm-b-ßƒ \¬In-bn-cp∂p.** kpZo¿L-amb ]Xn-\mdv -\q-‰m-≠p-I-tfmfw t{]jn-X{]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ hgn k`bv°v t\Xr-Xzhpw Xmßpw XWepw \¬In ae-_m¿ apgp-h≥ {]kn-≤-amb tIm´q¿, IS-hn¬, HmWm¥p-cp-Øv, \cna‰w F∂o \mep-ho-´p-Im-cmWv Chn-SpsØ kpdn-bm\n kaq-l-Øns‚ XmbvX-Sn. "ISp-Øp-cp-Øn-bnse hen-b-]≈n F.Un. 4-mw iX-I-Ønepw sNdnb-]≈n F.Un. 12-mw iXI-Ønepw ÿm]n-X-ambn. [mcmfw sshZn-I-cp≠m-bn-cp∂ IS-hn¬ IpSpw-_-°m-cmWv apJy-]¶v hln-®Xv'' F∂p ImWp∂p. Hcp lnµp-hn\p tZhm-cm-[\ hy‡n-]-c-amb Hcp Imcy-am-bncns° Hcp \{km-Wn°v ]≈n Abm-fpsS A¥-kns‚bpw A`n-am-\Øn-s‚bpw AS-bm-f-am-bn-cp∂p. ]m›m-Xy-tZ-iß-fn¬ ]≈n-]Wn XpSßnb \memw iX-I-Øn¬ Xs∂-bmWv ISp-Øp-cpØnbn¬ ]≈n ]Wnbn°-s∏-´Xpw. hntZ-i-{In-kvXym-\-In-fmb I®-h-S-°m-cp-am-bp-≠m-bn-cp∂ hym]m-c-_-‘hpw, IS-hnse Xma-khpw, \mSp-hm-gn-bn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ kzm[o-\hpw ]≈n \n¿ΩmWw kpK-a-am°n. ]≈n-bpsS hS°pw ]Sn™mdpw A∂v IS-em-bn-cp∂p. ]q¿Æ-ambpw XSn-sIm≠v NXp-cm-Ir-Xn-bn¬ ]Wn-X-Xm-bn-cp∂p {]Y50

* F.-Fw.-ap-≠m-S≥ : lnÃdn Hm^v {InÃym-\n‰n C≥ C¥y.-t]Pv 73 ** sk‚ v tXmakv {InkvXy≥ F≥ssk-t¢m-]o-Un-b

a-tZ-hm-ebw. 10-mw iX-I-Øn¬ hS-°pw-Iq¿ hmWn-cp∂ im¿±mhv ]≈n \in-∏n®p If™p. Xs‚ aI-fpsS hnhm-l-Øn\p ho™v hnf-ºm≥ 'Imkm' sImSp-Ø-b-bv°-W-sa∂ Iev]\ IS-hn¬ IØ-\m¿ \nc-kn-®Xm-bn-cp∂p ImcWw. sh´p-I-√n¬ \n¿Ωn® c≠m-asØ ]≈n°v hmZy-∏p-cbpw ]qap-J-∏pcbpw D≠m-bn-cp∂p. ]≈n-bnse I_-dn-S-ß-fn¬ Icn-¶-√n¬ ImWp∂ en]n-I-fn¬ \n∂v Ah-bn¬ ]eXpw IS-hn¬ IpSpw-_-Øn-t‚-Xm-sW∂p ImWmw. ''a‰-hq¿ a\-°¬ Gen- C-f-b®n'' F∂v \m\wtam\w en]n-bn¬ Fgp- X nb Hcp kv a mcI ine- b p- a p- ≠ m- b n- c p∂p. 1456 ¬ ]WnX aq∂masØ tZhm-ebw hn]p-eo-I-cn-®-XmWv C∂sØ ]≈n. 9-mw iX-IØn¬ ISp-Øp-cp-Øn-bn¬ FØn-t®¿∂ Iv\m\m-b-cp-ambn D≠mb X¿°sØ XpS¿∂v am¿tØmΩm {InkvXym-\n-Iƒ kao-]-ap≈ Ip∂n¬ thsd ]≈n ]WnXp. lnµp-°-fpsS ]cmXnsbØp-S¿∂v ISp-Øp-cpØn alm-tZ-h¿ t£{X-Øn-t\m-sSm∏w Db-cØ - n-en-cp∂ ]≈n s]mfn-®p-am-‰m≥ cmP-I-ev]-\-bmbn. Aßs\ Xmsg-]W - nX 'Xmg-sØ-∏≈n'bmWv Ct∏mƒ hS-°pw-`m-K¿ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv. sNdn-b-]≈n \n¿Ωn® amem\ GenbmΩ IS-hn¬ Xd-hm-´n-se-bm-sW∂v* hn.kn. tPm¿÷v {]kvXm-hn-°p∂p≠v. ‘‘sat\-kokv sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm ISp-Øp-cpØn hen-b-]-≈n-bn¬ sN∂msd P\-ßsf kXy-hn-izmkw {Kln-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\p C´n-a-mØphpw C´n-am-Wnbpw F∂ c≠p Krl-ÿ∑ - m¿ sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-tbmSp tN¿∂v hfsc klm-bn®p. ta¬sNm-√nb ISp-Øp-cpØn CS-h-I-°mcpw C´n-amØphpw C´n-am-Wnbpw apJm-¥ncw cmP{io (cm⁄n) A\p-Iq-ea - m-Ip-Ibpw sNbvXp’’.** ISp-Øp-cpØn Aßm-Snbn¬ Xma-kn-®n-cp∂ IS-hn¬ C´n-am-Wnbpw C´namØphpw ]m≠n-\m-Sp-ambn I®-hSw \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂h - c - mWv. ]m≠n°v ]pd-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn\p apºv cm⁄nsb apJw ImWn-®n-cn-bv°-W-sa-∂m-bncp∂p hyhÿ. IS-hnse Cu I®-hS- {- ]-`p-°∑ - m-cpsS hnizmk XojvWX H∂p-sIm≠p am{X-amWv ISp-Øp-cpØn ]≈n ioiva-bn¬ s]Sm-Xn-cp∂Xv. Bﬂo-b-tk-h-\-Ønepw A∂sØ A{K-K-Wy-cm-bn-cp∂p IS-hn¬ IpSpw_w. \q‰m-≠p-I-fmbn CS-ap-dn-bmsX Cu IpSpw-_-Øn¬ sshZn-I51

* hn.-kn.-tPm¿Pv Ipd-hn-e-ßmSv ]≈nbpw tIcf \{km-Wn-I-fpw ** Xncp-k`m Ncn-{Xw 97, 98

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

cp-≠m-bn-cp∂p. k` sh√p-hn-fnsb t\cn-´-t∏m-sgms° kºØpw kzm[o\hpw sNep-Øn-bh - cpw {]Ya tZio-bs - a-{Xm-s\∂ atlm-∂X-]Z- hn Ffna- t bmsS Dt]- £ n® t{ijvT- s sh- Z n- I \pw CXn¬s∏- S p∂p. k`mNcn{XØn¬ Cßs\ ImWp∂p:˛ "ISp-Øp-cp-Øn- I-S-hn¬ IpSpw_w hfsc ]pcm-X-\-am-bXpw Ncn-{X{]-kn-≤n-bm¿÷n-®Xpw sshZo-I-hw-im-h-en-tbmSv IqSn-b-Xp-am-Ip∂p...." \memw \q‰m-≠n¬ ISp-Øp-cp-Øn-bn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ {][m\ Xd-hm-Sp-I-fnsem-∂mWv IS-hn¬ IpSpw_w. A©p kwh-’-c-ßƒ°v apºv Ncaw {]m]n® IS-hn¬ AK-kvXo-t\mkv B IpSpw-_-Ønse 48-mw asØ sshZn-I\ - m-bn-cp∂p. ISp-Øp-cp-Øn-bnse Hcp t{]Xm-eb - Ø - n\p apI-fnse I√n¬ ".... sIm√-h¿jw 766 ao\w 22 RmbdmgvN IS-hn¬ amWn-amØp IØ-\m¿ \√ hgn tN¿∂p". Fs∂-gp-Xn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬ Ae-Ivkm≠¿ IØ-\m-cpsS t{Km{X-P\ - mb Hcp sshZn-I≥ 323 kwh-’c - ß - ƒ°p apºv Pohn-®n-cp∂p F∂pw 1591 ¬ At±lw IYm-h-ti-j-\mbn F∂pw a\-n-em°mw. Cßs\ A\¿§-f-amb sshZn-I-]m-c-º-cy-tØm-Sp-IqSnb B IpSpw- _ - Ø nse ]´- ° m- c psS Xe- a pd IW- ° m- ° p- ∂ - X m- b m¬ BZysØ BNm-cy≥ ]≈n ÿm]n-X-amb NXp-c¿≤ iXm-_vZ-Øntem AXn-t\mSv G‰hpw kao-]n® iX-I-Øntem Pohn-®n-cp∂p F∂v ImWmhp-∂-XmWv".*

ta¬ {]kvXm-hn® 48-ma\pw tijw c≠p sshZn-I¿ IqSn IS-hn¬ D≠m-bn-cp-s∂∂pw 50-masØ sshZn-I≥ GXm\pw h¿j-ßƒ°v apºmWv Nc-a-w {]m]n-®-sX∂pw Adn-bp∂p. Aßs\ kz¥hpw A\y- h p- a mb thZn- I - f n¬ A\p- ] a- a mb {]h¿Ø\ ]mc-ºcyw sIm≠v biv ]c-Ønb H∂mWv IS-hn¬ IpSpw_w. Cu aqe-Ip-Spw-_-Øn¬ \n∂pw Xe-ap-d-X-e-ap-d-bmbn At\Iw IpSpw-_-ßƒ temI-Øns‚ hnhn[ `mK-ß-fn¬, hnhn[ k`-I-fn¬s∏´v kz¥-sa-∂-dn-bmsX Ign-bp∂p. sNº-cØn amWn amWn IØ-\m¿ ]mem°p-∂Øv F{_m-lw-ae - v]m≥, s]cp-ºn≈n Xncp-ta\n, am¿tØmΩm sa{Xm- t ∏m- e oØm tUm. tPmk^v am¿- sF- t d- \ n- b kv Xncp- t a\n XpSßnbh¿ Cu irwJ-e-bnse IÆn-I-fs{X. bp≤w, h¿§o-b] - o-V\w, kmº-Øn-Ia - mµyw XpS-ßnb Imc-Wß - f - m¬ ]e IpSpw-_-ßfpw ISp-Øp-cpØn hn´p-t]m-bn-´p≠v. Ipd-hn-e-ßmSv, Cebv°mSv, Im´m-ºm°v Ch henb Im´p-{]-tZ-iß - f - m-bn-cp∂p. I®-hSw ]cmP-bs - ∏-´X - p-aqew aÆn¬ ]Wn-sb-Sp-°m≥ Xocp-am-\n-®n-cp-∂h - ¿ Atßm´v IpSn-tbdn. I∂n-aÆ - n¬ ITn-\m-≤zm\w sNbvXpw Im´p-ar-Kß - sf t\cn´pw apt∂-dnb Ch-cpsS kw`m-h-\-bmWv ]pcm-X-\-amb Ipd-hn-e-ßm-Sp-]≈n. Ipd-hn-e-ßm-´p≈ {InkvXym-\n-Iƒ ISp-Øp-cp-Øn-bn¬ \n∂p IpSn-tbdn-∏m¿Ø-hc - m-sW∂v ^m. _¿\m¿Uv hnh-cn-°p∂p. ]n.sI. tPm¨ s]mSna‰w ]d-bp-∂Xv “ISp-Øp-cp-Øn-bnepw [mcmfw {InkvXym\n-Iƒ h∂p ]m¿Øn-cp∂p. Ah-cpsS Adn-thmSpw Btem-N-\-tbmSpw IqSn Bbn-cp∂n-cnbv°mw ]I-tem-a‰- w, ]≈n-ho-´n¬, I≈n, Imfn-bm-¶¬ (\men-√° - m¿) Ipd-hn-e-ßm-Sns\ e£y-am°n ]pd-s∏-´Xpw" * F∂mWv. ImSpw, Im´p-ar-K-ßfpw, Im´p-I-≈-∑mcpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xn\m¬ Icbn¬Iq-Sn-bp≈ bm{X Akm-≤y-am-bn-cp∂ ImeØv Imb¬hgn ISp-Øpcp-Øn-bn-seØn Ahn-SsØ {InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS klm-b-tØmsS ImSpsh´n Irjn sNøm≥ ae Ib-dn-b-hcpw {]Ir-Xn-bnse sRcp-°-ßsf AXn-Po-hn-°m≥ Ign™hcpamb Ipdhneßms´ IpSpw-_-ß-fn¬ NneXmWv I≈n, Imfn-bm-¶¬ XpS-ßn-b-h.

ISp-Øp-cpØn Xmg-Øp-]≈n knan-tØ-cn-bnse Gen-˛-C-f-bn®n IS-hn-ens‚ kvamc-I-in-ebpw a‰pw 52

* ^m.-s_¿WmUv; am¿tØmΩ {InkvXym-\n-Iƒ P-305

53

* ]n.-sI.-tPm¨ : tIcf kpdn-bm\n k`m Ncn-{X-kw-{Klw

P- 200

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

A≤ymbw 6

IS-hn¬ Nm≠n-°Ø-\m¿

IS-hn¬ sshZnI-]-c-º-c-bnse G‰hpw t{]mPz-e-\mb Hcp sshZn-

I-\m-bn-cp∂p Ae-Ivkm-≠¿ IØ-\m¿. \n¿Æm-b-I-amb Ncn-{X-k-µ¿`ß-fn¬ ZrV-amb Xocp-am-\-ß-sf-SpØv k`sb {]K-¤-ambn \bn® Cu t{ijvTs - sh-Zn-Is‚ {]h¿Ø-\ß - ƒ tIc-fk - `- m-Nc - n-{X-Ønse Xnf-ßp∂ Hcp A≤ym-b-amWv. kpdn-bm-\n-°m-c-\mb tXmΩm B¿®v Uo°\pw eØn≥ sa{Xm-t∏meoØ Km¿jybpw XΩn¬ `c-W-]-c-amb X¿°w \ne-\n-ev°p-tºm-gmWv Al-Øp≈ sa{Xm≥ ssaem-∏q¿ FØp-∂Xv. At±-lsØ \mSp-IS- Ø - nb \S-]-Sn-bn¬ tIm]m-Ip-e-cmb hnizm-kn-Iƒ 1653 ¬ eØo≥ `c-W-Øns\-Xnsc a´m-t©-cn-bn¬ kXywsNbvXv henbioiva°v XpS-°-an-´p. Xmakn-bmsX B¿®p-Uo-°s\ tXmΩm H∂m-a≥ F∂ t]cn¬ sa{Xm-\m°n. ÿm\m-tcm-lW - - I¿Ωßƒ°n-Sb - n¬ sa{Xms\ apSn [cn-∏n-®Xpw ]n∂oSv At±-l-Øns‚ {][m\ D]-tZ-inbmbXpw IS-hn¬ Nm≠n-°-Ø-\m-cmbn-cp∂p. "apSn-hn\p apSn h® Nm≠n°-Ø-\m-sc∂v" * Ct±-lsØ Ifnbm-°n-bn-cp∂p. ]d-ºn¬ Nm≠n-°-Ø-\m-cm-bn-cp∂p as‰mcp Btem-N-\°m-c≥. GXm-bmepw B™n-en-aq-´n¬ C´n-sØm-Ω≥ IØ-\m-cpsS X´n∏p a\-n-em-°nb DS≥ Xs∂ "]c-am¿∞-_p-≤n-I-fmb Ccp-hcpw ioiva Dt]-£n-°p-Ibpw Km¿jy-sa-{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bpsS ]°-te°v Xncn-bpIbpw sNbvXp". ** 54

* sNdp-t»cn : ISp-Øp-cpØn ]≈n P-92 ** sI.-Cu.-tPm_v : tIc-aXw P-71

CXn-\nsS Chn-sS-sb-Ønb I¿Ω-eo-Øm-ssh-Zn-I≥ tPmk^v sk_Ãym\n, Ae-Ivkm-≠¿ ]mXn-cn-bpsS kºq¿Æ-kl - I - c - W - t- ØmsS ]≈nIƒ kµ¿in®p. Ccp-]-Øt©mfw ]≈n-Ifpw \qdp IW-°n-\m-fp-Ifpw XXv^-e-ambn ioivasb shSn™p. IS-hn¬ IØ-\m-cpsS P\-kzm-[o\hpw {]kw-K-]m-Shpw sk_m-Ãym-\nsb A¤p-X-s∏-SpØn. At±lw ]d- ™ - X mbn hcm- ∏ pg sa{Xm≥ am¿keo\n FgpXn "]pd-°m´p cmPmhv Fs∂ ImWp-hm≥ Xmev]cyw {]I-Sn∏n®p. Rm≥ Xncp-ta-\n-bp-ambn kwkmcn-®n-cns° At±lw IS-hn¬ IØ-\mcpsS kw`m-j-W-Nm-Xp-cn-bn¬ hfsc kw{]o-X-\mbn Ccn-°p-∂-Xmbn Fs∂ Adn-bn®p. ae-¶-c-bnse G‰hpw {]ikvX\pw G‰hpw ]WvVn-X\ - p-amb ]mXncn-bm-bn-cp∂p At±lw. At±-l-Øns‚ {]kw-K-ßƒ kZv^ew ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-°pIbpw F√m \√- b m- f p- I fpw At±]dºn¬ Nm≠n sa{Xm≥ lsØ kvt\ln-°p-Ibpw BZ-cn-°pIbpw sNbvXp." * Hcp _lp-`mjm ]WvUn-X\ - m-bn-cp∂p At±lw. Ct±-lØ - ns‚ KoXß-fn¬ ]eXpw Ct∏mgpw kpdn-bm-\n-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂p. Ncn-{X-kw_-‘-amb ]e IrXn-Ifpw, aX-XXz-ß-sf-∏‰n ]e `mj-I-fn¬ teJ-\ßfpw At±lw cNn-®n-cp-∂p. 1658 ¬ tPmk^v sk_m-kvXym-\n-hiw kpdn-bm-\n-Iƒ Hcp teJ\w Xøm-dm°n am¿∏m-∏bv°v sImSp-Ø-b®p. "ae-¶-c-bnse kIe Ipg-∏ßfpw, k`bv°v kw`-hn® \mi-ßfpw tIcf {InkvXo-b-cmb Xß-fpsS Bh-em-Xn°pw, l¿÷n-bp-sSbpw \ymb-kz-`mhw IΩo-jW - ¿ Xncp-a\ - v Adn-bn-°p-sa∂pw hn. Ip¿∫m-\-sb-∏‰n kzbw cNn® Hcp sNdp-{KŸw Xncp-a-\-n-te°v ka¿∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn Ab-bv°p-∂p-sh∂pw AXn¬ hnh-cn-®n-cn-°p∂p".** XncnsI tIc-f-Øn-seØn sa{Xm-\mbn ÿm\-ta-s‰-¶nepw t]m¿®pKo-kp-Im¿°v cmjv{So-bm-[n-Imcw \jvS-am-b-Xn-\m¬ am¿ sk_kvXym\n°v DS≥ \mSp-hn-tS≠n h∂p. \mep Znh-k-ßƒ°Iw \mSp-hn-Sm-\mbn-cp∂p U®p-Kh - ¿Æ-dpsS DØ-chv. DS≥ Xs∂ F√m ]≈n-If - n¬ \n∂v 55

* kpdn-bm-\n-I-fpsS Ncn{Xw : P-173 ** _¿Wm¿Uv : am¿tØmΩm {InkvXym-\n-Iƒ P-306

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

hnIm-cn-amcpw ]´-°mcpw siΩm-i∑ - mcpw CS-hI - b - nse {][m-\n-amcpw ISpØp-cpØn ]≈n-bn¬ IqSp-hm≥ Iev]\ Ab®p. ka¿∞-\mb am¿ sk_kvXym\n Xm≥ \mSp-hn-tS≠ kml-N-cyhpw Hcp Xt±-i-sa-{Xms\ hmgn-bv°m≥ X\n°v ]m∏m X∂ A[n-Im-c-sØ-bpw -]‰n ]d-™-tijw CS-b≥ ÿm\-tØ°v Db¿Ø-s∏-Sp-hm≥ G‰hpw tbmKy-\mb hy‡n Bsc∂v cl-ky-ambn Xs∂ Adn-bn-°-W-sa∂pw \n¿t±-in®p.

°-Ø-\m¿ ho≠pw At]-£n®p. timI-aq-I-\mb sk_-kvXym\n sa{Xm`n-tjIw am‰n-h-bv°p-∂-Xmbn {]Jym-]n®p. CXn¬ F√m-hcpw ZpxJn-Xcm-bn-Øo¿∂p. Xma-kn-bmsX sa{Xm-`n-tjIw am‰n-hb - vt- °-≠X - n-s√∂pw ]d-ºn¬ Nm≠n-°-Ø-\m¿ hfsc tbmKy-\mb Hcm-fmsW∂pw At±lsØ sa{Xm-\m-°p∂ ]£w Xs‚ apgp-h≥ _p≤nbpw D]-tbm-Kn®v At±-lsØ tkhn-®p-sIm-≈m-sa∂pw IS-hn¬ Nm≠n-b-®≥ hn\-b]q¿∆w hmKvZm\w sNbvXp. _nj∏v sk_-Ãym\n {]Xn-k‘ - n-bn-embn. ]mt{Zm t]mtfm Cßs\ hnh-cn-°p∂p. "Bishop Chandy Palliveettil was not noted for his learning but he was a goodman. Anti archdecon party opposed for they argued that, the new pastor being dark would not be respected by the Rajas. Infact he would not claim previlege of sitting before them. Further, the carsanars and the people would not venerate him on account of his ignorance and the lack of experience". *

ISpØpcpØn]≈n `nØnbnse inem^eIw A[nIw Xma-kn-bmsX "IS-hn¬ Nm≠n-°-Ø\msc Xs‚ kvt\l`m-P\ - a - m-bn-cp∂ Hcp siΩm-it- \m-Sp-IqSn sk_-kvXym\n sa{Xm≥ Xs‚ apºmsI hnfn-∏n®v, Hcp GX-t±-iob kpdn-bm\n sshZn-Is\ sa{Xm\mbn hmgn-°p-hm≥ Xocp-am-\n-®n´p-s≠∂pw B ÿm\w kzoI-cn-°phm≥ k∂-≤-\mtWm F∂v tNmZn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. {]kvXpX Nm≠n IØ-\m¿ ]gbIq¿ hn`m-K-Øns‚ A`n-hr-≤n-bv°mbn AXy-≤zm\w sNbvX Hcp alm-i-b\pw kap-Zm-bmw-K-ß-fpsS samØ-Øn-ep≈ `‡ymZ-c-]m-{X-hp-am-bn-cp∂p". * kpdn-bm\n k`°v Hcp kztZin sa{Xm≥ AXym-h-iy-am-sW∂pw Xm≥ AXn\p AtbmKy-\m-sW∂pw Nm≠n-I-Ø-\m¿ Ffn-a-tbm-Sp-IqSn adp-]Sn \¬In. F∂m¬ sa{Xm≥ ]Zhn kzoI-cn-°m≥ _nj∏v sk_kvXym\n ho≠pw At±-lsØ \n¿_-‘n®p. ]pØ≥Iq¿˛]g-bI - q¿ ]p\ssc-Iy-{]-h¿Ø-\ß - ƒ XpS-cp-hm≥ Xs‚ Btcm-Ky-ÿnXn kΩ-Xn-bv°ns√∂pw, hb-mb Xs∂ sa{Xm-\m-°pI hgn am¿∏m-∏°v _p≤n-ap-´p≠m-Ip-sa∂pw, henb ]W-s®-e-hp-Iƒ Xmßp-hm≥ X\n°v {]bm-k-aps≠∂pw At±lw t_m[n-∏n®p. F∂m¬ CsXm∂pw Xs‚ Xocp-am-\sØ am‰m≥ Imc-Wa - s - √∂pw Nm≠n-°Ø - \ - m¿ Xs∂ ÿm\-ta-evIW - s - a∂pw sk_-kvXym\n Iev]n®p. Xs‚ A`y¿∞\ ho≠pw Ah-K-Wn-bv°p∂Xp I≠-t∏mƒ _mjv][ - m-ct- bm-Sp-IqSn Xs∂ Hgn-hm-°W - s - a∂v Nm≠n56

* sNdp-t»cn : ISp-Øp-cpØn hen-b-]-≈n

Ah-km\w IS-hn¬ Nm≠n°-Ø-\m¿ sa{Xm-\m-hp-I-bn-s√∂v Dd∏m- b - t ∏mƒ ]≈n- h o- ´ n¬ Nm≠n°- Ø - \ m- c psS sa{Xm≥ ÿm\w k`bv°pw kap-Zm-b-Øn\pw ^e-{]-Zhpw ip`-Zm-b-I-hp-am-I-W-sa-¶n¬ IS-hn¬ A®s‚ D]-tZ-ihpw kl-I-c-Whpw Dd-∏m-bn-cn-°-W-sa∂v _nj∏v {]kvXm-hn®p. DS≥ "Xs‚ i‡nbpw _p≤nbpw D]-tbm-Kn®v Nm≠n sa{Xms\ kvt\ln-°p-Ibpw tkhn-bv°p-Ibpw sNbvXp-sIm-≈msa∂v At±lw ho≠pw hmKvZm\w sNbvXp. as‰mcp t]mwh-gnbpw Cs√∂p I≠-t∏mƒ ]d-ºn¬ Nm≠n-b-®s\ sa{Xm-\mbn \n›-bn® hnhcw sk_-kvXym\n hnfw_cw sNbvXp. BZyw At±lw AXp \nckn-s®-¶nepw ]n∂oSv A{ip-I-W-ßƒ s]mgn®p sIm≠v Xs‚ Ipº-kmc-°m-c-\mb IS-hn¬ Nm-≠n-b-®s‚ apºn¬ sN∂v {]Wmaw sNbvXp. At±lw k`m-`-c-W-Im-cy-ß-fn¬ Xs∂ D]-tZ-in-°p-Ibpw \nb-{¥n-°pIbpw sNøp-sa∂v hmKvZm\w sNømsX Xm≥ sa{Xm≥ ÿm\w kzoIcn-°p-Ib - n-s√∂p Zb-\o-bamw hÆw {]kvXm-hn®p. at‰ IØ-\m¿ ta¬{]Imcw hmKvZm\w sNbvXp. Nm≠n-°Ø-\m-c∑ - m-cn-cp-hcpw ]c-kv]cw Bt«jn® ImgvN AhnsS k∂n-ln-X-cm-bn-cp-∂-h-cpsS A{ip-[m-c°v Ahkcw \¬IpI Xs∂ sNbvXp."** "At±-l-sØ-°mƒ _p≤n-am\pw k¿∆-k-Ω-X-\p-amb thsdmcp sshZn-I≥ Xmg-Øp-]≈n CS-hI IS-hn¬ Nm≠n-°-Ø-\m-cm-bn-cp∂p. F∂m¬ At±lw apt∂m´v h∂v acWw hsc At±-lsØ klm-bn-®psIm-≈m-sa∂v ]c-ky-ambn hmKvZm\w sNbvXp". *** 57

* Feroli : P-60) ** hn.-kn.-tPm¿÷v : Ipd-hn-e-ßmSv ]≈n P- 205, 206 *** sNdp-t»cn : ISp-Øp-cpØn ]≈n P- 95

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

Iq\≥ Ipcn-ip-k-XysØ XpS¿∂v {]iv\-ß-fpsS Xo®q-f-bmbn amdnbn-cp∂ tIc-f-k-`sb ]pXnb sa{Xm≥ Fßs\ \bn-°p-sa∂v sk_kvXym-\n°v Bi-¶-bmbn. At±lw BZyw sNbvXXv IS-hn¬Nm≠n sa{Xms\ hnIm-cn-P-\-d¬ Bbn \nb-an-°p-I-bm-bn-cp∂p. "To make the position of Chandy (Parambil) more secure, Fr. Guessppa gave him as Vicar General, the 75 years old Alexander Cadavil who was very learned in Cyric and Commanded a considerable following in serra". *

]d-ºn¬ Nm≠n-b-®s\ sa{Xm-\m-°n-bm¬ At±lw Xs‚ _‘Øn¬s∏´ ]pØ≥Iq-dnse tXmΩm A¿°m-Zn-bm-t°m-\p-ambn tbmPn°ptam F∂m-bn-cp∂p sk_-kvXym-\n-bpsS ASpØ `bw. AXn-\m¬ sa{Xm-`n-tjIw Ign™ DSs\ Xs∂ tXmΩm A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m-t\bpw C´n-sØm-Ω≥ IØ-\m-scbpw sk_-kvXym\n sa{Xm≥ al-tdm≥ sNm√n. IqSmsX hS-°pw-Iq¿ cmPm-hn\p ]pXnb sa{Xms\ ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-ØnsIm-Sp-°p-Ibpw A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m-s\-Xnsc klmbw Dd-∏m-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. I¿Ωm-\p-jvTm-\-ßƒ ]eXpw A\y-am-bn-cp∂ Nm≠n-sa-{Xms\ ]e-I¿Ω-ß-fnepw kl-Im¿Ωn-I-\mbn ]cn-io-en-∏n®p. ]pXnb sshZn-IscsIm≠v Nm≠n sa{Xms\ A\p-kc - n-®p-sIm-≈m-sa∂v ]c-ky-ambn kXy{]-Xn-⁄s - b-Sp-∏n®p. ISp-Øp-cp-Øn-bn¬ c≠p-Zn-hkw IqsS Xma-kn-∏n®v cq]Xm `c-Wc - o-Xn-Iƒ ]d™p sImSp-Øp. tdma≥ s]m¥n-^n-°¬ I¿Ωßfpw BNm-c-ßfpw ]Tn-∏n®p. s]m¥n-^n-°¬ \n_-‘-\Iƒ kpdn-bm\n-bn-em°n \¬Im≥ IS-hn¬ Nm≠n-b-®s\ Xs∂ Gev]n®p. kpk-ΩX-cmb A©p ]´-°msc D]-tZ-i-I-cm°n. Nm≠n-sa-{Xms\ ap´p-Nnd ]≈n-bn¬ sIm≠p-t]mbn `c-W-{Iaw a\n-em°n sImSpØp. aX I¿Ω-ßƒ°m-hi - y-amb Xncp-hk - v{X-ßƒ At±l-Øn\p kw`m-h\ \¬In. sIm®n-bnse U®p-Kh - ¿Æ¿°pw a‰p knhn¬ A[n-Im-cn-Iƒ°pw Nm≠n-sa-{Xms\ ]cn-Nb - s - ∏-SpØn. {]Xn-tbm-Kn-If - psS D]-{Z-h-ß-fn¬ \n∂v kwc-£Ww \¬I-W-sa∂v A`y¿∞n®p. I¿ΩeoØm IØ-\m-cmb amtØ-hq-kns\ {]tXyI D]-tZ-jvTm-hmbn ChnsS ]m¿∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvX tij-amWv am¿ tPmk^v sk_m-Ãym\n C¥y hn´Xv. BZysØ \m´p-sa-{Xm≥ ]d-ºn¬ Nm≠n-°Ø-\m-cm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶n¬ Icn-bm-‰n¬ Hutk^v aev]m-\m-bn-cp∂p BZysØ sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØ. ]mtd-Ωm°¬ tXmΩm-°-Ø-\m¿ k`-bnse BZy-tKmh¿ÆtZmdpw \n[ocn-°¬ amWn-°-Ø-\m¿ {]Ya s]m¥n-^n-°¬ hnImcn P\-dmfpw Bbn-cp∂p. 58

* Ferroli 60

]d-ºn¬ Nm≠n sa{Xm≥ im¥\pw Zm\-io-e\pw kZvKp-W-k-º∂\pw acnb `‡-\p-amb Hcp ]cn-ip≤Pohn- B-bn-cp∂p. sa{Xm-\mb tijhpw At±lw Ipº-km-cn-®n-cp-∂Xv IS-hn¬ Nm≠n-°Ø-\m-cpsS ASp-Øm-bn-cp∂p. I-S-hn¬ Nm≠n-°-Ø-\m-cm-Is´ Hcp _p≤n-Po-hnbpw ]WvUn-X\pw hnth-Inbpw hm‹nbpw AN-©-e-\mb Hcp ssZh-`-‡-\pam-bn-cp∂p. Ign-hn¬ hyXykvX-sc-¶nepw, t]cp-t]mse c≠p-t]cpw Ffna-bpsS \nd-Ip-S-ßfm-bn-cp∂p. 17-mw \q‰m-≠n¬ Hcp sa{Xm≥ ÿm\w, AXpw tIc-f-k-`-bnse {]Ya \m´p-sa-{Xm≥ ]Zhn kt¥m-j-tØmsS \nc-kn-°m\pw, ZpxJ-tØmsS kzoI-cn-°m\pw Ch¿°-√msX B¿°p Ignbpw! ]d-ºn¬ Nm≠n-b-®≥ Hcp ioXf N{µ-\m-bn-cp-s∂-¶n¬ IShn¬ Nm≠n-b-®≥ Hcp Dujvaf kqcy-\m-bn-cp∂p. 1857 ¬ IS-hn¬ Nm≠n-°Ø\m¿ kz¿§-{]m-]vX-\mbn.

59

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

A≤ymbw 7

sNºn-te°v

Aßm-Sn-bn¬ \n∂pw Cu ]nXm-al - ≥ Xmakw am‰n-bX - n-s\-∏‰- n-Xs∂ Hcp sFXn-ly-ap≠v. Xd-hm-´n¬ Xma-kn-®n-cp∂ AΩbv°v At±lw am{Xam-bn-cp∂p B¨k-¥m\w. At±-l-am-Is´ hS-°pw-Iq¿ cmP-`-c-W-Iq-SØnse Hcp DtZym-K-ÿ\pw. Hcn-°¬ Xmgv∂ PmXn-bn¬s∏´ Hcmƒ Hcp Ipdn-am\w sImSp-°p-hm≥ ho´n¬ FØn. aI≥ C√m-Ø-Xn-\m¬ AΩ AXv hmßn. IØv ssIam-dn-b-t∏mƒ Abm-fpsS ssIhn-c-ep-Iƒ Xs‚ ssIøn¬ sXm´-Xmbn Ah¿°v kwi-b-ambn. aI≥ h∂-t∏mƒ "DÆn \ap-°n\o ChnsS hmkw th≠m" F∂v AΩ ]d™p. AΩ-bpsS B{Kl-{]-Imcw C√-°m¿ am{Xw Xma-kn-°p∂ IΩm-Øp-cp-Øn-te°v Xs∂ Xmakw am‰n. CXp-t]m-se-Xs∂ hS-°pw-Iq-dns‚ tIm´°v ]pdØv Xma-k-am-°nb as‰mcp ]nXm-a-l≥ ‘IS-hn¬ tIm´bv°v]pdØv‘ F∂p ho´p-t]-cm-bn. B imJ-bnse Hcp IpSpw_w Ct∏mƒ apX-e-t°m-SØp Xma-kn-°p∂p≠v.

I

Sp-Øp-cpØn IS-hn¬ Xma-kn-®n-cp∂ \ΩpsS ]q¿∆-]n-Xm-hns‚ k¥m-\-ßƒ ]e Xe-ap-d-I-fn¬ Imem-Im-e-ß-fmbn hnhn[ Zn°p-I-fnte°v IpSn-tb-dp-I-bp-≠mbn. sImSp-ß-√q-cns‚ \mihpw ISp-Øp-cp-Ønbnse el-f-Ifpw hym]m-c-am-µyhpw ]pØ≥ta-®n¬ ]pd-ßƒ tXSm≥ IS-h-∑msc t{]cn-∏n®p. sNº-c-Øn-bpsS ]q¿∆-nI≥ F∂p Icp-X-s∏-Sp∂ ktlm-Z-c≥ Aßm-Sn-bn¬ \n∂pw H∂c ssa¬ AIse tXmSpw ]mS-ßfpw AXn-cpI-fm-bn-cp∂ {]Ir-Xn-c-a-Wo-b-amb IΩm-Øp-cp-Øn-te°mWp amdn-bXv. Ggp {][m\ a\-I-fnem-bn-cp∂p Ahn-SsØ P\-hmkw. Cu kt¶-XØn-te°v ISh\v amdn-Øm-a-kn-°p-hm≥ km[n-®Xv Xs∂ D∂-X-Ip-ePm-X-cm-bn-cp-∂Xv sIm≠mWv. F¶nepw aXw amdn-bn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ Ahsc 'Ac'a\-°m-cmtb ]cn-K-Wn-®n-cp-∂p≈q. Ejn-a\, G‰n-°p-S-a\, h´-a\, HXn-bv°-a\, s\bvti-cn-a\, ac-ßm-´p-a\, Xpcp-Øp-Ω-a\, IS-hn¬ F∂nh-bm-bn-cp∂p IΩm-Øp-cp-Ønse {]i-kvX-amb Gg-c-a-\-Iƒ. IΩm-Øp-cp-Øn¬ Xma-kn® IpSpw_w IS-hn¬ IΩm-Øp-cp-tØ¬ F∂-dn-b-s∏´p. {ItaW IΩm-Øp-cp-tØ¬ F∂p am{X-ambn. awK-e-∏pg skΩn-\m-cn-bpsS {]am-W-Øn¬ H∏n-´n-cn-bv°p-∂-h-cn¬ Hcmƒ IΩm-Øpcp-tØ¬ tbml-∂m≥ IØ-\m-¿ BWv. 60

hS°pwIq¿ cmPyw 61

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

F.Un. 8-mw iX-IØ - n-¬ kly-]¿∆Xw IS∂v D≠mb Bcy-∑m-cpsS X≈n-°-b‰w Chn-SsØ kap-Zm-b-ku-lm¿±w XI¿Øp. NmXp-¿-h¿ÆyØns‚ hnØp-Iƒ ]mIn. cmPm-°-∑msc Ac-N¿Pm-Xn-sb∂pw henb I®-hS- ° - msc hmWn-I¿ PmXn-sb∂pw hnfn®v ]pIgvØn. C°m-eØ - mWv IS-hn¬Im¿ IΩm-Øp-cp-Øn¬ \n∂p IpSn-am-dp-∂Xv. sNº-c-Øn-bpsS ]q¿∆-Ip-Spw_w IS-hn¬ IΩm-Øp-cp-tØ¬ \n∂v sNºn¬ FØn-t®-¿-∂-Xn-s\-∏‰n c≠p ImgvN-∏m-Sp-I-fm-Wp-≈Xv. IΩmØp-cp-Øn¬ \n∂p ssh°-tØ°p IpSn-tb-dn-sb-∂m-Wv BZy-tØXv. AhnsS C∂sØ t_m´-psP-´n°v kao]w Fhn-sStbm Bbn-cp∂p Xmakw. AXn-\m¬ tZh¿I-S-hn¬ F∂mbn ho´p-t]¿. alm-tZ-h¿ t£{Xw A∂p Hcp sIm®-ºe - a - m-bn-cp∂p. IS-h≥ Xs‚ GI-aI - sf ]≈n∏p-dØv I√-d-bv°¬IS-hn¬ sI´n-®-b®p. thZ-Øn¬ tN¿∂, thº-\m´p-I-mb¬ Ic-bnse I√-d-bv°¬ a\-°m-cm-bn-cp-∂s{X Ah¿. C∂v ssh°w Kh. Bip-]{Xn Ccn-bv°p-∂n-SØv Hcp sNdnb 'ssZh-∏pc' ]WnsX-¶nepw cmP-im-k-\-{]-Imcw AXv s]mfn-®p-am-t‰≠n h∂p. XpS¿∂v, {InkvXym-\n-Iƒ ]≈n-∏pdw, sNºv XpS-ßnb kao-]- I-c-I-fn-te°v IpSntbdn. ]gb sNºp-I-c-bpsS A∂sØ kncm-tI{µw C∂v 'tSmƒ' F∂mWv Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂Xv. ssh°Øp \ns∂-Øn-b-h¿ tN¿∂p AhnsS Hcp sNdnb ]≈n ]WnXp. AXv s]mfn-®p-am-‰-W-sa∂ Bh-iy-hp-ambn ho≠pw sslµh hnizm-kn-I-sfØn. Ah-cp-am-bp-≠mb HØp-Xo¿∏\pkcn®v tSmfn¬ \n∂v am‰n sNºn¬ C∂p \n¬°p∂ ÿeØv ]≈n ÿm]n-°p-Ib - p-≠mbn. Cu ]≈n Ct∏mƒ bmt°m-_mb hn`m-KØ - ns‚ ssIh- i - a mWv. F∂m¬ CXns‚ ]´bw Ct∏mgpw ‘IS- h n¬ C´n Ahncm‘bpsS t]cn-em-W-s{X. c≠m-asØ IY, Icn-s\-®n-bn-te°v amdn-∏m¿Øp-sh-∂mWv. ISp-Øpcp-Øn-bn¬ \n∂pw 12 In.ao. sX°p-]S- n-™m-dm-bn-cp∂p Icn-s\®n. AhnsS Irjnbpw N°m-´p-am-bn-cp∂p sXmgn¬. Hcn-°¬ N°p-]p-c-bn¬ h®v D≠mb Hcp X¿°sØ XpS¿∂v IS-hs‚ `rXy≥ Ahn-SsØ {]`phns‚ _‘p-hns\ ac-®-´pIw sIm≠v Xe-bv°-Sn®p. Abmƒ acn-®pt]mbn. A∂sØ kml-N-cy-Øn¬ {_m“-W-lXy Xß-fpsS Poh-lm\n°v CS-bm-°p-sa∂v a\-n-em-°nb IS-h\pw k¥m-\-ßfpw cmbv°v cmam\w cmPyw hn´v sNºn-te°v IS∂p. Aßs\ sNºnse IS-hn¬ amXr-Ip-Spw-_-Øn\p _oPm-hm]w sNbvXp.

hni-Zm-wi-ßf - n¬ hyXym-ka - p-s≠-¶nepw CXp-t]m-semcp IY kz¥w IpSpw-_-N-cn-{X-Øn¬ s{]m^. amXyp Xma-c-°m´v* hnh-cn-°p-∂p≠v. IYbnse Imc-W-h-cpsS Hcp k¥m\w kz¥w a°-tfm-sSm∏w sXmSp-]p-gbn-seØnbXmWs{X sNº-cØn IpSpw-_-w. Xmac°m´v IpSpw-_-N-cn-{X-Øn¬ \n∂v. “Ahn-SpsØ (ISp-Øp-cp-Øn) \{km-Wn-Ifpw {]mtZ-inI `c-Wm-[nIm-cn-Ifpw XΩn¬ CS-™-Xn-\m¬ \{km-Wn-Iƒ ÿew hnSm≥ \n¿_‘n-Xc - mbn“. “Cu IpSn-tb‰w 1600 Ifn-emWv \S-∂Xv. Icn-s\-®n-bn¬ No°∏m-d-bn¬ FØnb Imc-W-h¿ {ItaW [\m-Vy-\mbn.“ ]n∂oSv “If-∏pc-bv°¬ hoSv h®v Hcp aI≥ Xma-k-am°n”. N°m´pw Irjn-bp-ambn If-∏p-c-bv°¬Im¿ c≠p-aq∂p Xe-apd Dghq¿ Ign-™p-IqSn. Ch¿ ap≥ssIsøSpØv Dg-hq¿ ]≈n \n¿Ωn-®Xv 1631-¬ BWv. Cß-s\-sbms° Ccn-s°-bmWv, “Imc-Wh - ¿ CXn¬ AXy¥w Ip]n-X\ - mbn” N°p-]m-cs - b-SpØv AhcpsS (kv{Xo) Xe-bv°-Sn-°p-∂Xv. “{]iv\w AXoh Kpcp-Xcw” Bb-Xn\m¬ a°ƒ A©p-t]cpw A©p-I-c-I-fn-te°v IS∂p. “B°q-´-Øn¬ aq∂m-a-sØbmƒ k¥m-\-]-c-º-c-I-tfmsS sXmSp-]pg apX-e-t°mSw `mKtØ°v t]mbn. Ah-cmWv sNº-c-Øn-Iƒ.” Xma-c-°m´v IpSpw-_-N-cn-{X-Ønse ta¬tN¿Ø hmN-I-ßƒ Iq´n hmbn-®m¬ 1631\p tijamWv sNº-cØn IpSpw-_-ÿm-]-I≥ sXmSp]p-g-bn¬ FØn-b-sX-∂mWv a\-n-em-Ip-∂Xv. F∂m¬ 1599 ¬ \S∂ DZ-nbw-t]-cq¿ kq-\-l-tZm-kn¬ “apX¬t°mSv ]≈n-bn¬ \n∂v amWn amWn sNº-c-Øn- I-Ø-\mcpw GXm\pw FS-h-I-°mcpw” ]s¶-Sp-Øn-cp∂-Xmbn ImWp-∂p≠v. 16-mw \q‰m-≠n¬ \S∂ Hcp ktΩ-f-\-Øn¬ 17mw \q‰m-≠n¬ Pohn-®n-cp∂ Hcmƒ°v ]¶p-tN-cm≥ ]‰p-I-bn-√t√m. AXn\m¬ sNº-cØ - n-Is - f-∏‰- n-bp≈ ta¬]-d™ ]cm-a¿iw icn-bm-bn-cn--°m≥ CSbn√. Ce™n s\Sp-th-en-°m-cpsS Ncn-{X-Øn¬ No°-∏md Imc-W-h-cpsS B¨a-°-fn¬ c≠p-t]¿ aptØm-e-]p-cØp FØn Ac-™m-Wn-bnepw them-t»-cn-bnepw Xma-k-am-°n-sb∂pw, thsdm-cmƒ Ipdn-®n-Øm\w Icbn¬ Xma-c-°m´v Xma-kn-s®∂pw ImWp∂p. ASp-Ø-bmƒ cma-]p-cØv IWn-∏n-≈n¬ IpSn-tbdn. A©m-a≥ Xncp-h-√-bn-te°v IS-∂p-sh∂pw ImWp∂p. CXm-bn-cn-°Ww icn.

62

63

* Xmac°m´v IpSpw_Ncn{Xw

P. 77-79

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

ISpØpcpØn XmgØp]≈n aptØm-e-]pcw Ac-™m-Wn-bn¬, them-t»cn Xe-°p-Spw-_-ßfpw, ]≈n-bv°m-]d- º - n¬, ]d-bnSw, Hmen-bv°¬, ]pXp-a\ sNdp-Ic imJ-Ifpw IS-hn¬s∏-´-Xmbn ]cm-a¿i-ap≠v. aÆ-bv°-\ms´ ]md-tØmSv IpSpw-_°m¿ IS-hn¬°m-cm-sW-∂mWv Ah-cpsS DØ-a-hn-izmkw. s]´-bv°m´v, s\Øm´v, h√y-aym-en¬, Ip∂-tØ-SØv, Ipg-ºme IpSpw-_-ßƒ Chcn¬s∏-´-h-cp-amWv. F∂m¬ Ch¿ i¶-c-]pcn IpSpw-_-°m-cm-sW-∂mWv hn.kn. tPm¿÷ns‚ hmin.

IS-hn¬ \n∂v Be-∏p-gbv°v t]mb-h¿ XØw-]≈n CS-hI - b - n-ep≠v. Ah-cpsS FÆhpw {]m_-eyhpw Ipd-™p-h-cn-I-bm-sW∂v \ºym-]-dºn¬ IpSpw-_-N-cn-{X-Øn¬ ImWp∂p. 17-mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ {]`m-X-Øn¬ ISp-Øp-cpØn sX°pw-Iq¿ IS-hn¬ eq°m-tdmkm Zº-Xn-I-fpsS k¥m\-amb H°m≠ (hdp-Xp-Ip´n) bmWv hmg-°pfw \ºym-]-d-ºn¬ IpSpw_ÿm-]-I≥. Ipd-hn-e-ßmSv tImg Aco{X IpSpw_w IS-hn¬ imJbmWv. I´-bv°¬, h´≥Ipgn D]-im-J-I-fp-amWv. I®-hSw sa®-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\mbn cmP-im-k-\-{]-Im-c-amWv IS-hn¬ Nm≠-]n-≈sb Nß-\m-t»-cn-bn¬ hcp-Øp-∂Xv. Nß-\m-t»cn Itºm-fØn¬ A∂v 6 N{Iw apX¬ 17 N{Iw hsc hnebv°v ASn-a-°p-´n-Isf In´n-bn-cp∂p. ANn-tcW IS-h≥ D]-tk-\m-X-e-h-\p-ambn. Nß-\m-t»cn I\y-Im-a-dn-b-Øns‚ ]≈n-]-Wn-bn-∏n-®Xv IS-hn¬, I√-d-bv°¬ IpSpw_-°m¿ tN¿∂mWv. Nß-\m-t»-cn-bnepw Ct∏mƒ Im™n-c-∏-≈n-bnepw ImWp∂ IS-hnepw Xpcp-Øn-bnse Imhn¬Xmsgbpw Cu Xmbvhg- n IpSpw_-ßƒ -X-s∂-bmWv. IS-hn¬ \n∂pw sXt°m´v Xncn®v aq∂p ktlm-Z-c-∑m¿ Xe-h-Sn-bnseØn. AhnsS Xßƒ°v A`bw \¬Inb ho´n¬ \n∂v Hcp ktlmZ-c≥ hnhmlw sNbvXv F°-∏pdw IpSpw_ÿm]-I-\mbn. c≠m-a≥ ho≠pw apt∂m´p \oßn ]pfn-¶p-∂n-seØn AhnsS \n∂v I√ymWw Ign®v hm®m-]-d-ºn¬ Xma-kn®p. aq∂m-asØ ktlm-Z-c≥ Xncp-h-√m Ip-∂-¥m-\Øv ÿm]n-®-XmWv ]me-bv°¬ IpSpw_w. ]p∂-a-Æn¬, ]dº≈n¬ B ]c-º-c-bn-emWv. 10-mw iX-I-Øn¬ ISp-Øp-cpØn ap√-t»cn°S-hn¬ \n∂p Bd-∑pf-bn¬ IpSn-tb-dn-b-h-cmWv {]i-kvX-cmb ap√-t»cn sh¨aWn Xc-I∑m¿. Ch-cpsS A\-¥c Xe-ap-d-I-fmWv ]c-∏pg, ap√-t»cn, ]pt√-en¬, Xma-c-t»-cn¬, tNcm-h≈n, sIm{]m-∏p-c-bv°¬, IotØmSw, e¶-Ød F∂nh. 8-mw \q‰m-≠n¬ ISp-Øp-cp-Øn-bn¬ \n∂v h∂v sNºn¬ Abv\w-]dºv hmßn ]m¿Ø IS-hn¬°m-cmWv Abv\w]d-ºn¬ IpSpw_w. sNΩ\w-I-c -am-Xm-hns‚ ]≈n Ch¿ ap∂n´p \n∂p ]Wn-bn-®-XmWv. sshZn-Icm¬ kºp-jvS-amWv Cu IpSpw_w. Abv\w]d-ºn¬ \n∂pw \mK-∏p-g-bn¬ 17-mw \q‰m-≠n¬ FØn-b-hcmWv Fgm-\n-°m-´p-Im¿. IS-hn¬ amØ-\mWv BZy-]n-Xmhv. henb ]pØ≥]p-c-bn¬, \nc-hØv ]p∂-t°m-´n¬, sIm®p-]p-Ø≥]p-c-bn¬,

64

65

16-mw iX-I-Øns‚ a[y-Øn¬ Icn-s\-®n-bn¬ No°-∏m-d-bn¬ GXm\pw sX°pw-`m-K¿s°m∏w FØn-t®¿∂hcmWv Xma-c-°m´v IpSpw_-Øns‚ A∏-\-∏q-∏-∑-m¿. 1550¬ hSp-X-e-bn¬ h®v hS-°pw-Iq¿ cmPmhns\ t]m¿®p-Kokv Iam-≠¿ {^m≥kokvtIm h[n®p. XpS¿∂p hS°pw-Iq-dns‚ cW-[o-c-∑m¿ Hcp Nmth¿∏-S-bp-≠m°n cmP-Lm-X-Is‚ aX- ° m- c mb {Inkv X ym- \ n- I sf sIms∂m- S p- ° p- h m≥ XpSßn. CtX ØpS¿∂v ISp-Øp-cp-Øn-bnse \{km-Wn-Iƒ \m\m-Zn-°p-If - n-te°pw NnXdn-tbmSn. At∏m-gm-hWw Iv\m-\mb-°m¿s°m∏w IS-hn¬ Imc-W-hcpw Icn-s\-®n-te°v IpSn-tb-dn-bXv. \ºq-Xn-cn-am¿°pw, No°-∏md t£{X-k∂n-[n-bnepw FÆ-bp-≠m°n sXm´p ip≤o-I-cn®v \¬In Gsd {]i-kvX\mb No°-∏m-d-s®-´n-bpsS ]c-º-c-bn¬ amØs‚ a°-fmWv Xma-c-°m´v IpSpw-_-°m¿. ac-ßm-´p-aym-en¬, I√-Sm-¥n-bn¬, ]∂n-t°m-´p-XSw IpSpw_-ßƒ apJy-im-J-I-fmWv.

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

]q¥p-cp-Ønbn¬, I√-d-bv°¬, If-∏p-c-bn¬ XpSßn ]e imJ-I-fm-Wv Ch¿°p-≈Xv. sNºv IS-hn¬ \n∂v 9˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ sXmSp-]p-g-bn-se-Ønb sNºcØn IpSpw_w Ht´sd Xncn-®-Sn-Iƒ°p-tijw Ct∏mƒ At\Iw imJIƒ Bbn ]S¿∂v ]¥-en-®n-cn-°p-∂p. sN≈q-∏-d-ºn¬, ]pXn-bn-S-Øp-Ipt∂¬, ]men-b-°p-t∂¬, If-∏p-c-bn¬, Rd-f-°m-´v, Ing-t°-S-Øn¬ XpSßn-bh imJ-I-fm-Wv. Aßs\ sNº-cØn IpSpw-_Ø - ns‚bpw a[y-tI-cf - Ø - nse a‰-t\Iw IpSpw-_-ß-fpsSbpw apØ»n-bmWv ISp-Øp-cpØn IS-hn¬ IpSpw_w.

A≤ymbw˛8

Imcnt°mSpw sXmSp]pgbpw

sNdp-sX-¶nepw Ncn{Xw ab-ßn-bp-d-ßp∂ Hcp \K-c-amWv

C∂sØ sXmSp-]pg. kztZ-in-Ifpw hntZ-in-I-fp-amb At\Iw bp≤-{]`p-°∑ - m-cpsS ]S-tbm-´Ø - n\pw ]X-\Ø - n\pw aqI-km-£n-bmWv Cu `qhn`mKw. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ \q‰m-≠p-I-fpsS kwkvIm-c-hn-ti-j-ßƒ t]dp∂ Ncn-{X-km-£y-ß-fpsS Hcp kap-®-b-am-bn-°qSn sXmSp-]pg \nesIm-≈p∂p. Chn-SsØ kmaqly am‰-ßƒ°pw kmwkvIm-cnI ]cn-Wma-ßƒ°pw km£n-bmbn ChnsS Ah-ti-jn-°p∂ Hcp IpSpw_amWv sNº-c-Øn. BZy-Im-eØv Ad-_n-°-S¬ klys‚ ASn-hmcw hsc D≠m-bncp∂p. 'IS-eS- n-t°m-S≥ ae' F∂m-bn-cp∂p klys‚ BZy-\maw. ae-Ifpw Xmgvh-c-Ifpw ImSp-Ifpw \nd-™-XmWv Cu ae-\mSv. inem-bp-K-kw-kvImc-Ønse a\p-jy-hn-\ym-kØ - ns‚ km£y-ßƒ ImWp∂ Cu ae-\m- ´nse Npcp°w ÿe-ß-fn-sem-∂mWv sXmSp-]pg. ih-i-cocw Zln-∏n-°p-Itbm Po¿Æn-∏n-°p-Itbm sNbvX-tijw Xe-tbmSpw a‰pw k©-bn®v Ie-i66

67

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

ß-fn-em°n Ipgn-I-fntem Ad-I-fntem \nt£-]n-bv°p-∂-XmWv '`mKo-Ikw-kvImcw'. sXmSp-]p-gb - m-‰n¬ ]me-w ]Wnbm-\mbn Ipgn-®t- ∏mƒ CØcw At\Iw Ie-i-ßƒ In´p-I-bp-≠mbn. Ggp-ap-´Øv Hcp Ie-¶p -\n¿ΩmW-Øn-\n-Sbv°pw Ggp-Pm-dI - ƒ e`n®p. Nne tXmSp-Ifpw a‰pw Bg-Øn¬ Ipgn-°p-tºmƒ a¨Pm-dp-Ifpw a‰pw Ct∏mgpw ImWm-dp≠v. aÆn-\S- n-bn¬ I√p-sIm-≠p≈ Hcp \n¿Ωn-Xn-bmWv Ggp-ap-´Øp ImW-s∏-´Xv. Hcmƒs]m°-Øn¬ A©v Ad-I-tfm-Sp-Iq-Snb CXns‚ apI-fnepw Xmsgbpw H‰-°√mWv h®n-´p-≈Xv. ASn-∏m-d-bn¬ X´n-bm¬ apg-°-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. ASpØp-Xs - ∂-bp≈ CSn-In-´n-∏m-db - n¬ inem-Im-ea - \ - p-jy¿ Pohn-®n-cp-∂s - X∂p Icp-Xp∂ A≈p-Iƒ D≠v. sXmSp-]p-g-bpsS {]m¥-{]-tZ-i-ß-fnepw Kncn{]-tZ-i-ß-fmb ad-bq¿, I√m¿, h≠n-s∏-cn-bm¿ F∂n-hn-S-ß-fnepw ]pcmX\ a\p-jy-hm-k-Øns‚ e£-Wßƒ ImWs∏Sp∂p.

C∂sØ sXmSp]pg ]´Ww sXmSp-]p-g°v hS-°p-amdn a∂m≥ I≠hpw, Ac-b≥am-cpsS tImf\nbpw D≈m-S≥amcpw Ducm-fn-Ifpw Ct∏mgpw D≠v. Ipdp\oea∂≥, Acb≥ Hs° Hcp-Im-eØv Cu `mK-ßf - nse {Kma-cm-Pm-°∑ - m-cm-bn-cp∂p. aebpw Xmgvh-c-I-fnse {Kma-ß-fpam-bn-cp∂p Ah-cpsS cmPyw. BZyw tIc-fhpw Xan-gv\mSpw Dƒs∏-Sp∂ Hcp hnimeXan-gI - Ø - ns‚ `mK-am-bn-cp∂ ‘asse-a-WvU-e‘-Øns‚ Hcp Xp≠mbncp∂p Imcnt°mSv. Xan-gm-bn-cp∂p Chn-SsØ kwkm-c-`mj. _n.kn. aq∂p apX¬ \ne-hn¬ 68

h∂ tNc-`-cWw tIc-fsØ A©p-\m-Sp-I-fmbn Xncn-®-t∏mƒ ChnSw 'Ip´-\mSv'Bbn. sXmSp-]pg Dƒs∏-Sp∂ CSp-°n-bpw, tIm´bw, Fd-Wm-Ipfw Be-∏pg Pn√-Ifpw Ip´-\m-Sns‚ `mK-am-bn-cp∂p. A©mw \q‰m≠p apX¬ ap∂qdv h¿j-ßƒ Cu `mKsØ Ncn{Xw Ccp-f-S-™-XmWv. C°m-eØmWv ]›n-aL - ´- Ø - ns‚ ]›n-a`- m-Kß - ƒ asse-\m-Smbpw, I\ym-Ip-amcn apX¬ tKmI¿Æw hsc tIc-fa - mbpw Ad-_n-°S- e - ns‚ Xoc-{]-tZ-iß - ƒ ae-_m-dmbpw ]cn-K-Wn°-s∏-´Xv. Aßs\ C∂sØ sXmSp-]p-gbpw ]cnk-c-{]-tZ-i-ßfpw 'asse\mSv' F∂v Adn-b-s∏´p XpSßn. A©mw \q‰m≠n¬ s]cp-am-°-∑mtcm, HºXmw \q‰m-≠nse tNc-cm-Pm-°-∑mtcm krjvSn-®-XmWv Iogva-sse- \m-sS∂p hmZ-ap≠v. AX√m shº-e-\mSv ]nf¿∂m- s W∂pw ]d- b p- ∂ p≠v . ]gb asse- \ mSv ]nf¿∂mWv sX°≥Iqdpw hS- ° ≥Iqdpw D≠m- b - s X- ∂ mWv as‰m- c - ` n- { ]mbw. Iogvasse \m´p-cm-Pm-°-∑m-cpsS BZy Xe-ÿm\w tImX-aw-K-e-tam, Xr°m-cn-bqtcm Bbn-cp-∂p. Ahn-sS-\n-∂m-hWw Imcn-t°mSv cmP-hwiw D≠m-b-Xv. ‘Imcn‘ tNccmPm-°-∑m-cpsS Hcp Bcm-[-\m-h-kvXpthm hwiap-Jyt\m Bbn-cp-∂n-cn-°mw. ae-\mSv sImßp `c-W-Øn¬ tImb-º-Øq-cn¬ \n∂p `cn-bv°-s∏Sp-tºm-gmWv Imcnt°mSv BZy-ambn Hcp `c-W-tI-{µ-am-Ip-∂Xv. t`Z-s∏´ P\-hm-kw D≠m-bn-cp∂, cmPy-Øns‚ AXn¿Øn-{]-tZ-i-am-b- Cu ÿesØ Ah¿ 'IsÆØn' F∂p hnfn®p. {ItaW t]cv ‘It∂-‰n‘ F∂m-Ip-Ibpw ChnSw Hcp `c-W-tI-{µ-am-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. ]n∂oSv sNt¶m´ tI{µ-am-bp-≠m-bn-cp∂ Bbv cm-Pm-°-∑m¿ sImß-∑msc XpcØn `- c - Ww ]nSn-s®-SpØp. A°m-esØ Bbv cm-Pm-°∑ - m¿ 'ae-\m-´cN¿' F∂v kwt_m-[\ sNø-s∏-´n-cp-∂X - mbn ImWp-∂p≠v. Ggmw iX-IØ - n¬ a[p-c-bnse ]mWvUy-cmPyw Bbv cm-Pm-°-∑msc tXmev]n®p. At∏mƒ Imcn-t°mSv Xe-ÿm-\-amb asse-\mSv ]mWvUy-`-c-W-Øn¬ A-a¿∂p. ]m≠n-bp-am-bp≈ _‘w sXmSp-]p-g°v kmº-Øn-I -kmw-kvIm-cnI cwK-ß-fn¬ A`yp-∂Xn D≠m°n. Xan-gv\m-´n-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ Im´p-h-gn-Iƒ cmP-]m-X-I-fmbn. sXmSp-]pg \n∂v Np¶w, aqhm-‰p-]pg, ASn-amen, tZhnIpfw hgn t_mUn-\m-bv°∂q¿ FØp-∂X - m-bn-cp∂p HscÆw. Ggp-ap´w, Icn-aÆ - q¿, hmg-tØm∏v, h≠≥taSp hgn Iº-sØ-Øp-∂X - mWv {]i-kvXam-bn-cp∂ Iºw-]mX. IqSmsX taep-Imhv, ]q™m¿, Im™n-c∏ - ≈n, h≠ns∏-cn-bm¿ hgnbpw ]m≠n-bn-te°v hgn-sX-fn-™n-cp∂p. C∂sØ tZio69

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

b-]m-X-Iƒs°m∏w hoXn-Iq-Snb Cu hgn-I-fpsS h°n-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ hoSp- I - f nse shfn®w sIm≠p- X s∂ I®- h - S - ° m¿°v _lp- Z qcw k©- c n- ° p- h m≥ km[n- ® n- c p- ∂ p- s hs{X. sXmSp- ] pg \n∂v shdpw aq∂v Znh- k sØ bm{Xm- Z qcw am{Xsa A∂v ]m≠n- b n- t e°v D≠mbn- c p- ∂ p≈p. A∂sØ {]apJ XpdapJhmWn-Py-tI-{µ-am-bn-cp∂ ISp-Øp-cp-Ønbn-te°v aqhm-‰p-]pg hgnbpw, Xpd-ap-J-am-bn-cp∂ sImSp-ß-√q¿°v A¶amen, ]d-hq¿ hgnbpw sXmSp-]p-gbv°v ASpØ _‘-am-bn-cp∂p. ChnsS \n∂v kpK-‘-h-kvXp-°fpw, XSnbpw Ib-‰p-aXn sNbvX-t∏mƒ ]´pw hne-tb-dnb I√p-Ifpw a‰p-am-bn-cp∂p Cd-°p-a-Xn-®-c-°p-Iƒ. C∂sØ Imcn-t°mSv Ih-ebv°v kao]w hen-b-tXm-Sns‚ sXt°°- c - b mbn- c p∂ ]gb It∂‰n Ime- { I- t aW 'Imcn- t °mSv ' BbnØo¿∂ncn°mw. tXmSn\p hS-°mbn D≠m-bn-cp∂ henb B\-]-¥¬ Bbn-cp∂p 'Icn-°pS'. ]n∂oSv AXv 'Icn-t°mSpw', XpS¿∂v Imcn-t°mSpw Bbn- Xo¿∂p F∂mWv as‰mcp A\p-am\w. Imcn-t°mSn\v ASp-ØpXs∂ Iocn-tImSv D≠-t√m. ae-bm-f-`mj D≠m-Ip-∂-Xn\p apºv {]tbmK-Øn-en-cp∂ si¥-angv hm°p-I-fm-Wt√m tImSv, \mSv, Ducv apX-em-bh. HºXmw \q‰m-≠n¬ hS-°pw-Iq¿ aWn-I-WvT≥ cmPmhv Iogvae cmPyw `cn-®n-cp-∂t- ∏mƒ \S-Øn-bn-cp∂ D∂-X- hn-Zym-`ymktI{µ-am-bn-cp∂p, s\Snb-ime. ]n∂o-SXv ÿe-t∏-cmbn. Imcn-t°mSv apX¬ s\Sn-b-ime hsc ho´p-sh-fn-®-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xp-sIm≠v hnf-°n-√msX \S-°m-am-bn-cp∂p. ime-t¶m´v sNdp-hn-Zym-e-b-ßfpw ssk\n-I- ]m-T-im-e-I-fp-w D≠m-bncp∂p. s\Sn-b-im-e-bn¬ thZhpw tPymXn-jhpw ]Tn-∏n-®n-cp∂p. 'amep-ht°m≥' ChnsS e`n-®n-cp∂ Hcp D∂X _ncp-Z-am-bn-cp∂p. Imcn-t°mSv cmP-[m\n tIm´-sI´n kq£n-®n-cp∂p. aXn-en\v A©Sn hÆ-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. It®-cn-ÿew, k`m-a-µncw, A¥-:]p-c-ßƒ, hen-bHcp Ipfw, Hcp InW¿, B¬Ød apX-em-bh D≈n¬ D≠m-bn-cp∂p. sIm‰th `{Z-Im-fn-bpsS Hcp tImhnepw, k¿∏-t£-{Xhpw Bbn-cp∂p Bcm-[\ - m-eb - ß - ƒ. ]mc-ºc - y-ambn `c-Wt- a-‰n-cp∂ cmPm-hm-bn-cp∂p D≠mbn-cp-∂Xv. ‘Adp-∂q-‰-h¿‘ Bbn-cp∂p D]-tZ-iI-kwLw. Bbp-[m-`ym-kß-fnepw, kmº-Øn-IIm-cy-ß-fnepw AXn-i-‡-cm-bn-cp∂p sXmSp-]p-gbnse cmP-]-c-ºc.

F´mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ {]mcw-`-Øn¬ tNmfcmPyw (B-{‘) i‡am-bt∏mƒ ]mWvUy-cm-PysØ Iog-S° - n-bt- ijw tNc-cm-Pyhpw kz¥-am°n. A°m-eØv [mcmfw tNmf≥am¿ sXmSp-]p-g°v IpSn-tb-dn. Im™n-c-a‰hpw ]cn-k-c-hp-am-bn-cp∂p Ah-cpsS Bhm-k-tI{µw. HºXpw ]Øpw \q‰m-≠p-I-fn¬ ho≠pw h∂p-tN¿∂ tNc-`-cWw sXmSp-]p-g-bn¬ I®h-S-Øn-se-∂-t]mse kmwkvIm-cn-I-cw-KØpw ]ptcm-KXn sIm≠p-h∂p. F∂m¬ ]Xn-s\m∂mw iX-I-Øn¬ ho≠pw D≠mb tNc-˛-tNmf bp≤-Øns‚ ^e-ambn tNc-cmPyw XI¿∂p. Hcp {][m\ tI{µ-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ sXmSp-]p-gb - psS \miw ]q¿Æ-am-bn-cp∂p. ChnsS \n∂pw ]m≠nbn-te°pw, sImSp-ß-√q¿°pw a‰p-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂ hym]mcw \ne®p. bp≤Im-cy-ßƒ°mbn ]Ww sNe-h-gn®Xpaqew cmP`WvUmcw Imen-bmbn; Irjn Ipd-™p. B¿∏ma‰sØ Bcm[\mebßƒ \in®p. kmaqlnI PohnXw C√mXmbn. Nmew-tIms´ hnZym-e-b-ßsf bphm-°-fpsS ]´m-f]-cn-io-e\ tI{µ-ßfm°n. At\Iw bphm-°ƒ sIm√-s∏´p; s\Sn-bi - me \ndpØn. Cßs\, GXm≠v 100 h¿j-ß-tfmfw \o≠ bp≤w (\q-‰m≠p bp≤w) sXmSp-]p-gs - b kmº-Øn-Ia - mbpw kmwkvIm-cn-Ia - mbpw XI¿ØpI-f™p. a‰Øpw ]cn-kc - ß - f - n-ep-ambn sNdp-InSI®-hS- h - p-w Irjnbpambn IqSn-bncp∂ \{km-Wn-It- fbpw Cu XI¿® _m-[n-®p. Ah¿ I®-hShpw a‰pw Dt]-£n®v hbepw sh≈hpw kpe`-amb FS-sh-´n, Ggp-ap´w, apXet°mSw `mK-ß-fn-te°v amdn Xma-kn-®p. Aßs\ Xma-k-am°nbhcmWv sNº-cØn IpSpw-_-Øns‚ A∏-\-∏q-∏-∑m¿.

70

71

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

A≤ymbw ˛ 9

ae-\mSpw am¿Øm-fi-h¿Ωbpw

{In

kvXph¿jmcw`w apX¬ tIc-f-Øn¬ At\Iw sNdp-cm-Pyß-fp-≠m-bn-cp∂p. Imcn-t°mSv Xe-ÿm-\amb Iogvae cmPyw HcpImeØv sIm®ncmPyØns‚ kma¥cmPyambncp∂p; ]n∂oSv sIm®n°v Iogvs∏´p ]{¥≠mw \q‰m-≠n¬ Iogvae cmPm-hn¬ \n∂pw hnebv°v hmßnb ÿe-amWv ]q™m¿ cmPyw. a[pc ]mWvUy-cm-P-hw-i-Ønse A[n-Imc-h-Swh-ensb XpS¿∂v Ah-Im-i-hp-w hmßn h∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p ]q™m‰nse Xºp-cm≥. ]Xn-\©mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ HSp-hn¬ t]m¿®p-Ko-kp-Im¿ ChnsS hcp-tºmƒ Iogvae cmPmhv \√ {]Xm-]-Øn-emWv. G‰hpw AgIpw cqNn-bp-ap≈ Ipcp-ap-f-Ins‚ Cu cmPysØ Ah¿ ‘kz¿Æ-aWn-I-fpsS kz]v\-`qan‘ (]nsat‚m) F∂p hnfn®p. CXn\v hfsc apºv HºXmw \q‰m≠n¬Xs∂ Iogvae cmPyØv B¨h-gn -cm-Pm-h-n√mXmbt∏mƒ hS-°pw-Iq¿ \n∂pw ZsØ-SpØncp∂p. Aßs\ c≠p cmPyßfpw H∂m-bn. ChnsS imkvXmw-]m-d-bnepw CS-sh-´n-bnepw ]pXnb sIm´m-cß - ƒ ]WnXp. F¶nepw Hmtcm ImeØpw cmtP-jvS{- ]-Imcw, ISpØp-cp-Øn-bnepw ssh°Øpw Xmakn®v `-cn-®p-sIm-≠n-cp∂p. 1750˛mam≠m-b-t∏mƒ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnse am¿Øm-WvU-h¿Ω almcm-Phv sNdp-In-S-cm-Py-ßsf sh´n-∏n-Sn®v sX°p-\n∂v tIm´-b-sØØn. AhnsS h®v c≠mbn ]ncn™ ]´m-fw, ssk\ym-[n-]-\mb Une-\m-bn72

bpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ ISp-Øp-cp-Ønbv°pw cma-ø≥ Zf-h-bpsS t\XrXz-Øn¬ sXmSp-]p-g°pw ]pd-s∏´p. ISpØpcpØnbnse hS-°pw-Iq¿ cmPmhv c≠mw Znhkw tXm‰p. AhnSpsØ tIm´bpw cmP-[m-\nbpw CSn®p \ncØn. ]mem hgn sXmSp-]p-g-bn-se-Ønb cma-ø≥ Zf-hbpw ssk\yhpw ]®o-°cØcI-s‚ klm-b-tØmsS ChnsS B{I-aWw Agn-®p-hn-´p. cmPmhv Iog-S-ßn-bn√. cmPm-hn\v {InkvXym-\n-∏-Sbpw, apkvenw ]Sbpw, lnµp-∏-Sbpw D≠m-bn-cp∂p. aq∂p-hn-`m-K-ßfpw Hcp-an-®mWv cma-øs\ t\cn-´Xv. [oc-tk-\m\n-I-fm-bn-cp∂ h≈n-s°m-S- ]-Wn°cpw, sNº-c-Øn ]- W n- ° cpw a‰pw tN¿∂m- b n- c p∂p Iogvae ssk\y sØ \bn ®Xv. aesh≈w t]mse ]m™p- h ∂ Xncphn- X mw- I q¿ `S∑mcn¬ hfsct∏¿ h[n-°-s∏´p. sIm®n-cm-Pmhpw ChnsS klm- b - w FØn-®p. tXm¬hn aW-Ø-dn™ cmaø≥ ISp-Øp-cp-Ønbn¬ hnP-bn®v hn{ian-°p∂ Une-t\mbnsb thKw sXmSp]p- g °v hcpØn. XpS¿∂p \S∂ s]mcn™ t]mcm-´Øn¬ Iogva-e-bnse anI® t]mcm-fn-Iƒ am¿Øm-WvU-h¿Ω [oc-ambn s]mcpXn Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ tk\bv°v hºn® \miw hcpØn. F∂m¬ Une-t\m-bn-bpsS ]oc-¶nbp-≠-Isf sNdp-°m≥ Ah¿°m-bn√. tXm¬hn kp\n-›n-X-am-bt∏mƒ Iogvae cmPmhv hoc-am-Wn-Iy-Ø-®-t\bpw IpSpw-_-tØbpw thj-{]-—∂-cm°n Ducm-fn-Iƒ h\w hgn c£-s∏-SpØn. ]pcm-X-\-amb sIm´m-cßfpw Iogva-e-tIm´bpw ssk\yw sIm≈-b-Sn®v shSn-sh®p XI¿Øv If-™p. Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ ssk\yw Xncn-®p-t]m-sb-¶nepw Iogva-e-bnse cW[o-c∑ - m¿ ]q¿Æ-ambn Iog-Sß - n-bn√. Ah¿ CS-bv°nsS el-fI - ƒ kwLSn-∏n-°p-Ibpw Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ cmP-Zm-k∑ - msc D]-{Z-hn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp sIm≠n-cp∂p. CXv Aa¿® sNøm-\mbn ]n∂oSv a√-∑m-cmb Iptd ]Sbm-fn-Isf Zfhm Imcn-t°m´v ÿnc-ambn ]m¿∏n®p. Ah¿ cm{XnIm-e73

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

ß-fn¬ hoSp-Iƒ Ibdn ]pcp-j-∑msc X√ns°m√p-Ibpw kv{XoIsf ]oVn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. apX-et- °mSw ]≈n Xobn´p \in-∏n-°p-Ibpw, ssk\ym-[n-]-\m-bn-cp∂ sNº-c-Øn-∏-Wn-bv°-cpsS apX-e-t°m-SØpw Ggp-ap-´Øpw D-≠m-bn-cp∂ `-h-\-ßƒ ASn-®p-X-I¿°p-Ibpw Bfp-Isf HmSn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. XpS¿∂v Imcn-t°mSv, CS-sh´n, Ggp-ap-´w, imkvXmw-]md, Nme-t¶mSv, aW-°mSv, apX-e-t°mSw XpS-ßnb P\-hm-ktI-{µ-ßƒ \in-°p-Ibpw Imem¥cØn¬ Ahn-S-ß-fn¬ ImSp-IbdpIbpw h\y-ar-K-ßƒ Bhkn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬ BZysØ Is≠-gpØp \S-Ønb ]≈n-bmSn a√≥ i¶-c\v sXmSp-]p-g-bn¬ k¿t∆ \S-Øp-hm≥ t]mepw el-f-aqew km[n®n√. ]n∂oSv 1769 ¬ [¿Ω-cm-Pm-hns‚ ImeØv a√≥ sNº-I-cm-a≥]n≈-bmWv sXmSp-]p-g-bpw kao-]-{]-tZ-i-ßfpw Af∂v ]≠m-c-hI, Zm\w, tZhkzw, {_“kzw F∂p hI-Xn-cn®v ssIh-i-°m¿°v ]´bw \¬InbXv. 1910 ¬ Chn-SsØ `qcPn-Ã¿ {]kn-≤-s∏-SpØn. sXmSp-]pg-bnse sk‰n¬sa‚ v cPn-Ã¿ Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw {io]-Zva-\m-`-t£{Xw {KŸ-∏p-cbn¬ BWv kq£n-®n-cp-∂-Xv. Xm≥ Iog-S-°p∂ cmPy-ßfpsS Xe-ÿm-\-ßƒ sIm≈-b-Sn®p \in∏n-°p-Ibpw, ASp-Øp-Xs∂ as‰mcp ]´Ww \n¿Ωn-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ X{¥-amWv am¿Øm-WvU-h¿Ω ]b‰nbncp-∂Xv. Imbw-Ipfw ]´Ww \in∏n® tijw ASpØ Ic-bn¬ Xs∂ IrjvW-]pcw F∂ t]cn¬ Hcp ]´-Whpw sIm´m-chpw \n¿Ωn®p. AXp-t]mse Chn-sSbpw ]pg IS∂p C°sc sXmSp-]p-gsb Xmeq°v B°p-Ibpw Imcn-t°mSv cmPXe-ÿm\w shdp- s amcp hnt√- P m- ° p- I bpw sNbv X p. {ioIr- j v W - t £- { XsØ ]p\¿\n¿Ωn-°p-Ibpw, k¿°m-cm-^o-kp-Ifpw _w•m-hp-Ifpw \n¿Ωn®v sXmSp-]p-gsb hf¿Øn-s°m-≠p-hcn-Ibpw sNbvXp. C∂p ]´-WsØ c≠mbn ]Ip-Øp-sIm≠v Hgp-Ip∂ ]pg-bpsS BZy\maw ]pfn-bv°¬ ]pg-sb-∂m-bn-cp∂p. {ioIrjvW t£{X-Øn\pw C∂sØ ]me-Øn\pw at[y \n∂n-cp∂ Hcp henb ]pfn-ac - Ø - ns‚ thcpIƒ hf¿∂v ]Sn-I-fm-bn Xo¿-∂-Xp-sIm≠v Zo¿L-Imew AhnSw Hcp Ipfn-°-S-hm-bn-. Cu Ipfn-ÿ-e-sØ-∏‰n Hcp sFXn-ly-ap≠v. {]i-kvX\m-bn-cp∂ a{¥-hmZn AÆmbn°Æw Rd-f-°m´v AΩm≠n Hcn-°¬ Ipfn-°m-\mbn '\√ ioX-f-P-e-{]-hm-l-ap≈' ]pg-bpsS IS-hn-seØn. At∏mƒ Hcp tkh-I≥ HmSn-h∂v A[n-Im-cn-bpsS `mcy kv\m\-Øn-

\mbn hcp-∂-Xn-\m¬ amdn \nev°-W-sa∂v imkn®p. AΩm≠n AIse amdn Hcp I√n-t∑¬ Ccn-∏mbn. Xma-kn-bmsX A[n-Im-cn-bpsS ]Xv\n h∂p Ipfn XpSßn. Iptd-t\-c-am-bn´pw Ahsc Ic-bnte°v ImWm-Xmb-t∏mƒ `rXy≥ FØn-t\m°n. Ah¿ Abmsf iIm-cn®p. Ipd-®p-t\cw IqSn ImØn-cp-∂t- ijw Ft¥m ]¥n-tISp tXm∂nb `rXy≥ HmSn-s®∂v A[n-Im-cnsb hnhcw [cn-∏n®p. At±lw h∂p hnfn®n´pw Icbv°p Ib-dm≥ Iq´m-°msX B kv{Xo Ae°pw Ipfnbpw XpS¿∂p. kwibw tXm∂nb tkh-I≥ I√n¬ Ccn-°p∂ Bsf Nq≠n-°m´n D≠mb kw`hw A[n-Im-cn-tbmSv ]d™p. AXv AΩm-≠n-bm-sW∂p a\-n-em°nb A[n-Imcn Acn-In-seØn £a tNmZn-°p-Ibpw Xs‚ `mcysb t]mIm≥ A\p-h-Zn-°-W-sa∂v At]-£n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. XpS¿∂p AΩm≠n Hcp Ic-b≥ tXm¿Øv sImSp-Øn´v 'CXp-sIm≠v tXm¿Øn Ib-dn-t∏m-cs´' F∂p ]d™p. Aßs\ Ah¿ Ipfn \ndpØn `¿Ømhn-s\m∏w bm{X-bmbn. ]≠v \Zn-Iƒ°pw a‰pw t]cn-√m-Xn-cp∂ ImeØv s]mXpsh Hcp tXmSns‚ kz`m-hhpw, h¿j-Im-eØv Hcp \-Zn-bpsS {]Xo-Xnbpw ImWn°p∂ Pe-{]-hm-l-ßƒ 'I√ym-]K' F∂mWv Adn-b-s∏-´n-cp-∂Xv. Hcp {]tXy-I- t]-cn-√m-ØX - n-\m¬ sXmSp-]p-gb - m-dns\bpw I√ym-]K F∂v hnfn®n-cp∂p. ae-bmfw \m´p-`m-j-bm-b-tXmsS CXv 'tXmSv˛]pg' F∂v `mjm¥-c-s∏´p. {ItaW {]tbm-K-Øn¬ CXv sXmSp-]pg F∂m-bn-Øo¿∂ncnbv°mw. BZy-Im-eØv Hcp tXmSv am{X-am-bn-cp∂ Cu Pe-hm-ln\n, h\m-¥-cß-fnse `qan-im-kv{X-]-c-amb am‰-ßsf XpS¿∂v Hcp ]pg-bm-b-t∏mƒ tXmSv, ]pg F∂o Ccp-]Z- ß - fpw tN¿∂v tXmSp-]pg F∂v hnfn-bv°s - ∏´p. Imem-¥-c-Øn¬ AXv tem]n®v sXmSp-]p-g- BbnØo¿∂p. Imcn-t°m´v D≠m-bn-cp∂ sIm´m-csØ Zo¿LImew XgpIn Hgp-Inb Hcp henbtXmSp≠v. B 'tXmSv' sN∂p tNcp∂ ']pg' F∂ A¿∞-Øn¬ BZy-Im-eØv ]cm-a¿in®p XpS-ßn-bXv Ah-km\w B ]pg-bpsS t]cmbn Xs∂ ]cn-W-an-®-Xp-amhmw. hS-°pw-Iq¿ cmPmhv sXmSp-Ipfn \S-Øn-bn-cp∂ ]pg-bp-amhmw sXmSp]pg. ]pg-\maw ANn-tcW Ic-\m-aa - mbn ]cn-Wa - n®p. ]ns∂ AtX t]cn¬ Xs∂-bmbn Xmeq°pw. t]m¿®p-Ko-kp-Im¿ sXmSp-]p-gsb 'tSmUv t]mƒ' F∂mWv hyh-l-cn®p ImWp-∂Xv.

74

75

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

sXmSp- ] p- g - b m¿ HcpImeØv henb Hcp Pe-]m-X-bm-bn-cp∂p. Iogv a - e - b nse h\m- ¥ - c - ß - f n¬ \n∂pw kpK-‘-{Z-hy-ßfpw a‰pw Ib-‰nb sI´p-h-≈-ßƒ Xeßpw hneßpw HmSn-bn-cp∂p. CS-hm-Øpcp-Ønse ]pfn-bv°¬ IS-hn-eS- pØv IrjvWk - zm-ansb sXmgp-Xtijta h©n-Iƒ ]Sn-™m-tdm´v ]nSn-®n-cp∂p≈p. sXmSp-]pgbpsS ap≥\maw CShm-Øp-cpØv F∂m-bn-cp∂p. ChnsXmSp]pg {ioIrjvWkzmant£{Xw SsØ tZi-hmgn Hcp \mb-cm-bncp∂p. CS-hm-Øp-cpØv \mb-∑m¿ {]Xm-]-im-en-Ifpw IrjvW-`-‡-cp-ambncp-∂p. 1546 ao\-am-k-Øn¬ Ch¿ t£{X Po-h-\-°m-cmb \ºq-Xn-c-nam¿°v AI-°m-aØv sImSp-Ø-Xns‚ IW°v {ioIr-jvW-kzman t£{X{KŸ-h-cn-bn¬ ImWp-∂p≠v.

76

A≤ymbw 10

kmwkvImcnI ss]XrIw

sXm

Sp-]p-g-bm-dns‚ Ic-bn¬ {]mNo\ Ime-Øp-≠m-bn-cp∂ `{ZIm-fn-bpsS ImhmWv C∂sØ {ioIr-jvW-kzm-an-t£-{X-Øns‚ aqew. {InkvXm_vZw Hº-Xnse `‡n-{]-ÿm\ ImeØv ae-_m-dn¬ \ns∂-Ønb ]pfn-b-∏-Sºp a\-bv°se Hcp \ºq-Xncn Cu Im-hn¬ [ym\ \nc-X-\m-bncns° IrjvW-Z¿i-\ap-≠m-bn. XpS¿∂v ]qP \SØn hcsh cmP-ÿm\Øp \n∂v AhnsS IrjvW-{]-XnjvT \SØn. Cu Aºew sIm®n-cmPmhv {InkvXp-h¿jw ]Xn-aq-∂n¬ ChnsS `cn-®n-cp-∂-t∏m-ƒ \n¿Ωn-®-XmsW∂pw ]d-bp-∂p≠v. am¿Øm-ﬁ-h¿-Ω-bmIs´ Ccn-ßm-e-°pS s\Spºp≈n Xc-W\ - √ - q¿ \ºq-Xn-cn°v CXns‚ \nb{¥Ww \¬In. Imcn-t°mSv Ih-e-bn¬ ImWp∂ `K-hXn Aºew Iogvae cmPm-hns‚ IpSpw-_-t£{X-am-bn-cp∂p. Hcp inh-t£-{X-am-bn-cp∂ CXns\ cmPm-hn-\p-≠mb Hcp kz]v\-Z¿i-\sØ XpS¿∂v `K-h-Xnbv°v {]Xn-jvTn®p. Chn-SsØ KcpU≥ Xq°hpw ]¥¬]m´pw {]kn-≤-amWv. hS-°pw-Iq¿ cmPm-hns‚ t£{Xw CS-sh-´n-bn-em-bn-cp∂p. ]Xn-\mdmw \q‰m-≠n¬ ISp-Øp-cp-Øn-bn¬ \ns∂-Ønb Iv\m\mb {InkvXym-\n-Iƒ ]Wn-bn®-XmWv Np¶w-]≈n. ]g-°-ap≈ H‰-°-√n¬ Xo¿Ø Hcp Ipcniv Ct∏mgpw Ahn-sS-bp≠v. \q‰ºXv h¿jw ]g-°ap≈ sX\wIp∂v ]≈n kpdn--bm\n ItØm-en-°-cpsSbmWv. sXmSp-]pg 77

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

SuWn¬ ]pXnb ]≈n-bpsS \n¿Ωm-W-tØmsS Cu ]≈n-bn¬ I¿Ωßƒ Ipd-hmWv. Cu `mKsØ G‰hpw ]g-b-sX∂p Icp-Xs∏Sp∂-XmWv ssae-s°mºp ]≈n. kz¥w aI-fpsS {`m¥v tXmΩm-«olm kpJ-am-°nb-Xn¬ kw{]o-X-\mb s\Sp-am-°¬ ]Wn-°-√ym¿ {]`p \in®p InS∂ Hcp _p≤∏≈nsb \∂m°ns°mSpØXmWv Cu ]≈n Fs∂mcp sFXylap≠v. Iogvae - \ - m-´n-te°v sNºn¬ \n∂p sIm≠p-hc - s - ∏´ sNºcØn IpSpw-_-°-mcm¬ \n¿Ωn-°-s∏-´-XmWv apX-e-t°mSw ]≈n. Iºw]m-X-bpsS Hmc-Øm-bp≈ C∂sØ B¿∏ma‰-Øm-bn-cp∂p BZyw Cu ]≈n. ]n∂oSv 1312˛¬ apX-e-t°m-SØn\pam‰n ÿm]n-°-s∏-´-p. am¿tØmΩm k`mw-K-ßƒ Ipd-hm-sW¶nepw CSp°n tdmUn¬ Ah¿°v Hcp ]≈n-bp-≠v. Hm¿ØtUmIvkv bmt°m_mb ]≈n ]pXnb ss{]h‰v _kv Ãm‚n\v A`napJamWv. s]¥t°mkvXpIm¿°v ]e {]m¿∞\mebßfpw ChnsSbp≠v. tImgn-t°m´v \ns∂-Ønb Hcp a\-°m-cmWv Nme-t¶mSv imkvXmhv Aº-e-Øns‚ ÿm]-I¿. Aø-∏≥tImhn¬ t£{X-Ønse imkvXm-hns\-bmWv ChnsS {]Xn-jvTn-®Xv. Ct∏mƒ t£{Xw Po¿tÆm-≤m-cWw \SØn-bn-cn°p∂p. tNmf- inev]kuµ-cy-ap≈ teml-hn-{K-l-ßƒ \nd™ Hcp inh- t £- { X- a mWv ChnsS Im™n- c - a - ‰ Øp ImWp- ∂ Xv. {InkvXph¿jw HºXmwiXIw apX¬ XpS¿®-bmbn D≠mbns°m ≠ncp∂ tNmf-∑m-cpsS B{I-a-W-Øn\pw hmk-Øn\pw Cu t£{Xw aXn-bmb sXfn-hmWv. Xncp-a-e-\m-bv°s‚, {InkvXph¿jw ]Xnt\gnse tI-c-fm-{I-a-W-Øns‚ sXmSp-]p-g-bnse sXfn-hmWv AÆm-a-e-t£{Xw. Hcp k\ym-kn-h-cys‚ hmkw-sIm≠v {]ikvX-ambn apX-en-bm¿ aTw. Ct∏mƒ ChnsS ]qP-bp≠v. Hf-a-‰-Øn\p kao]w Htdm-∏m-d-bn¬ Hcp t£{X-ap≠v. kzbw-`q-hmWv Chn-SsØ {]XnjvT. h\-hm-k-Im-eØv ]m©m-ensb sIm√p-hm≥ h∂ k¿∏sØ sIm∂-tijw hmƒh®p hn{i-an® hmfp-h-®m≥ ]md Chn-sS-bp≠v. Pe-w e-`y-am-°m≥ `oa≥ Nhp´nb ÿe-amWv `oa-]m-Z-Xo¿∞w. `oas‚ ASp∏pw Chn-sS-bp≠v. Hcp ImeØv Kncn-h¿§-]q-Pm-ÿm-\-am-bn-cp∂ Chn-SsØ t\¿® D∏pw Ipcpap-f-Ip-w BWv. ss\\mcp ]≈n Cu {]tZ-isØ ]pIƒs]‰ apkveow tZhm-e-bamWv. sIm¥m-e] - ≈n Hcp alm-]W - vUn-Xs‚ Hm¿Ω-°mbn \n¿Ωn-®X - mWv. thsd-bp--ap≠v ]≈n-Iƒ. cmhp-Ø¿amcmWv Chn-SsØ apl-Ω-Zo-b-cn¬ A[n-Ihpw. ae-\m´v cmPm-hns‚ ap…ow ssk\n-I-cpsS FÆw Ipd-™-

t∏mƒ Xan-gv\m-´n¬ \n∂v sIm≠p-h∂hcpw ChnsSbp≠v. Hcp A`ymkn-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-ØnemWv Ah¿ ChnsS IpSn-tb-dn-bXv. {]K-¤-\mb Cu A`ym-knsb ]d-°-sh´n dmhp-Ø¿ F∂mWv hnfn-®n-cp-∂Xv . Rmhq¿°m-f, Nn∂-°m-f, aßm-´v, D°nWnho´n¬, hmWn-b-∏p-c, ]≈nap-°n¬ XpS-ßn-b-h- Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂ IpSpw-_-ßƒ BWv. sX¶m-in-bn¬ \n∂v sXmSp-]p-g-bn-seØn Xma-k-am-°nb £{Xnbh¿§-amWv A™q-‰n-°m¿. ]nt∂m-°-°m-c\m-bn-cp∂ Ahn-SsØ cmPmhn\v s]Æp-sIm-Sp-°m≥ Xøm-dm-ImsX tIc-f-Øn-te°v IS∂ A™qdn¬]cw IpSw-_-ß-fm-WnXv. Ct∏mgpw Xan-gvNp-h-bp≈ ae-bmfw Ch¿ kwkm-cn-°p∂p. Ipw`-tIm-WØp \n∂p IpSn-tb-dn-b sh≈m-f- ‘\m-IcmWv‘ aq∂q-‰n-°m¿. {Zmhn-U-hw-i-P-cmb Ch-cpsS BNm-c-a-cym-Z-I-fnepw `£-W-io-e-ß-fnepw Xan-gvkzm-[o-\-ap≠v. Xncp-s\¬then Pn√-bnse I√S°pdn»n {Kma-Øn¬ \n∂pw AXpt]mse ]me-°mSv Pn√-bnse I¬∏mØn {Kma-Øn¬ \n∂pw h∂p-tN¿∂h-cmWv Chn-SsØ {_m“-W-cn¬ Gsd-bpw. tIcfØnse BZy-Ime \q‰n-\mev {_m“W kt¶-Xß - f - n-sem-∂m-bn-cp∂p DSp-º∂ - q-cn-\S- pØp≈ ]cn-bm-cw. ]I¿®-hym-[nsb XpS¿∂m-hWw Ahn-sS-\n∂p IpSn-tb-dn-bh-cmWv ]pXp-∏-cn-bm-cØpw aW-°m´pw Xma-k-am-°nb-Xv. \tS∏≈n, IpºØq¿, ]pXp°pfw, FSm´v, aqea\, DdpºØq¿, Ip∂°m´v F√mw {]ikvX C√ßfmWv. s]cp-ºn-≈n-®nd hmcyØv IpSpw_w Bbp¿t∆Z `nj-Kz-c-∑m-cm-Wv. ]qPm-Im-cy-ß-fpw, A[ym-]-I-hr-Ønbpw, Irjnbpw sNbvXv Pohn-°p-∂-h-cmWv A[n-I-hpw. [mcmfw \mb-∑m¿ ChnsS Xma-k-ap-≠v. \mb¿ ]S-bpsS Ah-km-\tØmsS Irjn-bn-te°v Xncn™ Ch-cn¬ Ct∏mƒ I®-hS- ° - m-cpw, DtZymK-ÿ-∑m-cp-ap-≠v. ae-bm-‰n¬, aT-Øn¬, N{µ-Øv, hcm-c-∏-≈n, tImbn°¬, tN∂m¬, aq∏n¬, amcn-bn¬, B\nbmho´n¬, Aºm´v , Be∏m´v, A-db - v°¬, ap≠bv°¬, Imcn°ma‰w, sNdptImSn°pfØv XpS-ßn-bh {]ikvX \mb¿ `h-\-ß-fm-Wv. kqcym-ho-´n¬, th´¿a-Tw, h´-∏d- º - n¬, s]cp-ºn-≈n¬, Xøn¬tXm´w (X-ø-t°m-Sw), h≈p-h-ti-cn¬, Ipdp-ΩmØv F∂n-ßs\ Ggc IpSpw-_ß-fmWv sh≈mf h¿§-Øn¬s]´ \mb-∑m-cmbn ChnsSbp-≈Xv. Irjn, hym]m-cw F∂nh \S-Ønbpw hnhn[ DtZym-K-ßƒ hln®pw sFiz-cy-

78

79

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

ambn Pohn-®p-h-cp∂ A[zm-\-io-e-cmWv Ch¿. hnti-j-hn-Zym-`ymkw e`n® ]ecpw Ch-cpsS CS-bn-ep-≠v.{InkvXp-h¿j-Øn\p apºpapX¬ ChnsS {]Nm-c-Øn-en-cp∂ _p≤a-XØ - ns‚ apJytI{µ-am-bn-cp-∂p s]cp-ºn-≈n-®n-d. a‰Øpw Ggpap´Øpw Imcnt°m´pw ]≈nIfp≠mbncp∂p. Imcn-t°m´v Ih-ebv°v kao]w ImWp∂ ]q¿Æ-ambpw I√n¬ \n¿Ωn® aWvU]hpw AXns‚ Hc-‰Ømbn ImWp∂ [ym\-ap-dnbpw Hcp ]≈nbpsS `mKamImw. GtXm Hcp _p≤-a-lm-ap\n ChnsS X]kv A\p-jvTn®v \n¿∆mWw {]m]n-s®∂pw ]dbs∏Sp∂p. Ggp-ap-´sØ ap\n-bd- b - p-w _p≤∑m-cpsS Ahn-SpsØ Xmak-Øn\v sXfn-hm- Wv. C∂pImWp∂ I\mens‚ Icbnembncp∂p a‰sØ _p≤tZhmebw. Cßs\ hnhn[ P\-]-Y-ß-fpsS hn\ymkw sIm≠pw, hnhn[ aXÿ-cpsS Iq´mb hmkw sIm≠pw, P\n-ar-Xn-Iƒ°n-S-bn¬ a\p-jy-Po-hnX-Øn\p am¿§-Zo-]-ß-fmb At\Iw Bcm-[-\m-e-b-ß-fpsS km∂n≤yw sIm≠pw sXmSp-]pg {]i-kvX-amWv. Z£n-tW-¥y-bnse {]_-e-i-‡n-Ifm-bn-cp∂ tNc, tNmf, ]mWvUy kwkvIm-cß - f - psS k¥p-e\ - amWv ChnSsØ P\-Po-hn-XØ - ns‚ ImX¬. B sXmSp-]p-gb - mWv sNº-cØn IpSpw_-Øns‚ P∑-`qan.

80

A≤ymbw 11

\{kmWn sXm´m-eXp ip≤-amIpw

\ΩpsS ]q¿∆-]n-Xmhv IS∂p h∂ sXmSp-]p-g-bnse cmjv{Sob

kwhn-[m-\s - Øbpw, kmaqlyhyh-ÿn-Xn-sbbpw ]‰n ap∂-≤ym-bß - fn¬ kqNn-∏n®n´p-≠t√m. sXm´p ip≤-am-°m≥ \{km-Wnsb sIm≠p htc≠ Hcp kmaq-ly-km-l-Ncyw ChnsSbpw kwPm-X-am-bn-cp-∂p. sNºn¬ \n∂p≈ Hcp sIm®p IpSpw-_-Øns‚ At\Iw h¿j-ßƒ°v apºp≈ BK-a-\-Øn\p sXfn-hp-Iƒ A{]m-]y-am-sW-∂n-cns°, A∂sØ kmaqly-]-›m-Ø-ehpw, ]mc-º-cyhpw ]cn-tim-[n®v Dd-∏n-°pI am{Xta IcWobambn´pbp≈q. c≠mw tNc-`c - W - Ø - n¬ tIcfw H‰-s°-´mbn \n∂v A`q-X] - q¿∆-amb ]ptcm-K-Xn-bn-te°v IpXn® c≠p \q‰m-≠p-I-fm-bn-cp∂p HºXpw ]Øpw. ae-bm-f-Øn\p kz¥-amb sIm√-h¿jw Bcw-`n-°p-∂Xv {InkvXp-h¿jw 825 ˛¬ BWt√m. sN¥-an-gn¬ \n∂v Cg-]n-cn™v ae-bmfw Hcp kzX{¥-`m-jb - m-Ip-∂Xpw C°m-eb - f - h - n-emWv. ssP\- _p-≤a - X - ß - f - psS \miw ]q¿Æ-am-bn-s°m-≠n-cp∂p. F´mw \q‰m-≠n-ep-≠mb hºn-® Bcy k∂nth-ihpw, ]c-ip-cm-as‚ iqc-t\-Xr-Xzhpw tIc-f-Øn¬ Bcy-h¬I-c-WØns‚ B°w h¿≤n∏n®p. Ime-Sn-bn¬ P\n® {ioi-¶c - m-Nm-cy-cpsS {]K¤-t\-Xr-Xz-Øn¬ ssP\ -_p-≤-a-X-ß-fpsS A¥:k-Øsb Chn-SsØ BZn-{Zm-hnU hnizm-kØ - nse ]e {]h-WX - I - f - p-ambn ka-\z-bn-∏n®v Bcykw-kvIm-cØ - n\p A\p-cq-]a - m°n Ah-Xc - n-∏n-®X - m-Wt√m C∂sØ lnµp81

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

aXw. `‡n-{]-ÿm\w F∂ Km\m-cm-[\ k{º-Zm-b-Øn-eq-sSbpw a‰p Xojv W - { ]- h ¿Ø- \ - ß - f n- e q- s Sbpw ]Ømw \q‰m- ≠ n¬ lnµpaXw {]NmcØnembn. {_m“-W≥, £{Xn-b≥, sshiy≥, iq{Z≥ F∂nßs\ kmam-\y-P-\sØ `n∂n-∏n®v {_m“-W kzm[o\w Dd-∏n®p. sXmSp-]p-gbnepw CXns‚ Ae-sbmen D≠mbn. Imcn-t°mSv `K-h-Xnt£{Xw ]cn-jvI-cn®p. hf-sc-°m-e-ambn ]pg-°-c-bn¬ D≠m-bn-cp∂ `{ZIm-fn-bpsS Imhv hnI-kn-∏n®v IrjvW-{]-XnjvT \SØn, ]qPm-Zn-Im-cyßƒ°mbn \ºq-Xn-cnsb \nb-an®p. thZ-]-T-\-ßƒ°mbn sXm≠n-°p-gbn¬ HmØp-im-e-Iƒ Bcw-`n®p. X{¥-hn-Zy-Ifpw a‰pw ]Tn-∏n®v _ncp-Zßƒ \¬Ip-hm≥ s\Sn-b-ime Bcw-`n®p. {_m“-W-hm-k-Øn-\mbn aW°mSv \n›-bn®p. Cßs\ h∂p tN¿∂ {_m“W kzm[o-\hpw, Ah¿ Cdp-°n-∏n-Sn®p \S-∏m°nb h¿§-h¿Æ-hvXym-kß - fpw hcp-Øn-h® Hcp kwkvImc hnti-jØ - ns‚ Dev]∂ - a - m-bn-cp∂p. 'sXm´p' ip≤-am-°¬. I®-hSw, Irjn, FÆ- D¬∏mZ\w F∂n-h-bm-bn-cp∂p Imem-I-meß-fm-bp≈ \{km-Wn-I-fpsS sXmgn¬. shfn-s®Æ, atcm-´n-sbÆ, ]p∂bv°-sbÆ, HmS-seÆ F∂n-h-bmWv D]-tbm-K-tbm-Ky-am-bn-cp-∂Xv. `£W-Øn\pw, shfn-®-Øn-\p-ambn Ghcpw FÆ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp∂p. AXn\m¬ FÆ A°meØv Hcp hne-tb-dnb hkvXp-hmbn Icp-Xs - ∏´ncp∂p. Nµ-\w, Ipcp-ap-fIv XpS-ßnb h\-hn-`-h-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p apJy-hym-]m-c-hkvXp-°ƒ. s\¬Ir-jn-bmWv A∂v BsI D≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv. {InkvXym\n Irjn sNbvXm¬ am{Xta `qan \√ hnf \evIq F∂m-bn-cp∂p ]cs° hnizmkw. {_m“-W-k-Zy-°m-h-iy-amb s\√v ]pgp-ßn-IpØn t£{XØn¬ \¬tI-≠Xv {InkvXy≥ ‘s]ºn-f’-am-cpsS Npa-X-e-bm-bn-cp-∂p. tNmdm-bn-cp∂p {][m\ Blm-c-]-Zm¿∞w. {]Ir-Xn-Z-Ø-ambn ]e-bn\w ]®-°-dn-km-[-\-ßƒ e`n-®n-cp∂p. ]cn-an-X-amb \ntXym-]-tbm-K-km-[-\ßtf A∂v {]tbm-K-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂p≈p. Ah-bn¬ an°-hbpw kh¿Æ\v Abm-fpsS Np‰p-h´- Ø - p-\n∂p Xs∂ e`y-am-bn-cp∂p. F∂m¬ D∏v, i¿°c XpS-ßnb hyPvR\ hkvXp-°ƒ {Ib-hn-{Ibw sNbvXn-cp∂Xv {][m-\-ambpw Cug-h-sc-t∏m-ep≈ Ah¿Æ-cm-bn-cp∂p. AXn-\m¬ Ah-sb√mw ip≤-am°n am{Xta D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂p≈q. {_m“-W¿ ta[mhn-Xz-Øn-te°v Db¿∂-t∏mƒ Ah¿°v th≠n-bn-cp∂ `c-W-h¿§sØ £{Xn-b-sc∂pw, hym]m-cn-Isf sshiy-sc∂pw hnfn®v Db¿Øn. _lp`q-cn-]£w hcp∂ CX-c -P-\-k-aq-lsØ apgp-h≥ Ah¿Æ-sc∂v ap{Z-b-

Sn®v am‰n-\n-dpØn. F∂m¬ P∑w sIm≠pw I¿Ωw sIm≠pw BVyXzw ]pe¿Øp-Ibpw ssZ\w-Zn\ Pohn-X-Øn¬ kzX-{¥-cm-bn-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp∂ {InkvXym-\n-Iƒ Cu h¿§-h¿Æ t`Z-ßƒ°n-Sbn¬ sRcpßmsX _p≤n-]q¿∆w amdn-\n∂p. A[n-Im-c-tk-h-bnepw At{K-kc-∑m-cmbncp∂ \{km-Wn-Isf HXp-°m≥ {_m“-W-ta[m i‡n°v Ign™n√. Cu kml-Nc - y-Øn-emWv Ah¿Æ¿ sXm´tXm Xo≠n-btXm Bb hkvXp-°ƒ 'ip≤w' sNøp∂ henb AwKo-Imcw \{km-Wn-Iƒ°v In´p∂Xv. 'sImt≈≠ hkvXp-°-f-ip-≤-am-bm¬ \{kmWn sXm´m-eXp ip≤-amIpw" F∂m-bn-cp∂p {]amWw. ]pWym-l-I¿Ω-ßƒ°v ]e-am¿§-ß-fp-≠m-bn-cp∂p. kh¿Æ lnµp°-fn¬ \n∂pw {InkvXp-a-X-Øn¬ tN¿∂-h¿ sXm´p ip≤-am-°p-∂-Xmbn-cp∂p Ffp-∏-am¿§w. CXn-\mbn {]`p-Ip-Spw-_-ß-tfmSpw Aº-e-ßtfmSpw tN¿∂v Hcp \{km-Wn IpSpw_sØ Xma-kn-∏n®v kwc-£n-®ncp∂p. apkvenw ]S-bm-fn-I-fpsS FÆw Ipd-™-t∏mƒ F√m lnµp-IpSpw-_-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw c≠p-t]sc hoXw apkveo-ß-fmbn hf¿Øn-sIm≠p-h-cp-hm≥ tImgn-t°mSv kmaq-Xncn cmPmhv DØ-c-hm-bn-cp∂p. AXpt]mse \{km-Wn-I-fpsS h¿§-ip≤n kwc-£n-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn {_m“-W¿ Hgn-sI-bp-≈-h¿ am¿§w IqSp-∂-Xn\p cmPm-\p-aXn thW-sa∂v Hcp ImeØv \njvI¿jn-®n-cp∂p. CS-sh´n aÆm-d-a‰w IrjvW-ta-t\m\v Ct∏mƒ hbv sXmÆq-s‰mº-XmWv. At±-l-Øns‚ sNdp-∏-Øn¬ aqhm-‰p-]pg aÆ-Øq¿ t£{XØn-te°v ip≤o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn s]cn-tßm-´q¿ \n∂pw Hcp amWnsb sIm≠p-h-∂-Xmbn Hm¿°p∂p. Ct∏mgpw B IpSpw-_-°m¿ B \m´nep≠v. At±-l-Øns‚ ho´n¬ Xs∂ Cug-h¿ \mfn-tI-c-ap-S-®m¬ c≠pap-dn-If - nepw \{kmWn sXm´-ti-jta D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂p≈q F∂pw Hm¿Ωbp≠v. tIc-f-Øn¬ Bcy-∑m¿ BZy-ambn FØn-t®-cp-∂Xv F´mw iX-IØn-em-sW∂pw, AXpsIm≠v BZna {InkvXym-\n-Iƒ Bcy-h¿§-as - √∂pw Nne¿ Icp-Xp∂p. F∂m¬ {InkvXp-hn\p \mep \q‰m-≠p-Iƒ°v apºv apX¬ Bcy-∑m¿ Aev]m-ev]-ambn ChnsS {]th-in®p XpS-ßn-b-Xn\p Ht´sd sXfn-hp-I-fp≠v. {InkvXp injy-∑m¿ t]mbn-´p-≈-sX√mw A°mesØ temI-{]-ikvX ÿe-ßf - n-te°v am{X-amWv AhnSß-fnse blq-

82

83

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

Z-scbpw ]n∂oSv Ah-sc-t∏mse am\y-ÿm-\-ap-≈-h-tcbpw am{X-amWv amtΩm-Zok ap°n-bn-´p-≈Xv. C¥y-bn¬ BZyw blq-Zcpw, ]n∂oSv Bcy∑mcpw A[n-Im-ch - ¿§-Øn¬s∏´ {Zmhn-Ucpw Bbn-cn-°Ww BZyw am¿§Øn¬ tN¿∂Xv. h¿§-h¿Æ hyXym-k-ßfpw P\m[n]Xyhpw C√m-Xncp∂ H∂mw \q‰m≠n¬ FÆ-sØ-°m-tfsd KpW-Øn-\m-bn-cp-∂t√m {]k‡n. aXw amdn-bn-cp-s∂-¶nepw \{kmWnIƒ Xß-fpsS PmXym-Nm-cßƒ XpS¿∂n-cp-∂-Xp-sIm≠v D¬Ir-jvS-cmbn IW-°m-°-s∏´p. D®n°pSpabn¬ Hcp Ipcn- i p- I qSn D≠m- b n- c p- ∂ Xp am{X- a mhmw ss{IkvXh˛{_m“W bphm-°ƒ XΩn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ _mly-am‰w. ss{IkvXham¿§-Øn¬ tN¿∂-bmsf am¿§w ]n≈-sb∂pw, ]n∂oSv am∏nf-sb∂pw Nne ImeØp hnfn-®n-cp∂p. Hcp aXw as‰mcp aX-tØ-°mƒ tami-am-sWt∂m, sa®-am-sWt∂m Bcpw Icp-Xn-bn-cp-∂n√. t£t{Xm’-hß - f - n¬ sslµ-ht- cm-sSm∏w {InkvXym-\n-Ifpw sI´p-Im-gvNI - ƒ FSpØn-cp-∂p. 1943 ¬ Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw ]ªnIv sl¬Øv em{_-´-dn-bn¬ \S∂ PmXn Xncn-®p≈ Hcp c‡-]c - n-tim-[\ - b - n¬ A.B. {Kq∏p-Im¿ G‰hpw A[nIw {_m“-W-cnepw kpdn-bm\n {InkvXym-\n-I-fn-ep-am-sW∂v I≠Xmbn* skUv. Fw. ]mtd´v ]d-bp-∂Xv ck-I-c-amWv. apf-Ip-aW - n-If - psS Cu kz¥w \m´n¬ \n∂v Ah tiJ-cn®v sIm≠pt]m-bn-cp-∂Xv ]Sn-™m-d≥ Xoc-tØ-bv°m-bn-cp∂p. sXmSp-]p-g-bn¬ \n∂pw aqhm-‰p-]pg hgn Pe-am¿§-am-bn-cp∂p HcpImeØv Nc-°p-\o°w. ISp-Øp-cp-Øn-bnepw DZ-bw-t]-cqcpw henb sI´p-h-≈-ßƒ ImØp-In-S∂n-cp∂p. hym]m-cn-Iƒ {][m-\-ambpw \{km-Wn-Iƒ Xs∂ Bbn-cp∂p. tX°v cmP-hr-£-am-bn-cp-∂-Xp-t]mse Ipcp-ap-fIv cmP-t`m-K-am-bn-cp-∂-Xn\m¬ Ah-bpsS tiJ-c-W-Øn\pw a‰pw cmPm-\p-aXn th≠n-bn-cp∂p; Np¶hpw sIt´-≠n-bn-cp∂p. A∂sØ ]Sn-™m-d≥ {InkvXy≥ IpSn-hbv]p-Iƒ ISp-Øp-cpØn, sNºv, DZ-bw-t]-cq¿ XpS-ßnb Xoc-{]tZißfm- b n- c p- ∂ p- h t√m. Ahn- S sØ {Inkv X ym- \ n- I - f p- a m- b n hS°pwIq¿ cmPm°∑m¿°v D≠mbncp∂ \nc-¥c kº¿°hpw, sXm´p-ip-≤a - m-°m≥ Hcp \{km-Wnsb sNºn¬ \n∂p sIm≠pt]mIm≥ Imc-W-ambn. sIm√-h¿jw 175¬ Iogva-e-\mSv ]nf¿∂mWv sX°≥Iqdpw hS°≥Iqdpw D≠m-b-sX∂v Icp-Xp-∂p≠v. shº-e-\mSv D-≠m-b-t∏m-gmWv Iogvae - \m-Sv D≠m-bs - X∂pw, CSbv°v sIm®n cmPy-Øns‚ kma¥\mbpw ]n∂oSv Iogvs∏´pw Ign-™n-cp-s∂∂pw Ncn-{X-ap≠v. Cu am‰w adn-®n-ep-

Iƒ°n-S-bn¬ D≠mb kw`-h-hn-Im-k-ß-fpsS Hcp IÆn-bm-bn-´p-amhmw Hcp IS-hn¬ Ip-Spw_w sXmSp-]p-g-bn-se-Øp-∂Xv. Iogvae \m´n¬ `c-W-`m-c-ta-ev°m≥ Hcp B¨{]P C√m-Xmbn. CXns\ XpS¿∂v ssh°w hS-°pw-Iq¿ imJ-bn¬ \n∂pw Hcp Cf-apd cmPm-hn-s\-s°m≠v Chn-SsØ cmP-Ip-am-cnsb thfn Ign-∏n®v A[n-Imc-ta-ev]n®p. cmP-hw-i-Øn¬s]-´-h¿ Xmakw am‰p-tºmƒ ]e h¿§-ßfn¬s∏´ Iptd IpSpw-_ß - s - f-°qSn IqsS sIm≠p-t]m∂p ÿew \¬In Xma-kn-∏n-°m-dp≠v. A°q-´-Øn¬ amcm¿, sIm√≥, the≥, Bimcn, X≠m≥, IWn- b m≥, \mb¿, hnf- ° n- Ø - e - \ m- b ¿, ]Wn- ° ¿, am∏nf, tat\m≥ apX-em-b-h-¿ Dƒs∏-´n-cp∂p. Cßs\ sIm≠p-h∂p ÿew \¬In Xma-kn-∏n-°p-∂-h¿ h¿§-t{i-Wn-bn¬ ap¥n-b-hcpw, cmP-ÿm-\Øn¬ hniz-kvXcpw, ka¿∞cpw Bbn-cp∂p. hS-°pw-Iq¿ `cn®ncp∂ amWn-IyØ®∑m-cpsS ISp-Øp-cpØn, ssh°w, Nß-\m-t»cn sIm´m-cß-fn¬ IS-hn¬ IpSpw-_-Øn\p am\y-ÿ-m\-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xmbn Ncn-{Xap-≠t√m. t]m¿Øp-Ko-kp-Im¿ hSp-Xe - b - n¬ h®v hS-°pw-Iq¿ cmPm-hns\ \n{K-ln-®-Xns\ XpS¿∂v kwPm-X-amb Ac-£n-Xm-h-ÿ-bn¬ hS--°pwIq-dnse henb Xºq-cm≥ IS-\m-´n-te°v IpSn-am‰w \S-Øn-b-t∏mƒ IShn¬ IpSpw-_-Øn¬ \n∂p sIm≠p-t]m-b-h-cmWv ]mtdΩm-°¬Im¿ F∂p tIƒhn-bp-≠v. ]mtd-Ωm-°¬ tXmam-tKm-h¿Æ-tZm¿ Cu IpSpw_mw-K-am-bn-cp-∂p. sXmSp-]pg `c-W-ta‰ hS-°pw-Iq¿ cmPm-hns‚ Bhiy-Øn-te-bv°mbn, ssh°w sIm´m-cØ - n¬ \n∂pw Xnc-s™-Sp-Øn-cp∂ HcpIS-hn¬ IpSpw-_sØ ChnsS a{¥n-bm-bn-cp∂ I¿Ømhv sNºn¬ \n∂pw sIm≠p-h-∂-XmWv Chn-SsØ {]Ya sNº-cØn IpSpw-_-sa∂mWv ]mcºcyambn hnizkn®pt]mcp∂Xv. Aßs\ h¿Æ- h y- h ÿ, hym]m- c - _ ‘w, IpSpw- _ - ] m- c - º cyw, sIm´mcØnse hniz-kvXX, hS-°pw-Iq-dns‚ BKa\w BZnbmb Imcyßƒ HØp-t\m-°p-tºmƒ HºXmw \q‰m≠nset∂m BWv \ΩpsS ]q¿∆-]n-Xmhv sXmSp-]p-g-bn¬ Xma-k-am-b-sX∂v \ymb-ambpw \n¿Æ-bn°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

84

85

* skUv. Fw. ]mtd´v : ae-¶c \{km-Wn-Iƒ

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w c-W-Øn-e-a¿∂ Ime-L-´-Øn¬ cmP-{]-Xn-\n-[n-I-fmbn ChnsS FØnt®¿∂-h-cmWv I¿Øm-°-∑m¿.

1 Ggp-ap´w 2 Rdp-°p‰n 3 Ip∂w 4 sXm≠n-°pg 5 Imcn-t°mSv 6 hnt√Pv Hm^okv 7 ]©m-bØv 8 sX°pw-`mKw 9 Ipdp-ºm-e-a‰w

A≤ymbw 12

FS-Øn¬ I¿Ømhpw FSap-´hpw

Iogvae sIm´m-c-Ønse Bh-iy-Øn-te-bv°mbn \ΩpsS ]q¿∆n-

Ggp-ap´hpw ]cnkc{]tZißfpw

Is\ sXmSp-]p-g-bn-te°v Iq´n-s°m-≠p-h-∂Xv Hcp FS-Øn¬ I¿Ømhv Bbn-cp-s∂∂pw, At±lw a{¥n-bm-bn-cp-s∂∂pw BWv ]pcmWw. Ct∏mƒ Cu {]tZ-is - Øßpw Cu ]c-ºc - b - nse I¿Øm-°∑ - msc ImWp∂n-√. AXp-sIm≠v \ap°v ad-°m-\m-hmØ Cu I¿Øm-°-∑m-cpsS IY At\z-jn-t°-≠n-bn-cn-°p∂p. Ipw`-tIm-WØp \n∂pw IpSn-tb-dnb Hcp h¿§-amWv I¿Øm-°-∑msc∂pw Ggmw \q‰m≠p apX¬ Ah¿ ae-\m-Sns‚ ]e `mK-ß-fn-embn Xma-k-ap-d-∏n-®n-cp∂p F∂p-amWv* CS-a-dpIv ]d-bp-∂Xv. a‰p Nne-cpsS t\m´-Øn¬ Ch¿ cP-]p-{X-hw-i-P-cmWv. Adn-b-s∏-SmØ cmjv{Sob ImcW-ß-fm¬ Hcp-Iq´w cP-]p-{X-∑m¿ cmP-]-´Ww hn´p-t]m∂p. ]mWvUy-cmPyØp IpSn-tbdn ]e-bn-Sß - f - n-embn ]m¿Øp h∂ Ah¿ _p≤n-am-∑mcpw cW-[o-cc - p-am-bn-cp∂p. ]mWvUy-cm-Pm-°∑ - c - m-Is´ sX°v tNc-∑m-cp-ambpw hS°p tNmf-∑mcpambpw t]mcm-Sn-s°m-≠n-cp∂ ka-b-am-bn-cp∂p AXv. kaq-l-Ønepw ssk\y-Ønepw am\y-amb ÿm\w t\Snb Ah¿ Cu Zznap-J- bp-≤ß - f - n¬ ]mWvUy-cm-Pm-°∑ - msc [oc-ambn klm-bn®p h∂p. CXns\ØpS¿∂v sh´n-∏n-Sn® ]e {]tZ-i-ßfpw \nb-{¥n-°m-\mbn Chcn¬ ]e-scbpw \ntbm-Kn-°pI ]Xn-hmbn. Aßs\ ae-\mSv ]mWvUy-`-

Bcy-hw-i-P-cmb Ch-cpsS F√m BNm-c-ßfpw {_m“-W-cp-tS-Xpt]m-se-bm-bn-cp∂p. {_m“W kzm[o\w kaq-l-Øn¬ Gdn-tbdn h∂t∏mƒ Dd® aX-hn-izm-kn-If - m-bn-cp∂ Ch¿ tIc-fØ - n¬ Xs∂ Xßƒ°v henb `mhn-bp-s≠∂v Is≠Øn, Chn-SsØ P\-ka - q-lØ - ns‚ Hcp `mKambn amdn. ]mWvUy-`-cWw Ah-km-\n-®n´pw {_m“-W-cpsS ]n≥_-eØn¬ Ah¿ ChnsS thcp-d-∏n®p \n∂p. I¿Ømhv F∂m¬ {]`p F∂mWv A¿∞w. A\p-Iqe kml-N-cy-ß-fn¬ Ch¿ CS-{]-`p-°-∑mcpw tZi-hm-gn-I-fp-ambn amdn. ]mem ao\-®n¬ Rmh-°m´p I¿Øm-°-∑m¿°v ap∏-Xn¬∏cw Ic-I-fpsS ta¬ ]q¿Æ-\n-b-{¥-W-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. 'XpS-ß\mSpw' 'A¥o-\mSpw' Bbn-cp∂p cmPym-Xn¿Øn-Iƒ. 'Zmtam-Z-c-knw-l≥' F∂ amdm-t∏-cm-bn-cp∂p Chn-SsØ `c-W-I¿Øm-hn-s\-¶n¬ cm⁄nbm-hs´ F∂pw '{iotZhn Xºp-cm-´n-' B-bn-cp∂p. HºXmw iX-I-Øns‚ {]`mXØn¬ aqhm-‰p-]pg {]tZ-isØ i‡-cmb \mSp-hm-gn-I-fm-bn-cp∂p Bb-°p-∂Øv I¿Øm-°-∑m¿. sIm√pw sImebpw \SØn \mSp-\-Sp°n-bn-cp∂ Ch¿°v cmP-k-∂n-[n-bn¬ \√ kzm[o-\-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. ChcpsS kl-I-c-W-Ønepw, Ch¿ Zm\-ambn \¬Inb ÿe-Øp-amWv {InkvXp 905-¬ am¿ B{_m ]pcm-X\-amb IS-a‰w ]≈n ]Wn-bn-®Xv.

86

87

* tPmk^v CS-a-dpIv : tIcf kwkv°mcw

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

A∂p Pohn-®n-cp∂ ta¬hn-h-cn® I¿Øm-°-∑m-sc√mw A[n-Im-cw D-≠m-bn-cp-∂-h-cm-Wt√m. At∏mƒ Iogvae cmPy-X-e-ÿm-\-am-bn-cp∂ sXmSp-]p-g-bn¬ Xma-k-®n-cp∂ FS-Øn¬ I¿Ømhv cmPm-hns‚ a{¥n B-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂ sFXnlyw icn-bm-hWw. cmPm-hns‚ kz¥tam, bp≤X-{¥tam, `c-W-\n-]p-W-Xtbm sIm≠v {]i-kvXt\m, Bbn-cp-∂n-cn°pw Ct±lw. cmPm-°-∑m-cpsS Xd-hm-Sp-Isf 'FSw' F∂mWv hS-°≥ tIc-fØn¬ hnfn®ncp-∂-sX∂v* sI.]n. tIi-h-ta-t\m≥ ]d-bp∂p. FSw F∂m¬ {]`p-Krlw F∂mWv Kp≠¿´v A¿∞w \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv. 'FS-hI' {]`p-hns‚ tZi-hp-am-Ip∂p. F¶n¬ FS-Øn¬ I¿Ømhv cmPmhns‚ a{¥ntbm, _‘pthm Bbn-cp-s∂∂v \ymb-ambpw A\p-am-\-n°mw. Cu kzm[o-\Øn-emhmw ao\-®n¬, aqhm-‰p-]pg I¿Øm-°∑ - m¿ {]_e-cm-bXpw. ]mWvUy-cm-Pm-hns‚ Nm¿®-bn¬s∏-´- Xºp-cm-°∑m¿°v Xs‚ cmPy-ko-ab - n¬s∏´ ]q™m¿ {]tZ-iß - ƒ Xodp-\¬I-Ws - a-¶n¬ Iogvae cmPm-hns‚ ta¬ i‡-amb kzm[o-\tam kΩ¿±tam D≠m-bn-´p≠v. ]q¿∆_‘w aqew CXns‚ ]n∂n¬ {]h¿Øn-®Xv a{¥n-bmb FS-Øn¬ I¿Øm-hv Bbn°qsS-∂n√. Ggp-ap-´Øv hSt° hb-en-d-ºnep-≠m-bn-cp∂ Hcp sam´-°p-∂n-embn-cp∂p FS-Øn¬ I¿Øm-hns‚ sIm´mcw. Iogvae cmPmhv Imcn-t°mSv tIm´°-I-Øm-bn-cp∂p Xma-k-sa-¶n¬ Cf-apd cmP-sIm-´m-c-am-Is´ Hcp tIm´-t]mse imkvXmw-]md Np‰n-\n-ev°p∂ sImX-Ip-Øn-bn-em-bn-cp∂p. CXn-\n-Sb - n-em-bn-cp∂p AÆm-bn-°Æw inh-t£{Xw. Ggp-ap-´sØ A®p]n-≈n¬ a\-°m-cm-bn-cp∂p ]qPm-cn-Iƒ. FS-Øn¬ sIm´m-cØ - ns‚ henb Xd Ct∏m-gp-ap≠v. aq∂v X´p-I-fmbn 20,15,8 sk‚p hoXw hnkvXrXn ImWmw. ASp-Øp- Xs∂ hb¬Øpºn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ Hcp henb Ipfw \nI∂p Xo¿∂n-´n√m. CXn-te°v D≠m-°n-bn-cp∂ I¬∏-Sh - p-Iƒ ]eXpw Ct∏m-gp-ap≠v. sIm´m-ca - p-‰Ø - n\p kao-]a - p-≠m-bn-cp∂ h®p-tk-hm-aq¿ØnbpsS {]XnjvT \in-®p-t]m-bn-cp∂p. ChnSw ]p\-cp-≤-cn®v Ct∏mƒ {ioAø-∏s\ {]Xn-jvTn-®n-cn-°p∂p. sImX-IpØn sIm´m-c-Ød k¿t∆ \w. 1446 BWv. a{¥nsIm´mcØd k¿t∆ \w. 1524 'sIm´mcw ]dºpw', sIm®-ºew 'FS-Øn¬ ]pc-bnSw' k¿t∆ \w. 1504 Dw Bbn Is≠-gpØp tcJ-I-fn¬ ImWp∂p. FS-Øn¬ I¿Øm-hns‚ Xma-c-°p-f-w C-cp∂ ap≠-bv°¬ (H-∂c G°¿) Ct∏mƒ ]e-cp-sSbpw ssIh-i-Øn-emWv. AI-se-b-√msX Hcp

`qK¿` Ad-bp≠v. a{¥nsIm´m-c-Øn\p aq∂p-Np-‰p-ap≈ ]pc-bn-S-ßƒ ]n¬°m-e-Øv sNº-c-Øn -Ip-Spw-_-Øn-s‚-Xm-bn Xo¿∂p. Ing°v, Ingt°-SØ - nepw hS°v sN≈q-∏d- º - nepw ]Sn-™mdv ]men-bI - p-t∂epw imJIƒ amfn-I-Iƒ h®v Xma-kn-®n-cp∂p. Ch 1505, XpS-ßnb k¿t∆ \ºdp-I-fn¬s]´v ImWmhp-∂-XmWv. sXmS-p]pg \n∂v Xan-gv\m-´nse Iº-Øn-\p-≠m-bn-cp∂ ]pcm-X-\-amb cmP]mX Ggp-ap-´sØ c≠mbn ]IpØmWv IS-∂p-t]m-bn-cp-∂Xv. Imcnt°mSv \n∂p Nme-t¶mSv, Nmem-t»cn hgn Icn-aÆ - q¿ tX°n≥ Iq´-Øn¬ FØn C∂sØ sXmSp-]pg DSp-º-∂q¿ tdmUn¬ tNcp∂p. P\-iq-\yamb ImeØv ImSp-I-b-dn-b-Xns\ XpS¿∂v \mtim-∑p-J-amb B hgn Ct∏mƒ Ipsd-sbms° k©m-c-tbm-Ky-am-bn-´p≠v. Cu tdmUn\p hS°mbn CSn-°n-´n-∏md hsc \o≠p InS-°p∂ hb-ens‚ Ccp-h-i-ß-fn-epam-bn-cp∂p I¿Øm-hns‚ tkh-Ic - m-bn-cp∂ amcm¿, sIm√≥, the≥ XpSßn-bh - c - psS IpSn-ep-Iƒ. Imcn-t°mSv XpSßn apX-et- °mSw sXm≠n-°pg, AÆmbn°Æw, Ggp-ap´w hsc A°m-eØv t`Z-s∏´ P\-hm-k-amWv D≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv. sN´n-IfpsS Hcp tI{µw Bbn-cp∂p C∂sØ Ip∂w. ]´bw Ih-e-bn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ ]pcm-X\ sN´n-b-ºew Ct∏mƒ ]p\-cp≤-cn-°-s∏-´n-cn-°p∂p. Ip∂w apX¬ Icn-a-Æq¿ hsc \o≠p InS-°p∂ Db¿∂ Hcp ÿeam-Wv Ggp-ap´w. Ing°v aebpw ]Sn-™mdv ]mS-hp-am-Wp-≈Xv. 'Fgp', 'Ggp', 'Ggn¬' F∂o ]Z- ß ƒ°v Fgp∂p \nev ° p∂ AYhm Db¿∂p \nev°p∂ F∂mWv A¿∞w. 'a‰w' F∂m¬ \nc-∏mb ÿe-amWv. kao]Øv \s∂ s\Sp-a‰w, h≠-a‰w, Ipdp-ºm-e-a‰w, A¿∏m-a‰w F∂o ÿe\m-a-ßƒ ImWp-∂-Xp-sIm≠v Hcn-°¬ ChnSw 'Fgp-a‰w' Bbn-cp-∂p. 'ap´w' F∂ hm°n\p 'Ncnhv', '{Kmaw' F∂¿∞-ß-fp-≈-Xp-sIm≠v Cu Ic-\maw Ggp-ap´w Ft∂m Bbn-cp-∂mepw aXn. FS-{]-`p-hns‚ {Kmaw 'FS-ap´w' Bbn- c p- ∂ Xv {]tbm- K - h n- t i- j - Ø m¬ 'Fgp- a p- ´ w' BbnØo¿s∂∂pw hcmw. GXm-bmepw Adp-]Xv h¿jw apºsØ 'Fgp-ap´w' C∂v Ggp-ap-´sa∂mWv D®-cn-°p-∂-Xv. t]mtÃm-^okv Ct∏mgpw Fgpap´w Xs∂. {Zmhn-Um-[n-]Xy ImeØv hen-bt- Xm-´n≥I-cb - n-¬ D-≠m-bn-cp∂ Ipdpam-f-cpsS (s]m°w Ipd-™-h¿) {Kma-am-bn-cp∂p Ipdp-am-f-a-‰w. `{Z-Im-fn-

88

89

* sI.-]n.-tI-i-h-ta-t\m≥ : Ign-™-Imew

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

bpsS {]Xn-jvTbp-≠m-bn-cp∂ AhnSw ]n∂oSv Ipdp-ºm-e-a-‰-am-bn. henb-tXm-´nse sh≈-s∏m-°Ø - n¬ Fe-sºm-en-°mhv \in-®p. Fgp-ap-´sØ s]cp-¶m-hpw, ]pe-°m-hpw, sImSq¿Imhpw, Ip∂n-em-bn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ \misØ AXnPohn®p. am¿Øm-WvUh - ¿Ω-bpsS A{I-as - Ø XpS¿∂v P\-hm-ka - n-√msX Cu {]tZiw \in®p. t£{X-kw-c-£-W-Øn-\mbn ChnsS 100 G°¿ \new Nme-t¶mSv a\bv°v Ic-sam-gn-hmbn \¬Inbncp∂p. a\-bn¬ \n∂p t\cn´pw, ]m´-hy-h-ÿ-bnepw Irjn \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂-t∏mƒ \in®p InS∂ FS-Øn¬ sIm´m-c-Ø-d-bn¬ sIm´n¬ sI´n-bm-bn-cp∂p sImbvØpw saXnbpw. a\-bn¬ \n∂v Irjn Dt]-£n-®-t∏mƒ ]pØq-cm≥, Bº-°mS≥ XpS-ßnb \mep- ho-´p-Im¿ hb¬ samØ-ambn hmßn-®p. Ct∏mƒ ChnSw At\-I-cpsS ssII-fn-emWv. sIm´m-c-Ø-dbpw Ipfhpw ]cn-kchpw G¿Ø-SØ - n¬ hdp-Kokv, aØmbn F∂o ktlm-Zc - ∑ - m-cpsS ssIhi-amWv Ah¿ ]cn-kc-- -Ømbn hoSv h®v Xma-kn-°p∂p. Imbn-I-hn-Zy-I-fn¬ tIa-∑m-cm-bn-cp∂ \mb-∑m¿°v, \q‰m-≠p-bp-≤Øn\p tijw kaq-lØ - n¬ kzm[o\w h¿≤n®p. {_m“-Wc - p-ambn _‘ap-≠m-bn-cp∂ Nne \mb¿ {]am-Wn-am¿ `qan ssIh-i-Øn-em°n kºØnepw {]Xm-]Ø - nepw hf¿∂p-b¿∂v CS-{]-`p-°∑ - mcpw amS-ºn-If - p-ambn. a‰p Nne \mb-∑m¿°m-Is´, ssIaƒ, I¿Ømhv XpS-ßnb `wKn-bp≈ t]cp-Iƒ sIm≠v Xr]vXn-s∏-tS≠n h∂p. Cß-s\-bp-≠mb \mb¿ I¿Øm-°-∑msc tIc-f-Øns‚ hnhn[ `mK-ß-fn¬ ImWp-∂p≠v. ]Xns\m∂mw iX-I-Øn\p tij-amWv Ch-cpsS D¤hw. sNº-cØn IpSpw_-Øns‚ D¤-h-Øn\v Imc-W-°m-c-\mb FS-Øn¬ I¿Øm-hm-Is´ AXn\p hfsc apºv Xs∂ ChnsS D≠m-bn-cp-∂X - n-\m¬ At±lw ap≥]d™ KW-Øn¬s∏-Sp-∂n√.

90

A≤ymbw 13

sXmSp-]pgbn-te°v

h¿Æ-hy-hÿ apfs]m´nb ImeØv {]`p-°∑- m-tc-°m-tfsd A‘-

hn-izm-kn-I-fm-bn-cp-∂Xv cmPm-°-∑m-cm-bn-cp∂pht√m.. Ah¿Æ¿ sXm´pt]m-bm¬ ip≤-am-°ntb D]-tbm-Kn-bv°mhq F∂ \ntbmKw Xs∂ {_m“W _p≤n-bpsS Hcp {]mtbm-KnI X{¥-am-bn-cp∂p. CXv Hcp BNmc-ambn XpSßnb I - me-ØmWv hS-°pw-Iq¿ cmPmhv sXmSp-]p-gb - n¬ FØp∂Xv. hnhn[ cmP-ÿm-\-ß-fn¬ Xe-ap-d-I-fmbn tkh-\-a-\p-jvTn-®n-cp∂ ]pcm-X\ IS-hn¬ IpSpw-_Ø - ns‚ imJ-If - mWt√m A∂v sNºn¬ Xmakn-®n-cp-∂Xv. thº-\m-´p-Im-be - n¬ IqSn CS-bv°m-´p-ap-°p-hgn aqhm-‰p-]pg h∂v IS- h n¬ IpSpw_w sXmSp- ] p- g - b n¬ FØn- t ®¿∂- X m- b mWv sFXnlyw. A°m-esØ henb Hcp Pe-K-Xm-K-X-am¿§-am-bn-cp∂p AXv. amXmhpw, ]nXmhpw aq∂v ]p{X-∑mcpw AS-ßnb kwL-amWv I¿Øm-hns\m∏w sImX-Ip-Øn-bn¬ F-Øn-bXv. AsXmcp kmbw-k‘ - y-bm-bn-cp∂p. cmPm-hns‚ Xmev]-cy-{]-Imcw a{¥n At∏mƒ Xs∂ Ahsc Xncp-apºn¬ lmP-cm°n. CS-sh´n sIm´m-c-Øn-s\m∏w imkvXmw-]md sIm´m-cØnepw amdn-amdn cmP-hm-ka - p-≠m-bn-cp∂ Imew. \{km-Wn-If - psS BNmc-co-Xn-Ifpw, \m´p-hn-ti-j-ßfpw tI´-ncp∂ cm-Pm-hn\p Imc-W-h-cpsS hniz-ÿX - b - nepw h¿§-ip-≤n-bnepw hnizm-ka - mbn. sIm´m-c- ap‰Øv sX°p91

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

`m-K-Ømbn D≠m-bn-cp∂ Hcp {imºn-bn¬ A∂p cm{Xn InS∂p sIm≈phm≥ Iev]n®p. im∏m-Sn-\mbn 'Acnbpw hy⁄-\ß - fpw, ]ns∂ hnf°pw, Ac-bm-\n-tØm¬ sIm≠p≈ ]mbpw' \¬Inb tijw '\nßƒ h®p≠v Dd-ßn-t°mfq' F∂v A\p-{K-ln-®-v Ab-®p. Ah¿°v A¥n-bp-d-ßm≥ In´nb ÿew Zo¿L-N-Xp-cm-Ir-Xn-bn¬ kmam\yw henb, NmWIw sagp-Inb Hcp apdn-bm-bn-cp∂p. `£Ww ]mIw sNbvXp Ign-®-tijw sshIn-bmWv Ah¿ Dd-ßm≥ InS-∂Xv. \√ a™pw XWp-∏p-ap≈ Ime-am-bn-cp∂p AXv. cmPmhv \¬Inb Dd°d D]-I-c-W-ßƒ°p ]pdsa Xßƒ sIm≠p-h-∂n-cp∂ hkv{X-ßfpw ]pX®v Ah¿ Dd-°-ambn. {imºn-bpsS ap≥]nse \S-bv°-Sp-Ømbn Hcp ]qØd sI´n-bn-cp∂p. [mcmfw ]q°fpw sImºp-I-fp-ambn B Xd-bn¬ Hcp Iq´w sNº-cØn ]S¿∂v ]¥-en®p \n∂n-cp∂p. Nne inJ-c-ßƒ hf¿∂v ]q°-fp-ambn sIm´m-c-Øns‚ hcm-¥-bnepw FØn-bn-cp∂p. A°m-eØv {]`p-Kr-lß - fnepw Aº-eh - ´- Øpw \´p-hf - ¿Øn-bn-cp∂ Hcp ]qs®Sn-bm-bn-cp∂p sNº-cØn. Iev]-hr-£-am-b sXßn-t‚-Xp-t]mse sNº-cØ - n-bpsS F√m `mK-ßfpw acp-∂n-\mbn D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp∂p. at\ml-c-amb sNº-c-Øn-∏q-°ƒ ]qPm-]p-jv]-ß-fpam-bn-cp∂p. ASpØ Znhkw cmhnse DW¿∂ cmPmhv Xs‚ a´p-∏m-hn¬ \n∂psIm≠v, sNº-c-Øn-∏q°ƒ°n-Sbn-eqsS FØn-t\m°n, Xs‚ ]pXnb At¥-hm-kn-Iƒ At∏mgpw kpJ-kp-jp-]vXn-bn-e-msW∂v I≠p. IptdI-gn™v ho≠pw h∂ Xncp-ta\n Ah¿ DW¿∂n-s√∂p I≠v XnÆbn¬ sN∂v sNº-c-Øn-bpsS sImºn¬ ]nSn®v Ipep-°n-s°m≠v "sNºcØn Gt‰m" F∂p hnfn®p tNmZn®p. i_vZw tI´p-W¿∂ amØpam-∏nf-bm-hs´ "Gt‰ Xncp-ta\n" F∂p ]d-™p-sIm≠v Fgp-t∂‰p ]pd-Øph∂p. amØp F∂ {InkvXo-b-\maw ad-∂-Xp-t]mbXpsImt≠m, InS-∏nS-Øn\p kao]w sNº-cØn \n∂n-cp-∂X - p-sImt≠m cmPm-hns‚ B hnfn ]n∂oSv Hcp tKm{X-\m-aØ - n\p Xs∂ \nan-Øa - mbn. C∂pw icn-bmb t]cv Adn-bn-s√-¶n¬ ÿe-t∏tcm, ho´p-t]tcm, sN√-t∏tcm hnfn-bv°m-dp≠t√m. Aßs\ Cu {]tZ-isØ {]Ya ss{IkvX-h-Ip-Spw_w sNºcØn Xs∂-bmbn. B ae-\m-´-c-Ns‚ kulr-Z-Øn\pw, \¿Ω-t_m-[Øn\pw DØ-a-\n-Z¿i-\-ambn sNº-cØn F∂ IpSpw-_-\maw tIc-fØnepw ]pdØpw ]S¿∂psIm≠n-cns°, At±-lØ - ns‚ cmP-ÿm-\hpw tKm{Xhpw Ncn-{X-Øns‚ Dƒ∏p-d-ß-fn-te°v hen™v A{]-Xy-£-am-bncn-°p-∂p.

sIm´m-cØn\p apºn-eqsS IS-∂p-t]m-bn-cp∂ Iºw ]mX-bpsS Ccph-iß - f - n-ep-am-bmWv cmP-tk-hI - cpw B{in-Xcpw Xma-kn-®n-cp-∂X - v. imewtIm-Sv, a‰w, sImX-Ip-Øn, AÆm-bn-°Æ - w, Ggp-ap´w F∂o kao] ÿeß-fnepw kmam\yw P\-hmkw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. FÆ-I® - h - S- ° - m-cm-bn-cp∂ sN´n-Ifpw Ah-cpsS sNdnb Hcp Aº-ehpw D≠m-bn-cp∂ Ip∂-tØ°p≈ hgn-®m-en\pw {][m\ ]mXbv°pw Acn-In-embn sImX-Ip-Øn-bnem-bn-cp∂p ]n∂oSv sNº-cØn IpSpw_w Xma-k-am-°n-b-Xv. sIm´m-cØn-te°v FÆ-bp-ambn t]mbn-cp∂ sN´n-s°m∏w t]mIp-∂-Xn-\p≈ kuI-cym¿∞w IqSn-bmhmw AhnsS Xma-k-am-b-Xv. ]pcm-X-\-amb Iøme-I-fm¬ th¿Xn-cn-°-s∏´ Ggc G°¿ ÿew Ct∏mgpw ImW-s∏-Sp∂p≠v. AXn-\p-≈n¬ ]gb Iºw ]mX IS-∂p-t]m-bn-cp∂ Nmepw AXn\-cp-In-embn Ime-∏-g°Øm¬ \in® Hcp sNdnb ]pc-Ø-dbpw, Cu ÿe-Øns‚ Ct∏m-gsØ Ah-Im-in-bmb Cu¥p-¶¬ sXmΩ≥ aI≥ tPm¿Pv ImWn-®p-X-cn-I-bp-≠m-bn. k¿t∆ \º¿ 1556 ¬ AS-ßnb Cu ]pc-bn-SØ - n¬ Ct∏mƒ d∫¿ Irjn sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂p. sNº-cØn IpSpw_-Øns‚ aqe-X-d-hmSv ChnsS Bbn-cp∂p F∂mWv A\p-am-\w.

92

93

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

A≤ymbw˛14

A[nhmkw ae-\m-´nse hS-°pw-Iq-dns‚ `c-W-Imew sNº-cØn IpSpw-_-Øns‚ kph¿Æ-Im-e-am-bn-cp∂p F∂v ]d-bmw. AwK-ßƒ s]cp-Ip-Ibpw IqSp-X¬ Irjn-bn-Sß - ƒ Bh-iy-ambn hcn-Ibpw sNbvXp- . B - ﬂob Bhiy-ßƒ°mbn C°m-e-a-{Xbpw ssae-s°mºv ]-≈n-bn¬ t]mtI-≠n-bncp-∂p. AXn-\m¬ ASp-Øp-Xs∂ Hcp ]≈n hbv°p-hm≥ Xocp-am-\n-®p. IS-hn¬ IpSpw-_-Øn\p ISp-Øp-cp-Øn-bn¬ ]≈n-h-bv°p-hm≥ A\phmZw \¬Inb AtX hS-°pw-Iq¿ cmP-hwiw Xs∂-bmWv a‰Øv ]≈n ]Wn-bphm≥ sNº-cØn IpSpw-_-Øn\pw A\p-aXn \¬Ip-∂-Xv. hnime-lr-Z-b-cm-bn-cp∂p h-S-°pw-Iq¿ cmPm-°≥am¿ F∂v Ncn{Xw km£ys∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. imew-tImSv inh-t£-{X-Øn\pw \mtim-∑p-Ja - m-bn-cp∂ Hcp _p≤-]-≈n°pw CS-bn-embn A∂sØ Iºw tdmUns‚ AcnIn-em-bncp∂p ]≈n BZy-ambn ÿm]n-X-am-b-Xv. CSn-™p-s]m-fn™ ]pc-Ø-dtbm-Sp-IqSn ImSp-I-bdn InS∂ncp∂ ChnsS Btcm Ct∏mƒ hoSv h®p Xmakn°p∂p. B¿∏m-a‰w F∂mWv B {]tZiw Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. tIcfw kmwkvIm-cn-I-ambn apt∂-dnb ]Ømw \q‰m-≠ns‚ BZy]m-Z-Øn¬ a¿Ø-a-dn-b-Øns‚ t]cn¬ tN¿∂n-cp∂ Cu ]≈n 'a‰Øv apØn-bpsS ]≈n' F∂v Chn-sSbpw ]m≠nbnepw ]pIƒs]‰p. 1992 G{]n¬ amk-Øn¬ ]≈n-°m-cy-Øn¬ \n∂pw {]-kn-≤s - ∏-Sp-Ønb ]pkvXI-Øn¬ Cßs\ ImWp-∂p. 94

“Imcn-t°mSv (sXm-Sp-]-p-g) Xe-ÿm-\-amb Iogva-e-\m-´nse ]pcm-X-\amb Imcn-t°mSv Aº-e-Øns‚ kao-]-Øp-IqSn sImX-IpØn ]m-d-s°´p-Ifpw \n_n-V-h-\hpw IS∂v ]m≠n cmPy-Øns‚ Xe-ÿm-\-amb a[pc-bn-te°v t]mIp∂ ]pcm-X\ - hpw {]i-kvXh - p-amb hym]mc am¿§-Øns‚ sXm´-cp-In-emWv apX-et- °mSw tZhm-ebw ÿm]n--°s - ∏-´X - v. tIc-fØ - ns‚ ]Sn-™msd A‰w apX¬ a[pc hsc-bp≈ P\-k-aq-l-Øn\p kp]-cn-NnX-am-bn-cp∂p Cu tZhm-e-bw.”* ]Xn-s\m∂mw \q‰m≠p apX-ep-≠mb tNmf ]mWvUy B{I-a-Wßfpw sIm®nbpw hntZ-in--I-fp-am-bp-≠mb CS¿®-Ifpw Imem-Im-e-ßfn¬ ChnsS Akz-ÿ-XIƒ krjvSn-®n-cp-∂p. F∂n-cp-∂n´pw FÆØnepw kmºØnIambpw kmaq-ly-ambpw IpSpw-_-ßƒ A`n-hr-≤n-{]m-]n®p-h-∂p. Hcp Imc-W-h-cm-Is´ Adp-\q-‰-h¿ F∂ cmP--k-Z-nse AwKam-bn. IpSpw-_-Ønse as‰m-cw-K-Øn\v apX-e-t°m-SØv ]Wn-°¿ F∂ ]Zhn Xncp-ap-ºn¬ \n∂v I¬]n-®p-\¬In-bn-cp-∂-Xmbn Ncn{X ]pkvX-Iß-fn¬ ImWmw. ]d-°s - h´n dmhp-Ø¿ ap…nw ssk\y-Øn-t‚bpw h≈ns°mS\mb¿ \mb¿ ]´m-fØ - n-t‚bpw \mb-Ic - m-bn-cp-∂t- ∏mƒ sNº-cØn ]Wn- ° - c m- b n- c p∂p \{kmWn ]S- \ m-- b - I ≥. A∂sØ apJyhym]mchkvXp-hm-bn-cp∂ Ipcp-ap-f-Ins‚ Np¶w ]ncn®v aWvU-]-Øn¬ AS-bv°p∂ Ipcp-ap-fIv aSn-io-e° - mc-\m-bn-cp∂p thsdmcp IpSpw-_mwKw. At±-lØ - ns‚ ta¬t\m´-Øn¬ ]≈n-bpsS In-gt- °°p-∂n¬ k¿°m¿ ]≠-I-im-e-Iƒ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. ]≈n-bpsS kwc-£-Whpw cmPm-\p-a-XntbmsS IpSpw_-Øn¬ \n∂p \S-Øn-t∏m-∂p. a‰- Ø p- ≠ m- b n- c p∂ ]≈nbpw hoSp- I fpw At\I XhW sIm≈bv°pw sIm≈n-h-bv]n\pw Cc-bm-b-Xn-s\-Øp-S¿∂v IpSpw-_mw-Kßƒ Fgp-ap´w, AÆmbn°Æw, apXet°mSw XpS-ßnb ÿe-ß-fnte°v IpSn-tb-dn. A°m-eØv s]cp-ºn-≈n®nd apX¬ Rdp-°p‰n hscbp≈ ]mShpw hS°pw Ing°pw ]mSßfpw IpSpw-_mw-Kß - f - psS ssIhi-am-bn-cp-∂phs{X. XpS¿∂v A-∂sØ {]apJ hym]mc tI{µhpw, Np‰p]mSpw [mcmfw IpSpw_mwK-ßƒ Xma-kn-°p-∂X - p-amb, apX-et- °m-SØ - n\v ]Xn-\memw \q‰m-≠n¬ ]≈n am‰n ÿm]n-®p. CXn\p ap≥-I-sø-SpØ ]Wn-°¿ Xs‚ kºmZyØn¬ ]Ip-Xnbpw Ipcn-in≥sXm-´n--bn¬ Ipgn®n-´n-´p-≠-s{X. Chn-sSbpw ]≈n-bnse I¿Ω-ßfpw `c-Whpw IpSpw-_Ønse IØ\mc∑m¿ Xs∂ XpS¿∂pw \S-Øn-t∏m-∂p. {]kn-≤-amb D95

* ap-X-e-t°mSw CS-hI ˛ Hcp kw£n]vX Ncn-{Xw

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

Z-bw-t]-cq¿ kq\-lt- Zm-kn¬ apX-et- °mSw ]≈n-bn¬ \n∂pw sNº-cØn amWn amWn I - Ø - \ - mcpw \mev A¬am-bcpw ]s¶-Sp-Øn-cp-∂X - mbn Ncn{Xw ]d-bp-∂p. At±lw Xs∂ t]m¿®p-Kokv coXn-bn¬ ]≈n ]p\¿\n¿Ωn®n-c∂ - p. Aßs\ ]Xn-s\´mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ {]`m-Xa - m-bt- ∏mƒ sNº-cØn IpSpw_w sXmSp-]pg {]tZ-iØv \√ {]Xm--]-Øn¬ FØn-t®¿∂p. F∂m¬ AtX \q‰m-≠ns‚ Xs∂ a[y-Z-i-I-Øn¬ tIc-f-Øns‚ lrZ-b`- q-an-bn-eqsS sNdp-In-Sc - m-Py-ßsf sh´n-∏n-Sn-®p-sIm≠v am¿-Øm-WvUh¿Ω \S-Ønb ]S-tbm-´-Øn¬ sXmSp-]p-gbpw B{I-an-°-s∏-´p. sNºcØn IpSpw-_-Ønse Ht´-sd-t∏¿ sIm√-s∏-Sp-Ibpw AXn-e-[nIw t]¿ hnhn-[\ - m-Sp-If - n-te°v {]mWc£m¿∞w ]em-b\w sNøp-Ib - p-ap-≠mbn. Aßs\ AwK-kw-Jy-bnepw sF-iz-cy-Ønepw IpSpw_w ChnsS Iq∏pIp-Øn. [¿Ω-cm-Pm-hns‚ Ime-am-b-t∏mƒ ChnsS kam-[m\w ssIh-s∂¶nepw \mSv Dt]-£n-®p-t]m-b-h¿ \jvS-{]-Xm]-hm≥am-cmbn Xncn-®p-h-cphm≥ CjvS-s∏-´n-√. Cu AXn-{I-a-ßsf AXn-Po-hn® sNº-c-Øn-bnse Htc Hcp IpSpw_w Xma-kn-®n-cp-∂Xv Ggp-ap-´-Øm-bn-cp-∂p. C∂sØ kvIqƒ ]pc-bn-S-Øn\p ta¬ `mK-Ømbn \in-®p-t]mb Hcp henb ho´pXd C-t∏mgpw ImWmw. sXm´-SpØv Xs∂-bp-≠m-bn-cp∂ s]m\ºpw I≠am- b n- c p- ∂ p At±- l - Ø ns‚ Irjn- ÿ - e w.(1510- / 6) AXn\v ta¬hiØmbncp∂p {]kn≤ambncp∂ h≈n-bm-\n-°m´v t£{Xw. Im´ph≈nIƒ Ibdn°nS∂ Hcp B™nen ac®ph´nembncp∂p tZho ssNX\yw. h≈nbm\n°m´v aym¬ Ct∏mgpap≠v . am¿Øm- W v U h¿ΩbpsS ]SbmfnIƒ Aº-eß - sf an°-t∏mgpw \in-∏n-®n-cp-∂n-√t√m. Cu t£{Xm- [ n- I m- c n- I - f m- h Ww Hcp]s£ Cu IpSpw_Øn\pw c£bmbXv. Aßs\ ChnsS Ah-ti-jn® GI IpSpw_Ønse amXyp F∂ ]nXm-hns‚ k¥m-\-]-c-º-c-bmWv C∂v ChnsS ImWp∂ sNº-cØn IpSpw_mw-K-ßƒ F√mw.

96

A≤ymbw 15

Iq´w-hn´ IpSpw-_-ßƒ

kp

Zo¿Lamb \ne\n¬∏n\nSbn¬ sNºcØn IpSpw_Øn¬ \n∂pw hnhn[ ImcWßfm¬ At\Iw ktlmZc∑m¿ hn´pt]mIphm≥ CSbmbn´p≠t√m. F¥p-Im-cWw sIm≠v Bsc√mw \mSp-hn-´p-t]mbn F∂-dn-bm≥ Xe-ap-d-Iƒ Ignbp-∂-tXmsS aqetKm{X-Øn\p Akm-[y-ambn-Øocp∂p. F∂m¬ P∑-tZiw hn´p-t]m-Ip-∂-h¿ KrlmXpcXzw aqew kz¥w tZi-Øn-s‚bpw IpSpw-_-Øn-s‚bpw IY ]n≥X-e-ap-dbv°v ]d™p-sIm-Sp-°m-dp≠v. Cßs\ hmbvsam-gn-bmbn h∂p-tN¿∂ hkvXpXIsf Ncn-{X-k‘nI-fp-ambn Iq´n-hm-bn-®mWv \mSp-hn-´p-t]mb IpSpw_-ß-fpsS Imew IW-°m-°m≥ {ian-®ncn°p-∂Xv. Ncn-{X-kw-`-h-ß-fpsS ka-{K-]-cn-tim-[-\-bn¬ Xmsg sImSp-°p∂ ImcWßfm¬ ktlm-Z-c IpSpw-_-ßƒ ChnSw hn´pt]mbXmbn IW°m°mw. 1) \q‰m≠v bp≤sØ XpS¿∂v sXmSp-]p-g-bnse kmaqly PohnXw XI¿∂-t∏mƒ. 2) ]Xn-\memw \q‰m-≠n¬ tæ— hmgvN-bpsS ImeØv. 3) ]Xn-\mdmw \q‰m-≠n¬ sIm®n˛hS-°pw-Iq¿ bp≤sØ XpS¿∂p≠mb ]oV\w. 4) Im´p-I-≈-∑m-cpsS Imem-Im-e-ß-fnse sIm≈-Iƒ. 97

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

5) ]Xn-s\´mw \q‰m-≠nse el-fbpw a¿±\hpw. 6) 18˛mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ c≠mw ]Ip-Xn-bn-ep-≠mb cq£-amb hcƒ®. 7) 1830˛se hkq-cn-_m-[, 8) 1878˛se tImf-d, 9) 1905 apX¬ ]S¿∂p-]n-Sn® ae-º-\n. 10) 1919˛¬ XpS¿∂ ]\nbpw O¿±nbpw 11) Ccp-]Xmw \q‰m≠v ]IpXn apX¬ XpS-cp∂ Irjn-`q-an-bv°m-bp≈ IpSn-tb‰w 12) hy‡n-]-c-amb Imc-W-ßƒ X - e - a - p-dI - f - mbn ]d-™p-tI-´n-´p-≈Xpw, ]{X-∏c - kyw hgnbpw IpSpw_ tbmK-ßƒ hgnbpw _‘-s∏-´n-´p-≈-Xp-amb Nne ktlm-Z-c-Ip-Spw-_-ßsf-bmWv Xmsg ]cm-a¿in-°p-∂Xv. C\nbpw ]e IpSpw-_ß - s - fbpw Is≠Øm-\p-ap≠v. ]Øp \q‰m-≠p-Itfmfw ]c∂p InS-°p∂ Ime-b-f-hn¬ Ft∂m Hcn-°¬ s]‰ aÆn-s\bpw kz¥w ktlm-Z-c-ß-sfbpw hn´p-]ncn-tb≠n h∂ Cu IpSpw--_-ß-fnse ktlm-Z-c-∑m¿ ImWn-bv°p∂ Dujvaf - a - mb kvt\lhpw sFIy-t_m-[hpw amXr-Ip-Spw-_Ø - n\p tcmam©-ambn \ne-sIm-≈p∂p.

h°o-e-∑-mcmbpw A≤ym-]-I-cmbpw Ht´sd {]K-¤¿ Cu IpSpw-_-ßfnep≠v. kmº-Øn-I-ambpw Ch¿ \√ \ne-bn-emWv. tPmk^v sX≈n-bn¬ Ign-™ Xe-ap-d-bnse I¿j-I-k-acw \bn® [oc-t\-Xm-hm-bn-cp-∂p.

2. sNm∆m-‰p-Ip-t∂¬ IpSpw_w, `c-W-ßm\w.

]Xn-\mdmw \q‰m-≠n¬ sXmSp-]pg \n∂p ]q™m-‰n¬ Xºp-cms‚ `c-W-ko-a-bn¬ FØnb sNº-c-Øn-bnse Hcp IpSpw-_-amWv sX≈nbn¬ IpSpw-_Ø - ns‚bpw a‰pw ]q¿∆n-I¿. Chn-SpsØ `c-Wm-[n-Im-cnbpambp-≠mb Ft¥m {]iv\sØ XpS¿∂v \mSp-hn-´p-t]m-Ip-hm≥ Xocp-am\n® Imc-W-h¿ kz¥w hkvXp-°fpw a‰pw hn‰p-s]-dp°n [mcmfw ]Whp-am-bmWv ]q™m-dn-se-Øp-∂Xv. Bdns‚ Cu≠n-bn¬ Hcp henb hr£-Øn\p kao-]-ambn At±lw Xmev°m-en-I-ambn hoSv h®v Xmakn®p. Irjnbpw XpSßn. Gsd Xma-kn-bmsX Xºp-cms\ apJw ImWn®v Hcp ]W-°ngn kΩm-\-ambn \¬In. k¥p-jvS-\mb Xºp-cm≥ Bdns‚ Ic-bn¬ Xs∂ Iptd ÿew \¬In. {ItaW \√ Hcp hoSv \n¿Ωn®v, \√ coXn- b n¬ Irjn sNbv X v Pohn® Ct±lw henbho´n¬ F∂dnbs∏´p. Xs‚ Irjn-hn-`-h-ß-fp-ambn Xºp-cms\ CS-bv°nsSAt±lw k-µ¿in-®n-cp∂p. aq∂v B¨a-°ƒ D≠m-bn-cp∂p. Ch-cpsS ]n≥ap-d-°m-cmWv tXm´-°-cbpw ]Sn-I-cbpw sX≈nbpw. sshZn-I-cmbpw

]sØmºXmw iX- I - Ø ns‚ a≤yØn¬ `c-W-ßm-\Øv FØn-t®¿∂ Hutk∏v sNº- c - Ø n- b psS ]n≥X- e - a pdbmWv {]i-kvX-amb sNm∆m-‰p-Ip-t∂¬ IpSpw_w. sIm®ph¿°n sNºcØnbpsS BZyhnhmlØnse GI k¥m\am bncp∂p Hutk∏v F∂mWv Adnbp∂Xv. CfbΩbpsS kz`mhZm¿jv S yw aqew hIbn¬ ]nXrktlmZc\pw ]≈nhnImcn bpambncp∂ FΩm\pth¬ sIm®p]pØ≥ ]pc A®s\m∏w `cWßm\Øv Xmakn®v hnZym`ymkw XpS¿∂p. sshZnI ]T\ Øn\mbmWv `cWßm\Øv FØnb sX∂pw A`n{]mbap≠v . bu∆\mcw` 1940˛¬ 90˛masØ hbn¬ Øn¬ Xs∂ Hutk∏v CS-∏mSn aÆq¿ acWaS™ sNm∆m‰pIpt∂¬ IpSpw-_-Øn¬ \n∂pw A∂sb hnhmlw sXmΩ≥ Hutk∏v sNbv X v `c- W - ß m- \ Øp Xs∂ Xma- k am°n. ao\-®n¬ Bdn\p t\¿°v D≠m-bn-cp∂ Ip∂n\p apI-fn¬ ]pc ]-Wn-X-Xn-\memhmw sNm∆m‰pIpt∂¬ F∂-dn-b-s∏-´Xv. a®n-bm-\n-°¬, Ipt∂¬]p-c-bnSw, sNΩ-e, Ign-a‰w IpSpw-_-ßƒ imJ-I-fmWv. ^m. tPmk^v sNm∆m-‰p-Ip-t∂¬ {]K-¤-\mb Hcp Ihn IqSn-bm-bn-cp∂p. ^m. amXyp sNm∆m-‰p-Ip-t∂epw, _lp. I\ym-kv{Xo-Ifpw Aevambcpw Dƒs∏´ henb Hcp kaq-l-amWv C∂v sNm∆m-‰p-Ip-t∂¬ IpSpw_w. hfsc \∂mbn {]h¿Øn-°p∂ Hcp IpSpw-_t- bm-Ka - mWv Ch¿°p-≈Xv. {io. sI.-Fw.-aØ - m-bn, sI.-sP.-aØ - m-bn, sPbnwkv sk_m-Ãy≥, s{]m^. Fw.- k n. Ae- I v k m- ≠ ¿ XpS- ß n- b - h ¿ IpSpw- _ - t bm- K - Ø ns‚ apJy{]h¿ØIcmWv. 2006˛¬ Ah¿ {]kn-≤o-I-cn® IpSpw-_-N-cn{Xw \∂m-bn-´p-≠v. {io. kÆn amXyp-hn-s‚- IpSpw-_-]-{Xn-I-bn¬ \n∂v:-

98

99

1. sX≈n-bn¬ IpSpw_w, ]q™m¿.

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

'sNºn¬ \n∂p ]dn®p \´p apX-e-t°m-SØp ]n∂o-S-Xn≥ Isºm-s∂Øn hf¿∂p ]qØp `c-W-ßm-\Øp sNm∆m-‰pIp˛ s∂ºmSpw inJ-c-ßƒ hoin hep-Xmbv Ipt∂¬ ]pc-bn-S-Ønepw Atºm! tIhe sNº-cØn ]cn-Wmaw ]q≠p a®ym-\n-bmbv" (sI.sP. aØmbn, tImf{])

3. ]pfn-°o¬ IpSpw_w, apf-°pfw. ]Xn-\memw \q‰m-≠ns‚ BZy-]m-Z-Øn¬ apX-e-t°m-SØp \n∂pw apf-°p-fs - Ø-Ønb sNº-cØ - n-bnse amØp F∂ ]nXm-hmWv Cu IpSpw_-Øns‚ ÿm]-I≥. {]i- k v X - \ mb Hcp hnj- s sh- Z y- \ m- b n- c p∂p At±lw; aI-\m-Is´ XSn-hym-]m-cnbpw. h\-Øn¬ \n∂p XSn-sh-´n-bn-d°n aqhm-‰p-]p-g-bm-‰n¬ IqSn Nßm-S-am°n Be-∏p-g-bn-¬ F-Øn-®m-bn-cp∂p I®-hSw. Aan-X-ambn Npa-Ønb Np¶sØ tNmZyw sNbvX-Xn\p {]XnIm-c-ambn ]m¿∆-Xym-cpsS ]nW-bm-fp-Iƒ amXyp-hns‚ ap‰Øpw 'ap≠phn-cn®p'. A`n-am-\n-bmb At±lw A[n-Im-cnsb kzoI-cn-bv°m≥ Xs‚ ]´nsb ap‰Øv ]q´n-b-tijw apf-°p-f-sØØn. Ahn-SsØ tZi-hmgn Xs‚ hnj-_m-[t- b‰ aIsf ac-WØ - n¬ \n∂p c£n® amXyp sshZys\ kk-t¥mjw kzoI-cn-bv°p-Ibpw ÿew \¬In Xma-kn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. At±-l-Øns‚ ]n≥X-e-ap-d-°m-cmWv C∂sØ ]pfn-°o¬ IpSpw_w. B¨k-¥m-\ß - f - psS A`mhw aqew At\I Xe-ap-dI - t- fmfw IpSpw-_s - ∏-cp∏w D≠m-bn√. ]mtd-°m-´p-ae - b - n¬, Ipdp-sam-gn-aym-en¬, henb-ho-´n¬ XpS-ßn-bh imJ-I-fmWv. ]Xn-s\´mw \q‰m-≠n¬ Pohn-®n-cp∂ ]n≥X-e-ap-d-bnse Hcp amXyp h√y-∏≥ '200 ]dbv°v ]≠m-c-∏m´w \¬Ip∂ ]pfo°n-bm≥' F∂-dn-b-s∏-´n-cp∂p. apf-°p-fØpw kao-]-{]tZ-i-ß-fnepw A`n-hr-≤n-tbmsS Ign-™p-h-cp∂ Cu IpSpw-_-Øn¬ hnhn[ sXmgn¬ sNbvXpw DtZym-Kß - ƒ t\m°nbpw Pohn-°p∂ At\Iw IpSpw-_mw-K-ßƒ Ct∏mƒ D≠v. ]pcm-X-\-amb apf-°pfw hen-b-]≈n CS-h-I-bnse {]apJ IpSpw-_-amWv ]pfn-°o¬. Iq\≥ Ipcn-ip-e-l-fsb XpS¿∂p henb ]≈n-bvs°m∏w Chcpw ]pØ≥Iq¿ hn`m-KØ - n¬ Dd®p \n∂p. XojvW-amb aX-t_m-[-ap-≈-h-cmWv IpSpw-_-Ønse sshZo-Icpw Aevam-bcpw. IpSpw-_-N-cn{X ]pkvX-I-ap-≠v. 100

]pfn-°o¬ hen-b-I-´-bn¬ sXmΩ≥ aIƒ A∂m-Ω-bpsS aI-\mWv ae-¶c Hm¿tØm-tUmIvkv k`-bpsS I≠-\mSv `{Zm-k\ - m-[n-]≥ tPmk^v am¿ ]t°m-an-tbmkv Xncp-ta\n.

4. amfn-tb-bv°¬, I∏-ep-am-°¬ IpSpw-_w, ao\-®n¬. sNº-cØn IpSpw-_-Ønse aØmbn F∂ {]am-Wn-bpsS kpµ-cnbmb aI-fn¬ {]`p-Ip-am-c\p {`aw tXm∂n-bn-√m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶n¬ amfntb-bv°¬ F∂ IpSpw_w ao\-®n-en¬ D≠m-Ip-am-bn-cp-∂-n√m. cmP-k-Zknepw, ssk\y-Ønepw Hcp-t]mse BZ-cn-bv°-s∏-´n-cp∂ aØmbn aXI¿Ω-ß-fnepw ]≈n-°m-cy-ß-fnepw {]tXyIw {i≤n-®n-cp∂p. aI-fpsS hnhm-l-Im-cy-Øn¬ \m´p-\o-Xnbpw, ss{IkvX-h-\o-Xnbpw XΩn¬ s]mcpØ-s∏-Sn-s√∂p a\-n-em-°nb At±lw \mSp-hn´p t]mIp-hm≥ \n›bn®p. hnh-c-a-dn™ {]`p-hm-Is´ aIs‚ {]hrØn tZmj-Øn¬ ZpxJn°p-Ibpw ]Whpw kΩm-\ß - fpw \¬In aØm-bnsb bm{X-bm-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. ]mem-bn¬ FØn-t®¿∂ aØmbn, ao\-®n¬ I¿Øm-hns\ apJw ImWn-°p-Ibpw {]tXyI A\p-hm-Z-{]-Imcw tNcn-bv°¬ Hcp amfnI Xo¿Øv Xma-k-am-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. c≠mw Xe-ap-d-bn¬ Xmg-Øp-am-fn-tb-°¬, ]¥m-\n-°p-t∂¬, s\Spa-e-°p-t∂¬ F∂o IpSpw-_-ß-fp-≠mbn. A©mw Xe-ap-d-bnse {]K¤-ssh-Zn-I\ - m-bn-cp∂p amfn-tb-°¬ bmt°m_v aev]m≥. At±-lØ - ns‚ ktlm-Z-c-∑m-cm¬ t]≠m-\Øv XmgØpw, Itcm´pw, _en-am-°¬, I∏ep-am-°¬ F∂o IpSpw-_-ßƒ ÿm]n-X-ambn. I∏-ep-am-°¬ aØmbn IØ-\mcpw, amfn-tb-°¬ tP°_v IØ-\mcpw k`bv°pw kap-Zm-bØn\pw hfsc tkh\w A\p-jvTn-®-h-cmWv. s{]m^. ]n.Un. B‚Wn, {io. ]n.sP. t__n, {io. Sn.kn. eqt°mkv ]me XpS-ßn-b-h¿ Cu IpSpw_-ka - p-®b - Ø - nse {]i-kvXc - n¬ Nne-cmWv. {io. sI.sP. tPmk^v IpSpw_-tbmKw sk{I-´-dnbpw F.Fw. sslkv°qƒ slUvam-Ã-dp-amWv.

5. s]mcyØp IpSpw_w, `c-W-ßm\w. sNº-cØn A®≥ `c-Wß - m\w ]≈n-bnse hnIm-cn-bm-bn-cp-∂t- ∏mƒ apX-e-t°m-SØp \n∂pw FØn-t®¿∂ IpSpw-_mw-K-amWv, s]mcyØp IpSpw_w ÿm]n-®sX∂v tIƒ°p∂p. ]qh-tØmSv, sNΩ-e-a‰w, XnS101

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

\mSv, `mK-ß-fn-emWv `qcn-`mKw ImSpw-_mw-K-ßfpw Ct∏mƒ D≈Xv. Im¿jn-I-hr-Øn-bn¬ XpSßn kmaqly Pohn-X-Øns‚ hnhn[ Xpd-Ifn¬ {]i-kvX-ambn tPmen sNøp∂ ]ecpw Cu IpSpw-_-Øn-ep≠v. {io. ]n.Fkv. amXyphpw, {io. ]n.sP. {^m≥kokpw IpSpw-_-tbm-K-{]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ hfsc Xev]-c-cmWv.

6. ]pØ≥]p-c-bv°¬ IpSpw_w, ap´p-Nnd. a‰-Øn¬apØn ]≈n tISp-t]m-°nb Ime-Øv apX-e-t°m-S-Øp\n∂pw ap´p-Nn-d-bn¬ IpSn-tb-dnb IpSpw-_-am-WnXv F∂p IcpXp∂p. ]≈n-bn¬ Hcp ÿeØv ap´p-Ip-Øp-∂-Xp-ambn _‘-s∏-´v kzam-Xmhv A]-am-\n-X-bm-b-Xns\ XpS¿∂mWv Ch¿ apX-e-t°mSw hn´-sX∂v ]d-bs∏-Sp∂p. £p`n-X-cmb a°ƒ ]≈n-h-kvXp-°ƒ°v kmc-amb tISp-]m-SpIƒ hcp-Øp-Ibpw, B\sb sh´p-Ibpw sNbvXp. adp]£w aWnbpsS \m°v Cf°n am‰n ap´-Nnd CS-h-I-bnse IpSpw-_-]-´n-I-bn¬ ]Xn-aq∂mw ÿm\-amWv Ch-cp-tSXv. AΩ-tbm-sSm∏w FØn-t®¿∂ sNdn-bm≥, Abv]v F∂ c≠p ktlm-Z-c-∑m-cpsS k¥m-\-ß-fmWv C∂sØ ]pØ≥]p-cbv°¬ IpSpw-_-°m¿. Ch-cn¬ Abv]n\p cmP-_-lp-a-Xn-bmb XcI≥ ÿm\w D≠m-bn-cp∂p. Ch¿ Hmtcmh¿jhpw apS-ßmsX apX-e-t°mSw tZhm-e-b-Øn-seØn t\¿®-Im-gvN-Iƒ \SØn Xßƒ hcp-Ønb \jvSØn\v ]cn-lmcw sNbvXp-t]m-cp∂p.

Ipgp-ºn¬ Xma-kn-®n-cp∂ aqØ ktlm-Z-c≥ amWn-bpsS k¥m-\ßƒ tImeØpw, tXh¿]-d-ºnepw, sImbv]-≈n-bn-ep-ambn amdn-Øm-akn®p. IWn-∏n-≈n¬ imJm-]n-Xm-hmb amØp-Æn°v c≠m¨a-°ƒ am{Xam-Wp-≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv. aqØ-]p-{X≥ sNdn-bms‚ k¥m-\] - c - º - c - b - mWv C∂v hnhn[ ho´p-t]-cp-I-fn¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂ IWn-∏n-≈n-°m¿. c≠m-asØ aI≥ h¿°n sshZn-I-\mbn. tXh¿]-d-ºn¬ Ip™-®-\m-Is´ lcn-P-\-ßƒ°n-S-bn¬ t{]jn-X{]-h¿Ø\w \SØn Ah-cpsS Bﬂo-b-]n-Xm-hmbn. tIc-f- I-tØm-en°m-k-`bv°v ad-°m-\m-hmØ At±-lsØ hmgvØs∏´h-\mbn \ma-IcWw sNbvXpIgn™p.

CXc IpSpw-_-ßƒ IqSmsX Ipf-ºm-´p-ticn am∂m\w, Xmac°m´v Ipdn®nØm\w, amfntb°¬ hS-°≥ ]d-hq¿, atcm-´n-bn¬ IS-πm-a‰w, XpSßn ]e ktlmZc IpSpw-_-ß-fpw Ds≠-∂mWv tIƒ°p-∂Xv.

7. Ipgp-ºn¬, IWn-∏n-≈n¬, FS-bv°-\m¬, cma-]pcw. sXmSp-]p-g-bnse hS-°pw-Iq-dns‚ ]cm-P-bsØ XpS¿∂v Chn-SpsØ ]S-bm-fn-Iƒ Hcp elf \S-Øp-I-bp-≠m-bt√m. apX-e-t°mSw ]≈n°v Xobn´pw, ss{IkvXh `h-\ß - ƒ X√n-ØI - ¿Øpw, ]´m-f° - m¿ elf `oIc-ambn ASn-s®m-Xp-°nbt∏mƒ sNº-c-Øn-bnse At\Iwt]¿ sIm√s∏-Sp-Ibpw _m°n-bp-≈h - ¿ {]mW-`b - Ø - m¬ kao-]\m-Sp-If - n-te°v c£s]-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. B Iq-´Ø - n¬ cma-]p-cs - Ø-Ønb sNº-cØ - n-bnse aq∂p ktlm-Z-c-∑m-cmWv Ipgp-ºn¬, IWn-∏n-≈n¬, FS-bv°\m¬ IpSpw_-ßƒ ÿm]n-®-sX∂v Adn-bp∂p. ]´m-f-°-cpØpw, ITn-\m-≤zm-\hpw, Im´p-aÆpw HsØm-cp-abpw Cu ktlm-Zc - ß - sf A`n-hr-≤n-bn-te°v B\bn®p. 102

103

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

A≤ymbw 16

IYm-h-tijw

]e \q‰m-≠p-I-tfmfw Hcp {]tZ-iØp Xma-kn-®n-´p≈ IpSpw-_-

ß-sf∏‰n At\Iw IY-Iƒ ]d™p tIƒ°p-hm≥ Ign-bp-∂p≠v. Cu IY-Iƒ ]eXpw kXyhpw anYybpw IqSn°pg-™h - b - mWv. F¶nepw Hcp ]pcm-X\ IpSpw-_-Øns‚ ÿm-\hpw s]mXp-kz-`m-hhpw kmaq-ly-hy-hÿn-Xn-tbm-Sp≈ Ah-cpsS {]Xn-I-c-Whpw Cu IYIƒ \ap°v a\-nem-°nØcp∂p. IpSpw-_-sØ-∏‰n tI´n-´p≈ At\Iw IY-I-fn¬ NneXv ChnsS D≤-cn-°s´. 1 A\n-Xckm[m-c-W-amb ss[cy-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂ Hcp IpSpw-_n-\n-bpsS IY ck-Ic - a - mWv. Hcn-°¬ sNº-cØn ho´n¬ \n∂v AI-se-b√ - msX sXm≠y-a-e-bn¬ Xosh´n sIm≈-°m¿ h∂p Xº-Sn-®-Xmbn hnhcw In´n. A∂p cm{Xn Xs∂ Xs‚ hoSv sIm≈-b-Sn-°-s∏-Sp-sa∂v a\n-em-°nb IpSpw-_-\mY Xs‚ k¥m-\-ßsf t\c-tØ-Xs∂ _‘p-ho-Sp-I-fn-te°v Ab®p. ssIhiw D≠m-bn-cp∂ ]Whpw kz¿Æ-hp-sa√mw Nmc-°p-gn-bn¬ ]qgvØn-b-tijw Acn-In¬ Hc-Sp∏n¬ Xobpw IØn®v ]mXIØn-t∑¬ Ah¿ Ccn-∏mbn. sIm≈°msc ImØv `¿Ømhv ]pdØv ad™p \n∂p. Zqsc Xo∏-¥Ø - ns‚ shfn®w I≠-t∏mƒ ho´p-Im-c≥ AI-tØ°v t]m∂p. Im´p-I-≈104

∑m¿ h∂v ap‰Øv ]¥w IpØn. ]¥w IpØn-bm¬ ho´p-Im¿ ]pdØp hcWw F∂mWv N´w. hoSn-\-IØp \n∂pw Hc-\-°hpw tIƒ°m-Xm-b-t∏mƒ Ah¿ Xpd∂ hmXn¬ hgn AIØp Ibdn. F√m-bn-Shpw ]cn-tim-[n®p. ASp-°-f-bn¬ FØn-b-t∏mƒ {`m¥nsbt∏mse Hcp kv{Xo Xs‚ Ip™ns\ aSn-bn¬ InSØn ]pX-∏n®v Xobv°-cp-In¬ Ccp∂p Ic-bp-∂Xp I≠p. Xs‚ Ip™n\v hkqcn ]nSn-s]´psh∂pw F√mhcpw Xßsf Dt]-£n®v t]mbn-cn-°p-IbmWv F∂pw ]d™v B kv{Xo D®-Øn¬ Ic-bm≥ XpSßn. hnetb-dnb H∂pw In´msX hcn-Ibpw hkq-cn-sb-∏‰n tIƒ°p-Ibpw sNbvX-t∏mƒ "CXmtWm t]cp-tI´ sNº-c-Øn-hoSv" F∂p- ]cn-lkn-®p-sIm≠v Ah¿ ÿew-hn´p. XpWn-°p-≈n¬ ]pX-®p-In-S∂ `¿Øm-hm-Is´ ]pd-Øp-h-cn-Ibpw sNbvXp.

2 t{]a-_-‘-Øn\v ÿe-Im-e-t`-Z-ßƒ C√t√m. 18-mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ {]mcw-`-Øn¬ hncn™ Hcp t{]a-I-Y-bnse \mb-I-\mbncp∂p \ΩpsS Hcp ]q¿∆n-I\pw. A°m-eØv ]mem -]-≈n-bnse hnIm-cnbm-bn-cp-∂Xv Hcp sNº-cØn A®-\m-bn-cp∂p. Hcn-°¬ B hµyssh-Zn-Is\ ImWp-hm-\mbn A®s‚ ktlm-Z-c-]p-{X≥ ]mem-bnseØn. ]mem fmew tXm´n¬ A∂v ]mew D≠m-bn-cp-∂n√. IS-hn¬ FØn-b-t∏mƒ IS-Øp-Im-c≥ Fhn-sStbm t]mbn°gn-™n-cp∂p. IS-Øp-h≈w A°-cbpw. \ncm-i\ - mb At±lw tXm´p-IS- h - n¬ Ipsdt\cw Ccp∂p. kpµ-c-s\-¶nepw hnj-Æ-\m-bn-cn-°p∂ Cu bphmhns\ A°sc Ipfn-°S- h - n¬ Ipfn-®p-sIm-≠n-cp∂ Hcp bphXn {i≤n°p-∂p-≠m-bn-cp∂p. Xs‚ Ipfn Ign-™n´pw IS-Øp-Im-c≥ FØnbn-s√∂v B XcpWn I≠p. bphm-hn-t\mSv A\p-Iº tXm∂nb Ahƒ IS- Ø p- h ≈- h p- a mbn C°- c - s bØpIbpw. bphm- h ns\ A°sc IS-Øn-hn-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. GXm\pw h¿j-ßƒ°p-tijw ta¬∏-d™ bphm-hn\v Nne hnhm-lm-tem-N\ - I - ƒ ]mem-bn¬ \n∂pw Nn‰-∏≥ A®≥ aptJ\ hcn-I-bp-≠mbn. At∏mƒ Xs‚ a\-n¬ ]mem-°mcn Hcp s]Æv Ds≠∂pw Ahƒ I´-°-bw-Ip-Spw-_-Øn-seXm-sW∂pw Ahƒ°v kΩ-X-am-sW-¶n¬ X\n°p hnhmlw Ign-®pX-c-W-sa∂pw A®-t\mSp ]d™p. th≠ Btem-N-\-Iƒ°p-tijw A®s‚ Im¿Ωn-I-Xz-Øn¬ Xs∂ B hnhmlw \S∂p. Aßs\ IS-Øp-h© - n-bnse {]Y-aZ- ¿i-\Ø - n¬ A\p-cm-K_ - ≤ - c - mb sNº-cØn - I´-°bw Zº-Xn-I-fpsS Cf-b-k-¥m-\-am-bn-cp∂p {]kn≤-\mb amWn sNº-c-Øn- IØ-\m¿. 105

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

3 ]Xn-\©mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ BZy-]m-Z-Øn¬ Pohn-®n-cp∂ Hutk∏v F∂ ]q¿∆n-I≥ Zmcp-W-ambn sIm√-s∏´ Hcp kw`-h-ap≠v. Xd-hm´n¬ Xs∂ Xma-kn-®n-cp∂ At±lw Atcm-K-Zr-V-Km-{X-\m-bn-cp∂p. k¥m-\-k-ar-≤n-sIm≠v ssZhw At±-lsØ A\p-{K-ln-®n-cp∂p. sFiz-cy-Øns‚ {]XoI-sa-t∂mWw At±-l-Øns‚ Xncp-s\-‰n-bn¬ Hcp iwJp-N{Iw ImW-s∏-´n-cp∂p. s]mXp-k-Ω-X\pw \m´p-{]-am-Wnbp-am-bn-cp∂ At±-l-Øns‚ biv ASpØ \mSp-I-fnepw ]c∂ncp∂p. Aßs\ Ccns° s]cp-º‰- s - a∂ Ip{]-kn≤ sIm≈-kwLw Ggpap-´s - ØØn hS-t°-hb - e - n-dº - n¬ cl-ky-ambn Xmh-fa - S- n®p. Xan-gv\m´n¬ \n∂p AXn¿Øn IS-∂p-h-∂n-cp∂ Cu ]d-]‰w A∂v Cu \m´nse kIe kº-∂-cp-tSbpw t]Sn-kz-]v\-am-bn-cp∂p. AXn-{Iq-c∑m-cmbn-cp∂ Cu Xe-sh-´n-Iƒ, \√ A`ym-kn-If - p-am-bn-cp∂p. sIm≈°m¿ hcp∂p F∂-dn-™m¬ ho´n¬ \n∂pw hne-bp-≈s - X√mw s]dp°n-s°´n Hfn-hn¬ t]mIp-I-bmWv km[m-c-W-bmbn Bfp-Iƒ sNbvXn-cp-∂Xv. F∂m¬ \ΩpsS ]q¿∆n-I≥ CXn-s\m∂pw an\s°´n√. Hcp Znhkw D®-bq-Wp-I-gn™v A∏\pw a°fpw IqSn-bn-cp∂p 'skmd' ]d-bp-tºm-gmWv Cu XkvI-c-∑m¿ h∂p Ib-dn-bXv. A∏s‚ \n¿t±-i-{]-Imcw a°ƒ bmsXmcp FXn¿∏pw ImWn-®n√. s]m≥, sh≈n \mW-b-ß-sf√mw Ah¿ a°sf sIm≠p Xs∂ ]pd-sØ-Sp∏n®p. as‰¥p hne-tb-dnb hkvXp-°ƒ Ds≠∂v ]cn-tim-[n-°m-\mbn Ah¿ D≈n¬ Ibdn. hne-bp-≈-sX√mw s]dp°n ]pd-Øn-d-°n-bt∏mƒ a°ƒ bYm¿∞-Øn¬ timI-aq-I-cmbn. XpWn-bn¬ \mW-bßfpw a‰pw hmcn-s°´n sIm≈-°m¿ ]Sn Cd-ßn-b-t∏mƒ Xß-fpsS A≤zm-\^ - ew \jvSs - ∏-´X - n-ep≈ ZpxJ-Øn¬ Ah¿ Ic-™p-t]mbn. CXp-I≠v NIn-X-Nn-Ø-\mb ]nXmhv Ahsc kam-[m-\n-∏n-°m-s\t∂mWw ]d™p. "t]ms´ a°sf Ah¿ Fs‚ iwJp-N{Iw sIm≠pt]m-bn-√t√m". Cu hm°p-I-fn¬ £p`n-X-\mb kwL-\m-b-I≥ IpØp-I-√n¬ \n∂v XncnsI h∂v B hµy-h-tbm-[n-Is\ sIm√p-Ibpw Xe Hcp I®-bn¬ sI´n sIm≠p-t]m-Ip-Ibpw sNbvXp. Xºn¬ FØnb sIm≈-°m¿ Xe-hs‚ apºn¬ c≠p XpWn106

s°-´p-Ifpw h®p. Xpd-°m≥ kwL-Ø-e-h≥ Bh-iy-s∏´p. Hcp sI´nse \mW-b-ßƒs°m∏w at‰-s°-´nse inc-n¬ D≈ iwJpN-{Ihpw -sh-bn-en¬ sh´n-Øn-fßn. CXp-I≠v tZjyw h∂ kwLØ-e-h≥ cq£-`m-h-tØmsS Ah-tcmSp ]d™p. “t\m°q! s\‰n-bn¬ iwJp-N-{I-ap≈ Cu a\p-jys‚ he-Xp-Iøn¬ s\¬°-Xn¿ ImWpw. Cømsf sIm√-cp-Xm-bn-cp∂p. ]Ww Imbv°p∂ Hcp hr£-am-bn-cp∂p Cbmƒ. ASpØ sIm√hpw C{Xbpw ]Ww ChnsS \n∂v \ap°v In´p-am-bn-cp∂p. IjvS-ambn! F{Xbpw thKw t]mbn Cu incv tZl- h p- a mbn tN¿Øp hbv°pI“.îkwLmw-Kß - ƒ Xe-bp-ambn ho´n-seØn ico-ch - p-ambn tN¿Øp-h®p. ]n∂oSv ssIa-e¿Øn t\m°n-b-t∏mƒ s\¬a-Wn-°pe-bpsS tcJ I≠v Ah¿ sR´n-t∏mbn. CXn-\nsS \m´p-Im¿ Iq´w-IqSn. ]´m-∏-I¬ \S∂ Cu `oI-c-kw-`h-Øn¬ £p`n-X-cmb Nne¿ hb-en-d-ºn-te°v \oßn. cwKw tamiam-Ipsa∂p I≠ kwL-Ø-e-h≥ Hcp s]m\-ºp-ambn (hSn) X{¥]q¿∆w hb-en-tebv°v Cd-ßn-h∂p. Xs∂ t\cn-Sm≥ Abmƒ sh√phn-fn®p. Bcpw apt∂m´v h∂n√. F√m-hcpw \ni-_vZ-cmbn t\m°n \nevt° Abmƒ Xs‚ ssIh-i-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂ s]m\ºv Npg‰n hben¬ XmgvØn "Cu hSn Ducn FSp-°p-∂-h\v sIm≈-ap-X¬ apgph≥ C\mw" F∂p {]Jym-]n-®-tijw Xºn-te°v ]n≥hm-ßn. hben-d-ºnse Ip∂n≥sN-cp-hn¬ IqSn F√m-hcpw ]n∂oSv kq{X-Øn¬ c£-s∏´p. s]m\ºv Ducn am‰m-\p≈ {ia-Øn¬ F√m-hcpw ]cm-P-b-s∏´p. sh´n-am-‰m≥ Bcpw ss[cy-s∏-Sm-Ø-Xn-\m¬ B hSn AhnsS \n∂v Ime-{I-a-Øn¬ \in-®p-t]m-hp-Ibpw sNbvXt{X. CtX-Xp-S¿∂v B hb¬ s]m\-ºp-I≠w F∂ t]cn¬ Adn-b-s∏´p. 1510/6 k¿t∆ \º-dn¬ s]´p-In-S° - p∂ B \ne-Øn\v C∂pw B t]cp-Xs - ∂-bmWv. A∏s‚ Zmcp-Wa - mb A¥ysØXp-S¿∂v a°ƒ \mSp-hn-´p-t]mbn.

4. hfsc A`n-am-\n-bm-bn-cp∂ Hcp ]nXm-a-l-s\-∏‰n ck-I-c-amb Hcp IY ]d-™p-tI-´n-´p≠v. 16-mw \q‰m-≠n¬ t£{Xw hI kzØp-°tfbpw {_m“-W-cpsS `qkz-Øn-t\bpw Icw sImSp-°p-∂-Xn¬ \n∂pw cmP-im-k-\-Øm¬ Hgn-hm-°n-bn-cp∂p. DtZym-K-ÿ-∑m-cpsS ]oV-\-Øn¬ \n∂v c£-s]-Sm-\mbn ]ecpw Xß-fpsS hkvXp-°ƒ 107

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

t£{X-ßƒt°m, {_m“-W¿t°m Xosd-gp-Xn-sIm-Sp-°p-Ibpw ]n∂oSv Ah-cn¬ \n∂v ]m´-Øn-s\-SpØv Irjn sNøp-Ibpw sNbvXp-h∂p. F∂m¬ kº-∂cpw ss[cy-im-en-I-fp-amb ]ecpw kz¥w `qanbpw ta¬hn-em-khpw ssIhn-Sm≥ CjvSs - ∏-´n√. sNº-cØ - n-bnse \ΩpsS Imc-W-hcpw AXn\p an\-s°-´n√. cmP-`-WvUm-c-Øns‚ {]mtZ-inI Xmt°m¬[mcn F∂ A[n-Imc-\n-e-bn¬ ]m¿∆-Xym-c-∑m¿, Xl-kn¬Zmc∑m-cpsS Iogn¬ {]Xm-]im-en-I-fmbn `cWw \S-Øn-bn-cp∂p. Ch-cn¬ ]ecpw A[n-Im-c-{]-aØcpw Zp¿hr-Ø-cp-am-bn-cp∂p. A°m-eØv 'ap≠p hncn-°pI' Fs∂mcp k{º-Zm-b-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. kpµ-cn-I-fmb bph-Xn-Iƒ D≈ hoSp-Iƒ Xnc™v A[n-Im-cn-bpsS `rXy≥ FØpIbpw D® Xncnbp-tºmƒ ap‰-Øv Hcp sh≈-ap-≠p-hn-cn°pIbpw sNøpw. A[n-Imcn A∂-hnsS A¥n-bp-d-°-Øn-s\-Øp-sa∂v ho´p-Im¿ Adn-bm-\p≈ AS-bm-f-am-WnXv. ]ecpw CsXmcp _lp-a-Xn-bmbn IcpXnt∏m∂p. ]ns∂ B ho´n¬ Xnc-°mWv. Ipfn-°m≥ NqSp-sh≈w, InS-°≥ ]™n-saØ, Ign-°m≥ hnin-jvSh - n-`h - ß - ƒ, \mepw Iq´n apdp-°m≥ XpSßn F√m kuI-cy-ßfpw A∂p cm{Xn AhnsS D≠m-bn-cn-°pw. ]pcp-j-∑m¿ Bcpw A∂p cm{Xn ho´n¬ ImWm≥ ]mSn√. CsXms°-bm-bn-cp∂p \S-∏p-N´w. A`n-am-\n-I-sf-¶nepw \n-lm-b-cmb ]ecpw Cu \oN-amb BNm-c-Øn\v hg-ßp-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp∂p. Aßs\bp≈-h¿°m-Is´ `qanbpw, Icw Cf-hp-sNbvXpw sImSpØn-cp∂p. Hcn-°¬ A[n-Im-cn-bpsS tkh-I≥ \m´m-Nm-c{- ]-Imcw sNº-cØn aØmbn Imc-Wh - c - psS ap‰Øpw FØn ap≠p-hn-cnbv° - m≥. kt¥mj-tØm-Sp-IqSn Imc-W-h-cn¬ \n∂pw kΩm\w hmßm-\mbn ap≠phn-cn-®-tijw FØnb `rXys\ aØmbn amπ Ic-W-Ø-Sn-°p-Ibpw ]pd-Øm°n \S AS-bv°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. A∂sØ \m´p-\o-Xn-bn¬ AhnsS Xßp-∂Xv A]-I-S-I-c-amsW∂v a\-n-em-°nb At±lw A∂p k‘y-°p-Xs∂ IpSpw-_k-taXw ÿew hnSp-Ibpw sXmS-]p-g-bm-‰n¬ IqSn h≈-Øn¬ Ab¬cm-Py-sØ-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp. bm{X Xncn-°p-∂-Xn\p apºv kc-k-\m-bn-cp∂ aØmbn Imc-W-h¿ ap‰-Øp-hn-cn-®n-cp∂ A[nIm-cn-bpsS Ik-hp-ap-s≠-SpØv Hcp a\p-jy-t°m-ea - p-≠m°n ap‰-Øp≠m-bn-cp∂ t]c-a-c-Øn¬ Im´p-h-≈n-IƒsIm≠v sI´n-Øq-°nsbs{X. aØmbn c£-s∏´ hnh-c-a-dn™v Icw AS-bv°mØ Ip‰108

Øn\v Abmsf ]nSn-Iq-Sm≥ DØ-ch - n-Sp-Ibpw, `qan I≠p-sI-´p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Ipsd h¿j-ßƒ°p-tijw cmP-I-ev]\ {]Imcw `qan Xncn®p \¬Ip-Ib - p-≠mbn. `qan XncnsI In´nb kt¥m-jØ - n¬ XßfpsS tPymjvT ktlm-Zc - s\ A\n-b≥am¿ ]e ÿe-ßf - nepw At\zjn-s®-¶nepw Is≠-Øm-\m-bn√. Aß-s\-bn-cns° \new Dgp-hm≥ t]mØp hmßphm≥ FØn-t®¿∂ Hcp sNdp-∏° - m-c\ - p-ambn kwkmcn-®p-h-∂-t∏mƒ Abmƒ Xß-fpsS aqØ ktlm-Z-cs‚ k¥m-\amWv F∂v a\-n-embn. ]nXm-hns‚ hI hkvXp-°ƒ ChnsS InS∏p-s≠∂pw h∂p ssIh-is - a-Sp-°W - s - a∂pw Abm-tfm-Sm-hi - y-s∏´p. F∂m¬ [mcmfw hkvXp-hI - I - ƒ Xßƒ°v \m´n¬ Ds≠∂pw ChnSsØ hkvXp-°-fn¬ Ct∏mƒ Xßƒ°p Xmev]-cy-an-s√∂pw B aI≥ Adn-bn-®p-hs{X.

5. Ggp-ap´w DSp-º-∂q¿ tdmUns‚ Hmcw tN¿∂v InS-°p∂ Ing-°≥ ]mS- Ø ns‚ hiØm- b p≈ tXmSn\p kao]w Htc- ° - t dmfw hnkvXo¿Æ-ap≈ Hcp XpcpØv D≠m-bn-cp∂p. aq∂p Np‰pw s\¬∏mS-ap≈ ChnSw Ct∏mƒ IjvSn®v AºXv sk‚ v am{X-ta-bp≈q. ChnsS Ct∏mgpw {]mbw sN∂ hr£-ßfpw, Ipfhpw, ]pc-Ø-dbpw a‰pw ImWmw. sN≈q-∏-d-ºn¬ Xma-k-am-°n-bn-cp∂ ]nXm-hns‚ Hcp aI≥ Chn-sS-bmWv amfnI h®p Xmakn-®n-cp-∂Xv. kz¿Æ-cm-in-Iƒ \mW-b-ßƒ t]mse B-bn-cp∂ A°m-eØv Ct±-l-Øn\v [mcmfw cmin-Iƒ kºmZyw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Cu hnhcw Adn™ Xkv°c≥am¿ Hcn-°¬ sIm≈-bv°mbn Ggp-ap´w ]cn-k-c-sØØn. ap∂dn-bn∏v e`n-®X - n-s\-Øp-S¿∂v \ΩpsS ]nXm-al - ≥ A∂p cm{Xn Xs∂ IpSpw-_k - t- aXw apX-et- °m-SØ - n\v IS∂p. kºm-Zy-am-bp-≠m-bn-cp∂ kz¿Æ˛sh≈n cmin-Iƒ apgp-h≥ Ip´n-]m-f-I-fnepw ]mf-sXm-∏n-bnep-ambn \nd-®p-sIm-≠mWv cmbv°pcmbvam\w t]m∂Xv. cm{Xn sshInsb-Ønb sIm≈-°m¿ Xß-fpsS Cc c£-s∏-´X - d- n™v \ncm-ic - mbn. A∂v Ahn-sS-Xs∂ I™n-h®p IqSp-hm≥ Xocp-am-\n®p. cmhnse DW¿∂ Ah¿ ap‰Øv Ahn-Sh - n-sS-bmbn Ft¥m Xnf-ßp-∂X - p-I≠p. kz¿Æ-cm-in-If - m-Ws - X∂v a\-n- em-°nb I≈-∑m¿ thjw amdn apXe- t °mSw hsc \S∂p ]nXm- a - l s‚ sXm∏n- ∏ m- f - b n¬ \n∂pw tNm¿∂p t]mb \mWbßƒ s]dp°n FSp-Øp-. 109

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

6. Imcn-t°m-´p-\n∂pw Icn-a-Æq¿ FØp∂ ]pcm-X\ ]mX-bn¬ Nmet¶mSv \n∂v Xncn™v apX-et- °m-SØv FØn-t®-cp∂ Hcp hgn-bp≠v. A∂sØ {][m-\-s∏´ Hcp ]mX-bm-bn-cp∂p CXv. Cu hgn°p kao]w Xma-kn-®n-cp∂ Hcp ]nXm-a-l\v kpµ-cn-bmb Hcp aI-fp≠m-bn-cp∂p. Hcn-°¬ Ahƒ hoSn\p kao-]-ap≈ Hcp Ipf-Øn¬ Ipfn-Ig- n™v t]mIp-∂Xv IpXn-c∏ - p-dØv B hgn h∂ CS-{]-`p-hns‚ ]p{X≥ ImWp-I-bp-≠mbn. ]n∂oSv ]e-t∏mgpw Cu {]`pk¥m\w IrXy-k-a-bØv FØn-t®¿∂v Cu Ip´nsb Z¿in®pt]mcp-Ibpw sNbvXp. s]¨Ip-´n-bn¬ A\p-cm-K-_-≤-\mb {]`p-Ip-am-c≥ X\n°v Ahsf hnhmlw sNbvXp Xc-W-sa∂v `rXy≥ aptJ\ ]nXm-hns\ Adn-bn®p. X\nt°m aIƒt°m Cu _‘-Øn¬ Xmev]c - y-an-s√∂pw Zb-hp-sNbvXp Cu Imcy-Øn¬ \n¿_-‘n-°-cp-sX-∂pw At±lw `rXy-t\mSv ]d-™-b®p. CXn¬ Jn∂-\mbn Xo¿∂ Ip-am-c≥ Xm≥ Ahsf Xs∂ hnhmlw Ign-°psa∂pw, kΩ-Xn-°m-Ø-]£w KpcpX-c-amb `hn-jyØv A\p-`-hn-t°-≠n-h-cp-sa∂pw `oj-Wn-s∏-Sp-Øns°m≠v `rXys\ ho≠pw Ab®p. CXp-sIm-s≠m∂pw \m´p-{]-amWnbpw kº-∂-\p-amb Krl-\m-Y≥ Ipep-ßn-bn-s√∂p am{X-a√ Hcn°epw Xs‚ aIsf Hcp A\y-Pm-Xn-°m-c\p hnhmlw sNbvXp-sImSp-°m≥ XømdmbXpan√. Ipsd Znh-k-ßƒ°p-tijw IpXn-c-∏p-dØp ho´n-se-Ønb {]`phns‚ -Im-cy-ÿ≥ Hcp Ipdn-am\w At±-l-Øn\p \¬In. AXn¬ At∂bv°v aq∂mw \mƒ Xm\pw ]p{X\pw s]Æp-Im-Wp-hm≥ ho´nse-Øp-sa∂pw aq∂m-gvN-bv°Iw hnhmlw \S-Øp-hm≥ Xømdmbncn°-W-sa∂pw Adn-bn-®n-cp∂p. IpSpw-_-\m-Y-\m-Is´ adns®m∂pw ]d-™-Xp-an√. aq∂mw Znhkw {]`p ]cn-hm-c-ß-tfmsS FØn-t®¿∂p. At∏mƒ hoSns‚ ]qap- J - ∏ Sn AS- ® n- ´ ncn- ° p- ∂ Xp I≠p. am{X- a √, Hcp s]¨]´n \n∂v Ipc-bv°p-∂Xpw AXns‚ Igp-Øn¬ {]`p-hns‚ Iev]\ sI´n-Øq-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂Xpw ImWm-\mbn.

7. Icw-]n-cn-bv°m≥ \nbp-‡-\mb Hcp A[n-Imcn Hcn-°¬ sNº-cØn-bnse Hcp ho´n¬ cmhnse FØn. ]Ww Ct∏mƒ ssIh-i-ans√∂pw ASpØ Znhkw AXv aﬁ-]-Øn¬ AS-®p-sIm-≈m-sa∂pw ho´p-Im-c≥ Adn-bn®p. Agn-a-Xn-°m-c-\mb Hcm-fm-bn-cp∂p B A[nImcn. Iptd t\csØ hmKzm-Z-ßƒs°m-Sp-hn¬ A[n-Imcn £p`n-X110

\mbn Cd-bØv Fs¥-¶nepw P]vXn sNøp-hm≥ Dt≠m F∂v t\m°n. H∂pw In´msX h∂-t∏mƒ Abmƒ hcm-¥-bn¬ Ch-cpsS kw`m-j-W-ßƒ {i≤n®v ssIhn-c¬ Cuºn-s°m-≠p-\n∂ Hcp B¨Ip-´nsb Iøn-se-SpØp. DS-s\-Xs∂ B Ip´n Xs‚ ]nXm-hnt\mSv hg-°p-Iq-Snb Bsf Dan-\o-cn¬ \\™ ssIsIm≠v Hcp ASn sImSpØp. IqSp-X¬ tZjy-Øn-emb A[n-Imcn Ip´n-tbbpw FSpØv ap‰-Øn-dßn ]Sn-∏p-c-bn-te°v \S∂p. ho´p-S-a-ÿ≥ hnjan®v Xs∂ hnfn®v ]Ww X∂v Ip´nsb hmßp-sa-∂mWv B ]mhw ]m¿∆-Xym¿ hnNm-cn-®Xv. D®-bm-bn´pw Ip´nsb Xnc°n ]nXmhv FØm-ØXns\ XpS¿∂v hni∂ Ip´n°v Abmƒ Xs∂ tNmdv hmcn-s°m-Sp-t°-≠n-h∂p. Ip´nsb km¥z-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw aﬁ-]-Øn¬ FØp-∂-h-cpsS At\z-j-W-ßƒ°v adp-]Sn ]d-bp-Ibpw sNbvXv Abmƒ aSpØp. k‘y-bmbn. F¥p-sN-tø≠q F∂-dn-bmsX Ip´n-tbbpw Npa∂v Abmƒ c≠v ssa¬ AIse ]m¿°p∂ Xl-kn¬Zm-cpsS ho´nseØn hnh-c-a-dn-bn®p. Xs‚ ]m¿∆-Xym-cpsS AXn-{I-a-Øn¬ £p`n-X-\m-bn-Øo¿∂ At±lw Ip´n°v th≠{X `£Ww \¬Im≥ kz¥w IpSpw-_n-\n°v BZyw \n¿t±iw \¬In. AXn-\p-tijw F{Xbpw thKw Ip´nsb AXns‚ ]nXm-hns\ Gev]n-°m≥ I¬∏n®p. ]n∂oSv ]nXm-hn-t\mSv X\n-°p-]-‰nb Aa-fn-bn¬ £a tNmZn-°-W-sa∂pw Ip´nsb Xncn®v In´n-b-Xmbn ImWn®v Hcp ssI®o´v hmßn C∂v cm{Xn Xs∂ Xs‚ ]°¬ FØn-°-W-sa∂pw I¬∏n®p. Cfn-`y-\mb A[n-Imcn A{]-Imcw Ip´nsb XncnsI \¬In ssI®o´v hmßn t]mIp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

8. Irjn-∏-Wn-°mbn ]≠p-ap-X¬ [mcmfw Bfp-Isf Bh-iy-ap-≠mbn-cp∂p. ASn-a-°-®-hSw A°m-eØv k¿∆-km-[m-c-W-am-bn-cp∂p. ]d-b≥, ]pe-b≥, XpSßnb h¿§-Øn¬s∏-´-h¿°v A∂v Xp—-amb hnetb sImSp-t°-≠n-bn-cp-∂p≈p. cmPm-hns‚ hI-bmbn Xs∂ 1847˛¬ Hcp-e-£-Øn- Adp]Øn A-øm-bnc-tØmfw ASn-a-Iƒ D≠mbn-cp∂p. Chsc ]m´-Øn\v sImSpØpw hn‰pw cmP-`W - vUm-cØ - n-te°v 111

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

hc-hp-h-®n-cp∂p. 6 cq]m apX¬ 17 cq]m hsc hnebv°v ASn-a-Ip-´nIsf A∂v e`y-am-bn-cp∂p. ASn-a-Ifpw Ah-cpsS k¥m-\-ßfpw DS-ab - psS kzIm-cy-kz-ØmbnØs∂ IW-°m-°s - ∏-´n-cp∂p. kh¿Æk-ap-Zm-b-ßƒ°p am{X-am-bn-cp∂p CXn-\p≈ Ah-Imiw. \√ Hcp 'X{ºms\' e`n-°p-∂-Xn¬ AS-an-I-fm-Is´ Bizm-khpw kpc-£bpw Is≠- Ø n- b n- c p∂p. {_m“W ta[m- h nXzw ASn- t ®- e v ] n® hyhÿIƒ aqew ]Wn-°msc Xnc°n kabw ]mgm-t°-≠n-bn-cp-∂n√. 1811˛¬ IrjnbnShpambn _‘s∏SmØ F√m ASnaItfbpw kzX{¥cm°n. 1847˛emIs´ ASn-a∏ - Wn ]q¿Æambpw \ndpØ-em°n. F∂m¬ ao\-am-k-am-Ip-tºmƒ Atcm-K-Zr-V-Km-{X-cmb an° B¨]p-e-bcpw DS-a-bpsS ]nSn-hn´v \mSp NmSpw. ]ns∂ Hcp amktØ°v Im´n-emWv Ah-cpsS IqØv. ao\-amkw Ah-cpsS IncmX Pohn-XØ - n\v Dgn-™p-h® - n-cn-°p-∂X - m-sW∂v Ah¿ ZrV-ambn hnizkn-®n-cp∂p. cm{Xn-Im-e-ß-fn¬ sIm≈-b-Sn-°pI, I≈pwIpSw -]-dn°pI, arK-ßsf sIm∂v Np´p Xn∂pI XpS-ßn-b-h-bm-bn-cp∂p ChcpsS hnt\mZw. sIm≈-bv°mbn t]mIp-tºmƒ henb ]¥w sImfpØn-∏n-Sn-®n-cp∂p. AXn-\m¬ Chsc Xosh-´n-Iƒ F∂pw hnfn-®n-cp∂p. sNºcØn IpSpw_°m¿°v kz¥-ambn ]pe-b° - pSn-Ifpw ]db-°pSnIfpw D≠m-bn-cp∂p. Irjn-bn-S-ß-fnse tPmen-°mbn Xma-kn-∏n®ncp∂ Ah-cn¬ Nne¿ ao\-am-k-Øn¬ N´-ºn-I-fmbn amdp-am-bn-cp∂p. sNº-c-Øn-IpSpw-_-Øn\p ']Wn-°¿' ]Zhn Iev]n®v \¬In-bn-cp-∂Xp-sIm≠pw Aß-s\-bp-≈-h¿°v AS°n `cWØn\pw A[n-Im-cap-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xp-sIm≠pw AØ-c-°m¿°v ISpØ in£ Xs∂ \¬In-t]m∂p. Aßns\ in£n-°-s∏-´-hsc adhpsNbvXncp∂ ÿehpw Ipfhpw ]men-b-°p-t∂¬ amfn-I-]p-c-bn-S-Øns‚ sX°pIn-g-°p-h-i-Ømbn D≠m-bn-cp∂p. ]Øpap∏Xv sIm√-ßƒ°p-apºp hsc A\m-Y-t{]-X-ßsf sIm≠n-Sp-hm\pw ad-hp-sN-øp-hm\pw B ÿew D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp∂p. AhnsS D≠m-bn-cp∂ ]Sp-hr-≤\ - mb ]pfna-c-Øns‚ sImºn¬ ]e Xqßn-a-c-W-ßfpw \S-∂-Xmbn Adnbmw. cm{Xn-Im-eß - f - n¬ AhnsS \n∂v Ac-≠sh-fn-®w ImWm-dp-s≠∂pw, kao-]-Øp≈ hgn-bn¬°qSn t]mIp-∂-h¿°v ]nim-Nns‚ iey-ap≠m-Im-dp≠v F∂pw tI´n-cp∂p.

112

c≠mw `mKw

]≈nbpw IpSpw_hpw

113

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

]≈nbpw IpSpw_hpw

]g-a-bpsS {]uVnbpw ]mc-º-cy-Øns‚ {]i-kvXnbpw t]dn

\nev°p∂ tIc-f-Ønse {]kn-≤-amb Hcp tZhm-e-b-amWv apX-e-t°mSw ]≈n. iXm-_vZ-ßƒ°-∏pdw ]cn-ip≤ I\y-Im-a-dn-b-Øns‚ t]cn-em-cw`n® Cu tZhm-ebw Ct∏mƒ A¤pX {]h¿Ø-I-\mb hn. Koh-dp-Kokns‚ {]apJ Xo¿∞m-S-\-tI-{µ-amWv.

1. ]≈nIfpw t£{X-ßfpw ]≈n F∂ hm°v ]men `mj-bmWv. _p≤-aX - ° - m¿ kwLw tNcp∂ ÿew F∂mWv A¿∞w. ]n¬°m-eØv ssP\-∑m¿, ss{IkvX-h¿, apkveo-ßƒ F∂n-h-cpsS {]m¿∞-\m-e-b-ßƒ°pw Cu t]cp Xs∂ {]tbm-KØ - n-embn. sslµ-hc - psS Bcm-[\ - m-tI-{µ-ßƒ t£{X-ßƒ F∂dn-bs - ∏´p. lnµp-aX - h - n-izm-kn-Iƒ \yq\-]£ - a - m-bn-cp∂ ImeØv, `qcn-]£w hcp∂ P\-X-bpsS tZhm-e-b-ß-fn¬ ]e hnizm-k-ß-fmWv D≠m-bn-cp∂Xv. F¶nepw BNm-c-ßƒ°v sFI-cq]yw D≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv ]≈n F∂ s]mXp ]Z-{]-tbm-K-Øn\p Imc-W-ambn. ae-bmf `mj-bn¬ ]≈n F∂ hm°n\v kaqlw, tbmKw tNcp∂ ÿew Fs∂-√m-amWv A¿∞w. tZhm-ebw F∂ A¿∞w D≠m-bn-cp∂n√. ]≈n-bn¬ IqSn-t®-cp∂ hnizm-kn-Isf ]≈n-°q-´-sa-∂p-hn-fn®p. 114

115

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

']≈n-]n-cn-bmdp"≠t√m. ]≈n-tbmKw kaq-l-Øns‚ Iq´w IqS-emWv. t£{X-ß-tf-°mƒ ]pc-mX-\-ß-fmWv Chn-SsØ ]≈n-Iƒ. Bcm[\, Bcy-∑m¿°v ho´n¬ h®p \S-Øp∂ hy‡n-]-c-amb Hcp Imcyw am{X-am-bn-cp∂p. AXn-\m-bn-cp∂p ]qPm-apdn. _p≤˛ssP\˛ss{IkvXh aX-ßsf A\p-I-cn-®mWv 8, 12 \q‰m-≠p-Iƒ°n-Sb - n¬ t£{X-ßƒ Bcw`n-°p-∂Xv. ho´n¬\n∂v ho´p-h-f-∏n-te-°n-d-ßn. ho´p-h-f-∏n¬ \n∂pw ]pdØp h∂-t∏mƒ BZyw _p≤-a-X-°m-cpsS ]≈n-Isf Ah¿ t£{Xß-fm-°p-I-bm-bn-cp∂p. HºXmw \q‰m-≠n¬ ]WnX amth-en-°c I≠nbq¿a‰w t£{X-amWv, Ah¿ kz¥-ambn \n¿Ωn® BZy t£{Xw. F∂m¬ tXmΩm-«olm tIc-f-Øn¬ h∂v H∂mw \q‰m-≠p- ap-X¬ Iq´mb Bcm[-\bpw, Bcm-[\m kt¶-X-ßfpw {InkvXym-\n-Iƒ°p-≠m-bn-cp∂p. BZy-Im-esØ ]≈n-Iƒ H‰bvt°m Iq´mtbm \n¿Ωn°-s∏´ IpSnep-Itfm, sIm´n-ep-Itfm Bbn-cp∂p. Ah 'IS-hpƒta-\-Iƒ' F∂-dn-bs∏´p. {ItaW FÆ-Øn-ep-≠mb h¿≤\, kmº-Øn-I-ap-t∂‰w apX-embh aqew Ipd-®p-IqSn henb 'ssZh-∏p-c-Iƒ' D≠mbn. I√pw aÆpw sIm≠v ]Wn-bm≥ XpS-ßn-b-t∏mƒ Ahbv°v `mc-Xo-b-in-ev]-am-Xr-Ibmbn. ]n∂oSv t]¿jy≥ coXn-bn-embn ]≈n-Iƒ. tbip ]Tn-∏n-®n-cp∂ Pdp-ktew tZhm-ebw t]mepw sNdn-sbmcp sI´n-S-am-bn-cp-∂s{X. BZyIme t£{X-ßfpw ]qP-Ifpw apgp-h-\mbpw _p≤ amXr-I-bn-em-bn-cp∂p. t]m¿´p-Ko-kvIm-cpsS Imew apX-emWv ]≈n-Iƒ°v ]m›mXy amXrI \mw kzoI-cn®p XpS-ßn-bXv. CXns\ XpS¿∂v ]≈n-s°-´n-S-ßƒ ]e-XhW hnizm-kn-I-fm¬ s]mfn®v ]Wn-b-s∏´p. AtX-k-abw I√p-sIm≠v Dd-t∏-dnb sI´n-Sßƒ cmPm-°-∑m-cmWv Aº-e-ßƒ°mbn ]Wn-bn-®Xv. IqSmsX Iq´mb Bcm-[\ sslµ-h¿°v C√m-Xn-cp-∂-Xp-sIm≠v Ah s]mfn®v hnI-kn-∏n-t°-≠n-bn-cp-∂p-an√. CXp-sIm-≠mWv Aº-e-ßƒ ]≈n-I-tf-°mƒ ]pcm-X-\-ß-fmbn tXm∂n-°p-∂Xv.

2. ÿe-]p-cmWw sam´-°p-∂p-Ifpw, Xmgvhm-cß - fpw, s\¬∏m-Shpw, \o¿®m-ep-Ifpw ap´nbp-cp-Ωn-°-gn-bp∂ Hcp at\m-lc {]tZ-i-am-Wt√m apX-e-t°mSw. HcpIm-eØv CXns‚ Hmcw tN¿∂p IS∂p t]mbn-cp∂ Imcn-t°mSv˛Iºw ae-ºm-Xbpw ChnsS \n∂v ssltd©v hgn ]m≠n-bn-se-Øn-bn-cp∂ t_mUn-\m-bv°-∂q¿ cmP-]m-Xbpw ]ucm-Wn-I-Xz-Øns‚ Ncn-{X-km-

£yß-fmWv. ]≈n-bpsS sXs° sNcp-hn¬ D≠m-bn-cp∂ as‰mcp a¨]mX hS-°p-]-Sn-™m-d≥ tZi-ß-fp-ambn apX-e-t°m-SsØ _‘n∏n-®n-cp∂p. ae-©c - ° - p-If - psS kar-≤nbpw, `qan-im-kv{X-]c - a - mb InS∏pw, IpSIv, tkew, a[pc tZi-ß-fp-am-bp≈ Zo¿LIme hym]m-c-_-‘hpw, Cu ÿesØ ]e ]S-tbm-´-ß-fp-sSbpw, sIm≈-kw-L-ß-fp-sSbpw cwK-thZn-bm°n am‰n. Chn-SsØ Ipcp-ap-fIv aWn-Iƒ hntZ-i-hm-Wn-Py-kw-Lßƒ°v IÆnse IrjvW-a-Wn-bmbn. Iogvasse˛ hS-°pw-Iq¿ `c-W-Ime-sØ√mw Hcp hym]mc tI{µ-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ cmP-`-WvUm-c-Øn-te°v 'apX¬Iq´pw CSw' Bbn-cp∂p Cu apX-e-t°mSw. ae-\m-´nse ae-©-c°p-I-fpsS Cu hn]-W-\-tI-{µ-Øn¬ henb ]≠-I-im-e-Ifpw Xnc-t°dnb Aßm-Sn-Ifpw D≠m-bn-cp∂p. hnev]-\-®p¶w ]ncn-hn-\p≈ kwhn-[m\hpw apX¬∏n-Sn-°m-cs‚ hmkhpw apX-e-t°m-S-Øp-≠m-bn-cp∂p. hmbvsamgn Adn-h\p-k-cn®v Chn-SsØ hnev]-\-\n-IpXn ]ncn®pw hgnNp¶w hmßnbpw JP-\m-hn¬ apX¬Iq´n IW-°p-h-bvt°≠ 'apf-Ip-aSn-io-e-°m-c≥' sNº-c-Øn-bnse Nne Imc-W-h≥am¿ Bbn-cp-∂s{X. apX-e-t°mSw F∂ hm°n-\¿∞w Np¶-ÿew F∂mWv; 'apX-et°mSv' BIs´ Cuiz-c-ÿm\w, N¥-ÿew, [\-Øns‚ kpc-£n-XtI{µw Fs∂√mw \m\m¿∞-ßƒ D≈-XmWv. 'tImS'Øn\v tIm´, sIm´mcw, F∂¿∞-ap-≈t- ∏mƒ 'tImSv'\v ÿe-sa∂pw, 'IqSw' 'IpSw' F∂nhbv°v Krlw, \Kcw F∂p-amWv A¿∞-ap-≈Xv.* {]kn-≤-am-bn-cp∂ 'apX¬Iq-´pw- CSw' {]tbmK kuI-cy-Øn-\mbn 'apX¬IqSw' F∂m-bn. XpS¿∂v 11- mw \q‰m-≠n-\p-tijw ÿe-\maw apX¬tImSv F∂m-bnØo¿∂p. 16-mw \q‰m-≠m-b-t∏m-tg°pw AXv apX-e-tImSv F∂m-b-Xn\v IrXy-amb sXfn-hp≠v. Cw•ojv `mj-bpsS kzm[o-\w-sIm≠v 18-mw \q‰m≠n-emWv 'tImSw' D≠m-Ip-∂X - v. Ccp-]Xmw \q‰m≠v Bb-t∏m-tg°pw apXe-t°mSw Bsb-¶nepw Cw•o-jn¬ Ct∏mgpw apX-e-tImSw Xs∂-bmWv. ÿe-\m-aß - sf amtΩm-Zok ap°n kzoI-cn-°pI F∂p-≈X - mWv Cw•ojv `mj-bpsS kz`mhw. apX-e-t°m-S-Ønse 't°m'°v B°w t]mcmt™m Ft¥m Nne¿ AXns\ '°p' B°m≥ {ian-°p-∂p≠v. F¶n¬ 21-mw \q‰m- ≠ n¬ \ΩpsS ]≈n apX- e - ° pSw ]≈n- b mIpw. 'sKh- b msPm¿WmZ'bn¬ 'adpw-_pfn' F∂mWv apX-e-t°mSsØ ]cm-a¿in-®n-cn°p-∂-Xv.

116

117

* i_vZ-Xm-cm-hen

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

3. P\-hmkw \√ P\-hmkw D≠m-bn-cp∂ ImeØv Ip∂w sN´n-I-fpsS Hcp tImf\n Bbn-cp∂p. C∂pw ]´bw Ih-e-bn¬ ImWp∂ t£{X-`m-Kßƒ Hcp-Im-eØv {]i-kvX-am-bn-cp∂ 'KW-]-Xn-bm¿ tImhn¬' Bbncp∂p. tImWn-°-aym¬ As∂mcp ]b-‰p-tIm-´-bm-bn-cp-∂p-hs{X. sX°p`m-KØ - p-≠m-bn-cp∂ a‰w I®-hS- ° - m-cp-tSbpw Irjn-°m-cp-tSbpw Hcp hmk-ÿm-\-am-bn-cp∂p. sX°v sXm≠n-∏p-cbpw, ]Sn-™mdv ]≈nbpw, t£{Xhpw D≠m-bn-cp∂p. Iºw ]mX-bn¬ \n∂v apX-e-t°m-S-Øn-\p≈ hgn-bn¬ C∂v sk‚ v tPm¿÷v kvIqƒ Ccn-°p∂ Ip∂n-em-bn-cp∂p Hcp ImeØv Cf-apd cmPm-hns‚ aµncw. apX-e-t°mSw am¿°-‰n-s‚bpw hgn-®p¶w ]ncn-hn-t‚bpw {][m\ Npa-Xe Ct±-l-Øn-\m-bn-cp∂p. sXm´p]-Sn-™m-dmbn C∂sØ Rmd-°p-fØ - p-]d- º - n-em-bn-cp∂p At±-lØ - ns‚ kv\m\-L´- a - m-bn-cp∂ Rmd-°pfw. C∂-sXmcp sNdp-Ip-fa - mWv. C∂sØ ]≈n-°p-∂n-em-bn-cp∂p At±-l-Øns‚ h®p-tk-hm-aq¿Øn. sIm´mcw apX¬ sIm®p-tIm-hn¬ hsc I¬∏-Shp-Iƒ sI´n at\m-l-c-am-°n-bncp∂p. H‰-°√ - n¬ sImØn-sb-SpØ Hcp henb I¬sØm´n, Ipfn-sØm´n apX-em-bh sIm´m-c-∏-d-ºn¬ D≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv X√n-s∏m-´n®v Iøme h®p. Gew ]≠-I-im-e-I-fpsS ASn-Ø-´m-bn-cp∂ I¬∏-e-I-Ifpw, XqWp-Ifpw a‰pw \in-∏n-°-s∏´p. ]≈n-bn¬ \n∂pw -sI-´nSw ]Wn-bm-\mbn AhnsS Ipgn FSp-°m≥ Iptd sIm√-ßƒ°p apºv \mbn-°∑ - msc hcpØn ]Wn G¬∏n®p. GXm\pw Znh-ksØ ]Wn-°p-tijw Hcp \mƒ Iqen t]mepw hmßmsX Ah¿ \mSp-hn´p. sIm´m-c-Ø-d-I-fn¬ km[m-cW ImWm-dp≈-Xp-t]mse \n[n D≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv I≠p-In-´n-bX - ns\ XpS¿∂mWv Ah¿ IS-∂p-I-f-™Xv F∂p hniz-kn-°-s∏-Sp∂p. {][m-\-ambpw Bdp Ip∂p-Ifpw Ah-bpsS aSn-Ø´pw tN¿∂-XmWv apX-et- °m-Sw. ]pcm-X\ ImeØv _p≤-]≈ - nbpw _p≤-∑m-cpsS hmkhpw D≠m-bn-cp-s∂∂v kwi-bn-°p∂ ÿe-amWv C∂sØ Aø-∏≥Ip-∂v. {Zmhn-U-cpsS Bcm-[-\m-aq¿Øn-bmb Imfn-bpsS t£{X-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂ Imfn-b¶ - m´v Ip∂mWv Infn-bw-tIm´v Ip∂mbn Ct∏mƒ Adn-bs - ∏-Sp-∂Xv. Chn-sS-bmWv Ct∏mƒ tlmfn-^m-anen Bip-]{Xn. Im™n-c-°m-´vIp∂v ]≈n \n¿Ωm-W-tØmsS ]≈n-°p-∂mbn Xo¿∂p. {]i-kvX-cm-bn-cp∂ Im™n-c° - m´v \mb-cpsS Ifcn Ahn-sS-bm-bn-cp-∂p. \mb-∑m¿ Ct∏mgpw 118

ssae-s°mºv `mKØv Xmakw Ds≠∂v tIƒ°p-∂p. Ipam-c-aw-K-eØv ImWp∂ aT-Øn¬ \mb-∑m-cp-sS-bm-bn-cp∂p ]≈n°v sX°p≈ aTØn¬Ip-∂v. ]n∂oSv AhnsS Xma-k-amb {InkvXym-\n-I-fm-Is´ aT-Ipt∂¬ F∂ t]cn-emWv Adn-b-s∏-´-Xv. {]i-kvX-\mb Hcp ]b-‰p-ho-c-\mbn-cp∂p Imc-Ip-∂Øv \mb¿. Bc-°pg `mKØv ]n∂oSv Xma-k-am-°nb Ah-cpsS X´-Ia - m-bn-cp∂p Imc-Ip-∂v. Imc-Ip-∂nse sh´p-I√ - p-sIm-≠mWv ae-ta-e-®≥ ]≈n s°´nSw ]Wn-X-Xv. ]pXn-bn-SØv Ip∂n¬ Xma-kn® \mb-∑m¿ ]n¬°m-eØv IpS-b-Øq-cnte°v Xmakw am‰n. Ct∏mƒ Ahcn¬ Nne¿ sXmSp-]pg Su¨ ]≈n-°p-∂n¬ Xma-kn-®p-h-cp-∂p. ]pXn-bnSØv Ip∂v {InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS ssIh-i-am-Wv.

4. ]≈n \n¿ΩmWw ''tIc-fØ - nse ]pcm-X\ - a - mb 25 ss{IkvXh - t- Z-hm-eb - ß - f - n¬ H∂mWv 9- mw \q‰m-≠n¬ ÿm]n-°-s∏´ Cu ]≈n. Zo¿L-Im-e-ambn Hcp cmPÿm\w, ]pcm-X-\-]m-X-I-fpsS kwK-a-ÿew, Ipcp-ap-fIp aWn-I-fpsS cmPym-¥-c-hym-]m-c-tI{µw F∂o \ne-I-fn¬ 9-mw \q‰m-≠n¬ Xs∂ Cu ]≈n ÿm-]n-°-s∏´p F∂p Icp-X-s∏Sp∂p.''* ''9-mw \q‰m≠p apX¬ 18-mw \q‰m≠v hsc amdnbpw adn™pw hS-°pw-Iq¿ ChnsS D≠m-bn-cp∂t√m.''** ssae-s°m-ºp-]-≈n-bv°p-tijw a‰-Øv ]≈n-bmWv Cu aetbm-c{- ]-tZ-iØ - p-≠mb BZy tZhm-ebw. \mK-∏pg, Bc-°pg, s\Sn-bi - me ]≈n-Ifpw a‰pw \n¿Ωn-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv ]n∂o-SmWv. F√m ]≈n-Ifpw amXmhns‚ \ma-t[-bØ - n-em-bn-cp∂p. I\ymImXzw c‡-km-£n-Xz-Øn\v Xpeyambn Icp-X-s∏-´n-cp-∂p. 14-mw \q‰m-≠m-b-t∏mƒ a‰-Øv ]≈n apX-e-t°mS-Øn\p am‰p-Ibpw ]n∂oSv hn. Koh-dp-Ko-kns‚ \ma-Øn¬ B°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. a‰-Øv ]≈nbpw ss\\mcp apkvenw-]-≈nbpw Imcn-t°m-´-ºehpw Htc \mfn-emWv ]Wn XpS-ßn-bXv F∂ tI´p-tIƒhn icn-bs√∂p tXm∂p∂p. Imcn-t°m´p \n∂v ]pc-mX-\-amb Iºw ]mX hgn c≠p Intem-ao-‰¿ k©-cn-°p-tºmƒ ime-t¶m-Sn\pw sImX-Ip-Ønbv°pw CS-bn-embn ImWp∂ ÿe-amWv a‰w F∂v Adn-b-s∏-´n-cp-∂Xv. apX-e-t°mSw Ip∂pI-fp-tSbpw Ing°v sImX-IpØn ae-bp-tSbpw Xmgvhm-ca - m-bn-cp∂p ChnSw. A©v Intem-ao-‰-tdmfw Np‰-f-hn¬ \nc-∏mb Cu ÿe-Øn\v Aev]w sX°p-am-dn-bm-bn-cp∂p, imkvXmw-]md. aq∂p hi-ßfpw ae-I-fm¬ kwc119

* ^m. _¿Wm¿Uv : am¿tØmΩm {InkvXym-\n-Iƒ ** ^nen∏v tPm¿÷v : ImØ-enIv Ub-d-IvSdn

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

£n-°-s∏-´n-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ hS-°pw-Iq-dns‚ sIm´m-c-ßfpw ssk\n-I -tI{µ-ßfpw Cu `mK-Øpw ImW-s∏-´n-cp∂p. ]´mf ]cn-io-e-\-Øn\pw Ip‰hm-fn-Isf Xq°n-te-‰p-∂X - n-\p-ap≈ ÿe-Øns‚ Hcp `mKw C∂p B¿∏ma‰w F∂mWv Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂Xv. CS-sh-´n-bnepw hS-°pw-Iq-dns‚ Hcp sIm´m-c-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. sIm´m-cØn\pw CS-sh´n t£{X-Øn\pw \Sp°m-bn-cp∂p {]i-kvXa - m-bn-cp∂ CS-sh-´n-®n-d. amWn-bv°Øv aWn-IW - vT≥ F∂m-bn-cp∂p cmPm-hns‚ Bÿm\ \maw. Iogvae cmPmhmIs´ Imcnt°m´v sIm´m-cØ - n-emWv Xma-k® - n-cp-∂Xv. C°m-eØv t]¿jy-bn¬ \n∂v kmt_m¿, t{]mØv F∂ c≠p sa{Xm-∑m¿ sIm√hpw DZ-bw-t]-cqcpw tI{µ-am°n tIc-fØ - n¬ Du¿÷n-Xa - n-j\ - dn {]h¿Ø\w \S-Øn-bn-cp∂p. DZ-bw-t]-cq-cns‚ ASpØ Ic-bmb sNºn¬ \n∂pw h∂ sNº-c-ØnIm-c-W-h¿°pw Ch-cn¬ \n∂pw ]≈n ]Wn-bp-∂-Xn\v t{]m’m-l\w e`n-®n-´p-≠m-hWw. a‰-Øns‚ Ing-t°-`m-K-Ømbn sIm´m-c-Øn¬ \n∂pw A[nIw AIse-b√ - m-sX-bm-bn-cp∂p sNº-cØ - n- Im-cW - h - c - psS Xmakw. k¿t∆ \º¿ 1556 ¬ Ggc G°-dp≈ \nc-∏mb ]pc-bn-S-Øn¬, C∂sØ sImXIpØn-°h - e - bv°v kao]w Iºw ]mX-bc - p-In-em-bn-cp∂p Imc-Wh - c - psS hoSv. cmPm-\p-aXn IqSmsX ]≈n \n¿ΩmWw Akm-≤y-am-bn-cp∂p. sIm´m-cØnse tPmenbpw kzm[o-\hpw sIm≠v sNº-cØn Imc-W-h-cpsS {ia^-e-ambn a‰-Øn¬ hS°v Ic-sam-gn-hmbn e`n® ÿe-Øm-bn-cp∂p BZysØ ssZh-∏pc. ASpØp Xs∂-bm-bn-cp∂p \in-®p-XpS-ßnb _p≤∑m-cpsS ]≈nbpw. Cu ÿew Ct∏mƒ ImWp∂ I\m-en-t\mSv tN¿∂v k¿t∆ \º¿ 1562 ¬ s]´p InS-°p∂Xmbn Icp-Xp∂p. ]≈n-∏p-c-bpsS \misØ XpS¿∂v ChnSw Ime-{I-aØn¬ ssI∏pg Aa∂q¿ IpSpw-_-Ønse Ge-kw-{Im-¥n-]n-≈bpsS Bbn. Ah-cn¬ \n∂v a‰-Øn¬ ]c-ap-]n≈ hmßn \mep-sI´pw \Sp-ap-‰hpw h®p sFizcy-tØmsS Xma-kn-®n-cp∂p. tZhm-em-b\ - n¿Ωm-WØ - n\v ]√-hi - n-ev]I - e - m-co-Xn-bmWv ChnsS D≠mbn-cp-∂Xv. Icn-¶-√n¬ sImØn-sb-SpØ aWvU-]-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p Ah. Ggmw \q‰m≠p apX¬ tIc-f-Øn¬ X\-Xmb tIcf ssien cq]-s∏´p. BZyw ]md Xpc∂pw, ]ns∂ ]md s]m´n®pw FSp-∏p-Iƒ \n¿Ωn®p XpSßn. hS-°pw-Iq-dns‚ AÆm-bn-°Æw Aºew \of-Øn¬ Iodnb Icn-¶¬]m-fn-Iƒ sIm≠mWv \n¿Ωn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv. Cu inh-t£{Xw

Ct∏mƒ ]p\-cp-≤-cn-®n-cn-°p∂p. Aº-e-Øns‚ Xs∂ amXr-I-bmbn-cp∂n-cn-°mw ]≈n°pw D≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv. C∂sØ coXn-bn¬ Hcp Ipcn-ip]-≈n-bpsS hen-∏ta a‰-Øv IpSpw-_-]-≈n°pw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p≈p. F¶nepw ap‰Øv Xe Db¿Øn \n∂ncp∂ I¬°p-cniv \{km-Wn-bpsS {]uV-]m-c-ºcyw DƒtLm-jn-®n-cp-∂n-cn-°Ww. BZy-Im-eØv ]≈n-Iƒ°v \ma-tl-XpI D≠m-bn-cp-∂n√; ]≈n-°q´-ßƒ - °p-≠m-bn-cp∂p. ]pcm-X\ ]≈n-°q-´ß - f - m-Is´ tXmΩm-«o-lm-bpsS t]cn-em-bn-cp∂p Adn-b-s∏-´n-cp-∂Xv. Aßs\ am¿tØmΩm {InkvXym\n- F∂v \{km-Wn-Iƒ°v t]cp-≠m-bn ]n∂oSv ÿm]n® F√m ]≈nIfpw a¿Ø adn-b-Øns‚ t]cn-embn. amXm-h-√msX as‰mcp a≤y-ÿsb-∏‰n t]¿jy≥ k` hgn \mw Adn-™n-cp-∂n√. am{X-a√ Chn-SsØ amXr-Zm-b- {I-ahpw, {ZmhnU kwkvIm-c-ß-fn¬ AΩ ssZh-Øn\v sImSpØn-cp∂ {]m[m-\yhpw tbip-hns‚ AΩbv°v BZy ]cn-KW - \ \¬Im≥ t{]c-W-bmbn. 15-mw iXIw hsc CXm-bn-cp∂p ÿnXn. AXn\m¬ 9-mw \q‰m-≠nse a‰-Øv ]≈nbpw amXm-hns‚ \ma-t[-b-Øn¬ Xs∂-bmbn.

120

121

5. a‰-Øv apØnbpw a[p-c-ao-\m-£nbpw ChnsS Xan-gv`m-j-bm-bn-cp-∂t√m kwkm-cn-®ncp-∂Xv. ae-bmfw Hcp kzX-{¥-`m-jb - mbn cq]-s∏´p XpS-ßnb Ime-am-bn-cp∂p AXv. BZyw hs´-gpØpw AXns‚ cmb-k-ambn tImse-gp-Øp-ap-≠m-bn. '\m\w-tam\w' kq£n®p hmbn-®m¬ ae-bmfw Xs∂. Xan-g¿ kv{Xo ssZh-ßsf apØn, apØmcΩ, apØm-c-Ω≥ Fs∂√mw BZ-c-]q¿∆w hnfn®n- c p∂p. apØv F∂m¬ G‰hpw {]nb- s ∏- ´ Xv F∂m-Wt√m A¿∞w. apØnepw apØm-b-hƒ apØnbpw, apØm-cΩbpw Bbn-Øo¿∂p. apØmc-Ω-bpsS [mcmfw tImhn-ep-Iƒ Ct∏mgpw tIc-fØnepw Xan-gv\m-´nepw ImWmw. Aßs\ ChnsS amXm-hn-t\bpw `‡n-]q¿∆w apØn F∂v hnfn-®v B-cm-[n®p t]m∂p. ]nev°m-eØv sImc-´n-bnepw sh®qcpw a‰pw \n¿Ωn-°-s∏´ ]≈n-I-fnse amXmhn-t\bpw sImc´n apØn, sh®q¿ apØn F∂v hnfn®m-cm-[n®p. CXp-t]mse Xs∂-bmWv apØ-∏≥

a¿Øadnbw AYhm

a‰ØpapØn

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

{]tbm-Khpw. ae-bm-‰q¿ s]m∂pw Ipcniv apØ-∏\pw apX-e-t°m-SØp apØ-∏\pw a‰pw Cßs\ D≠m-b-Xm-Wv. ]≈n-bpsS apºn-eqsS A\p-kyqXw t]mbn-cp∂ h¿ØI-kw-Lßƒ°pw, k©m-cn-Iƒ°pw apØn Hcp am¿§-Zo-]-ambn. ssae-s°mºv hn´v, ae-\m-´n-ep-≠mb BZy ]≈n-bm-b-Xp-sIm≠pw k©m-c-ku-Icyw aqehpw ]e ÿe-ßf - n¬ \n∂pw Bfp-Iƒ ChnsS FØn-t®¿∂n-cp∂p. Aßns\ ChnSw Hcn-SØ - m-hf - hpw, hgn-tbmc {]m¿∞-\m-tI-{µhpw Bbn amdn. ANn-tcW a‰Øv apØn-bpsS ]≈n \m´nepw, ]m≠n \m´nepw, sImßp tZiØpw Hcp-t]mse {]kn-≤n-bm¿÷n®p. 'a[p-ssc acphpw ao\m®n'bvs°m∏w ''s]cp-a-sbfpw a‰Øv apØnbpw'' XqssW siømsX ChnsS Hcp Imcyhpw \S-°n-s√∂m-bn-cp∂p hnizmkw. Aßs\ ]Ømw \q‰m-≠n¬ a‰-Øv ]≈n {]i-kvXn-bpsS sImSp-ap-Sn-bn-seØn.

6. ]≈n-bpsS \miw F∂m¬ CXv A[n-I-Imew \o≠p-\n-∂n√. 11-mw \q‰m-≠n¬ ]≈n B{I-an-°s - ∏´p. \q‰m≠p bp≤-Im-eØv tNmf-∑m¿ t_mUn\mbv°∂ - q¿ ]mX hgnbpw a‰pw Cc-®p-I-bdn sXmSp-]pg B{I-an®p. ]≈nbpw ]≠-Iim- e - I fpw hoSp- I fpw sIm≈- b - S n- ° - s ∏´p. ae- \ m´c- N ≥ Bfpw A¿∞hpw sIm≠v tNc ssk\ysØ klm-bn®p. \n¿_-‘nX ssk\nI-tk-h\w Xs∂ \S-∏m°n. ]≈n-°q-S-ßƒ \ndpØn ]´mf ]cn-io-e\ tI{µ-ßƒ B°n. \qdp h¿j-ß-tfmfw \o≠ bp≤-Øn¬ \qdp-I-W°n\v bphm-°ƒ Poh≥ tlman®p. Irjnbpw hmWn-Pyhpw sNøm≥ Bfn-√m-Xmbn. tijn-®-h¿ kmº-Øn-I-ambn XI¿∂p. ]≈n \in®p. kmaq-ly-Po-hnXw Xs∂ C√m-Xmbn. tNckm{amPyw XI¿∂-Xns\ØpS¿∂v cmPyw kz¥-ambn In´nb hS-°pw-Iq¿ P\-hmkw h¿≤n-∏n-°m\pw Irjnbpw hmWn-Pyhpw ]p\ÿm-]n-°m\pw \S-]-Sn-I-sf-SpØp. Bº-°m´v, Aa-∂q¿, Im™n-c-°m´v, amS-∏≈n XpS-ßnb \mb¿ IpSpw-_ß - sf ]e ÿe-ßf - n-embn ÿehpw a‰p klm-b-ßfpw \¬In ]m¿∏n®p. amS-∏-≈n¬ Hcp A®n°v H∂ntesd \mb-cp-≠m-bn-cp-∂X - p-sIm≠v AwK-kwJy IqSn-bn-cp-∂p. Ah¿°v Ht´sd ÿew Irjn-°mbn e`n-°p-I-bp-≠mbn. ]qPm-Zn-Iƒ°mbn Bgvhm-t©cn, A®p-]n-≈n¬ s]cp-ºn-≈n¬ XpS-ßnb IpSpw-_-ßsf sIm≠p-h∂p. bp≤-Im-eØv ]nSn®p \n∂ sNº-c-Øn-bnse Npcp°w IpSpw-_-ßƒ°v Ggp-ap-´Øpw apX-e-t°m-S-Øp-ambn ÿehpw \nehpw 122

\evIn. a‰-Øv ]≈n tISp-]m-Sp-Iƒ t]m°n ]p\-cp-≤c - n®p. I®-hS- Ø - n\pw Irjn-°p-ambn IS-\m-´n¬ \n∂v \{km-Wn-Isf hcpØn. Aßs\ apXe-t°m-SØv h∂-h-cmWv amWn-°p-t∂¬ IpSpw-_-°m¿ F∂p ]d-b-s∏Sp∂p. At\-I-h¿j-ß-fnse AXy-[zm\Ømepw cmP-ÿm-\-Øns‚ A\p{K-lm-in-p-I-fmepw sNº-c-Øn- IpSpw_w hf¿∂v hnI-kn®p. Icsamgn-hmbpw A√m-sXbpw [mcmfw hkvXp-hI - I - ƒ IpSpw-_mw-Kß - ƒ kºmZn®p. Bƒ_-ehpw AwKo-Im-chpw Db¿∂ ImeØv Ggp-ap´w apX¬ s]cp-ºn-≈n-®nd hsc-bp≈ an°-hmdpw ÿe-ßfpw \ne-ßfpw Ah-cptS-Xm-bn-Øo¿∂p. ]n¬°m-eØv amWn sNº-cØ - n- A-®≥ hnhn[ IpSpw-_ß - ƒ°mbn ]Xn-∏n®p \¬Inb ÿew At±-l-Øns‚ Xs∂ ]q¿∆n-I-cp-tS-Xm-bncp∂phs{X. bp≤-Im-eØv hniz-kvXt- k-h\w \evInb 'amØpf F∂ [oc\v ]Wn°¿ ÿm\-hpw -{]-tXyI Ah-Im-i-ßfpw \evIn BZ-cn®p. hS-°pw-Iqdnse A∂sØ {]i-kvX-amb If-cn-I-fn-sem∂v Ct±-l-Øn-t‚-Xm-bncp∂p. tImWn-°-aym-en¬ Bbn-cp∂p Ifcn. ico-c-]p-jvSn°pw tcmK-\nhm-c-W-Øn\pw Bh-iy-amb ssXe-ßfpw acp-∂p-Ifpw At±-l-Øns‚ ktlm-Zc - ∑ - m¿ \n¿Ωn-®n-cp∂p. \mev Xe-ap-dI - ƒ°v apºp hsc C{]-Imcw acp-∂p-Iƒ \n¿Ωn®v \¬In-bn-cp-∂-Xmbn ]d-bp∂p. 17-mw \q‰m-≠n¬ {_n´o-jp-Im¿ \nbaw aqew \ntcm-[n-°p-∂-Xp-hsc F√m \{km-Wn-Ifpw Bbp[w [cn®p am{Xta ]pdØp k©-cn-®n-cp-∂p≈p. Cu ASp-ØI - mew hsc Hcp ITm-ctbm sIm®p-]n-®m-Øn-sb-¶n-eptam Ac-bn¬ Xncp-ImØ H‰ {InkvXym-\nbpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂n√. *

7. tæ— hmgvN Ncn-{X-Øn¬ Ip{]-kn≤n t\Snb tæ— hmgvNb - psS ImeØv ]≈n°v ho≠pw \mi-ap-≠m-bX - mbn Icp-Xp∂p. 14-mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ BZyw thWm´-cN - ≥ ]mWvUy-cmPyw B{I-an®p Iog-S°n. `mc-XN - {- I-h¿Øn-bm-bn-cp∂ Aem-hp-±n≥ Jn¬Pn ]mWvUy-cm-Pm-hns‚ klm-b-Øn-\mbn Ipsd ssk\ysØ a[p-cbv°v Np‰pw hn\y-kn-∏n®n-cp∂p. ]mWvUy-cm-Pm-hns‚ tXm¬hnsb XpS¿∂v Ch¿ h\m-¥-c-ß-fn-te°v hen™p. ]n∂oSv ]e kwL-ß-fmbn Xncn™v sXt° C¥y-bnse ]e t£{X-ßfpw ]≈nIfpw sIm≈-b-Sn-°p-Ibpw Xoh-bv°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. ^{Ip-Zo≥ s]menKm¿ (h{I-∏pen) F∂ D]-tk\m \mb-Is‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ tIc-f-

*

123

]fl-\m-`-ta-t\m≥ : tIc-f-Ønse \{km-Wn-Iƒ

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

Ønte°v I-S-∂-h¿ hym]-I-ambn A{I-a-ßƒ \SØn. aX-{`m-¥-∑m¿IqSn-bm-bn-cp∂ Cu apkveow ]S-bm-fn-Iƒ {]Xn-jvT-Iƒ X√n-Ø-I¿°pIbpw {Kma-ßƒ sIm≈-bSn®v an∂¬th-K-Øn¬ h\-{]-tZ-i-tØ°v c£-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp∂p. C°m-e-ØmWv \ne-bv°¬ ]≈nbpw {Kmahpw \in-∏n-°s - ∏-´Xv. a‰-Øv ]≈nbpw sIm≈-bS- n-°s - ∏-Sp-Ibpw cq]ßƒ Xobn-¬s∏SpØp-Ibpw sNbvXp. sXmSp-]pg {ioIr-jvWt- £-{Xhpw sIm≈-b-Sn-°-s∏-´-Xmbn Ncn-{X-Øn¬ ImWp-∂p≠v. A[nIw Xma-kn-bmsX hºn® sIm≈apX-ep-ambn apl-Ω-Zob∏S hSt° C¥y-bn-te°v aSßn. Aßs\ 14- mw iX-I-Øns‚ BZy ZiI-Øn¬ Xs∂ ]≈n ho≠pw \mtim-∑p-J-ambn. s]men-Km¿ ]S-bpsS ]em-b\ - Ø - n\p tijw ]≈n-bpsS ]p\¿\n¿ΩmW-Øn-\mbn {iaw XpSßn. Iºw-]m-X-bpsS Hmc-ß-fn¬ XpSscØpSsc D≠m-bn-s°m-≠n-cp∂ sIm≈bpw sIm≈n-hbv]pw ImcWw P\-hmkw Ipd™p. kº-∂¿ hgn-b-cp-In¬ \n∂v Dƒ{]-tZ-i-ß-fn-te°v Xmakw am‰n. Ggp-ap´w, apX-e-t°mSw `mK-ß-fn-¬, Iºw tdmUn-\-Isebmbn, A[nIw IpSpw-_-ßfpsSbpw Xmakw. XpS¿∂v ]≈n a‰-Øp-\n∂v am‰Ww F∂v Xocp-am-\n®p. ]≈n°v kpc-£n-XX - zhpw ]Wn-bm-\p≈ Ffp∏hpw AXp-aqew h∂p-tN¿∂p.

8. ]≈n apX-e-t°m-SØv {InkvXp ae-ap-If - nepw, tXm´-Ønepw, tXmΩm-«olm ae-bm-‰q¿ ssaem∏q¿ XpS-ßnb ae-I-fn-ep-am-bn-cp-∂t√m {]m¿∞n-®n-cp-∂Xv. \mep `mKtØbv°pw Ncn™ Hcp sam´-°p-∂m-bn-cp∂p C∂p ]≈n-bn-cn-°p∂ ÿew. sX°p hi-Øp-IqSn sXfn™ \m´p-hgn, I√n-s‚bpw sh≈Øn-s‚bpw e`yX, ta¬t\m-´Ø - n-\p≈ kuIcyw, a‰-Øv ]≈n-bp-am-bp≈ kmao]yw XpS-ßn-bh sIm≠v ]≈n ChnsS Xs∂ F∂p Xocp-am-\n®p. sIm®pXºp-cm-t‚bpw h®p-tkhmaq¿Øn-bp-tSbpw Xntcm-[m\sØ XpS¿∂v ImSp-I-b-dn-°n-S∂ Cu Ip∂n≥]pdw sh´n-sØ-fn®v \∂m°n Im™n-c-°m-´p- \m-b¿ kz¥-am-°nbn-cp∂p. Ahn-sS-bm-bn-cp∂p At±l-Øns‚ {]kn-≤-amb If-cnbpw. {]`phpw {]am-Wn-bp-am-bn-cp∂ sNºcØn ]Wn-°-cpsS A`y¿∞-\-{]-Imcw \mb¿ B Ip∂n≥]pdw ]≈n \n¿Ωm-W-Øn-\mbn \¬In. Ifcn C∂sØ Rmgq¿ tImhn¬ ]pc-bn-SØn-te°v am‰n ÿm]n®p. kao-]-Ømbn CjvS-tZ-hs‚ {]Xn-jvTbpw \SØn. A°m-eØv \ne-Øn-\m-bn-cp-∂t√m hne. If-cn-°-SpØp Xs∂ \mb¿°v Irjn-°mbn \nehpw \evIn. 124

a‰-Øv ]≈n-bpsS IØn-\-in® cq]-ßfpw ]´-vhn-Xm-\-ßfpw Dt]£n®v I´vf, I¬{]-Xo-I-ßƒ, Iev∏-e-I-Iƒ, P\¬ XpS-ßn-bh B\hen®pw Bƒ Npa∂pw Ip∂n≥]p-dØv FØn®p. If-cn-Ød s]mfn®p \o°n, Zo¿L-N-Xp-cm-Ir-Xn-bn¬ ]≈n-Ød ]WnXp. Xd-bv°-IØv ]gb I¬Xq-Wp-Ifpw s]m´nb Iev]-e-I-Ifpw sh´p-I√pw \ncØn \nc-∏m°n. I¬hm-Xn-ep-Ifpw P\-ep-Ifpw, Agn-°m-ep-Ifpw, ]Sn-Ifpw ]g-b- ]-≈nbptSXp Xs∂ D]-tbm-Kn®p. XmgsØ I¬∏-Sn-bnepw a‰pw ]pcm-X\ enJn-Xß - ƒ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. CXp-aqew ChnsS D≠m-bn-cp∂ Hcp A-ºew s]mfn-®mWv ]≈n ]Wn-X-sX∂v Hcp sX‰n-≤m-cW ]n¬°m-eØv ]c°m-\n-Sb - mbn. I√pw aÆpw D≈n¬ aWepw sIm≠p-≈X - m-bn-cp∂p `nØn. ]p√p-]-tbm-Kn®v ]≈n-bpsS ta¬°qSv ta™n-cp∂p. ]pØ≥]-≈n°v Aº-eØ - ns‚ Cº-am-bn-cp-s∂-¶nepw ta¬∏p-cb - n¬ \mep-Zn-°n-tebv°pw Ipcnip \m´n-bn-cp∂p. \mep Np‰pw ap‰hpw aq∂p Np‰pw Cd-bhpw, ]pcpj-∑m-cpsS Bbp-[-ßƒ kq£n-°m≥ hmXn¬®m¿Øpw D≠m-bn-cp∂p. ]≈n-∏Snbv°¬ Hcp Npa-Sp-Xm-ßn-bp-≠m-bn-cp∂p. sXt°m-´m-bn-cp∂p Z¿i\w. F¶nepw sX°p-]p-d-tØbv°v hmXn¬ D≠m-bn-cp-∂n√. Xd NmWIw sagpIn, \nc∏pw shSn∏pw hcp-Øn-bn-cp∂p. ]≈n-°p-≈n¬ AƒØm-c Db¿∂pw sXm´p-ap-ºn-embn ]pcp-j∑ - m¿°p≈ ÿew XmWpw, kv{XoIƒ°p≈ CSw Aev]w IqSn XmWpw Ccp∂p. ]Wn-Xo¿∂ ]≈nap‰Øv ]pcm-X-\-amb I¬°p-cniv Db¿Øn. Nph-´n¬ I¬∏e-IIƒ sIm≠v Ipcn-in≥sXm´n Xncn®p. Aßs\ a‰Øv \n∂pw am‰n, apX-e-t°m-SØv 1312 ¬ ]Wn Xo¿ØXm-bn-cp∂p Chn-SsØ BZysØ ]≈n. ÿm\w amdn-sb-¶nepw {]ikvXn-sIm≠pw {]XnjvT a¿Ø-a-dnbw Xs∂-bm-bn-cp-∂Xp sIm≠pw a‰Øv apØn-bpsS ]≈n F∂p Xs∂ XpS¿∂pw Adn-b-s∏´p.

9. a‰-Øn¬ apØnI¿Ø-Øym-cΩ AYhm a‰-Øn¬ apØn Fs∂mcp {]`zn ]≈n°v sX°p-h-isØ Ip∂n¬ ]m¿Øn-cp-∂psh∂pw Ah-cmWv Cu ]≈n ]Wn-bn-®-sX∂pw Hcp IY-bp≠v. Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂ kº-∂\pw At\Iw B\-If - psS DS-aÿ - \pw, XSn Xan-gv\m-´n-te°v Ib-‰p-aXn sNbvXncp∂ Hcp am\y-\p-am-bn-cp∂p Ah-cpsS `¿Ømhv. Hcp Rmb-dmgvN ssaes°m-ºp- ]-≈n-bn¬ I¿Ø-Øym-cΩ Ip¿∫m\ ImWm≥ sN√p-tºmƒ Ah¿ ÿnc-ambn ap´p-Ip-Øn-bn-cp∂ ÿeØv as‰mcp {]`zn-bpsS tXmgn 125

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

]´p-hn-cn-®n-cp∂p. CXn¬ £p`n-Xb - mb apØn apX-et- °m-SØv XSn-sIm≠v Hcp ]≈n ]WnXv A®s\ hcpØn Ip¿∫m\ sNm√n-s®s{X. a‰-Øn¬ apØn°v kpµ-cn-bmb Hcp aI-fp-≠m-bn-cp∂p. Ahƒ IpfØn¬ Ipfn-°p-tºmƒ kao-]-Øp≈ hgn-bn¬ IqSn h∂n-cp∂ Hcp {]`pIp-am-c≥ Ahsf ]Xn-hmbn Z¿in®p h∂n-cp-∂p. Ahsf X\n°v hnhmlw Ign-∏n®v Xc-W-sa-∂p≈ Ass{I-kvX-h-\mb B {]`p-Ip-amcs‚ kΩ¿±w ITn-\-am-bn. X∑qew ChnsS PohnXw Akm-≤y-am-bnØo¿∂p. CXn-s\- Xp-S¿∂v apØnbpw aIfpw kI-eXpw Dt]-£n®v clky-ambn a[p-c°v IS-∂p-sh∂pw A√m hnjw IpSn®v Bﬂ-lXy sNøpI-bm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂pw ]d-b-s∏-Sp∂p. I¿Ø-Øym-c-Ω-bpsS Ime-tijw ]≈n \in®p. XSn-sIm≠v \n¿Ωn®p F∂p ]d-bp-∂p-s≠-¶nepw ChnsS ISp-Øpcp-Øn-bnset∏mse Hcp XSn-∏≈n D≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xmbn Adn-bn√. adn®v I´n-fbpw P\-e-Ifpw Agn-°m-ep-Ifpw ine-I-fm¬ \n¿Ωn-°-s∏-´n-cp∂p. A°m-eØv ]´-°m¿ ]≈n-bpsS kz¥-am-bn-cp-∂-Xp-sIm≠v ASpØ Rmb-dmgvN A®s\ hcpØn Ip¿∫m-\-sNm-√n-°pI Ffp∏ambn-cp-∂n√. Xan-gv\m-´n-te°v c£-s∏´-Xn-\m¬ Ah¿ ]m≠n-°m-cn- Bbn-cpt∂m? kz¥w ]≈n-bp-≠m°n Ip¿∫m\ I≠ I¿Ø-Øym-cΩ aI-fp-samØv Bﬂ-lXy sNøm≥ am{Xw hnizm-kÿ - n-cX - b - n-√m-Øh - f - m-bn-cpt∂m? Xang-I-tØ°v XSn- I-b-‰n Ab®n-cp∂ {]`p-hn\v kz]p-{Xnsb c£n-°m-\mbnt√? Cßs\ At\Iw DØcw ap´nb tNmZy-ßƒ Cu IYsb Nqgv∂p\n¬°p∂p. ]gb ]e ]≈n-I-sfbpw ]‰n CØcw ]e sI´p-I-Y-Ifpw ]d™p t]mcm-dp≠v. ]pcm-X\ - a - mb ÿm]-\ß - sf sFXnly-ßƒ sIm≠v s]mXnbpI ]e¿°pw Kuchm-h-l-amb Hcp ZuXy-amWv. IYm-Ip-Xp-InIƒ Cu tI´p-tI-gvhn-Iƒ ]d-™p-d-∏n-°p-Ibpw Ncn-{X-mt\z-jn-Iƒ CsXms° tcJ-I-fm°n am‰p-Ibpw sNøp∂p. F∂m¬ tI´p-tI-gvhnsb ASn-ÿm\-am°n In´nb hnh-c-a-\p-k-cn®v tN¿Ø-XmWv I¿ØØym-c-Ω-bpsS IY F∂mWv k`m-N-cn-{X-Øn¬ {]kvXm-hn-®v ImWp∂Xv.*

126

* _¿Wm¿Uv tXma : am¿tØmΩm {InkvXym-\n-Iƒ

10. apØntbm sNº-c-Øntbm IY-bnse s]mcp-Ø-t°-Sp-Isf AhK-Wn-®p-sIm≠v Xs∂ Kuchm-hl - a - mb Hcp At\z-jWw C°m-cy-Øn¬ Bh-iy-ambn tXm∂n. ]≈n ]Wn-XXv apØntbm AtXm sNº-c-Øntbm ? am¿Øm-WvU-h¿Ω-bpsS ac-W-tijw 1758¬ Im¿ØnI Xncp-\mƒ alm-cm-Pm-hmbn ÿm\-ta‰p. H-t´sd bp≤-ß-fpw, `c-W-\-S-]-Sn-Ifpw hgn Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dns\ ka-RvPk - a - mbn GIo-Ic - n®v At±lw hyh-ÿm-]nX `cWw \S-∏m-°n. X≥aqew ]e-t∏mgpw JP-\mhv iq\y-am-bn. ]e¿°pw I∏w sImSp-t°-≠n-bn-cp-∂p. Cßs\bp≈ Hcp {]Xn-k‘n L´-ØnemWv [\n-I-\m-bn-cp∂ X®n¬ amØp-Ø-c-I-\n¬ \n∂pw henb Hcp XpI cmP-ÿm-\-tØ°v IS-sa-Sp-Ø-Xv. ]I-c-ambn hS-°≥Xn-cp-hn-XmwIq-dn¬ \n∂pw XSn sh´n-bn-d° - p-hm≥ IpØI Ah-Imiw B {InkvXy≥ I®-h-S-°m-c\v \¬Ip-I-bp-≠m-bn. bp≤hpw ]I¿®-hym-[n-Ifpw aqew P\-hmkw Ipd™v sXmSp-]p-gbpsS ]-cn-kc{]tZ-iß - ƒ h\-ta-Je - b - mbn amdn-bn-cp-∂p. ChnsS \n∂pw XSn sh´n Ic-hgn a[p-c°pw, sXmSp-]pg B‰n¬IqSn Be-∏p-gbnse Unt∏m-bn-te°pw Ib‰n Ab-®n-cp-∂p. amØp-Ø-c-Is‚ GP-‚mbn apXet°m-SØv FØnb Bfm-bn-cp∂nt√ a‰-Øn¬ {]`p? At±-lØns‚ `mcy B√mbn-cpt∂m ]≈n ]Wn-bn®-Xmbn ]d-b-s∏-Sp∂ a‰Øn¬ apØn AYhm I¿Ø-Øym-c-Ω? F¶n¬ apØn Xma-kn-®n-cp-∂Xv ]≈n°v sX°p≈ Ip∂n-em-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂pw, Xmsg D≠m-bn-cp∂ ]≈nbpsS aWn-°n-W¿ apØn-bpsS InW¿ Bbncp-∂p-sh-∂p-ap≈ \nK-a\w icn-b√ - . sXt°-Ip-∂n¬ sIm´mcw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Gew ]≠-Ii - mebpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. `qk¿t∆ {]Imcw AhnSw hen-b-ho-´n¬ ]pc-bn-S-am-Wv. (k¿t∆ \w. 99/11F, 99/11-_n, 99/12¬ s]´p-In-S-°p-∂p). AtX-k-abw ]≈n°v apºn¬ Rmd-°p-fØv t__n-bpsS hkvXp-hn\v sXm´p ]Sn™m-dm-bn-´mWv a‰-Øn¬ apØn Xma-kn-®n-cp∂, k¿t∆ dn°m¿Un≥ {]Im-c-ap≈ a‰-Øn¬ ]pc-bnSw (k¿t∆ \w. 101) ChnsS ]pc-Ø-dbpw apØn-bpsS InWdpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. ]™w-Ipfw ]mSw apX¬ tIm´ tdmUv hsc hnkvXr-X-am-bn-cp∂p Cu ]pc-bnSw. Chn-sS-bm-bn-cp∂p Dcpf≥ XSn-Iƒ ti-J-c-®n-cp-∂Xpw B\-Isf Xf-®n-cp-∂-Xpw. apØn-bpsS Xntcm-[m-\Ø - n-s\ms° tijw Cu ]pc-Ød- b - n¬ Ad_n F∂-dn-bs - ∏´ 127

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

Hcp apl-ΩZv IÆpw ]n∂oSv I∏n-em-aq-´n¬ ]Ir-Xo\pw Xma-kn-®n-cp-∂p. ap‰-Øp-≠m-bn-cp∂ apØn-bpsS InW¿ BWv Ahcpw D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp∂-Xv. B InW-‰nse sh≈w th\¬°m-eØv h‰n-t∏m-Ip-am-bn-cp-∂p. Aßs\ sh≈w h‰n-bn-cp-∂-t∏mƒ apØn h‰mØ sh≈-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂ aWnInW-‰n¬ \n∂m-bn-cn°pw sh≈w FSp-Øncp-∂Xv. AXn-\m-emWv aWn-°n-W¿ apØn-bpsS InW¿ -Bbn sX‰n-≤-cn-°-s∏-Sm≥ CS-bm-b-Xv. Ad-_n- C-d-°-Øn-ep≈ a‰-Øn¬ ]pc-bn-S-Ønse ]Sn-™m-dp-`m-KØp≈ apØn-bpsS InW-¿ aqSn-t∏m-bn-cn-°p-∂p. Np‰p-ap≈ asÆ-SpØp am‰n-b-Xp-aqew Bgw Ipd-s™-¶nepw as‰mcp InW¿ Ct∏mgpw D]-tbmKn-°p-∂p-≠v. ]md-∏pg IqS-°m´v X¶-®s‚ ssIh-i-ap≈ apØn-bpsS aqSnb InWdpw Np‰p-ap≈ hkvXp-hpw B¿°pw ImWm-hp-∂-XmWv. apØn-bpsS aIƒ Ipfn-®n-cp∂p F∂v ]d-bp∂ kv\m\-L´w (Rm-d°p-fw) \m´p-hg- n-bpsS Acn-In¬ hoSn\v kao]w Xs∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p. [¿Ωcm-Pm-hns‚ ImeØv Cu hgn hnI-kn-∏n®v s\Sp-t¶m´ hsc \o´n-bt- ∏mƒ CXv tIm´ tdmUm-bn. CXnsebmhmw {]`p-Ip-am-c≥ IS∂v h∂ncp∂Xpw, apØn-bpsS aIsf I≠n-cp-∂-Xpw. Rmd-°p-fØv t__n-bpsS hkvXp-hns‚ Acn-sI-bmbn \in® tIm´-tdm-Uv, tIm´-sØm-≠v Bbn Ct∏mgpw \ne-hn-ep≠v. AXn-t\mSv tN¿∂p≈ Rmd-°pfw (Ct∏mƒ hcm°p-fw) GXm≠v \nI-∂p- I-gn-™Xmbpw ImWmw. ]≈n°v sX°p≈ Ip∂n-e-√ XSn hym]mcn Xma-kn-®n-cp-∂Xv. AXn\m¬ ]≈n HmUn-t‰m-dn-b-Øn\v ]nd-In-ep-≈ In-W¿ apØn-bpsS InW-d√; ]f-fn-bpsS aWn-°n-W-dm-Wv. 9˛mw iX-I-Øntem 14˛mw iX-I-Øntem ]Wn-bn-°-s∏´p F∂v k`m-N-cn-{X-Øn¬ ]d-bp∂ Cu tZhm-ebw Hcp Imc-W-h-imepw 400 h¿j-ßƒ°v tijw 18˛mw iX-I-Øns‚ c≠mw ]Ip-Xn-bn¬ [¿Ω-cm-Pm-hns‚ ImeØv Pohn-®n-cp∂ Hcp apØn ]Wnbn-®-Xm-Ip-hm≥ km[y-a-√. AXn-\m¬ apX-e-t°mSw ]≈n apØn ]Wnbn®-X√ F∂v hfsc hy‡-am-Wv. am¿Øm-WvU-h¿Ω-bpsS a¿±\w aqew sNº-c-Øn- Ip-Spw-_-°m¿ \mSp-hn´v HmSpIbpw, ]≈n \in-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sN-bv-XXn-s\-Øp-S¿∂v [¿Ω-cm-Pm-hns‚ `c-W-Im-e-Øv, 1767¬, ChnsS h∂p tN¿∂ a‰-Øn¬ apØn, \in-®p- In-S∂ ]≈n-bpsS tISp-]m-Sp-Iƒ \o°n ]≈n {]m¿∞\m-tbm-Ky-am-°nbn´p-≠mIpw. ]n∂oSv D≠mb cq£-amb ]I¿®-hym-[nsb-Øp-S¿∂v apX-e-t°mSw ]≈n-s°m∏w Bc-°p-g, s\Sn-b-ime ]≈n128

Ifpw AS-®n-Sp-I-bp-ap≠m-bn. A°m-e-ØmWv apX-e-t°mSw ]≈n\n¿Ωn®Xv apØn-bm-sW∂ sX‰n-≤m-cW ]c-∂-Xpw apØn-bpsS ]≈n F∂v ]cm-a¿in-°m≥ XpS-ßn-b-Xpw. XSn-sIm≠v Xmev°m-en-Ia - mbn apØn \∂m-°n-sb-SpØ ]≈n apØnbpsS Xntcm-[m-\-tØmsS \i-®p-t]m-bn. Aßs\ \in-®p-In-S∂ ]≈nbmWv sNº-cØn amWn°Ø-\m¿ 19-˛mw iX-I-Øn¬ ]p\-cp-≤-cn-®-Xv. tkmf-a≥ cmPmhv ]Wn-b® Pdp-ktew tZhm-ebw tbip-hns‚ Imeam-b-t∏mƒ tltdm-tZ-in‚ ]≈n F∂mWv Adn-b-s∏-´n-cp-∂-Xv.* ‘]≈n ]Wn-bn-°p-∂-h-cpsS t]cn¬ am{X-a√m, ]n¬°m-eØv AXv ]p\-cp-≤-cn-°p-∂-h-cpsS t]cn¬ Chn-sSbpw ]≈n-Iƒ Adn-b-s∏-´n-cp∂‘-Xmbn N-cn-{X-Kt- h-jI - \ - mb ^m. tUm. tPm¿Pv Ipcp-°q¿ ]d-bp-∂p.**

11. ]≈nbpw IpSpw-_hpw tXmΩm-«o-lm-bv°p-tijw 15-mw \q‰m-≠p-h-sc-sb-¶nepw ChnsS D≠m-bn-´p≈ ]≈n-I-sf√mw IpSpw-_-]-≈n-I-fm-bmWv Bcw-`n-®n-´p-≈Xv. ÿesØ `‡-\mb Hcp {]amWn H‰t°m, Hcp {]apJ IpSpw-_tam, Ipd®p IpSpw-_ß - ƒ tN¿t∂m Bbn-cp∂p ]≈n- \n¿Ωn-®n-cp-∂Xv. kz¥w ]≈n Hc-¥pw B`n-Pm-Xy-Øns‚ e£-Whpw Bbn-cp∂p. B {]tZ-iØp≈ B¿°pw Ahn-sS ]≈n-I¿Ω-ß-fn¬ ]s¶-Sp-°m-am-bn-cp∂p. Aßs\ ]≈n-bn¬ Hcp Bƒ°q´w D≠m-Ip-am-bn-cp-s∂-¶nepw ]≈n ]Wn-X-hcpw Ah-cpsS IpSpw-_-°mcpw A\-¥-ch≥amcpw tN¿∂-Xmbn-cp∂p ]≈n-tbmKw. ]≈n-s®ehv hln-°p-∂Xpw ]≈n `cWw \n¿∆ln-°p-∂Xpw Ah-cm-bn-cp∂p. ]≈n-tbm-K-Øns‚ klm-b-Øn-\mbn B≤ym-ﬂnI Imcy-ßƒ BgvN-{I-a-a-\p-k-cn®v \n¿∆-ln-®n-cp-∂Xv tZiØp-]´°m-cm-bn-cp∂p. Cu IØ-\m-c≥am¿°v IeymWw Ign-°m-am-bncp∂p. sshZoI ]T\w Nne-th-dnb H∂m-bn-cp∂p. ]T\w ]q¿Øn-bm-°nbn´pw ]´w In´msX 40 hb-p-hsc ImØn-cp-∂h - cpw siΩm-i≥am-cmbn acn-®-hcpw D≠v. amtΩm-Zo-k ap°Wsa¶n¬ ^okv sImSp-°-W-am-bncp∂p. Ip¿∫m-\-bn¬ {][m\ ka-b-Øn\v apºv ‘amtΩm-Zokm In´m-Øh¿ ]pd-Øp-t]m-Is´’ F∂p hnfn-®p-]-d-™n-cp∂p. At∏mƒ ]≈n-bpsS {][m\ `mK- Ø p- \ n- ∂ p- a mdn c≠p- h - i - Ø p- a p≈ hcm- ¥ - I - f n- t e°v Aßs\bp≈h¿ Cdßn \n¬°p-am-bn-cp∂p. ^okv sImSp-°m≥ Ignbm-Ø-Xp-aqew amtΩm-Zokm kzoI-cn-°m-Ø-hcpw D≠m-bn-cp∂p. amtΩm129

* Nmt°m ]pØ≥]p-c-bv°¬ tbip-{InkvXp. P-122 ** A`n-apJw

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

Zokm \¬Im-\p≈ A[n-Imcw A∂v sa{Xm-\p-am-{X-am-bn-cp∂p. IØ\msc \n›-bn-°p-∂Xpw ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂Xpw ]´w sImSp-∏n-°p-∂Xpw ]≈ntbm-Ka - m-bn-cp∂p. k¬kz-`m-hhpw hnizm-khpw `‡n-bp-ap≈ IpSpw-_mwK-ßsf am{Xsa Cu A¥-n-te°v tbmKw Xnc-s™-Sp-Øn-cp-∂p≈q. ]≈n ]WnX Xd-hm-´nse AwK-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p tZi-Øp-]-´-°m¿. Ahsc _lp-am-\n-°m\pw A\p-kc - n-°m\pw F√m-h¿°pw IS-abpw NpaX-ebpw D≠m-bn-cp∂p. ]≈n-tbm-K-tØmSv Iqdp-]p-e¿Øm\pw A\p-k-cn-°m\pw IW°v t_m[n-∏n-°p-hm\pw IØ-\m¿ _m≤y-ÿ-\m-bn-cp∂p. 1599se DZ-bw-t]-cq¿ kq\-lt- Zmkv hsc ]≈n-Ifn¬ hnImcnb®≥am¿ D≠mbncp-∂n-√. bmt°m-_mb sshZn-I-sc-t∏mse tZi-Øp-]-´-°m¿ kzKr--lß- f n¬ hkn- ° p∂ IpSpw- _ - \ m- Y ≥am- c m- b n- c p- ∂ p. kq\- l - t Zmkv , hnhmlw \ntcm-[n-°p-Ibpw sa{Xms‚ {]Xn-]p-cp-j≥ Bbn Hmtcm ]≈n°pw hnIm-cnsb \n›-bn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. A°m-esØ A{Klmc-ß-fn¬ `cWw tbmK-°m¿ \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂-Xp-t]mse ]≈n-bnse aX-I¿Ω-ßs - fm-gn-sI-sb√mw ]≈ntbmK-°m-cmWv \nb-{¥n-®n-cp-∂X - v. CSh-II - f - psS `c-Wk - w-hn-[m-\Ø - nse ae°w adn-®n-ep-Iƒ Hcp ]s£ ImeØns‚ Imet°-SmImw. tIm´bw aW¿ImSv amXm-hns‚ ]≈n-bn¬ Ct∏mgpw aq∏p-ap-dbv°v CS-h-I-°m¿°v am{X-amWv hnIm-cn-Xzw.

{Inkv X p- a - k n- t \- ° mƒ IqSp- X ¬ A\p- j v T m- \ - ß - t fm- s S- b mWv t\mbºv BN-cn-®ncp-∂Xv. aq∂v t\mbºv, F´p t\mbºv, Ccp-]-Ønb©p t\mbºv, AºXp t\mbºv F∂n-h-bm-bn-cp∂p {][m\ t\mbºp-Iƒ. a’y-amw-km-Zn-Ifpw ap´bpw aZyhpw, apdp°pw ]pI-h-enbpw h¿÷n-®n-cp∂p. D]-hm-khpw ]≈n-bn¬ t]m°pw A\p-_‘ - a - mbn D≠mbn-cp∂p. s]klm hymgmgvN cm{Xn-bn¬ {InkvXp-\m-Ys‚ A¥y AØmg-Øns‚ kvac-W-bn¬ IpSpw-_-\m-Y≥ A∏w apdn®v {]mb-{I-a-Øn¬ IpSpw-_mw-K-ßƒ°v \¬In-bncp∂p. Ipcn-i-∏hpw, sdm´nbpw, ]ghpw, ho™ns\ Hm¿Ωn-∏n-°p∂ "]mepw' hnf-ºn-bn-cp∂p. ]pXnb {InkvXym\n-Iƒ°v A∏w ]pgp-ßp-∂X - n\p A\p-hm-Za - n-√m-Xn-cp-∂X - n-\m¬, ASpØ Znhkw Ah¿°v CsX√mw sImSp-Øp-t]m∂p. Zp:Jsh-≈n-bmgvN Znhkw `£Ww ]mIw sNøp-Itbm ap‰-w A-Sn-°pI t]meptam sNbvXn-cp-∂n√. ivaim-\-aq-I-X-bm-bn-cp∂p F√m hoSp-Ifnepw. Bcpw ]pd-Øn-d-ßn-bn-cp∂n√. ap≥Im-e-ß-fn¬ Imc-W-h-∑m¿ am{X-amWv I´n-ep-I-fn¬ saØ∏m-bn´v Dd-ßn-bn-cp-∂Xv. s]Æp-ßfpw a°fpw \ne-Øp-hn-cn® t\c-∏mbntem XpWn-bntem Dd-ßn-bn-cp∂p. F∂m¬ Ipcp-tØm-e-s∏-cp-∂mƒ apX¬ Dbn¿∏p-\mƒ hsc sNº-c-Øn-bnse Imc-W-h-∑mcpw IØ-\m-c∑mcpw I´n¬ Dt]-£n®v \ne-Øp-In-S-∂mWv Dd-ßnt∏m∂Xv.

12. {InkvXp-akpw s\mbºpw {InkvXp-akv Zn\-ßf - n¬ ]p¬°q-Sp-Ifpw h¿Æ-°S- e - m-kp-Ifpw IpcptØm-e-Ifpw sIm≠v tXmc-W-ßƒ sI´n-bn-cp∂p. C∂-sØ-t]mse sdUn-sabvUv ]p¬°q-Sp-Itfm, {Int∫m, _ƒ_v ame-Itfm D≠m-bn-cp∂n√. ]p¬°q-´n¬ amXmhpw Hutk∏pw DÆnsb ip{iq-jn-°p∂ ]SamWv h®n-cp-∂Xv. AItØm ]pdtØm Hm´p-hn-ft°m lcn-t°≥ emwt]m Xq°n-bn-cp∂p. ap‰sØ ac-Øntem CS-\-a-c-Øns‚ imJ Ipgn®n´v AXntem apfbpw \ndw-Iq-Snb IS-em-kp-sIm≠v \n¿Ωn® henb \£-{X-ßƒ Xq°n-bn-cp∂p. {InkvXp-akv Imc-fn-\m-Is´ DÆn-bo-timbpsS cq]w XpWn-bn¬ s]mXn™v sNdnb s]´n-bn¬ FSp-°p-am-bncp∂p. H∏w Ipg¬ DuØp-Imtcm, sN≠-°mtcm D≠mIpw. C∂sØ {InkvXp-akv ]∏tbm, ]pen-I-fntbm, kn\n-am-]mt´m D≠m-bn-cp-∂n√.

IS-hn¬ IpSpw-_-Ønse t]mse sNº-c-Øn-bnepw Xe-ap-d-I-fmbn At\Iw ]´°mcp-≠m-bn-cp∂p. ChnsS {]_-e∑m-cmbn sNº-cØn A√msX as‰mcp Iq´cpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xmbn tI-´p-Iƒhn-t]m-ep-an√. 9-mw \q‰m-≠p-ap-X¬ 17-mw \q‰m-≠p-hsc IpSpw-_mw-K-ß-f-√msX Bcpw Cu ]≈n-bn¬ sshZnI-cmbn tkh\w sNbvXn-´n√. a‰m-sc-¶neptam GsX-¶nepw IpSpw-_tam Ah-Im-i-s∏´v apt∂m-´p-h-∂n´p-an√. sNº-c-Øn-bnse IpSpw-_-Im-cy-ßƒ Xocp-am-\n-®n-cp-∂Xpw X¿°ßƒ Xo¿Øn-cp-∂Xpw ]≈n-bn¬ h®m-bn-cp∂p. IpSpw-_-Ønse Hme°c-W-ßƒ, {]am-WnI tcJ-Iƒ,IpSpw-_-°-W-°p-Iƒ, X¿°-h-kvXp°ƒ F√mw BZy-Imew apXte ]≈n-bn-emWv kq£n-®n-cp-∂Xv. IpSpw_-Øn¬ hkvXp X¿°-ap-≠m-bm¬ BZmbw ]≈n-sb-Sp-Øn-cp∂p. ]≈n s°´n-SØ - ns‚ kwc-£Ww, \nXy-Zm\ sNe-hp-Iƒ, sshZn-Ic - psS HutZymKnI sNe-hp-Iƒ F√mw IpSpw_-Øn¬ \n∂m-bn-cp∂p. IpSpw-_-Ønse

130

131

13. ]≈n-`-cWw

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

hkvXp-°ƒ `mKn-°-ptºmƒ Hcp `mKtam Xpey-Xp-Itbm ]≈n-°m-cyØn-\mbn Fgp-Xn-∏nSn-®n-cp∂p. A®≥am-cpsS Ah-ImihkvXp-°ƒ btYjvSw ]≈n°p \¬Ip-hmt\m, hn¬°p-hmt\m A\p-h-Zn-®n-cp∂p. Aßs\ Hcp ka-bØv ]≈n°v sXm≈m-bncw ]d \nehpw ]pc-bnShpw D≠m-bn-cp∂p. ]≈n-bp-sSbpw sshZn-I-cp-sSbpw kwc-£Ww A`nam-\I - c - a - mb Hcp Imcy-am-bmWv sNº-cØ - n-°∑m¿ Icp-Xn-bn-cp-∂Xv. I≠Øn¬ am¿ BK-kvXn-t\mkv Fd-Wm-Ipfw sa{Xm-\m-bn-cp∂ ImeØv A∂v hnIm- c n- b m- b n- c p∂ sNº- c - Ø n- b - ® - t \mSv ]≈n- ° - W °v tNmZn®Xmbpw ‘Xm≥ ]≈n-°-W°v {]tXyIw kq£n-®n-´n√‘ F∂ adp]Snbn¬ Xncp-ta\n Imcyw a\-n-em-°nbXmbpw tI´n-´p-≠v. ]≈n-bnse sXt° k¶o¿Øn A®-∑mcpw hSt° k¶o¿Øn Xdhm-´nse Imc-W-h-∑mcpw D]-tbm-Kn®p t]m∂p. AhnsS \n∂mWv Ah¿ Ip¿_m\ I≠n-cp-∂X - v. hSt° k¶o¿Øn°v apI-fn¬ Xs∂-bmWv ]≈naWn Xq°n-bn-cp-∂-Xpw. hen-b-Im-c-W-h¿ FØn-b-ti-jta \SaWn AS®n-cp-∂p-≈q. AXp-t]mse Xs∂ Xncp-°¿Ω-ßƒ°p-tijw henb ImcW-h¿ ]≈n°p apºn-¬ ASn-t®‰nbpsS BIr-Xn-bn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ hcm¥-bn¬ Itk-c-bn´v Ccn-°p-am-bn-cp-∂p. ]≈n-bn¬ h∂p-t]m-Ip-∂-h¿ At±lsØ sXmgpXpw Nne¿ Imep-sXm´p \a-kv°-cn-®p-amWv IS-∂pt]m-bn-cp-∂-Xv.

14. c≠v At]-£-Iƒ IpSpw_ {]iv\-ßfpambn _‘s∏´v I≠pIn´nb c≠v At]-£Iƒ Xmsg tN¿°p-∂Xv ]gb coXn a\nem°phm≥ klmbIamWv. 1. Fs‚ A∏-t‚bpw Nn‰-∏t- ‚bpw _mey-Im-eØv Rß-fpsS henb A∏m-∏≥ acn-®p-t]mb sNº-c-Øn-°¬ _. amWn-b-®≥ 1068-˛¬ 314-˛mw \ºdmbn Hcp Xodm-[mcw Nn‰-∏s‚ t]cp-h®v FgpXn cPn-Ãd- m-°n. 1069˛¬ 183-˛mw \º-dmbn Hcp acW ]{Xn-Ibpw Fgp-Xn. ac-W-]-{Xn-I-bn¬ Xodm[m-c-Øns‚ Imcyw ]d-™n-´n-√. Xodm-[m-c-Øn¬ s]´ 12 ]d \nehpw henb s]mXp-s°m≈n \new 20 ]d \neØn¬ 10 ]d \nehpw ]pØ≥]pc-bv°¬ `h-\hpw 7 I∂p-cp-°fpw A∏-t‚bpw Nn‰-∏t- ‚bpw hoX-Øn¬ h®v cPn-Ã-dm-°n. sk‰n¬sa‚n\v ap≥]v acn-®p. 132

2. Fe-™n-°¬ Xcn-bXv Ip™n-sØm-Ω≥ sNº-cØ - n-°¬ amWn A®s‚ Ah-Im-in-Iƒ°v sImSp-°m≥ G¬]n® 495 cq]m-bn¬ ]IpXn Int´-≠-Xm-Wv. Rm≥ Icn-a-Æq¿ CS-h-I-bn¬ Fs‚ aI-fpsS IqsS Xmakn-°p-∂p. At]-£-I≥ ]men-b-°p-t∂¬ C´n-s®-dn-bm≥ aØmbn.

15. ae-_m¿ sabn¬ 1938 \S∂ ae-_m¿ sabn¬ tIkv tIc-f-Øn¬ \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂ ]≈n-bpsS Ah-Imihpw ]≈n-tbm-K-Øns‚ {]mam-Wyhpw kqNn-∏n°p∂ Hcp kw`-h-am-bn-cp∂p. ]gb ]dºn¬ fqbokv Xncpta\nbpsS Imetijw Fd-Wm-Ipfw AXn-cq-]-X-bp-sSbpw kotdm-a-e-_m¿ lb-cm-¿°n-bp-sSbpw Xe-h-\mbn I≠-Øn¬ am¿ BK-kvXn-t\mkv \nb-an-X-\mbn. ae-_m¿ sabn¬ F∂ t]cn¬ Hcp ]{Xw kz¥-ambn XpS-ßm≥ Xocp-am-\n® At±lw F√m ]≈n-Ifpw 300 cq]m hoXw \¬I-W-sa∂v \n›-bn®v Adn-bn®p. apX-et°mSw ]≈n-bn¬ A∂pw IW-°p-Iƒ tIƒ°pIbpw Xocp-am-\ß - ƒ FSp-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-∂Xv ]≈n-tbm-K-am-bn-cp∂p. Aº-Xp-cq-]-bn¬ IqSp-X¬ Nne-hg - n-°m≥ hnIm-cn°v ]≈n-tbm-KØ - ns‚ ap∂\p-hmZw th≠n-bn-cp∂p. ae-_m¿ sabn-en\v 300 cq]m Ct∏mƒ \¬tI≠ F∂pw {]h¿Ø\ ]ptcm-KXn hne-bn-cpØn ]n∂oSv Xocp-am-\n-°mI≠Øn¬ sa∂pw F∂m¬ Ct∏mƒ kw`m-h\ - b - mbn AºXp am¿ AKkvXnt\mkv cq]m \¬Imsa∂pw tbmKw \n›-bn®p. hnIm-cnsa{Xmt∏meoØ bn¬ \n∂v hnh-c-a-dn™ I≠-Øn¬ Xncp-ta\n £p`n-X-\mbn 300 cq] DS≥ ]≈n-bn¬ \n∂v Aca-\-bn¬ AS-®p-sIm-≈-W-sa∂v ImWn®v hnIm-cn°v C≥e‚n¬ Hcp I¬]\ FgpXn Ab®p. A°m-eØv ]≈n-hn-Imcn ]md-¶n- s\-Sp-ºp-dØv tXmΩm IØ-\mcm-bn-cp∂p. hnIm-cn-bmbn Nm¿s÷-Sp-°m≥ h∂ At±-lsØ AXn\v A\p-h-Zn-°msX ap≥hn-Imcnbpw, sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bpsS ktlm-Z-c-]p{X-\pamb I≠-Øn¬ tPmk^v IØ-\msc s]cp-∂m-fns‚ Du´v ]Wwhm-ßm≥ sNº-cØn klm-bn®p F∂v Hcp sX‰n-≤m-cW tXmΩm-®-\p133

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

≠m-bn-cp∂p. Ipgn-bv°m-´-®-\m-bn-cp∂p AkvtX-¥n. A\njvSw aqØ hnImcn ImcWh∑m¿ k¶o¿Ønbn¬ \n∂v Ip¿∫m\ ImWp∂Xn¬ \oc-k-s∏-´p. CXv sNº-cØn IpSpw_mwK-ßƒ°pw {]bmk-Øn\v CSbm°n. Iev]\ In´n-b-]msS hnImcn 300 cq] Ac-a-\-bn¬ AS®p. CXn¬ Ak-¥p-jvSc - mb CS-hI - ° - m¿ ASpØ Rmb-dmgvN ]≈n-tbmKw hnfn®p. tbmKw \nb-{¥-Wm-Xo-X-am-Ip-Ibpw imkn-°p-Ibpw sNbvX-Xns\ XpS¿∂v A≤y-£-\m-bn-cp∂ tXmΩm-°-Ø-\m¿ Cd-ßn- c-£-s]´p. At±lsØ Nne¿ tN¿∂v sXmSp-]pg IS-Øn-hn´p. XpS¿∂p \S∂ tbmKØn¬ ]≈n-tbm-KØ - ns‚ A\p-hm-Za - n-√msX \S∂ [\-hn-\n-tbm-KØ - n\v A\ym-b-s∏-Sm≥ Xocp-am-\n®p. Rmfq¿ DXp∏pw ss]en tPmk^pw hmZnI-fm-bn, hnIm-cn-tbbpw Nne ssI°m-c≥am-tcbpw a‰pw I£n tN¿Øv sXmSp-]pg ap≥kn^v tImS-Xn-bn¬ tIkv ^b¬ sNbvXp. Xø-t°mSØv sI.G. \mcm-b-W-]n-≈-bm-bn-cp∂p h°o¬. s]cp-∂m-fn\p {]Z-£nWw \S-Øp-∂-Xn-\mbn ]≈n-bn¬ G¬]n® ]Ww hc-hp-ht®m F∂-dn-bm≥ IW-°p-_p°v tNmZn-®-t∏mƒ AXv tamjWw t]msb∂v Adn-bn∏v h∂p. CXn-\nsS t\¿® s\√v In´n-bXv ImWmXmbn. XpS¿∂v as‰mcp tIkv sImSpØv Baos\ hcpØn. _eambn ]≈napdn Xpd∂v s\√v Af-°p-Ibpw apdn ]q´n ko¬ hbv°pIbpw sNbvXp. Hfn-∏n-®p-h® - n-cp∂ IW-°p-_p°pw apdn-bn¬ \n∂v Is≠SpØp. Cu tIkn¬ {]Xnsb ]Xn-\mdp cq]m in£n-°p-I-bp-≠mbn. ae-_m¿ sabn¬ tIkv hmZn-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn {]K¤ A`n-`m-j-I-\m-bncp∂ am™q-cms\ Ac-a-\-bn¬ \n∂v \ntbm-Kn®p. tIkn¬ {]Xn-Isf al-tdm-\n¬s]-SpØn. Im™q¿, Icn-¶p∂w XpS-ßnb {]apJ ]≈n-Ifn¬ hnIm-cn-am-cm-bn-cp∂ IpSpw-_-Ønse sshZo-Isc ÿew am‰n. siΩm-i≥amsc skan-\m-cn-I-fn¬ \n∂v ‘t]mbn tIkv Xo¿Øn-´p-h-cm’\mbn \n¿_-‘-ambn Ah-[n-sb-Sp-∏n®p. Hcp AkvtX¥n A®≥ apX-et- °mSw ]≈n-bpsS Ncn-{X-w FgpXn A\p-a-Xn-°mbn Ac-a-\-bn-te-°-b®p. AXn¬ ]≈n- ÿm]n®Xpw \SØnt∏m∂Xpw a‰pw sNº-cØn IpSpw-_-Øn¬ \n∂m-sW∂v kqNn-∏n®n-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ {]kn-≤o-I-c-W-Øn\v A\p-aXn \ntj-[n®p. CØcw ISpØ kΩ¿±-ß-sfms° {]tbm-Kn-®n´pw c≠p-h¿jw tIkv apt∂m´p t]mbn. ]≈n kzØp-°f - psS Ah-Im-ihpw ]W-Øns‚ hn\n-tbm-Khpw ]≈n-tbm-K-Øn-\m-sW-∂m-bn-cp∂p hmZw. adn®v hnizm-

k-]-c-amb Imcy-ß-fn¬ Bﬂob t\Xr-Xz-Øn\v ]q¿Æ-ambpw hnt[-bam-bn-cn-°Ww. hntZ-io-b-cmb sa{Xm≥am-cpsS `c-W-Im-eØv `uXoI kº-Øn≥ta¬ C{]-Imcw Ah-Im-i-ß-sfm∂pw D∂-bn-®n-cp-∂n-s√∂pw hnkvX-cn-°-s∏´p. Aßs\ Ccns° ae-ta¬ sk_m-Ãy≥ IØ-\m¿ hnIm-cn-bmbn \nb-an-X-\mbn. Nne k‘n Btem-N-\-I-sfms° At±lw ap∂m-fmbn \S∂p. FSpØ XpI apX-e-t°mSw ]≈n-°m-cy-Øn-te°v hI-bn-cpØn. k`m-kw-_‘ - a - mb hne-°p-Iƒ Xo¿°p-Ibpw tIkv ]n≥hen-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. IpSpw-_-Øn¬ \n∂pw \¬In-b-X-√msX ]≈n°v thsd hkvXp°ƒ D≠m-bn-cp-∂n√. F¶nepw Ah-bnse Irjn, ta¬t\m´w, IW-°ph-bv°¬ CsX√mw IpSpw-_mw-K-ßƒ Dt]-£n®p. BﬂobImcy-ß-sfmgn-®v DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-ßƒ C\nta¬ Gs‰-Sp-t°≠ F∂p h®p. Cßs\ Dt]- £ n- ° - s ∏´ \ne- ß fpw ]pc- b n- S - ß fpw Irjn°pw a‰p- a mbn ]e¿°mbn \¬In. 1965-70 Ime-L-´-amb-t∏mƒ ]ecpw ssIh-im-h-Imiw D-∂b - n-°p-Ibpw Iptd ÿew Ah¿°v hn´p-sIm-Sp-t°-≠n-hc - n-Ibpw sNbvXp. Ggp-ap´w shfn-b-¶c \ne-Øns‚ Hcp-`mKw Aßs\ \c-b≥ h¿°n F∂-bmƒ°v \¬Inbncp∂p. Cßs\ \jvS-s]´ ÿe-ß-fpsS _m°n ]e-t∏m-gmbn ]≈n-bn¬ \n∂p hn¬°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Fd-Wm-Ipfw cq]-X-bn¬ F∂√m kotdm ae-_m¿ k`-bn¬ Xs∂ ]≈n-tbmKw \ntcm-[n-®p-sIm≠v Xocp-am\ap≠m-bn. tIcf k`-bn¬ CsXmcp Ncn{X k‘n-bmbn. CS-h-I-k-aq-l-Øn\v ]≈n-bpsS taep-≠mbn-cp∂ DS-a-ÿm-h-Im-ihpw A[n-Im-chpw \jvSambn. `uXn-I-h-kvXp°-fpsS \nb-{¥-Whpw ssItamiw h∂p. c≠mw hØn-°m≥ kq\-ltZmkv ]e Ah-Im-i-ß-fp-ambn ]≈n-tbmKw Ct∏mƒ ]p\-ÿm-]n-®n-´p≠v . IpSpw- _ - Ø nse ssh- Z n- I ¿ Ipcnins‚ kmwkv I mcnI `mhw kz¥am°n hnhn[ anj≥ tI{µ-ß-fnepw cq]-X-I-fnepw s]´v \m´nepw hntZ-iØpw I¿Øm-hn\p th≠n Ct∏mgpw the sNøp∂p. Aßs\ sNº-cØn IpSpw-_-Øn\p apX-e-t°mSw ]≈n-bp-ambn D≠m-bn-cp∂ Bﬂ-_-‘-Øn\p `mKo-I-amb `wKambn. 1955 ¬ I≠Øn¬ am¿ AK-kvXn-t\mkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm Ncaw {]m]n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. -Hcp ]≈n ÿm]n®v Bbncw h¿j-ß-tfmfw AXv kwc-£n®v \SØnb IpSw-_ß - ƒ tIc-fØ - n¬ hnc-fa - mWv. Im™n-c° - m-´p-Ip-∂n¬ Xe-

134

135

16. ]≈n-tbmKw

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

D-b¿Øn \n¬°p∂ apX-e-t°mSw ]≈nbpw ]pcm-X-\-amb Ipcnipw as‰-¥n-t\-°mfpw sNº-cØn IpSpw-_-Øns‚ ]mc-º-cy-Øn-s‚bpw ]ucm-Wn-I-Xz-Øn-s‚bpw {]Xo-I-am-Ip∂p. ]≈n-bpsS Ncn-{Xhpw sNºcØn IpSpw-_Ø - ns‚ Ncn-{Xhpw c≠√, H∂mWv. C∂v Cu CShIbnse BbncØnaq∂qdn¬]cw IpSpw_ßƒ ]≈n°mcyßfn¬ GIa\tmsS {]m¿∞n®pw {]h¿Øn®pw hcp∂Xv Iq´mbvabpsS Hcp al\ob amXrIbmWv.

17. tXm´Ønse F´pImen ae_m¿ sabn¬ tIkv hensbmcp kw`hhnImkambncp∂p. C∂sØt∏mse hm¿Ømam[yaßƒ C√mXncp∂ A°meØv {]amZamb kw`hßsf∏‰n \mS≥]m´pIƒ cNn°pIbpw ssIbvs°gpXn {]Ncn∏n°pIbpw Bƒ°q´Øn¬ ]mSn ckn∏n°pIbpw sNøpI ]Xnhmbncp∂p. Imfnbm¿ tXm´Øn¬ Hcp kmbn∏ns\ IpØns°m∂Xns\∏‰nbp≈ ‘Imfnbmdnse sIme]mXIw’, ‘ssa\Øcphn sImet°kv’, ‘apXet°mSw h¿Æ\’ XpSßn ]eXpw cN\Ifmbncp∂p. ‘tXm´Ønse F´pImen’, A°me Øndßnb as‰mcp ]gºm´mWv. ‘sNºcØn’ F∂ t]cn¬ tacn tPm¨ tXm´w Hcp IhnX FgpXn {]kn≤oIcn®ncp∂p. Cu ]m´ns‚ AIºSntbmsS h∂ Nne InwhZ¥nIƒ°v tIcfw apgph≥ km£nbmbn. XpS¿∂v kck\mb Hcp IpSpw_mwKw ‘tXm´Ønse F´pImen’ F∂ t]cn¬ Hcp adp]ms´gpXn ]mSn {]Ncn∏n®p. aWhpw KpWhpw C√mØ Hcp sNSnbmWv sNºcØn F∂pw a‰pap≈ Ihbn{XnbpsS \nco£WØn\v , KpWap≈ sNSnIfpw aWap≈ ]q°fpw Nn{Xie`ßfpw hnekp∂ tXm´Ønse shdpw F´pImenbmWv Cu FgpØpImcn F∂mbncp∂p FXn¿hnkvXmcw. Rdf°m´v tPm¿÷pIp™pw ]qa‰Øn¬ Ip™pw, sIm´mcØn¬ aØmbnbpw a‰pw ]n¬°meØv Cu cwKØv hneknb Nne kck∑mcmWv. IdpØ sNºcØn, shfpØ sNºcØn XpSßnb {]tbmKßfpw CØcw kck∑mcpsS kw`mh\bmbncp∂p. ]\ap≈n sIm√≥ ]≈nt°kns\ ]pckvIcns®gpXnb \mS≥ ]m´ns‚ hmsamgnbmbn* e`n® Ipsd hcnIfmWv Xmsg Ipsd`mKw. _m°n`mKØns‚ cN\ Bsc∂v Adnbn√. A°mesØ cN\mcoXnbpw kzmckyhpw shfns∏SpØp∂XmWv Cu hcnIƒ. CXn¬ ]cma¿in°p∂hcmcpw C∂v Pohn®ncn∏n√. Cu ]m´n\v bmsXmcp h¿Øam\ {]k‡nbpan√. 136

*

Xm∂n°¬ Del∂m≥ Nmt°m (80) Gg√q¿.

sIm√samcmbncw Hcp∂qdpw Nnezm\w ]Xnaq∂pw IqSnb h¿jw sa{Xm\cpfnb tbmKw IqSm≥ IØ\mtcmSn \S∂oSp∂p. ]≈oeps≈mcp s\√pw ]Whpw sX√pwIqkmtXIoSp∂p Xcsat∂m¿Øn´ºehmknIƒ ]pcptamZtØmsSØoSp∂p. Iq´nbnW°m≥ Noº≥Xs∂ tI´palotX t]m‰oSp∂p Iqdn√mØ Ipdpt¥m´nbpw t\cdnbmØ Xpdbv°∑mcpw `≈p apgpsØmcp ]≈Øm\pw N©etas‰mcp a©∏≈n {XmWn Ipds™mcp hmWnbIng°≥ thcpdbv°msØmcp hoc∑mcpw ImcyadnbmØ Nne t_md∑mcpw ]®]nSns®mcp a®pIpgnbpw \mSysaSp°pw s]m´≥πmh≥ I´n°m\m I°m´nbpw ap≠ymamh≥ a≠]∑mcpw tIm´p[cn® kmd∑mcpw X√m≥ a√≥ I√n¶°pSn ÿm\saSp°pw RmfqcpXp∏v G\wt\m°pw ]≈n°p∂≥ I´papSn°pw I]ymch\pw hºp\Sn°pw sNºcØnbpw aq∏∑mcpw ]ns∂®neb Ω®nIfpw aq∂m≥ k`bpw CØcamfpIƒ IqSnbn´ßv sa®ambn \SØnb tbmKw * * * * * apXet°mSw ]≈nbnse tbmKanXv Ip´nIsf sa®ambn tI´psIm≈phn≥ * * * * * kmd≥am-sc-t∏mse tXmfØp ap≠nSpw ]Xn-\m-dn¬ ]m∏phpw h∂n-cp∂p sImºpw Ipg-ep-ambv a≠n-\-S-°p∂ Fs√-w]n tUmIvSdpw h∂n-cp∂p embpw hIp∏pw ]msS ]d-bp∂ ]mte°p-t∂¬ h°oepw h∂n-cp∂p N{Iw Xncn-°p∂ N{µ-Ø-e-bp≈ sNº-c-Øn-°¬ amWnbpw h∂n-cp∂p N°-c-hm-°p-Iƒ X°-Øn-tem-Xp∂ 137

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

sXt°se h°oepw h∂n-cp∂p ap≠m´p Np≠°v t\m´p-Iƒ amdp∂ Ipdp-t¥m´n aq∏\pw h∂n-cp∂p tNc-]n-Sn-°p∂ sNº-cp-s¥-t∏mse Noºm-d- ss]-tem\pw h∂n-cp∂p ]Xns\´v hbmb s]Æns\ sI´nb ]Xn\mdn¬ Nmt°mbpw h∂ncp∂p tIm\angn®n´ Iq\w sNΩos\t∏mse Rmd°pfØp amXyphpw h∂ncp∂p. C√nØpdphnse Ipft°mgnsbt∏mse Ipftºse Ip©ntembpw h∂ncp∂p. ........................ .. a´p-amdn IØ\m¿ sN√p∂p ÿm\Øncn°p∂p t]meokpsaØp∂p ss]temsb t\m°p∂p Nmsc hnfn°p∂p Iq°nhnfn°p∂p an≠msX ap≠ym\m ap°nsemfn°p∂p ........................ .. IØ-\m¿ hnb¿°p∂p tai-ta¬ Ib-dp∂p taiIp-ep-ßp∂p Zmlw apgp-°p∂p; tfml \\-bp∂p NpΩm-Xn-cn-°p∂ DΩms\ t\m°p∂p KpkvXnsb, t\m°p∂p. KpkvXn Hfn-°p∂p Im°nsb t\m°p∂p emØn-sIm-s≠-Øp∂p s]m°p∂p ss]temsb b⁄w Ie-°m-\mbv FØnb Iq´sc ....

18. aX-ku-lrZw aXw Hcp hnizmkn°v ssZhhpambp≈ kzImcyhpw hnip≤hpamb Hcp _‘w am{Xamtb ChnsS I≠ncp∂p≈p. X∑qew sXmSp-]pg {ioIrjvW kzmant£{Xhpambpw Imcn-t°mSv `K-hXn t£-{Xhpambpw Dujva-f-amb kulr-Z-amWv \ne-\n∂n-cp-∂Xv. apØp-°p-S-Iƒ, ]´p-N-ab-ßƒ, h¿Æ-hn-f-°p-Iƒ, ImhSn, sImSn-°m-ep-Iƒ apX-em-bh s]mXphmbn D’-h-ßƒ°pw s]cp-∂m-fp-Iƒ°pw D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂p. s]cp∂m-fn\v ]´w sI´nb B\ Aº-e-Øn¬ \n∂m-bn-cp∂p h∂n-cp-∂Xv. Kcp-U≥ Xq°w ]≈n-bn¬ hWßn t\¿®-bn-SmsX IS-∂p-t]m-bn-cp-∂n√. inhs‚ i‡n-hn-ti-j-ßƒ Koh¿Ko-kn\v Ds≠∂v Nne¿ hniz-kn-®ncp∂p. [¿Ω-im-kvXm-hn-s‚ ktlm-Z-c-\m-sW∂ hnizm-k-Øn¬ i_-cna-ebv° - p-t]m-Ip-∂h - ¿ ImWnbv° A¿∏n-°p-am-bn-cp∂p. D’-hß - ƒ°pw s]cp-∂m-fp-Iƒ°pw aX-t`-Z-at\y Ghcpw ]s¶-Sp-Øn-cp-∂p. ska-‰nIv 138

kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ cq]-`m-hß - f - mWv ss{IkvXh ]qPmI¿Ω-ßf - n¬ D≠mbn-cp-∂s - X-¶nepw, ]≈n-°p-]p-dØv tLmj-bm{X, ASna, BNm-cs - h-Sn-Iƒ, FÆsbmgn°¬, sN≠-tafw, tImgn t\¿®, sImSn-acw, Xp≈¬, Dcpf¬ XpS-ßn-b `mc-Xob BNm-c-hn-ti-j-ß-fmWv apX-e-t°m-SØv \ne\n-∂n-cp-∂Xv. Xncp-\m-fn\p Iem-{]-IS- \ - ß - f - pw, ]cn-]m-Sn-If - pw, A`ym-k{- ]-IS- \ - ß - fp-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Pt\mh \mS-Iw, am¿§w-I-fn, ]nd-∏m-´v, hmtf-dv, Ip¥w Gdv, RmWn-t∑¬ Zﬁn-∏v, Ic-Ww-Nm-´w, hmZyw apX-em-bh \S-Øphm≥ I≠-\m-Sv, AXn-cw]p-g, ]me, sImS-am-fq¿, Fd-Wm-Ipfw apX-emb ÿe-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw I-em-Im-c-∑m¿ h∂n-cp-∂p.

19. At©Imepw tIm∏pw aXkulm¿±Øns‚ ap{Z]Xn™ as‰mcmNmcamWv sXmSp]pg sX\wIp∂v ]≈nbnse At©Imepw tIm∏pw. H∂c \q‰m≠n\∏pdw Np¶Øp\n∂pw amdn kz¥ambn ]≈n ]Wnbm\p≈ {iaw \SØnb \{kmWn {InkvXym\nIƒ°v Ht´sd FXn¿∏pIsf t\cntS≠n h∂p. aW°ms´ {_m“W kt¶XØn¬ Xn\ hnf™ncp∂ Ip∂n≥]c∏n¬ ]≈n ]Wnbp∂Xn\pth≠ ÿehpw X¿°ßƒ°v ]cnlmchpw Is≠Ønb ap≠bv°¬ \mb¿ Xdhm´pIm¿°v \µn kqNIambn ]≈nbn¬ \n∂v apS°msX sImSpØp hcp∂XmWv Cu D]lmcw. At©Im¬ CSßgn Acnbpw ]ebn\w ]®°dnIfpw D∏psXm´v I¿∏qcw hsc hyRvP\ßfpw ]pdsa sh‰ne, ASbv°, ]mbkw, _oUn, knKc‰v, ]pIbne F∂nhbpw, hnfºn \¬Im≥ CebpamWv At©Imepw tIm∏pw. s]cp∂mfn\v sImSn Ibdp∂Xn\p apºv ]≈nbnseØn CXphmßn h®phnfºn A∂v ho´nep≈ F√mh¿°pw \¬Ip∂XmWv ap≠bv°se ]Xnhv. Hcm≠n¬ ]≈nbn¬ \n∂v In´nb Cebn¬ tNm‰n≥]‰v I≠v Aip≤w F∂p IcpXn Cu t\¿® hmßmXncp∂p. AXns‚ ^eambn s]cp∂mƒ Znhkßfn¬ sI´neΩbv°v Ieiemb hbdpthZ\ D≠mhpI ]Xnhmbn. XpS¿∂v ho≠pw hmßm≥ XpSßn. s]¨hgnbmWv hmtß≠Xv . Ct∏mƒ dn´. F©n\ob¿ ap≠bv ° ¬ {io\nebw tKm]meIrjv W \mWv CXv kzoIcn®p t]mcp∂Xv. 139

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

20. sNº-cØn amWn amWn IØ-\m¿ apX-e-t°m-SØv ÿm]n-X-amb ]≈n BZy-ambn B{I-an-°-s∏-´Xv ]Xn-\mdmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ DØ-cm¿≤-Øn-em-sW∂p tXm∂p∂p. hS-°pwIqdpw sIm®nbpw XΩn¬ sIm≠pw-sIm-SpØpw bp≤w \S-°p∂ Imew. ItØm-en-°-cm-bn-cp∂ t]m¿Øp-Ko-kp-Im¿ sIm®n-cm-Pm-hn-s\bpw s{]m´-kv‰‚pIm-cmb U®p-Im¿ hS-°pw-Iq-dn-s\bpw klm-bn-®n-cp∂p. hSp- X e h®p- ≠ mb Hcp bp≤- Ø n¬ t]m¿®p- K okv Iam- ‚ ¿ {^m≥kokvtIm kn¬hm hS-°pw-Iq¿ cmPmhv aWn-I-WvT≥ amWn-°Ø-®s\ sIm∂p-I-f™p. £p`n-Xcmb hS-°pw-Iq-dnse tbm≤m-°ƒ cmP-h-[-Øn\p {]Xn-Imcw sNøp-hm≥ Hcp Nmth¿]S kwL-Sn-∏n®p. ISp-Øp-cpØn, s\Sn-b-ime. Np¶w, apX-e-t°mSw XpS-ßnb ]≈n-Iƒ B{I-an-°p-Ibpw cmP-Lm-X-Is‚ aX-°m-cmb Ht´sd {InkvXym-\n-Isf sIms∂m- S p- ° p- I bpw sNbv X p. CXn¬ `b- h n- l z- e - c mb ]ecpw hS°pwIq¿ hn´v Xr∏q-Wn-Øpd, A¶-amen apX-emb ÿe-ß-fn¬ Xmak-ambn.

amWn-b-®≥ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp∂ Xangv ss__nfpw Ic-≠-Ihpw 17-˛mw iX-I-Øns‚ BZyw sNº-cØn amWn amWn IØ-\m-cpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ ]≈n ]pXp°n∏Wn-X-Xmbn hniz-kn-°-s∏-Sp∂p. ]pcm-X\-amb t]¿jy≥ coXn-bn¬ \n∂p-amdn t]m¿ØpKokv hmkvXp-hn-Zy-bpsS coXn-I-fn-em-bn-cp∂p \n¿ΩmWw. I´n-f-Ifpw a‰pw I√p-sIm-≠p-X-s∂- Bbn-cp-s∂-¶nepw Agn°m-ep-Ifpw a‰pw ac-Øn¬ Xo¿Ø-h-bm-bn-cp∂p. ]≈n-ap-dn-Iƒ c≠p-\n-e-I-fn-em-bn-cp∂p. ]≈n apdn-bpsS Agn-°m-ep-Iƒ Iq´n-\n¿Ωn®v Nmbw-tX®v an\p-°n-bn-cp∂p. Hme-bm-bn-cp∂p ta®n¬. 140

]m›m- X y- c o- X n- b n¬ AƒØm- c bpw, Ae- ¶ m- c - ß fpw h∂p- t N¿∂p. t]¿jy≥ coXn am‰n t]m¿®p-Kokv coXn-bn-ep≈ apJ-hm-chpw AXn¬ ss__n-fp-ambn _‘-s∏´ sImØp-]-Wn-Ifpw inev]-Nn-{X-ßfpw sNbvXp. ]gb ]≈n-tb-°mƒ Dd∏pw hen-∏hpw Zriy-`w-Knbpw D≈-Xmbn-cp∂p amWn amWn IØ\mcpsS ]pØ≥ ]≈n.

21. ]≈n-∏m-´p-Iƒ ]≈n-I-sf-∏‰n ]m´p-I-sf-gpXpI ]pcm-X-\-amb Hcp ]mc-º-cy-amWv. apX-et- °mSw ]≈n-sb-∏‰- nbpw ]m´p-s≠-¶nepw Ah Is≠-Sp-°m-\m-bn√. F¶nepw apX-et- °mSw, ssa-es - °mºv, Bc-°pg, Np¶w F∂o \mep ]≈nI-fpsS ]m´ns‚ Bap-J-`mKw tIm´bw Iv\m-\mb sa{Xm-k\ {KŸ-ime-bn¬ \n∂p Is≠-SpØ A{Xbpw Xmsg tN¿°p∂p. amWn -am-Wn -IØ-\m¿ ]≈n at\m-l-c-ambn ]p\¿\n¿Ωn-®-tijw cNn-°-s∏-´-XmWv CsX∂p Icp-X-mw.

\mep- ]-≈n-bpsS ]m´v amdms‚ Znhy at\m-Kp-W-Øm¬ Acq-]n-bmbv \n¿Ωn®p amem-J-amsc thdm\ `qan-bn¬ BZ-auhm _‘n-®-cq-]nsb cq]n-bm°n am‰m¬ ]ng-®p≈ hm\-h¿ t]mbv am\p-j¿ Xs∂ ]ng-∏n-®msd Iqdm\ X≥Ipew am\p-js‚ Ip‰sØ t]m°p-hm≥ ]≈n-bp∂n amdmsX tZmjw ]g-b-]≈n am¿§-Øm-ep-t≈mcp h¿§-Ømse thdm¬ apSn-®nsX sh≈w-sIm≠v thZ\ Xo¿t∂mcp s\mlp, a°ƒ thdm\ h∂n{ktb¬°p∂v am¿§hpw ]≈nbpw ]pØ-\m°n ZpIvdm\ \oßn-bn-kv-dmtb-tb¬°p∂v tXm∂nb am¿§w ]g-b-Xmbn

c≠mw ]mZw ]≈n-tbm-tdm-iew X∂n¬ t«tΩm≥ ac-X-I-ap-Ømse Xo¿Øp ]≈n-bXp \o°n-s°m-≈p∂ ]≈n ]pXn-b-Xn¬°p-√s√m tIm∏m 141

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

]≈n ]g-bXp t]mcm-™q-Xm≥ h∂p ]≈n-]p-Xp-Xmbv Na®p ]≈n \ne-\n¬]m-\∂p sImSp-sØmcp ]Øp-tam-c©pw hn[n-Iƒ sIms≠m-cp-h≥]ng ap∂-sa-bp-≈Xn en∂p Na-™-Xp-t]mse sIm≈Ww amtΩm-Zokm Ip¿_m\ D≈n-e-g-tI-do-Sp∂p

aq∂mw ]mZw BZw ]ng®p ]dp-Zo-km-Im-WmsX BZw s]cp-Ip∂p `qan \nd-bp∂p tiXp-¶¬ thZ-ß-fmZw XnI-®n´v tNZw hcp-sam-cp-Im-esa sN∂-t∏mƒ BZw apX-embn aqi-\n-hn-Ifpw thZhpw sN√pw XnI™ adn-b-Øn¬ thZ-hp-sN√pw amkw XnI-™nsX amdm≥ ]nd-∂nsX `qXew ]≈n-I-sfßpw Na-™nsX thZw XnI-s™mcp I∂n-a-dn-bsa \mYs\ ImWWw ]≈n-a-cp-tXm-en¬

\memw-]mZw ]≈n-]-e-Xp≠v Ing-a-e-\m-Sp-Iƒ X∂n¬ `wKn-b-Xn-te‰w s]cp-Ip∂ apX-e-t°mSw D≈w shfn-hmIpw s]cp-ºn-≈n-®-dn-b-g-Im¬ D‰ `h-\-ßƒ KpW-ap≈ abn-e-s°mºv F√mw Xcp-Xm-bv°ƒ P\-Øn≥ t]¿ XnI® h≥]¿ Gsd-s∏-cp-Ip-t∂m¿ sXmgpw ]≈n Bc-°p-g-bn¬ Zn°p Xnd-∏p-∂¬ Xncp-∏Zw hgn-]m-Smbn XnÆw ]Z-hn-tN-cp∂ ]≈n acp-tXm-enev CO-bp-S≥ ]≈n-bn-Xp-t]mse hnti-j-ambn CO-bm-se-\n∂p Ipdp-_m\ ]e¿°p Im◊m≥ I≠m-enXp _mt_¬t°m-´-t]mse hcp∂p ]m¿Øm¬ Ins´ \ap-°n-Xn¬ aW¬ I√pw \n\-®-t]mse ]≈n-]-g-b-Xn¬ KpW-ap≈ ]pXn-b-sX∂v sNm√pw anin-lmsb XpW-sN-bvX-∂-Sn-ÿm-\hpw C´p-I-cn-¶-√m-e-Sn-ÿm\w aZp-_lm Xo¿Øv CjvSw a\-mse IqZm-i-Iƒ Ipdp-_m-\bpw tZiw t]m¿Øp-Kmƒ kmºm-fq¿ Zcn-i-\-Øn¬ tXdn-]p-I-gvs∂mcp ]mZn-cn-bu-tk-s∏∂v am\w hnf-ßp∂p Xcp-Xm-bv°-fn-\-Øn-ep≈ 142

22. DZ-bw-t]-cq¿ kq\-l-tZmkv {^m≥kokv sat\-knkv F∂ sa{Xms‚ ]{Zp-hmtZm `c-W-Øn≥ Iogn¬ tIc-f-ss{I-kvX-h-k` hnπ-h-I-c-amb am‰-ßƒ°v hnt[-b-ambn-s°m-≠n-cp∂ Ime-am-bn-cp∂p AXv. Bio¿hm-Z-Øn\pw kµ¿i-Øn\p-ambn sat\-kokv sa{Xms\ A¶-am-en-bn¬ \n∂p apX-e-t°m-S-Øn\p ]√-°n¬ sIm≠p-h∂p. amXm-hns‚ Znhy-cq]w Bio¿h-Zn®v ]≈n-bn¬ {]Xn-jvTn®p. ÿnc-amb ]≈n-s°-´n-Shpw Dd-®h - n-izm-kn-Ifpw kmº-ØnI ]n≥_-ehpw i‡-amb ]≈n°q´hpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv ]≈n°v henb AwKoImcambn.. tIc-f-Øn¬ A°m-eØv CØcw 80 ]≈nIƒ am{XamWv D≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv. 1599 ¬ \S∂ DZ-bw-t]-cq¿ kq\-l-tZm-kn¬ 105 ]≈n- I - f n¬ \n∂mbn 153 sshZo- I cpw 671 Aevam- b cpw 20 siΩm-i≥amcpw ]s¶-Sp-Øn-cp∂p. Ncn-{X-{]-kn-≤-amb Cu kq\-ltZm-kn¬ apX-e-t°mSw ]≈nsb {]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn®v sNº-cØn amWn amWn- ° - Ø - \ mcpw 4 A¬am- b cpw ]s¶- S p- Ø - X mbn ImWp∂p≠v . Aßs\ IpSpw-_-tZ-hm-e-b-am-bn-cp∂ apX-e-t°mSw eØo≥ {IaØn¬ Hcp CS-h-I-bm-Ip-∂Xv 1599 \ptijamWv. DZ-bw-t]cq¿ kq\-l-tZm-kmWv ]≈nIƒ°v hnIm-cnsb \n›-bn®-Xv. A°m-ew-hsc ]≈n-Iƒ°p hnIm-cn-am-cp-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. ]≈n-bnse I¿Ω-ßƒ CS-h-I-bn-ep≈ IØ\m¿am¿ BgvN-{I-a-a-\p-k-cn®p \S-Ønbn-cp-∂p. Ch¿ kzKr-l-ß-fn¬ hkn-°p∂ IpSpw-_-\m-Y-∑m-cm-bn-cp-∂p. sshZn-I-cpsS hnhmlw \ntcm-[n-°p-Ibpw Ahsc hnIm-cn-am-cmbn \nban-°p-Ibpw sNbvX-t∏mƒ Ah¿ hoSv hn´v ]≈n-I-fn¬ hmk-ap-d-∏n-°pIbpw ]≈n-bpsS `cWw \SØpIbpw sNbvXp. A°m-ew-hsc ]≈nbnse aX-I¿Ω-ß-sfm-gnsI kI-eXpw tbmK-°m-cmWv \n›-bn-®n-cp-∂Xv. A{K-lm-cß - f - nse `cWw tbmK-°m-cm-Wt√m \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂X - v. AXpt]m-se-X-s∂-bm-bn-cp∂p ]≈n-`cWhpw. DZ-bw-t]-cq¿ kq\-l-tZm-kn\p tij-amWv ]≈n-`c - W - w- `mcXobcoXnbn¬ \n∂v amdn eØo≥ {IaØn¬ FØnt®¿∂Xv. Hcp ]≈n-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´v hnizm-kn-Iƒ Xma-kn-°p∂ `qan-imkv{X-]-c-amb {]tZ-i-amWv km[m-c-W-bmbn CS-hI. ChnsS ]≈n-Iƒ D≠m-Ip-∂-Im-e-sØm∂pw CS-h-I-Iƒ D≠m-bn-cp-∂n√. Hcp ]≈n-bn¬ ]Xn-hmbn ]qPm-I¿Ω-ß-fn¬ ]s¶-Sp-°p-∂-h-sc√mw B ]≈n-°m-cmbn Adn-b-s∏´p. CS-hI F∂m¬ ‘{]`p-hns‚ hI‘ F∂m-W¿∞w. ]mcnjv F∂mtem ‘ssZh-`-h-\-tØmSv ASp-Ø-h¿‘ F∂p-amWv. AXn-\m¬ CS143

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

hI ]mcojv A√. ]e-\q-‰m-≠p-I-fnse {]tbm-K-Øn-\p-ti-jhpw ]mcojns‚ {]uV-amb A¿∞w ‘CS-hI‘ kz¥-am-°m-Ø-Xn-\m¬ ssZh-`-h\-tØmSv ASp-Ø-h¿ F∂p [z\n-°p∂ as‰mcp hm°v CShIbv°v C\nbpw Is≠-tØ-≠n-bn-cn-°p∂p. ]≈n-If - n¬ D≠m-bn-cp∂ `mc-Xob BNm-cß - ƒ ]eXpw ]mj-WvUX-bm-sW∂p ]d™v \ntcm-[n-°p-Ibpw sshZo-I¿°v hnhmlw \ntj[n-°p-Ibpw, hnhmlnXcmb sshZnItcmSv IpSpw_sØ Dt]£n°m≥ \n¿_‘n°pIbpw kv{XoIsf sRmdn-bn´v apdn DSp-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXXv C°m-eØ - mWv. CØcw {]Xn-tj-[m-ﬂI - a - mb Xocp-am-\ß - s - f-SpØ kq\l-tZm-kns‚ A¥y-Øn¬ £p`n-X\ - mb Hcmƒ Xs‚ ]m‚ vkv Ducn k`ma-[y-Øn¬ _©n¬ Ibdn \n∂v Ccp-ssI-I-fn¬ IqSn AXv ta¬Iogmbn C´v ‘Ct∏mƒ \ΩpsS \nb-a-ßƒ Cß-s\-bmbn‘ F∂v D®-Øn¬ hnfn-®p-]-d-™-tijw Cd-ßn-t∏mbn.

23. sImSp-ß-√q¿ cq]X am¿tØmΩm …olm-bpsS ImetØm a‰Øv ]≈n-bpsS ImetØm ChnsS CSh-Itbm cq]-Xtbm H∂pw D≠m-bn-cp-∂n√t√m. h√-t∏mgpw t]¿jy-bn¬ \n∂p h∂n-cp∂ Hcp sa{Xm≥ IqZm-i-Iƒ \¬In XncnsI t]mbn-cp∂p. HºXmw \q‰m-≠n¬ sIm√-Øp-\n∂pw DZ-bw-t]-cq-cn¬ \n∂pw Htc kabw c≠p-sa-{Xm∑m¿ {]h¿Øn-®n-cp∂p. A∂p -\-ΩpsS ]≈n s{]mtØm-kokv sa{Xm\p-ambn _‘-s∏-´n-cn-°m-\mWv km[yX. Hcp L´-Øn¬ A©p-t]¿jy≥ sa{Xm∑m¿ hsc tIc-f-Øn-ep-≠m-bncp∂p. F¶nepw AXn¿Øn-Itfm A[n-Im-c-h-Sw-h-entbm ChnsS D≠mbn-cp-∂n√. t]m¿´pKo-kp-Im-cpsS hc-hn-\p-tijw 1534 ˛¬ tKmhm- cq-]-Xbpw 58˛ ¬ eØo≥Im¿°v sIm®n- cp-]-Xbpw \ne-hn¬ h∂p. kpdn-bm-\n-IfpsS kt¶-X-am-bn-cp∂ A¶-am-en- Bÿm-\-ambn ]n∂oSv cq]-X-bp-≠mbn. apX-et- °mSw A-t∏mƒ A¶-amenbp-ambn kl-Ic - n-®n-cn-°Ww. sat\knkv sa{Xm-\p-tijw 1601 ¬ am¿ tdmkv Xs‚ Bÿm\w sImSp-ß√q¿°v am‰n.At∏mƒ \ΩpsS ]≈nbpw sImSp-ß-√q¿ cq]-X-bn-embn. ]n∂oSv AXn-cq-]-X Bb-t∏mgpw sImSp-ß-√q-cn¬ Xs∂ apX-e-t°mSw XpS¿∂p. 144

24. Iq\≥ Ipcn-ip -e-lf 1653 ¬ \S∂ Iq\≥ Ipcn-ip -e-lf \ΩpsS ]≈n-bpsS Ncn-{XØnse henb hgn- Ø n- c n- h m- b n- . Bbncw ]S- b m- f n- I tfmSpw klsshZnItcmSpw H∏amWv apX-et°mSw hnImcn sIm®n-t°m-´-bn¬ FØn-bXv. tIc-f-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ apJy ]≈nIƒ apgp-h≥ Iq\≥ Ipcnip el-f-bn¬ ]s¶-Sp-Ø-t∏mƒ \mev]-tXmfw A{]-[m\ ]≈nIƒ°v FØn-t®-cm≥ BIm-sX-t]mbn. Xma-kn-bmsX Km¿ky _nj∏ns\ Dt]-£n®v tXmΩm-A-¿°Zn-bm-t°ms\ sa{Xm-\mbn hmgn® Beßm-´p-tbm-K-Øn¬ \ΩpsS ]≈nbpw {][m\ ]¶p-h-ln®p. Aßs\ ChnsS \{kmWn {InkvXym-\n-Iƒ c≠p hn`m-K-ßfm-bn-Øo¿∂p. Xmakn-bmsX am¿∏m∏ ae-_m¿ cq]-Xm ÿm-]n®v I¿Ω-eo-Øm-°m-c-\mb am¿ sk_Ãy\nsb A\p-c-⁄-\-Øn-\mbn Ab®p. Cutim-k`m sshZo-Ic - psS Zp¿`-cW - Ø - n\v AdpXn h∂-Xn-\mepw kz¥-ambn Hcp cq]X e`n-®-Xp-sIm≠pw IS-hn¬ Nm≠n-°-Ø-\m-cpsS Im¿Ωn-I-Xz-Øn¬ CS∏-≈n-bn¬ an°-kp-dn-bm\n ]≈n-°mcpw HØp-IqSn. XpS¿∂v 1657 Unkw_¿ 15\v apX-e-t°mSw ]≈n ho≠pw hcm-∏pg cq]-X-bn-embn. tIc-fØnse a‰p {]apJ ]≈n-Itfm-sSm∏w \mep h¿j-°mew apX-e-t°mSw ]≈nbpw am¿∏m-∏°v hg-ßmsX tXmΩm A¿°Zn-bm-t°ms‚ `c-Wkoa-bn¬ Dƒs∏-´n-cp∂p.

25. IS-a‰w ]≈n ]≈n-If - psS CS-bn-ep-≠mb Cu Iqdp-am-‰ß - ƒs°m-Sp-hn¬ 71 ]≈nIƒ ]m∏m-bpsS ]£Øpw, 18 ]≈n-Iƒ ]∏m-Xn-bmbpw 28 ]≈n-Iƒ A¿°Zn-bmt°ms‚ ]£Øpw Bbn-Øo¿∂p. ]∏m-Xn- ]-≈n-I-fn¬ ]pØ≥Iq-‰p-Imcpw ]g-b-Iq-‰-Imcpw XΩn¬ ]e-t∏mgpw ]nW°w \S∂n-cp∂p. A°m-eØv hS-°pw-Iq-dnse hfsc {]i-kvXa - mb H∂m-bn-cp∂p IS-a‰w ]≈n. AhnSsØ hn. Koh¿Kn-kns‚ Xncp-\mƒ \mSp-ap-gp-h≥ {]kn-≤-am-bn-cp∂p. Akm-≤y-Im-cy-ßfpw At\Iw A¤pX {]h¿ØnIfpw IS-a‰- Øv \S-∂n-cp∂p. X¿°w-aqØv AhnsS ]≈n ]¶n-tS≠ ÿnXn-bmbn. Ccp-Iq-´cpw Hcp-t]mse ]≈n Ah-Im-i-s∏´p. Ah-km\w HcqIq-´¿ ]≈nbpw CX-c¿ hnip-≤s‚ A¤p-X-cq-]hpw FSp-°-W-sa∂v HØp-Xo¿∏mbn. B\n-bv°m-ticn IØ-\m-cm-bn-cp∂p A°m-esØ hnImcn. hnip-≤s‚ cq]w hntZi \n¿Ωn-Xhpw ]uckvXy apJ-—m-bp145

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

≈-Xp-am-bn-cp∂p. ]gbIq‰p-Im¿ cq]w FSp-°p-Ibpw Hcp H‰-°m-f- hn√p-h-≠n-bn¬ G‰hpw ASpØ {]ikvX tZhm-e-b-amb apX-e-t°m-SØv sIm≠p-h∂v BtLm-j-ambn {]Xn-jvTn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.]pWy-hm-s‚ Xncp-\mƒ ]q¿∆m-[nIw tIa-ambn Chn-sSbpw BtLm-jn®p-Xp-Sßn. hn. Koh¿Ko-kns‚ a‰v ]≈n-I-fn-se√mw G{]n¬ 22t\m sabv amkØntem s]cp-∂mƒ BtLm-jn-°p-tºmƒ ChnsS am{Xw IS-a-‰Øv \S-Øn-bncp∂ G{]n¬ 24-mw XobXn Xs∂-bmWv s]cp-∂mƒ \S-Øp-∂Xv. IS-a‰Øp\n∂pw ]cn-k-c-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw \m\m-PmXn aX-ÿ¿ apX-e-t°mSØpw s]cp-∂m-fn¬ ]s¶-Sp-Øn-cp∂p. Ah¿ _‘p-ho-Sp-I-fnepw ]≈n∏cn-kcØpw‘ h®p≠v Xma-kn®v, t\¿®-Im-gvN-Iƒ \¬In kwXr-]vXcmbn t]mbn-cp∂p‘. Aßs\ apX-e-t°mSw a¿Ø-a-dnbw ]≈n hn. Kohdp-Ko-kns‚ ]mh\ \ma-t[-b-Øn¬ Bbn-Øo¿∂p.

\¬Ip∂ ssZh- a mbn IcpXn apØ- ∏ ≥ F∂p hnfn- ® p- t ]m∂p. Bcy∑mcpw Ah-cpsS tZh∑msc A∏≥am-cm°n. Aßs\ {ioIr-jvW≥ Kpcp-hm-bq-c∏ - \ - mbn. B ]mc-ºc - yhpw, amXm-hns\ t\csØ apØn F∂phn-fn-®ncp-∂Xpw hn. Koh-dp-Ko-kns\ apØ-∏≥ F∂p hnfn°phm≥ ImcW-ambn. am{X-a√ inhs‚ i‡n-hn-ti-jß - ƒ hnip-≤\ - p-≈X - mbn ]ecpw Icp-Xp-Ibpw ]e-hn[ t\¿®-Im-gvNI - ƒ \SØp-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp∂p. ap∏Xp-h¿j-ambn Xm≥ apS-ßmsX apØ-∏\v A\oZ sNm√n-®n-cp-∂-Xmbn Ggp-ap´w amS-∏-≈n¬ \mcm-b-W≥ \mb¿ Ah-Im-i-s∏-´n-cp∂p.

27. hn. Koh-dp-Kokv

Akm-≤y-Im-cy-ßfpw A¤p-X{- ]-h¿Øn-Ifpw hgn ]pWy-hm≥ apXe-t°mSØpw At\-I¿°v B{i-b-a-cpfn.sXmÆqs‰m-º-Xnepw AXn-\pap-ºv c≠v Xh-W-bp-ambn D≠mb sh≈-s∏m-°ßfpsS ^e-ambn ChnSpsØ Xmgv∂ {]tZ-iß - ƒ NXp-∏p-If - mbnØo¿∂ncp∂p. Aßs\ XWp∏p-aqew s]cpIn Hcp-hn-]Ø - mbn amdnb hnj-P¥ - p-°f - n¬ \n∂v c£bpw kpc-£n-X-amb bm{Xbpw ]pWyhm-f≥ \¬In-t]m∂p. 1886˛¬ ]Ww apS°n ]mºpIsf sIm√n® hI-bn¬ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ k¿°m-cn-te°v sNe-sh-gp-Xnb IW-°p≠v. IqSm- s X, Imhp- I ƒ ÿm]n®v ]mºpIƒ°v amfhpw `£-Whpw \¬Int∏m-∂p. t\¿®-bn-SmsX Bcpw ]≈n∏SnI-S∂v t]mbn-cp-∂n√. Xs∂ B{i-bn-°p-∂h¿°v F∂pw Bew- _ - a m- b n- c p∂ hn. Koh¿Ko-kns\ PmXn-a-X-t`-Z-sat\y BfpIƒ apØ-∏≥ F∂p `‡ymZc]q¿∆w hnfn®pXpSßn. BZn-{Zm-hnU kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ kph¿Æ-Im-eØv Imew-sNbvX tKm{Xh¿§-Ø-e-h≥amsc i‡nbpw ap‡nbpw

aq∂mw \q‰m-≠n¬ C‰-en-bnse I∏-tZm-Iym-bn¬ Hcp {]`p-Ip-Spw-_Øn-emWv Koh-dp-Kokv P\n-®Xv. I¿j-I≥ F∂¿∞-ap≈ Pntbm-™ntbmkv F∂m-bn-cp∂p {Ko°v \maw. eØo-\n¬ Pobp¿Pn-bqkv F∂pw kpdn-bm-\n-bn¬ Koh-dp-Kokv F∂pw hnfn-®p-t]m∂p. Cw•o-jn¬ tPm¿Pv F∂mbn. Btbm-[\ apd-Iƒ A`y-kn® cW-[o-c-\mb h¿Kokv ANntcW tdma≥ N{I-h¿Øn Utbm-¢o-jys‚ c£m-tk-\-bn¬ Db¿∂ ]Z-hn-bn-seØn. Hcn-°¬ Hcp bp≤-Øn¬ ]s¶-SpØv hnP-b-{io-em-fn-X-\mbn IpXnc-∏p-dØv ho´n-te°v hcth en_n-bm-bnse Hcp hnP\ {]tZ-iØv Hcp Kpl-bpsS ap∂n¬ Hcp ssIh≠n \ndsb Blm-c-]-Zm¿∞-ßfpw ]gh¿§-ß-fp-ambn kpµ-cn-bmb Hcp s]¨Ip´n `b∂p hnd®v \n¬°p∂Xv tPm¿÷v I≠p. Ic-™p-I-e-ßnb IÆp-Iƒ AS®pw Xpd∂pw acW-Øn-\mbn Ahƒ ImØp-\n¬°p-∂-Xmbn tXm∂n. hnip-≤≥ AhfpsS ASp-sØØn. B cm{Xn-bn¬ Ahƒ H‰°v B Kplm-ap-JØv \n¬°p-∂Xv F-¥n-s\∂v Xnc°n. ‘Cu Kpl-°p-≈n¬ `oam-Im-camb Hcp kXzw Hfn-®n-cp∂v {Kma-hmkn-Isf sIm∂p-Xn-∂p-hm\pw hnj-hmbp Ab®v Irjn \in-∏n-°p-hm\pw XpSßn. tPmXn-jm-Nm-cys‚ {]hN\-{]-Imcw Hcp I\y-I-tbbpw Hcp h≠n A∏hpw amkm-amkw CXn-\p- \¬In-bm¬ D]-{Zhw Ipdbpw. ChnSsØ {]`p-hns‚ GI aI-fm-bn´p IqSn Cu amkw \dp°v hoWXv F\n-°mWv. Rm≥ Cu ]nim-Nn\p Cc-bm-IWw. Xm¶ƒ F{Xbpw thKw Chn-sS-\n∂p c£-s∏-´p-sIm-≈pI.‘ Ahƒ ]d™p.

146

147

26. apXet°mSØp apØ∏≥

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

Ip´n-Isf arK-ßƒ°v _en-sIm-Sp-°p∂ k{º-Zmbw C¥y-bnepw \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂p. tIc-f-Øn¬ Xs∂ sIm√w Pn√-bnse Icp--\m-K-∏-≈nbn-ep≈ Icp¿Im-hn¬ h¿j-Øn-semcn-°¬ Hcp a\p-jys\ s]cp-ºmºn\v `£-W-ambn sImSp-Øn-cp-∂p. ‘acWw Hcn-°¬ am{Xw; Poh-XymKw sNøp-hm≥ Rm≥ Xøm-dmWv Ip´o.‘ Koh-dp-Kokv Cßs\ ]d-™p-Xo-cp-∂-Xn\p apºp-Xs∂ `b-¶-c-amb Ae¿®-tbmsS Hcp `oI-c-P¥p hm]n-f¿∂v ]pd-tØ°v ]m™p-h∂p. s]¨Ip-´nsb X´n-am‰n At±lw s\‰n-bn¬ Ipcn-ip-hc - ®p. CXn-\nsS H∂ph-´w-I-d-ßnb IpXnc Xs‚ ]pdw-Im¬sIm≠v B lnw{k-P-¥p-hns\ sXmgn-®n-cp∂p. Koh¿Kokv AXns‚ ]nf¿∂ hmbnte°v Xs‚ aq¿®tb-dnb Ip¥w B™p-IpØn. hm¬ Npg‰n IpXn-ct- bbpw hnip-≤s - \bpw ASn-®p-XI¿°p-hm≥ {ian-°p-t¥mdpw Ip¥w IqSp-X¬ IqSp-X¬ AXns‚ IWvT\ - m-fØ - n-te°v Zwjv{Sßƒ XI¿Øv Xpf-™p-Ib - d- n-s°m≠n-cp∂p. HSp-hn¬ c‡w No‰n IÆpw-Xp-dn®v Aedn AXv NØp-hoWp. {]`p-Ip-amcn DS≥Xs∂ Xs‚ c£It\bpw Iq´n Xs‚ sIm´m-cØn-seØn. kw`hw Adn™ {]`phpw P\-ßfpw AXn-bmbn kt¥mjn®p. {]`p ]IpXn tZihpw kz¥w ]p{Xn-tbbpw B hoc\v kΩm\n®p. \µn-]q¿∆w Ah \nc-kn-®p-sIm≠v At±lw ]d™p. ‘ssZh-]nXmhpw GI ]p{X\mb tbiphpw hgn-bmWv Rm≥ B tLmc-P-¥phns\ sIm∂Xv. AXn-\m¬ \nßfpw tbip-hn¬ hniz-kn-°pI.‘ CtXmsS {]`phpw P\-ßfpw {InkvXp-a-X-Øn¬ tN¿∂p.

28. c‡-km£n KohdpKo-kns‚ CuZri{]h¿Øn-Iƒ N{I-h¿Ønsb {Iq≤-\m°n. {InkvXym-\n-Isf ]oVn-∏n-®n-cp∂ Bt±lw a¿±\w i‡-am°n. hnizmkw XzPn-°m≥ hnip-≤s\ Xpdp-¶n¬ A-S®p. ]n∂oSv XqWn¬ sI´n Nm´-°Sn®p. IÆpw ssIIm-ep-Ifpw sI´n- X-S-h-d-bn¬ X≈n. IpXn-c-bpsS Imen¬ sI´n HmSn®p. ]e Ah-b-h-ßfpw AdpØv \o°n. {Iqc-amb Hmtcm ]oV-\-Ønepw CS-dmsX At±lw tbip-\maw D¬tLm-jn-®psIm-≠n-cp∂p.

148

Ah-km\w th¿]m-Sns‚ ka-ba - m-sb∂v At±-l-Øn\v tXm∂n. Xs∂-Im-Øn-cn-°p∂ kz¿§ob ku`mKyw At±lw I≠p. A[nIw Ign-bpw-aptº At±-l-Øns‚ inckv hmfpsIm≠v sh´n- a m‰n. Aßs\ Ah¿Æ- \ obamb B bmX- \ - I ƒ°v A¥y- a mbn. AsXmcp ZpxJ-sh-≈n-bm-bn-cp∂p. AXp-sIm≠mWv hnip-≤s‚ Xncp-\mƒ sh≈n-bmgvN BN-cn-°p-∂Xv. aq∂mw \q‰m-≠p -ap-X¬Xs∂ ]m›mXy ]uc-kvXy-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ Hcp-t]mse A\p-{K-lßƒ sNmcn-™p-t]m∂ Cu ]pWym-ﬂmhns\-∏‰n IrXy-amb hnh-c-ßƒ tdman¬ hnip≤≥am-cpsS tcJ-If - n¬ ImWp-∂n√. F¶nepw ]pWyhms‚ A]q¿∆ C∂pw AXn-cp-I-fn-√msX temI-sa-ºmSpw am¿_nƒ in¬]w Xs‚ am≤yÿw tXSp-∂p-h¿°v hnip≤ Koh¿Kokv Bizm-ka - c - p-fn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂p. Cw•-≠ns‚ {]tXyI a≤y-ÿ-\mWv Ct∏mgpw sk‚ v tPm¿Pv. ]d-ºn¬ Nm≠n sa{Xms‚ ac-W-tijw tam¨. dm∏m-tb¬ hcm∏pg sa{Xm-\mbn. sImSp-ß-√q¿ cq]-X-bn-em-Is´ tPm¨ d_n-tdbpw _njv∏m-bn-h∂p. C°m-eØv CS-hI - I - ƒ°v CjvSa - p≈ cq]-Xb - n¬ tNcmam-bn-cp∂p. A∂v apX-e-t°mSw hcm-∏p-g-bp-sS-IqsS Xs∂ \n∂p. 1754 ¬ tam¨ ^vtfmd≥knkv hcm-∏pg `cn-®n-cp∂ Ime-ØmWv apX-et- °mSw ]≈n ]n∂oSv \in-∏n-°-s∏Sp∂Xv.

29. ]SbmfnIfpsS ]cm{Iaw cma-ø≥ Zf-h-mbpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ am¿Øm-WvU-h¿Ω-bpsS ssk\yw hS-°pw-Iq¿ Xeÿm-\-amb sXmSp-]pg B{I-an®p. NnX-dn-tbmSnb hS-°pw-Iq¿ ]S-bm-fn-Iƒ HØp-tN¿∂v Hcp Nmth¿ ssk\yw kwLSn-∏n®p. {]`p-°≥amcpw {]am-Wn-amcpw P\-ßsf ]d-™n-f°n Hcp elf°v If-sam-cp°n. apX-e-t°m-SsØ \{km-Wn-Iƒ ap≥]-¥n-bn-ep-≠mbn- c p∂p. 1754 Bb- t ∏m- t g°pw AsXmcp Iem- ] - a mbn hf¿∂p. k¿t∆b¿ a√≥ i¶-c-t\bpw kn¬_-‘n-I-sfbpw X√n-tbm-Sn®p. 149

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

XpS¿∂v Zfhm cma-ø≥ Hcp kwLw ]SbmfnIfp-ambn Chn-sS-sbØn Iem]w {Iqc-ambn ASn-s®m-Xp°n.sIm´m-c-ßfpw tIm´-sIm-Ø-f-ßfpw CSn-®p-\n-c-∏m°n. apX-e-t°mSw ]≈n X√n-Ø-I¿Øp Xobn´p. cm{Xn-Ime-ßf - n¬ Iem-]I - m-cn-Is - f-tØSn hoSp-If - n¬ Ibdn sIm≈-bS- n-°p-Ibpw kv{XoIsf D]-{Z-hn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. `b-hn-lz-e-cmb Bfp-Iƒ Iøn¬ In´n-bX - p-ambn Poh\pw sIm≠v c£-s∏´p. Xr∏q-Wn-Øpd, tImX-aw-Kew, ]mem, cma-]pcw AXn-cw-]pg XpS-ßnb ÿe-ß-fn-te-°mWv Ah¿ IS∂p-t]m-b-sX∂p ]d-b-s∏-Sp∂p. Hcp Zim-_vZ-Øn\p-ta¬ ]≈n \in-®p-In-S-∂ncp∂psh-¶nepw 1767 ¬ [¿Ω-cm-Pm-hns‚ `c-W-Imew Bb-t∏m-tg°pw tISp-]m-Sp-Iƒ \o°n {]m¿∞-\m-I¿Ω-ßƒ Bcw-`n-®-ncp∂-Xmbn tXm∂p∂p. A°m-esØ hcm-∏pg cq]-Xb - psS Iogn-ep≈ kpdn-bm\n ]≈n-If - psS ]´n-Ib - n¬ \ΩpsS-]-≈n-bp≠v. ]Xn-\-©m-a-Xmbn ImWp∂ apX-e-t°mSw CS-h-I-bn¬ A∂p Hcp ]´-°m-c\pw 160 hnizm-kn-Ifpw am{X-amWv D≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv. am{X-a√ 1780˛-I-fn¬ t]mepw apX-e-t°mSw ]≈n-tbmSv tN¿∂ h\-ßfn¬ B\-ieyw Ds≠∂pw ImWp∂p.*

30. ]{Zp-hmtZm `cWw 123 h¿jsØ I¿Ω-eoØm sa{Xm≥am-cpsS `cWw \{kmWn {InkvXym-\n-Ifn¬ AXr]vXn Df-hm°n. kz¥-ambn Hcp sa{Xm-s\- In-´m\p≈ B{Klw Icnbm‰n sa{Xms‚ ac-W-tØmsS Iqº-S™p. XpS¿∂v sImSp-ß√ - q-cn¬ ]mtd-Ωm-°¬ tXmΩm tKmh¿Æ-tZm¿ ÿm\-ta-‰t- ∏mƒ A∂p hcm-∏p-gt- bm-sSm-∏a - p-≠m-bn-cp∂ apgp-h≥ kpdn-bm\n ]≈n-Ifpw sImSp-ß-√q¿ cq]-X-bnte°v amdn. apX-e-t°mSw ]≈nbmIs´ BZyw Xs∂ ]mtdΩm-°e - ns‚ ]{Zp-hmtZm `c-WØ - n¬ tN¿∂ncp∂p. tIc-f-Ønse ]≈n-I-fpsS `cW k{º-Zm-b-Øn¬ Ht´sd am‰-ßƒ hcpØn h® Hcp [mc-Wm-]-{X-amWv ‘A¶-amen ]Sn-tbme.‘ ae-¶-c-bp≈ F¨]-Øn-\m-ep-]- tKmh¿Æ-tZm¿ ≈n-°mcpw tN¿∂v 1787 ¬ cNn® tcJ-bn¬ Imt\m-\nÃp-I-fpsS \nb-a\w, ]≈n°v kz¥-ambn hkvXp-°ƒ kºm-Zn-°m-\p≈ A\p-hmZw apX-embh \¬Ip∂p. Cu A¶-amen tbmK-Ønepw apX-et°mSw ]≈nhnImcn ]s¶-Sp-Øn-cp∂p. tbmK-hn-h-c-ß-fn¬ Ccp-]-Øntb-gm-a-Xm-bmWv \ΩpsS ]≈nsb ]cm-a¿in-°p-∂Xv. 150

*1 ]ufn-t\mkv ]mXncn : C¥y Hdn-b-¥m-en\p {InÃymt\m

31. Ien-∏Ww 1829¬ kzmXn Xncp-\m-fns‚ ImeØv A\p-a-Xn-Iq-Sm-sX-bp≈ tZhmeb \n¿ΩmWw \ntj-[n-®p-sIm≠v cmP-im-k\w D≠m-bn. Cu ImeØp-Xs∂ kpdn-bm\n {InkvXym-\n-If - psS kmaqly AwKo-Im-cØ - n-\mbpw ÿm\-]Z- h - n-Iƒ Dd-∏n-®v In-´p-hm-\p-ambn Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ k¿°m-cn-te°v Ien-∏Ww ASbvt° - ≠nh∂p. tKmh¿Æ-tZm-cpsS Nne {]h¿Ø-\ß - ƒ cmP-ÿm-\sØ {]tIm-]n-∏n®-Xmbn eØo≥Im¿ Btcm-]n-®n-cp-∂p. A∂sØ \ne°v Hcp henb kwJy-Xs∂ \mw kw`m-h\ sNøp-I-bp≠mbn. ]≈n-bn¬ \n∂p ap∂qdv ]Whpw IpSpw-_° - m-cn¬ \n∂p Aømbncw ]Whpw \¬In-bn-cp-∂-Xmbn tcJ-Iƒ ImWn-°p-∂p≠v. -]-e-kao] ]≈n-Ifpw \¬In-b-Xn-t\-°mƒ hf-sc -D-b¿∂ kwJy-bm-bn-cp∂p CXv.1790 ¬ ssakq¿ ISphm, Sn∏p-kp¬Øm≥ hS-°≥ tIc-f-Ønse At\Iw ]≈n-Ifpw, Ipcnipw, cq]-ßfpw XI¿Øv sIm≈-bS- n-°p-Ibpw Xoh- ® p- \ - i n- ∏ n- ° p- I bpw sNbv X p. Im™q¿, H√q¿ F∂o ]≈nIƒs°m∏w sImSp-ß-√q¿ IØo{Uepw sIm≈-b-Sn-°-s∏´p. ]mtd-Ωm°¬ tKmh¿Æ-tZm¿ Xmakw Xs∂ ssh°w hS-bm-dn-te°v am‰n. At\Iw hoSp-Iƒ sIm≈-b-Sn®p. ]e-tcbpw sIm√pIbpw aXw -am-‰pIbpw sNbvXp. sXt°m´pw Cu tX¿hmgvN hym]n-°p-sa-∂p-I-cpXn ]ecpw ]≈nbpw ]cn-k-c-ßfpw Dt]-£n®p. A]-I-S-i-¶-bn¬ apX-et°mSw ]≈n-bnse cq]-ßfpw Xncp-I¿Ω-h-kvXp-°fpw aWnbpw clky-ambn \o°w sNbvXp. aWn InW-‰n¬ \nt£-]n-®p. `bw \nanØw ]e IpSpw-_-ßfpw ]º-I-S∂p. hoSpw IpSnbpw hn´v Nne¿ Hfn-hn¬ Xma-k-ambn. ]≈nbpw ]cn-k-c-ßfpw Aßs\ ho≠pw P\-iq-\y-ambn. ]t£ {_n´ojv tk\-bpsS ssakq-cnse IS-∂p-I-b-‰hpw s]cn-bm-‰nse sh≈-s∏m-°hpw aqew Bephm-∏p-g- IS-°msX Sn∏p aSßn. am¿ØmWvU-h¿Ω-bpsS B{I-a-Whpw ]I¿®-hym-[n-I-fpsS IS∂m-{I-a-Whpw \nanØw P\-hn-\ymkw hfsc Ipd-™-Xns\ XpS¿∂v Ggp-ap-´w, apX-et- °m-Sw, sXmSp-]pg {]tZ-iß - f - n¬ ImSp-Ib - dn. h≥ hr£ßfpw Im´p-ar-K-ßfpw aqew ]e -ÿ-e-ßfpw Zp¿§-a-ambn. sshZn-IcpsS A`m-hhpw Ime-h¿j-s°-Sp-Xn-Ifpw Im´m-\I - f - psS iey-hpw-sIm≠v ]≈n ho≠pw \mtim-∑p-Jambn. Aßs\ Ncn-{X-Øns‚ IpsØm-gp-°n¬ ae-\m-S≥ kwkvIm-c-Øn-s‚bpw ]pWy-]m-]-ß-fp-sSbpw Cu cmP-\-Kcn Hcn-bv°¬IqSn hnP\ambn. 151

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

32. I´-°-b-Øn¬ aev]m\pw ]≠mcn ]utemkpw Zo¿L-amb ]{¥-≠p-h¿jsØ `c-W-Øn-\p-tijw ]mtd-Ωm-°¬ tKmh¿Æ-tZm¿ Znhw-KX-\mbn. XpS¿∂v At±-l-Øns‚ Imt\m-\n-kv‰pIfn¬ {]ap-J-\m-bn-cp∂ I´-°-b-Øn¬ F{_mlw aev]ms\ Nne kapZmb {]am-Wn-am¿ tN∂v ]n≥Km-an-bmbn Ah-tcm-[n®p. A°m-eØ - p-Xs∂ ]pØ≥Nnd CS-h-I-°m-c≥ ]≠m-cn- ]u-temkv I¬Zmb ]m{Xo-b-¿°okn¬ \n∂v sa{Xm≥ ÿm\-ta‰v tIc-f-Øn¬ Xma-kn-®n-cp∂p. {ItaW I´-°-bØp aev]m\pw ]utemkv sa{Xm\pw kpdn-bm\n kaq-l-Ønse {]ap-J≥amcmbn-Øo¿∂p. Imt\m-\n-I-amb ssIsh-bv]n-√mØ I´-°-bØn¬ IØ-\m-cpsS Iev]-\-Iƒ°v apX-e-t°mSw ]≈n Iogvs∏-Sm≥ Xøm-dm-bn√. 1800 Bb-t∏mƒ sIm®n, sImSp-ß-√q¿ cq]-X-I-fpsS tKmh¿Æ-tZm-dmbn Xncp-knw-lm-k-\-Øn¬ \n∂pw am¿ dn_m-a¿ \nb-an°-s∏´p. At±-l-am-Is´ Xs‚ {]Xn-]p-cp-j-\mbn sImSp-ß-√q¿ cq]X `cn-°m≥ i¶q-cn-°¬ Kohdp-Kokv IØ-\msc \ntbm-Kn®p. \Ωp-sS- ]≈n DS≥ Xs∂ At±-lsØ AwKo-I-cn-°pIbpw Iogvs]-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. I´-°-bØp aev]m≥ cmPn-sh-°p-Ibp≠m-bn. 1801 ¬ i¶q-cn-°¬ aev]m≥ acn-s®-¶nepw apX-e-t°mSw sImSp-ß-√q¿ cq]-X-bn¬ Xs∂ Xp-S¿∂p. Aß-s\-bn-cn-s°-bmWv _nj∏v sdbva¨Uv hcm-∏pg `c-Wta¬°p-∂Xv. 1815 ¬ apX-e-t°mSw ]≈n ho≠pw hcm-∏pg cq]-X-bnte°v Nph-Sp-amdn.

33. ]I¿®-hym-[n-I-fpsS kwlm-c-Xm-fihw ]I¿® hym[n-If - psS B[nIyw aqew At\Iw t]¿ \mSp-hn-Sp-Itbm NsØm-Sp-ßp-Itbm sNbvXn-´p≈ At\I Ah-k-c-ßƒ Ncn-{X-Øn¬ ImWm-hp-∂-Xm-W-v. hkq-cn, tImf-d, tπKv, ae-º-\n, £bw XpS-ßnb ]I¿®hym[n-Iƒ \ΩpsS Cu {]tZ-iØpw Ht´sd t]cpsS Poh\miØn\v CS-bm°n. hkq-cn-tcmKw an°-hmdpw Xan-gv\m-´n¬ \n∂p hym]m-cn-Iƒ hgn-bmWv ChnsS FØn-bn-cp-∂-Xv. hkq-cn°v acp-∂n-√mbn-cp-∂p. 17-˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ DSp-º-∂q-cn¬ hkq-cn-tcmKw _m[n-°msX Ah-ti-jn-®Xv Htc Hcp hoSp-am-{X-am-bn-cp-∂p. a[p-cbpambn D-≠m-bncp∂ hym]mc _‘w aqew apX-et- °m-SØpw ]I¿® hym[n-Iƒ ]S¿∂p ]nSn-®p. 152

1830 \p Np‰p-h´- Ø - mWv hkqcn ChnsS k¿∆-\miw hnX-®X - v. A°meØv ChnsS D≠m-bn-cp∂ `qcn-]£w t]cpw ac-W-a-S-™p. Iptdtbsd Bfp-Iƒ `bw aqew \mSp hn´pt]mbn. sXmSp-]p-g-˛-aq-hm-‰p-]pg {]tZ-ißƒ P\-iq-\y-am-bn. acn-®-h-cpsS ico-c-ßƒ Dt]-£n-®p-sIm≠v BfpIƒ \m\m-Zn-°pIfn-tebv°pw c£-s]-Sp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. P\-c-ln-X-am-bXns\ XpS¿∂m-hWw Cu {]tZ-iß - f - nse ]≈n-If - psS {]h¿Ø\w \ne®-Xv. 1832 se ]≈n-I-fpsS ]´n-I-bn¬ apX-e-t°m-Sw, s\Sn-b-ime, Bc°pg ]≈n-I-fpsS t]cp-Iƒ ImWp-∂n√. hkq-cnsb XpS¿∂v tImf-dbpw ae-º-\nbpw hym]n-®p. tKmhkqcn {]tbmKw aqew ]ecpw c£-s]-Sp-Ib - p-≠m-bn. Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ almcmPmhpw, hcm-∏pg sa{Xm\pw IpØn-h-bv]n\p Bfp-Isf t{]cn-∏n-®p-sIm≠v Iev]-\-Iƒ C-d-°nbncp∂p.

34. hn. sk_-kvXy-mt\mkv ]I¿®-hym-[n-Isf sNdp-°m≥ ]pWyhm\p Ignbpw F∂ hnizmkw _e-s∏-´Xv 7˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ tdman¬ D≠mb tπKv _m[ ian-®-Xns\ XpS¿∂m-Wv. t]m¿®p-Ko-kp-Im-cpsS ImeØv ]pWy-hms‚ Cu i‡nhn-ti-jsØ {]N-cn-∏n-°p-Ibpw ]I¿®-hym-[n-bp≈ ÿe-ßf - n¬ ]pWyhms‚ cq]w FØn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. `qX-_m-[-sIm-≠mWv ]I¿®tcm-K-ßƒ D≠m-Ip-∂-sX∂ hnizm-kw-aqew AXns\ BWn-b-Sn®p Xd®p-h®v \in-∏n-°p-hm≥ AºpIƒ°v Ign-bp-sa∂p hniz-kn-®n-cp-∂p. hkqcn-tcmKw ian-∏n-°m-\mbn C°m-eØ - mWv hn. sk_kvXyt\m-kns‚ cq]w apX-et- °mSw ]≈n-bn¬ {]Xn-jvTn-°p-Ibpw F√m Ic-If - n-tebv°pw Fgp∂-≈n-°p-Ibpw sNbvX-Xv. tcmK-ßƒs°-Xnsc s]cp-∂mƒ Znh-k-ßfn¬ Igp∂v Fgp-∂-≈n-°p-∂Xv Ct∏mgpw apX-e-t°mSw ]≈n-bnse Hcp {][m\ t\¿®-bm-Wv. sIm®n, sImSp-ß√ - q¿ cq]X-Iƒ tdman¬ \n∂pw \ndp-Ø¬ sNbvXtXmsS 1838 ¬ kIe kpdn-bm-\n-°mcpw hcm-∏pg ank-Øns‚ hcp-Xnbn¬ h∂p tN¿∂p.

35. sNº-cØn amWn°Ø-\m¿ sNº-cØn amXyp F∂ ]nXm-hns‚ \mev k¥m-\-ß-fn¬ Cf-b153

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

k¥m- \ - a m- b mWv amWn°- Ø - \ m¿ P\n- ® Xv. \n[n- b n- c n- ° ¬ amWn °Ø\mcpsS kvt\ln-X\pw Nmhd Ipcym-t°mkv Gen-bm-k® - s‚ kaIm-eo\\pw, Bbn-cp∂p At±lw. ]´w sImSp-Ø-tijw sa{Xm≥ amWnb®t\mSv apX-e-t°mSw ]≈n \∂m°n Ip¿∫m\ sNm√n AhnsS Xmakn-°m≥ A\p-hZn®p. P\Zu¿e`yw aqew apX-e-t°m-SØp ImSp-I-b-dpIbpw Im´p-ar-K-ßƒ Irjn°pw A]q¿∆w hoSp-Iƒ°pw `oj-Wn-bm-Ip-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp∂p. s]mfn™ ]≈n-bn¬ ]I¬ \m´p-ar-K-ßfpw cm{Xn Im´p-ar-K-ßfpw hn{i-an-®ncp∂p. amWn-°-Ø-\m¿ ho´p-Imsc hnfn®p-Iq´n \in® `nØn-Iƒ ]WnXp tN¿Øv, h\-Øn¬ \n∂v ]p√pw apfbpw sIm≠p-h∂v, ta™v hrØn-bm°n. Ccp-\n-e-bm-bn-cp∂ ]≈ntaS s]mfn-®p ]WnXp. sXt°m´m--bn-cp∂ ]≈n-bpsS Z¿i\w ]Sn-™mtdm-´m-°p-Ibpw ]≈n-∏-d-ºn\v 1773-˛se k¿t∆-{]-Imcw kz¥w-t]-cn¬ ]´bw hmßn (S.No. 99) Icw Xo¿Øv DS-a-ÿm-h-Imiw Dd-∏n°pIbpw sNbvXp.

36. ]pWy-hms‚ cq]w ]men-b-°p-t∂¬ ]≈n-bpsS sISp-Xn-sb-Xp-S¿∂v ]pWy-hms‚ cq]w ]menb-Ip-t∂¬ sNº-c-Øn-bn-te°v am‰nbn- c p∂p. hcm- ∏ pg sa{Xm- \ m- b n- c p∂ tam¨. {^m≥knkv tkhy-dns‚ {]tXyI Iev]\ {]Imc- a m- b n- c p∂p Cu `h\Øn¬ kq£n- ® - X v. A∂sØ G‰hpw hepXpw G‰hpw AwK-ß-fp≈-Xp-am-bn-cp∂p Ggp-ap-´sØ Cu amfnI. GI sshZo-I\pw Cu IpSpw_Øn¬ \n∂m-bn-cp∂p. hn. Koh¿Kokns‚ as‰mcp Nn{Xw ho´p-Im-cW - h - ¿ ac-sh-´n-°mbv apdn-®v I - p-cp-If - ™v FÆ-sbm-gn®v Xncn-sIm-fpØn {]m¿∞n-®p-t]m∂p. amWn-b® - ≥, ]pWy-hms‚ cq]w ]≈n-bn-te°v BtLm-ja - mbn sIm≠pt]mbn. amXm-hns‚ cq]hpw tXSn-∏n-Sn®p. aWn- ]≈n-Ø-d-bnse a-Æn-\Sn-bn¬ \n∂p am¥n-sb-SpØp. 154

]pWy-hms‚ cq]w kq£n-®n-cp∂ ]men-b-°p-t∂¬ amfn-I-bn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp∂ Xan-gv ss_-_nfpw ae-bmfw ss__nfpw

]mtd-Ωm-°¬ tKmh¿Æ-tZm-cpsS Cfb ktlm-Z-cs‚ sNdp-a-I≥ h¿°n amWn-b-®s‚ AΩmbn-sb-bmWv hnhmlw Ign-®n-cp-∂-Xv. ]nXmhns‚ ac-W-tijw ‘aqØ ktlm-Z-cs‚ kz`m-h-Im-Tn\yw aqew hnj-an®n-cp∂‘*. h¿°n-tbbpw IpSpw-_t- Øbpw amWn-b® - ≥ apX-et- °m-SØv sIm≠p-h∂v ]≈n-°p-t∂¬ Xs∂ ]≈n-ap-dn°v kao]w Xma-kn-∏n-®p (]-≈n-°p-t∂¬ ]pc-bnSw k¿t∆ \º¿ 99/10) ]≈nbnse ip{iqjm tPmenbpw \¬In. I]ym¿ \√ IpSpw-_° - m-c\ - m-sW-¶n¬ am{Xta NmØØn\v IkvXqcn sImSp-°p-tºmƒ IpSpw-_-°m¿ ssIIq∏n hWßn hmßp-am-bn-cp-∂p-≈q. ]™w-Ipfw ]mSØv 17 ]dbv°v \nehpw 12 G°¿ ÿehpw e`y-am-bn. amWn-b® - s‚ k¥X kl-Nm-cn-bm-bn-cp∂p Rmfq¿ IpSpw-_-Ønse Imc-W-h¿. s]cp-ºn-≈n-®n-d-bn¬ 5 G°¿ ÿew ]Xn®p-In-´n, hoSpw h®p. apX-e-t°mSw ]≈n-bnse ip{iqjm tPmen Hcp Ah-Im-i-ambn e`n® ]≈n-°p-t∂¬ IpSpw_w, At\Iw sshZn-Icpw, AwK-ß-fp-ambn A\p-{Klw {]m]n®v Ign-bp-∂p. Aß-s\-bn-cns° Ipd-hn-e-ßm-´p-\n∂pw ImSp-sh´n, hncn-∏p-In-fbv°m≥ Nne¿ FØn-t®¿∂p. Ipd-hn-e-ßmSpw ]cn-k-chpw NXp-∏m-bncp-∂p. A®≥ Ah¿°v kz¥-ambn hkvXp-°ƒ hmKvZm\w sNbvXp. Hcp Iq´¿ ]pXnbnSØp Ipt∂¬ XdhmSn\v kao]w tImWn°aymen¬ Xmakn®v tImWn°¬ Bbn. XeapdIƒ°n∏pdw C∂v tImWn°¬ IpSpw_°m¿ sFizcytØmsS Ignbp∂p. D≈ hkvXp-°ƒ hn‰v IpSpw_- k - t aXw FØn- t ®¿∂ as‰mcpIq´¿ BZyw ]≈n°v Ing°v * ]≈n-°p-t∂¬ IpSpw-_-N-cn{Xw

155

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

hS°pwIqdns‚ the∑m¿ ]≠v ]m¿Øn-cp∂ Ae-°p-Xp-d-bnemWv Xmakn-®Xv (th-e-º-dºv k¿t∆ \º¿ 99/6). Aßs\ Xp-dbv-°¬ Bbn. ]≈n°v ]Sn-™mdv, tIm´ tdmU-cn-In-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ Rmd-°p-f-Øn\v kao]w amdn-Øm-a-kn® ktlm-Z-c≥ ‘Rmd-°p-fØv‘ F∂m-bn. ]≈n°v hS-°p-hi - Ø - mbn Xma-kn® ktlm-Zc - s‚ `h\w C∂sØ kvIqƒ sI´nS-Øn\v ]pd-Ip-hi - Ø - m-bn-cp-∂p. ]≈n-hn-Imcn sNº-cØ - n- A®s‚ klmb-tØmsS sIm√-h¿jw Bbn-cm-am≠v ChnsS FØn-b-Xmbn Ah-cpsS IpSpw-_-N-cn-{X-Øn¬ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p-≠v.* Xpd-°¬ IpSpw-_-°m-cpsS aqe-Xd- h - m-Sp-Iƒ ]≈n-bpsS Np‰p-w Xmßpw XWepambn Ct∏mgpw ImWmhp-∂-XmWv. \n¿_‘nX ssk\nI tkh\Øn¬ \ncmi\mb a©∏≈nbnse aØmbn F∂ apØ»≥ apXet°mSØv FØnbXv 200 h¿jßƒ°v apºmWv. Ct∏mƒ amWn°pt∂¬ IpSpw_°m¿ Cu CShIbn¬ Cs√∂v tIƒ°p∂p. amfntb°¬ sIm®p]dºn¬ Xr°Wt»cn Adbv°¬ F∂o ho´pIm¿ Bc°pg CShIbn¬ \n∂pw ChnsS Xmakam°n. B°∏Sn°¬Imcpw ]≈ØpImcpw hmg°pfØp\n∂pw h∂hcmWv . Im™ncØn¶¬°mcpw ]mdØebv ° ¬°mcpw ssaes°mºv CShI°mcmbncp∂p F∂mWv tIgvhn. Aßs\ ImSp-sh-´n-sØ-fn®pw, hgn-Iƒ sh´n-bpw, Bfp-Isf A[nh-kn-∏n®pw, ]≈n ]p\¿\n¿Ωn®pw 1870-˛-I-fn¬ C∂sØ apX-e-t°mSw ]´-WØ - n\p ASn-ÿm-\a - n-´ amWn sNº-cØn IØ-\m-¿ hyXykvX\mb Hcp sshZnI\mbncp∂p. C∂v sXmSp-]p-g-bnse P\-kw-kvIrXn-bpsS t\¿°m-gvNb - mWv apX-et- °m-Sw. Bﬂm-hns‚ ASn-Øt- ´m-fs - a-Øp∂ aXku-lm¿±-Øns‚ Zo]-kvXw-`-ß-fmbn ]tgcn ap…nw ]≈nbpw, Rmgq¿ tImhn-epw, apX-e-t°mSw ]≈nbpw ASp-∏p-I-√p-Iƒ Iq´nbt]mse \n¬°p∂ Ncn{X-km-£yw. Imcn-t°mSv \n∂p-h-∂n-cp∂ tIm´-tdmUv A∂v Imfn-bm¿ apX-emb ÿe-ß-fn-te°v ]≈n-bpsS sX°p-h-i-Øp-Iq-Sn-bm-bn-cp∂p t]mbn-cp∂Xv. apΩq∂p h¿j-ßƒ°nSbn¬ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ k¿°m-cn¬ \n∂pw Cu hgn-Iƒ sh´n-sØ-fn-®n-cp∂p. ]≈n-bpsS Z¿i\w am‰n-b-Xp-sIm≠v 156

* Sn.-]n.-tPm¨ : Xpd-bv°¬ IpSpw-_-N-cn{Xw ˛10

hgn ]Sn-™m-dp-hi - Ø - p-IqsS sXfn-®p-hn-´m¬ sIm≈m-sa∂v amWn-b® - ≥ ]d™p. CXv \nc-kn®v hgn sXfn®psIm-≠n-cp-∂h - sc ]mºp-IS- n®p. Ah¿ {]iv\w h®p-t\m-°n-bt- ∏mƒ apØ-∏s‚ tIm]-am-sW-∂d- n-hmbn. XpS¿∂v A®s‚ A`n-{]m-b-{]-Imcw sh´n-sØ-fn®XmWv Ct∏m-gsØ hgn. amWnI-Ø-\m¿, ae-bm-‰q¿, Im™q¿, tImX-aw-Kew, sNm∆c ]≈n-I-fn¬ Ccp∂n-´p≠v. tImX-aw-Ke - Øv Ce-™n-°¬ hey-∏≥ A®-\n¬ \n∂pw ]Ww ISw hmßn-bn-cp∂p. B ]Ww Ac- i-X-am\w ]eni klnXw 495 cq] Ah-Im-in-Iƒ°v \¬Im-\mbn Fd-Wm-Ipfw Ac-a-\-bn-e-S®p. Aßs\ apX-e-t°mSw ]≈n-°m-cy-Øn-te°v h∂p-tN¿∂ ]Ww A∂p sNºcØn IpSpw-_-Ønse anSp-°≥am-cmb hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°v kvtImf¿jn∏mbn \¬Ip- I - b p- ≠ mbn. AtUzm. ]n.- h n. amXyp sNº- c - Ø n°v kvtImf¿jn∏v e`n-®n-cp-∂p. Im™q¿ ]md-bv°\pw, sNm∆c ]≈n-°mcy-Øn-te°pw amWn A®≥ ]Ww ISw sImSp-Øn-cp∂p. CXn-s\√mw Hme-°-c-W-ßƒ D≠m-bn-cp∂p. 1897 ¬ At±lw kz¿§-{]m-]vX-\mbn F∂p IcpXp∂p.

37. \n[ocn-°¬ amWn°Ø-\m¿ \n[o-cn-°¬ amWn°Ø-\mcpw, sNº-c-Øn- amWnb®\pw XΩn¬ IpSpw_ _‘-Øn\p ]pdsa Dujva-f-amb hy‡n-_-‘-amWv D≠m-bncp-∂-Xv. tKmh¿Æ-tZm-cpsS sk{I-´-dn-bm-bn-cp∂ \n[ocn-°¬ amWnA®s‚ Fgp-Øn\v Bﬂ-an-{X-hpw, sNm∆c ]≈nbpsS hnIm-cn-bpam-bncp∂ sNºc-ØnamWnb®≥ Ab® -a-dp-]Sn IØv NphsS tN¿Øn cn°p- ∂ p. A∂ sØ k`m `c-WsØ-bpw, sshZn-IcpsS Imep- a m- ‰ sØbpw ]‰n Cu IØn¬ ]cma¿in-°p-∂p-≠v. 157

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

]nev°m-eØv hnIm-cn-bm-bn h - ∂ sNº-cØ - n- FΩm-\p-th¬ sIm®p]p-Ø≥]pcb®s‚ ImeØpw ]≈n A`n-hr-≤n-s∏-´p-h∂p. tIc-f-Ønse kpdn-bm\n kaq-l-Øns‚ apgp-h≥ Bﬂob A[nIm-chpw ssIh-∂-tXmsS I¿Ω-eoØm sa{Xm≥ kztZin BNm-cßƒ°pw A\p-jvTm-\-ßƒ°pw \nc-°mØ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ \S-∏m-°n-ØpSßn. CXn¬ {]Xn-tj-[n®v 1854 ¬ Ipd-hn-e-ßmSv Hcp tbmKw tN¿∂p. apX-et- °mSw ]≈nbn¬ \n∂v FΩm\ph¬ A®≥ AXn¬ ]s¶-SpØp. I¬Zmb k` am¿tØm-Ωm-{In-kvXym-\n-I-fpsS ]mc-º-cy-ßsf _lp-am\n-®n-cp-∂-Xp-sIm≠v \nth-Z-\-hp-ambn Hcp-kwLw _mKvZm-Zn\v t]mbn. 158

159

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

CXn-\nsS 1857 ¬ am¿∏m∏m sImSp-ß√ - q¿ cq]X ]p\xÿm-]n®p. XpS¿∂v Iptd ]≈n-Iƒ Atßm-´p- a-S-ßn-. apX-e-t°mSw hcm-∏p-g- cq]-X-bn¬ Xs∂ XpS¿∂p.

38. Nmhdb®≥ sNº-c-Øn-bn¬ hmgvØ-s∏´ Nmhd Ipcym-t°mkv Gen-bmkv A®s‚ ]mZ-kv]¿iØm¬ [\y-am-Ip-hm≥ sNº-cØ - n-bnse `h-\ß - ƒ°v km[y-am-bn-´p-≠v. amWn A®s‚ kvt\ln-X-\m-bn-cp∂ At±lw am∂m-\w ]≈n ]Wn-bp∂-Xn-\mbn XSn At\z-jn®v kao-]-{]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ k©-cn-°p-I-bp-≠mbn. ]≈n ]Wn-bv°mbn kw`m-h-\bpw kzoI-cn-®n-cp-∂p. Aßs\ ssaes°m-ºn¬ \n∂p-h∂p hmg-°p-fØp \ºym-]d- º - n-e® - s‚ AXn-Yn-bmbn Xma-kn-bv°th hmg-°pfw ]≈n \n¿ΩmWw apS-°n-b-Xns‚ ]cm-Xnbpw tI´p. ]n∂oSv Ie-b-°m´v apX-em-fn-bpsS ]d-ºn¬ \n∂p A©p XSnsh-´n. XpS¿∂v apX-e-t°m-S-Øn\p t]mIp-Ibpw sNº-c-Øn-°¬ IpSpw_-°msc ImWp-Ibpw sNbvXp. XSntbm ]≈n ]Wn°v [\klmbtam In´nbn´p≠mhpw. “Cu hgn-In¬ In´p∂ [¿Ωw Cu hI°pw sNe-hn´p.”* F∂v XpS¿∂v {]kvXm-hn-°p-∂p-≠v. 1837-˛m-am-≠m-bn-cp∂p Cu kµ¿i-\w. ]n¬°m-eØv am∂m\w sImth¥ t_m¿Unw-Kn¬ Xma-kn®v ]Tn®v C.-Fk - v.F - ¬.-kn. ]co£ ]mkmb Bfm-bn-cp∂p ]men-b° - pt∂¬ AUz. aØmbn.

160

*^m. hte-dn-b≥ kn.Un : Nmhd Ipcym-t°mkv Gen-bmk®≥ 123

39. tdmt°mkv, taeqkv ioiva-Iƒ 1861 tabv amkw 9\v am¿tØm-Ωm -tdmt°mkv F∂ sa{Xm≥ ]uckvXy ]m{Xn-b¿-°o-kns‚ {]Xn-\n-[n-bmbn tIc-f-Øn-seØn. ChnSsØ apgp-h≥ kpdn-bm\n ]≈n-Ifpw IqSn AXn-Kw-`o-c-amb Hcp kzoI-c-W-amWv tdmt°m-kn\v \¬In-bXv. NS-ßn¬ \ΩpsS ]≈nbpw kPohambn ]s¶-Sp-Øn-cp∂p. CXn¬ hnc-≠p-t]mb hcm-∏pg- _¿Æ-Zot\mkv sa{Xm≥ Nmh-d- Ip-cym-t°mkv Gen-bm-k-®s\ hnIm-cn- P-\-dmfmbn \nb-an-®tijw tdman-te°v tdmt°m-kv sa{Xm\v FXnsc ]cmXn Ab®p. XpS¿∂v ]m{Xn-b¿-°okv tdmt°m-kns\ XncnsI hnfn®p. Xßsf Adn-bp-Ibpw AwKo-Ic - n-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ At±-lsØ sXm≠\m´v At¥m-\n-b® - s‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ ChnsS kpdn-bm-\n-Iƒ hn´-b® - n√. apX-et- °mSw ]≈n-s°m∏w tIc-fØ - nse F¨]-Ønb©v {]apJ kpdnbm\n ]≈n-Ifpw At±-l-Øn\p i‡-amb ]n¥pW \¬In. F∂m¬ 1862 ¬ ho≠pw ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kns‚ Iev]\ h∂-Xns\ XpS¿∂v B [\ym-ﬂmhv ZpxJ-tØm-Sp-IqSn _mKvZm-Zn-te°v Xncn-®p-t]mbn. tdmt°m-kn-s\m∏w _mKvZm-Zn-\p-t]m-bn-cp∂ sXm≠-\m-´p- I-Ø\ - m¿ AhnsS s\kvtXm-dn-b≥ hnizmkw kzoI-cn®v sa{Xm-\mbn Xncn-s®Øn. ]e- ]-≈n-Ifpw tdmt°m-kn\p ]Icw sXm≠-\m´p sa{Xms\ kzoI-cns®-¶nepw apX-e-t°mSw ]≈n At±-lsØ \nc-kn-°p-Ibpw sImSp-ß√q¿ cq]-X-bn¬ tN¿∂p-sIm≠v ItØm-en°m hnizmkw kwc-£n-°pIbpw sNbvXp. 1870 s^{_p-hcn 5\v sa√m\ sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bp-sS -Im-eØv a‰p ]Xn-s\-´p -]-≈n-I-fp-ambn tN¿∂v apX-e-t°mSw ]≈n ho≠pw hcm-∏pg cq]-X-bn¬ tN¿∂p. 1874 ¬ am¿ Gen-bm- ta-eqkv F∂ sa{Xm≥ tIc-f-Øn-seØn kpdn-bm-\n-If - psS `c-Wt- a‰p. 77¬ ]m{Xn-bm¿-°okv Ct±-lsØ XncnsI hnfn-s®-¶nepw sXm≠\m´v sa{Xms‚ ]n≥_e-Øn¬ XncnsI t]mImsX Hcp ioiva°v Bcw-`-an´p. CXn-s\-Xnsc Bc-°pg XpS-ßnb ae-\m-´nse ]≈n-Iƒ tXmdpw Np‰n k©-cn®v FΩm-\p-th¬ sNºcØnb-®≥ {]kwKn-®n-cp-∂-Xmbn Ncn{Xw ]d-bp∂p. 1882 ¬ taeqkv sa{Xm\pw \mSp-hn´p t]mtI≠n h∂p. 161

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

40. am∂m\w alm -l¿÷n

sNº-cØn amWnb®≥ ]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ HSp-hn¬ ]p\¿\n¿Ωn® ]≈n GI-tZiw 70 ASn \ofhpw 25 ASn hoXn-bp-ap-≈Xm-bn-cp∂p. Ccp-hi - ß - f - nepw 8˛10 ASn hoXn-bn¬ hcm¥ D≠m-bn-cp∂p. CXv ]\-tbm-es - Im-≠mWv ta™n-cp-∂Xv. Chn-sS-bm-bn-cp∂p sNº-cØ - nbnse Imc-W-h-∑msc A°m-eØv kwkvI-cn-®n-cp-∂Xv. ]≈n-bpsS hS°p-hi - Ø - m-bn-cp∂p knan-tØcn. CXn¬ knan-tØcn∏≈n D≠m-bn-cp∂p. C∂sØ ]≈n-bpsS hS-°p-h-isØ ap‰-Øns‚ ]Ip-Xn-IqSn knan-tØcn-bn¬ s]´n-cp∂p . A°m-eØv knan-tØcn \membn `mKn-®n-cp∂p.

Ip´n-Iƒ°p-th-≠nbm-bn-cp∂p hS-°p`mKw. CXn¬ Xs∂ Ipgn-°mWw sImSp°m≥ Ign- b p- ∂ h¿°v H∂mw `mKhpw A√m- Ø h¿°v _m°n `mKhpw Bbncp∂p. AXp-t]mse Xs∂ hen- b h¿°p≈ ÿeØn¬ ]≈n-tbmSv tN¿∂v `mKw Ipgn°mWw sImSp-°p∂-h¿°pw _m°n amWnb®≥ ]Wnbn® ]≈nbpw taSbpw AXn\p Ign-hn-√mØ-h¿°p-am-bn-cp∂p. ]≈n-bpsS apJ-hm-c-Øn\p 40˛50 ASn Db-c-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. sh´pI√pw kp¿°nbpw D]-tbm-Kn®v ]Wn-Xn-cp∂ apJ-hmcw _e-h-Øm-bncp∂p. aq∂v ASn-tbmfw Bbncp∂p `nØnbpsS L\w. apJ-hm-c-Øn¬ ioem¥n \nc-∏n-s\m∏w ]e Xe-Øn¬ ]´ ]WnXv kpµ-c-am-°n-bn-cp∂p. CXn\p apI-fn-embn c≠p ]qh≥ tImgn-Iƒ A¶w Ipdn-°p∂ Nn{X-ßfp-≠m-bn-cp∂p. AXn\pw apI-fn-embn Im´p-ar-K-ßsf \mS≥ tXm°pta¥n shSn-h-bv°m≥ t\m°p∂ Hcm-fpsS cq]hpw ImW s∏´p. apJhm-c-Øn\p apI-fn¬ 4 ASn Dbcw hcp∂ sh´p-I-√n¬ ]WnX hÆap≈ Hcp Ipcn-imWv D≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv. apJ-hm-c-Øp-≠m-bn-cp∂ P\-en\p C‰m- e n- b ≥ Nn√p- I - f m- b n- c p∂p C´n- c p- ∂ Xv . X∑qew D®- ° p- t ijw CXn¬IqSn {]k-cn-®n-cp∂ kqcy-{]-Imiw ]≈n-bv°p-≈n¬ k]vXh - ¿Æßƒ ]c-Øn-bn-cp∂p. hnhn[ C\w arK-ßf - p-sSbpw Pe-Po-hn-If - p-sSbpw apJ-Øns‚ sImØp-]-Wn-bp≈ ac-∏-Sn-bn-em-bn-cp∂p inem¥n-Iƒ Dd∏n-®n-cp-∂Xv. inem-¥n-bn¬ ic-dm-¥-ep-Ifpw, Xq°p-hn-f-°p-Ifpw, ck°p-Sp-°fpw Xq°n tamSn-Iq-´n-bn-cp∂p. sISm-hn-f-°mbn D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp∂Xv ASn-`m-KØp ]nSn-®p-h-en-®m¬ NnΩnWn Db¿∂p-t]m-Ip∂ Nß-ebn-ep≈ Xq°p-hn-f° - m-bn-cp-∂X - n-\m¬ FÆ-sbm-gn-°p-hm\pw Xncn sXfn°p-hm\pw Ffp-∏-am-bn-cp∂p.

162

163

am¿∏m-∏-bp-am-bp≈ _‘w sIm≠p-am-{Xsa \m´p-sa-{Xms\ In´q F∂p t_m≤y-am-b-Xns\ XpS¿∂v 1876 tabv amk-Øn¬ am∂m-\Øv Hcp ]≈n-{]-Xn-]p-cp-jt- bmKw tN¿∂p. B tbmK-Øn¬ \ΩpsS ]≈nsb {]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-®Xv hnImcn FΩm-\p-th¬ sNºcØnbmWv. Hcp alm l¿÷n Xøm-dm°n tdman\v Ab-®-p. -Xp-S¿∂v t_mws_ sa{Xm-t∏meoØm am¿ taap-dn≥ ChnsS h∂p am∂m-\Øv Hcp alm-tbmKw hnfn®p tN¿Øp. AXnepw apX-et- °mSw ]≈n kPo-ha - mbn ]s¶-SpØp. AXnse A`y¿∞\ am\n®v 13-mw entbm am¿∏m∏ s]cn-bm-dn-\-∏p-dhpw C∏p-dhp-ambn Xriq¿, tIm´bw F∂p c≠p ]pXnb cq]-XI - ƒ ÿm]n®v kpdnbm-\n-°msc apgp-h\pw Ah-bn-te°v am‰n. sImSp-ß√ - q¿ cq]X \ndpØn. hcm-∏pg eØo≥Im¿°p \¬Ip-Ibpw sNbvXp. s]cn-bm¿ apX¬ ]ºm\Zn hsc hnkvXr-Xa - m-bn-cp∂ tIm´bw ank-Øn¬ apX-et- °mSw Dƒ∏sS 152 CS-hI - I - fpw 271 sshZo-Icpw D≠m-bn-cp∂p. tam¨.Nmƒkv ehn™v Bbn-cp∂p {]Ya tIm´bw sa{Xm≥. At±lw Xs‚ Bÿm\w Nß\m-t»-cn°v am‰n-b-t∏mƒ 1891 ¬ apX-e-t°mSw Nß-\m-t»cn cq]-X-bnembn. 1896 ¬ Fd-Wm-Ipfw cq]X ÿm]n®v am¿ fqbokv ]tg-]d- º - n-ens\ am¿∏m∏ {]Ya \m´p-sa-{Xm-\mbn \nb-an®p. Aßs\ apX-e-t°mSw FdWm-Ipfw cq]-X-bn¬ FØn. 1923-¬ I≠-Øn¬ am¿ BK-kvXn-t\mkv sa{Xms‚ ImeØv Fd-Wm-Ipfw AXn-cq-]-X-bmbn Db¿Ø-s∏´p. AXncq-]-X-bnse Hcp {]apJ ]≈n-bm-bn-Øo¿∂p apX-e-t°mSw.

41. amWnb®s‚ ]≈ns°´nSw

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

]≈n-bn¬ {][m\ AƒØmc (FdØmg)°v ]pdta Ccp-h-i-ß-fnep-ambn sNdnb AƒØm-cI - ƒ D≠m-bn-cp∂p. k{Im-cn°p kao]w c≠p amem-Ja - m¿ Pohs‚ A∏w Fs∂-gp-Xnb _m\¿ hln-®n-cp∂p. At\Iw amem-J-am¿ ssIIq-∏n -\o-ßp∂ Nn-{X-∏-Wn-Iƒ F√m AƒØm-c-I-fn-epap- ≠ m- b n- c p∂p. {][m\ AƒØmc ad®ncp∂Xv Nph∂ Xnc- » o- e sIm≠mWv. Agn-°m-epIƒ AƒØm-c°v Np‰p-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. ]≈nbpsS a[y-`mKw Xd IpdpsI c≠mbn ]Ip-Øn-cp∂p. Db¿∂ ap≥`m-Kw apgp- h ≥ ]pcp- j - ∑ mcpw Xmgv ∂ ]n≥- ` mKw kv { XoIfpw D]- t bm- K n®pt]m∂p. ]≈n°p ]pdØv hS°p hiØv AkvXn-°pgn D≠m-bn-cp∂p. sX°p-hi - sØ k¶o¿Øn Imc-Wh - ∑ - m¿°v Ip¿∫m\ ImWm-\mbn am‰nh-®n-cp∂p. henb aWn AƒØm-c°v ]nd-Inse `nØn-bn¬ tam¥m-bØnepw, sNdn-b-aWn k¶o-¿Øn-bpsS `nØn-bnepw Xq°n-bn-cp∂p. apJhm- c - t Øm- s Sm∏w AƒØm- c °v apI- f nepw ]pWy- h ms‚ cq]w {]XnjvTn®p. ]pcp-j-∑m-cpsS CS-bn¬ CS-Øp-h-i-Øm-bn-´mWv {]kw-K]oTw (]pev]w) D≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv. B\-hm-Xn-en\p ]pdsa Ccphcm-¥-I-fnepw-{]-tXyI Ihm-Sß - ƒ ImWs∏´p. C∂sØ \nebv°v sNdp-sX-¶nepw at\m-l-c-am-bn-cp∂p ]≈n-s°-´nSw. 1920 ¬ Im°-\m´p aØmbn A®≥ ]≈n-bpsS ta¬°qc ]pXp°n. Bep-h-bn¬ am{Xw e`y-am-bn-cp∂ HmSv Imf-h-≠n-bn¬ sIm≠p-h-∂mWv ]p¬ta-®n¬ If-™v HmSv ta™-Xv. 1941 ¬ Koh-dp-Kokv ae-ta¬ IØ-\m-cpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn-emWv amWnb-®≥ ]WnX ]≈n ]n∂oSv s]mfn-®p-]-Wn-bp-∂Xv. ]{¥t≠mfw henb XqWp-I-fn¬ hcm-¥-IqSn ]≈n-°p-≈n-em°n. at\m-l-chpw hnkvXr-Xhp-amb B ]≈n aq∂p h¿jw sIm≠mWv ]Wn-]q¿Ønbm°nbXv. At∏mgpw ioem¥n \nc-∏n\v Xmsg apJ-hmcw s]mfn-®n-cp-∂n-√. HmSpIƒ A∂v aqhm-‰p-]p-gb - n¬ e`y-am-bn-cp∂p. c≠p-hi - Ø - p-ambn k¶o¿ØnIfpw A©v AƒØm-c-Ifpw cq]-°qSpw Nn{X-th-e-Ifpw, hnf-°p-Ifpw D≠mbn-cp-∂p. `‡n, kwh-¿≤-Ihpw AXn-a-t\m-l-chp-am-bn-cp∂p AƒØmc kap-®-bw. amWn-b-®≥ ]p\¿\n¿Ωn® ]≈n-bnse ]gb sImØp-cq-]-ß-fpw inem-^-e-I-ßfpw Agn-°m-ep-Ifpw A]-cn-jvIr-X-sa-∂p-I≠v \o°w sNbvXp. hs´-gp-Øn-epw a‰pw hnh-c-ßƒ sImØnb I¬Ø-fn-cp-Ifpw kme-`RvPn-II - fpw Dt]-£n®p. Ah-bn¬ NneXv AƒØm-cb - v°S- n-bn¬ AS-°w -sN-bvXn-cn-°p-∂-Xmbn tIƒ°p∂p.

CS-h-I-bn¬ AwK-ßƒ s]cp-Ip-Ibpw XqWp-Iƒ XS--am-Ip-Ibpw sNbvX kml-Nc - y-Øn-emWv 1973 ¬ NmØ-t¶m´v tPm¿Pv IØ-\m¿ C∂p ImWp∂ ]≈n ]Wn-b-n®Xv. \ho\ \n¿ΩmW kma-{Kn-I-fmb knan‚pw s{Skpw Bkv_-tÃmkpw D]-tbm-K-s∏-SpØn, efn-X-sa-¶nepw \b-\-kp`-K-ambn ]pdw-h-iw \n¿Ωn-®n-cn-°p∂p. hnim-ehpw H∏w lrZy-hp-amb Dƒhiw Bﬂo-bm-¥-co£w ap‰n-\n¬°p-∂-XmWv. Xd-bn¬ samssk°n\p apI-fn¬ Ib-‰p-]mbv hncn-®n-cn-°p∂p. ]≈n-°Iw s\Sp-\osf ]IpØv Bh-iym-\p-k-cWw Nmcp-_-©p-Iƒ kv{Xo]p-cp-j≥am¿°mbn \nc-Øn-bn-´p≠v. tKmfm-Ir-Xn-bn¬ cq]-I¬∏-\-sN-bvXn-´p≈ AƒØmc efn-X-sa-¶nepw `‡n-kw-h¿≤-I-amWv. k¶o¿Ønbpw Km\-kw-Lßƒ°p≈ ÿehpw hnim-e-am-Wv. aq∂p Np‰p-ap≈ hcm¥ hfsc {]tbm-P\-{]-Z-amWv. Cu {]tZ-isØ G‰hpw hepXpw G‰hpw \S-h-chp-≈-Xp-amb ]≈n-bmWv apX-e-t°mSw.

164

165

42. ]≈n-taS amWn-b® - ≥ ]WnX ]m¿k-t\-Pn¬ Ccp-\n-eI - fn¬ aq∂p-hoXw apdnIfpw c≠p hcm-¥I - fpw D≠m-bn-cp∂p. Xmsg ]Sn-™msd apdn ssI°mc-∑mcptSXv. ASpØ apdn tÃm¿. AXn-emWv ]nSn-s\√pw, t\¿®-I-fpw, sagp-Ip-Xn-cnbpw a‰pw kq£n-®n-cp-∂Xv. ASp-ØXv DuWp apdn-bm-bn-cp∂p. AXns‚ hi-Øp≈ tImh-Wn-hgn hcm-¥-bn¬ \n∂v Ib-dn-bm¬ apIfn-esØ hcm-¥-bn-seØpw. apI-fn¬ BZy-apdn AkvtX-¥nbpw, \Spapdn tcJ-Ifpw hne-]n-Sn-∏p≈ hkvXp-°fpw kq£n-°m-\p-am-bn-cp∂p D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂Xv. Cu apdn°v hen∏w Ipd-hm-bn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ CXn-\pap-ºnepw hcm-¥-bn-ep-ambn Bbn-cp∂p tbmKw tN¿∂ncp-∂Xv. apI-fn¬ ]Sn-™msd apdn- B-bn-cp∂p hnIm-cn-bp-tSXv. AhnsS \n∂p ssIsIm´n-bm¬ tIƒ°m-hp∂ Zqcta ]≈n-°p-t∂¬ I]ym-cpsS ho´n-te°v D≠m-bn-cp-∂p≈q.

43. sN≠-ap-dnbpw ]≈n∏m´pImcpw ]≈n-bnse F√m BtLm-j-]-cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ°pw ]≠p-ap-Xse kz¥ambn sN≠-tafw D≠m-bn-cp∂p. CSn-°n´nbn¬ Xma-kn-®n-cp∂ {]K-¤cmb sN≠-sIm-´p-Im-cpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn-em-bn-cp∂p sN≠-°mcpw \mKkz-c-°mcpw {]h¿Øn-®n-cp-∂Xv. ]≈n-ap-dn°v kao-]-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂ ]gb ]≈n-°p-t∂¬ sI´n-S-Øns‚ BZy-ap-dn-bm-bn-cp∂p sN≠-°m-cpsS

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

hn{i-aÿew. D]-I-c-W-ßƒ kq£n-®n-cp-∂Xpw AhnsS Xs∂. sXm´SpØ apdn-bm-bn-cp∂p ]Wn-∏pc. Bim-cn-am-cpsS Xma-khpw ]Wnbpw Chn-sS Bbn-cp-∂p. hnip≤ Ip¿_m-\-°v kw-Ko-X-Øns‚ AI-ºSn \¬Ip-∂-Xn-\mbn ChnsS ]≠p-ap-X¬ iºfw \¬In ] - m-´p-Im-sc \nb-an-®n-cp∂p. lm¿tΩmWn-bt- Øm-sSm∏w ]t°m-]I - c - W - ß - fpw ]≈n°v kz¥-am-bp-≠m-bn-cp∂p. `‡n-\n¿`-chpw kwKo-X-km-{µ-hp-amb Znhy-_-en-bn¬ a‰v CS-h-I-I-fn¬ \n∂p-≈h - cpw Xmev]c - y-]q¿∆w ]s¶-Sp-Øn-cp∂p. ChnsS \√ ]m´p-Imsc e`y-a-√msX h∂-t∏mƒ Xncp-h-√ kztZin km¬thj≥ B¿an k`bn¬ s]´ Hcp DΩ-s\-bm-bn-cp∂p \nb-an-®Xv. DΩ\pw a°ƒ tPm¿Ppw, tPmkpw a‰pw c≠v Xe-ap-d-I-tfmfw Chn-SsØ Kmb-I-kw-LsØ \bn®n-cp∂p.

44. ]pcm-X\ I¬Ipcniv a‰-Øn¬ \n∂p am‰n apX-e-t°m-SØp ÿm]n® Ipcniv inev]-NmXp-cy-Øn¬ hfsc efn-X-amWv. Zo¿L NXp-cmIr-Xn-bn¬ Iodn-sb-SpØv A{KßƒsImØn an\p°nsbmcp- ° nb, A[nIw I\-an-√mØ inem-I-jvW-ß-fmemWv Cu Ipcniv \n¿Ωn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv. ]Ømw \q‰m-≠n¬ ]Wn-bn-°-s∏´ ISpØp-cpØn, Np¶w, H√q¿ apX-emb ]≈nI-fnse Ipcn-ip-Iƒ hepXpw hnP-b-\-Kc-in-ev]-I-e-bpsS kuc`yw Xpfp-ºp-∂hbp-amWv. ]oT-Øn\p Dt±iw 5 ASnbpw Ipcn-in\v 15 ASnbpw Dbcw ImWp∂p. \ΩpsS Ipcn-ins‚ ASn-∏o-TØ - n¬ \mep cq]-°q-Sp-Ifpw \mep-aq-eb - v°p- ambn F´p sNdp-Xq-Wp-Ifpw ImWmw. IqSmsX ]´ß-fpw I¬hn-f-°p-Ifpap≠mbncp∂p. hnf- ° nepw Ipcn- i n≥ Xd- b nepw t\¿®bmbn FÆ-sbm-gn-®n-cp-∂p. CXv _p≤- ˛ - s sl- µ hcoXn- b m- b n- c p- ∂ p. CXv ]pcmX\ Ipcniv ]n∂oSv sagp- I p- X ncn IØn- ° - e m166

bnØo¿∂p. tN¿∏p¶¬ DÆn aninlm bpsS ]≈nbn¬ Ipcnin¬ FÆ Hgn°p∂ t\¿® C∂pw XpS¿∂p hcp∂p≠v. Ipcn-ins‚ Hcp ssI s]m´n-b-XmWv. ASn-∏o-T-Øns‚ tImWp-Iƒ AS¿∂p-t]m-bn-´p≠v. ASn `mKsØ Dcp-≠p-b¿∂ kvXq]w ]nf-¿∂n-cn°p∂p. Xd-bn¬ Np‰p-ambn hncn-®n-cn-°p∂ I¬∏m-fn-Iƒ \nc∏pw \ncbpw sX‰n-bm-Wn-cn-°p-∂Xv. CXns‚ \mep aqe-bn-ep-am-bn D-≠m-bn-cp∂ I¬Øq-Wp-Iƒ Ct∏mƒ C√. Ime-∏-g°w sIm≠pw apX-e-t°m-SØv sIm≠p-h-∂v Iq´n-t®¿Ø-t∏mƒ D≠mb ]cn-°p-Iƒ sIm≠pw Bhmw Chsb√mw. AÆm-bn-°Æw Aº-e-Øns‚ Ah-ti-jn-°p∂ I¬^-eI-ßfpw, a‰-Øp]≈n-bpsS aqI-km-£n-bmb Cu Ipcnipw, {]mIvcq-]hpw inev]-I-e-bnse kmcq]yhpw sIm≠v Htc-Im-e-ØmWv Ch ]Wn-XXv F∂ tIƒhn A\z¿∞-am°p∂p. apX-et- °m-SØv ]≈n ]Wn-bn® sNº-cØn ]Wn-°¿ Xs‚ kºmZy-Øn¬ ]Ip-Xnbpw Ipcn-ipw-aq-´n¬ Ipgn-®n´n-´p-s≠-∂mWv sFXnlyw. ]≈n ]m∏-cmbn ‘C√n-hm-Xnepw sIm≈nhnf-°p-am-bm¬’ Xd Xpc-°-Wsa∂pw ]≈n ]Wnbn°W-sa∂pw At±lw B{K-ln-®n-cp∂p. bm{Xt]m-bmepw bp≤-Øn\p t]mbmepw IpSpw-_° - m¿ Ipcn-in¬ sXm´v sXmgptX t]mbn-cp-∂p≈q. C∂pw B ]mc-ºcyw XpS¿∂p-t]m-cp∂p. XßfpsS ]ucm-Wn-IX - z-Øn-s‚bpw KX-Im-e{- ]-Xm-]Ø - n-s‚bpw A\-izc {]XoI-ambn Cu Ipcn-ins\ sNº-cØn IpSpw-_-°m¿ hnti-jm¬ hWßnt∏m-cp∂p.

s]m≥Ip-cnipw a‰p IpcnipIfpw 167

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

]≈n-bnse sh≈n-°p-cniv 1945 apX¬ 1950 hsc ChnsS hnImcn Bbn-cp∂ amtX-°¬ amXyp IØ-\m¿ ]Wn-bn-®-XmWv. aqim-cn-amsc {]tXyIw hcpØn ]≈n-ap-dn-bn-encp-Øn-bm-bn-cp∂p \n¿ΩmWw. kz¿Æ°p-cniv ]≈n°v \¬In-bXv ]pXn-bn-S-Øp-Ip-t∂¬ sNº-cØn ]n.kn. amWnbpw Ad-bv°¬ F.Fw. amWnbpw IqSn-bm-bn-cp∂p. ^mØnam Pqhedn F∂v t]cn¬ amXm-hns‚ \ma-Øn¬ Ah¿ XpS-ßnb kz¿Æm-`-cW-im-e-bpsS DZvLm-S-\-tØm-S-\p-_-‘n-®m-bn-cp∂p Cu kw`m-h\. s\Sn-b-ime ]≈n-bnse InWdpw t{Kmt´mbpw

Aº-eß - f - psS ap‰Øpw ]pcm-X\ - ] - ≈ - n-If - psS Np‰p-h´- Øpw km[mc-W-bmbn ImWp∂ sNdnb InW-dmWv aWn-°n-W¿. ]qPm-I¿Ωßƒ°mbn CXnse sh≈w D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ InW¿ G‰hpw hrØn-bmbn kq£n-®n-cp--∂p. CXnse Znhy-Pew tcmK-im¥n \¬Ip-sa∂v Bfp-Iƒ hniz-kn®p t]m∂p. aW¿ImSv, Ipd-hn-e-ßmSv, s\Sn-b-ime XpSßnb ]gb ]≈n- I ƒ Ct∏mgpw aWn°nW¿ kwc- £ n®p t]mcp∂p≠v.

aqSn aXn¬sI´nb apXet°mSsØ aWn°nW¿ ]≈n-Ifpw t£{X-ßfpw sIm≈-bS- n-°pI I≈-∑m-cp-sSbpw sIm≈°m-cp-sSbpw am{X-a√ kp¬Øm-∑m-cp-sS-bpw, cmPm-°∑ - m-cp-sSbpw kzm`mh-am-bn-cp-∂p. X∑qew sIm≈-sb-∏‰n kqN\ e`n-®m- ep-Ss\ t\¿® h©n, ]qPm-]m-{X-ßƒ, Hm´p-a-Wn-Iƒ apX-em-bh aWn-°n-W-dp-I-fn¬ \nt£]n-®n-cp-∂p. AXn-\p-tijw I¬∏m-fn-I-tfm, ac-∏-e-I-Itfm sIm≠v BZysØ Ac-™mWw hsc aqSn, apI-fn¬ aÆn´v aW¬ hncn-°p-Itbm, sNSn- \-Sp-Itbm sNbvXv t]m∂p. apX-e-t°mSw ]≈n-bnse aWn-°n-W¿ HmUn-t‰m-dn-b-Øn\p ]pd-Inembn Rmd-°-≠-Øn-em-Wp-≈Xv; CXv k¿t∆ \º¿ 85/6F-._n-. bn¬ s]´pImWp-∂p. CXn\v 3 ASn-hym-khpw 12 ASn Bg-hp-ap-≠v. A¿≤hr-Øm-Ir-Xn-bn¬ {]tXyIw sNØn-an-\p-°nb sN¶-√p-Iƒ sIm≠mWv CXv sI´nsb-Sp-Øn-´p-≈X - v. 1312-˛¬ ]≈n ]Wn-bn® sNº-cØ - n-°¬ ]Wn°¿ Xs∂ A∂sØ \nebv°v Cu InWdpw IpØn-bn-cp-∂p. aWn-°nW-dn-tebv°v ]gb ]≈n-bpsS k¶o¿Øn-bn¬ \n∂p-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂ \S°-√p-Iƒ 70 h¿jw apºp hsc ImW-s∏-´n-cp-∂p. ]nev°m-eØv Ah s]m´n®v Iøme ]Wn- b p- I - b p- ≠ m- b n. A∂sØ coXn- b n¬ Cu InW‰nemhWw ]≈n-bnse ]qPm-]m-{X-ßfpw Xncp-°m-e-Ifpw a‰pw ]Stbm´ ImeØv kq£n-®n-cp-∂-Xv. Zo¿L-Imew ]≈n Po¿Æn®p InS-∂Xp-aq-e-hpw, \S-°-√p-Iƒ°v Xmsg-bmbn henb Hcp InW¿ IpØn-b-XpsIm≠pw Imem-¥-c-Øn¬ aWn-°n-W¿ Dt]-£n-°s∏´p. apØnbpsS InW¿ F∂ sX‰n≤mcWbpw ]c∂p. s\Sn-b-im-e-bn-sebpw Ipd-hn-e-ßm-s´bpw aW¿Ims´bpw A¤pX InW-dp-Iƒ t]mse apX-et- °mSw ]≈n-bpsS ]ucm-Wn-IX - z-Øns‚ A\iz-c-km-£n-bmb Cu aWn-°nWdpw Hcp Ncn-{X-kvam-c-I-ambn kwc-£n-

168

169

45. ]pev]w ]≈n-bnse {]Ya {]kw-K-]oTw AƒØm-c°v apºn¬ CS-Xp-h-iØm-bn-cp∂p D≠m-bn-cp-∂X - v. ]oT-tØmSv tN¿∂v ASn-bn-em-bn-cp∂p Ipºkm-c° - qSv. Po¿Æm-hÿ - b - n-em-bn-cp∂ ]≈n ]p\-cp-≤c - n-®t- ∏m-gmWv CXpw D≠m-°-s∏-´Xv. F∂m¬ ]nev°m-eØv {]tXyI {]kw-K-]o-T-ap-≠m-°pIbpw, AXv ]pcp-j-∑m¿ Ip¿∫m\ ImWm≥ \n¬°p∂ ÿe-Øn\p CS-bn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ Hcp XqWn¬ ]nSn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp∂p. AƒØm-c-bn¬ \n∂pw Cdßn hnizm-kn-I-fpsS CS-bn¬IqSn \S-∂mWv Im¿Ωn-I≥ {]kw-K] - o-TØ - n-se-Øn-bn-cp-∂Xv. 1821¬ hcm-∏pg sa{Xm-\mbn FØn- t ®¿∂ ane- Ã ‚ v Z¿KmÃv BWv Rmb- d mgv N ]≈n- I - f n¬ hN\tLmjWw \njv ° ¿jn- ® Xv . {]kw- K - ] o- T - Ø n- e p≈ eØo≥ hm°mb "]pƒ]n‰w' BIWw ae-bm-f-Øn¬ "]pev]hpw' ]n∂oSv "]pjv]hpw' Bbn-Øo¿∂Xv. ]≈n-{]-kw-KsØ "]Tm¿∞ ]d-bpI' F∂pw A¥y-Iq-Zm-isb "HSp-°sØ sh≈w-IpSn' F∂pw ]d-™pt]m∂p.

46. aWn°-nW¿

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

°p-Ibpw hnizm-kn-Iƒ°v CXnse ]pWy-Pew e`y-am°p-Ibpw thWw. Zo¿L \q‰m-≠pIƒ Znhy-]q-P-bv°pw, amtΩm-Zok apX-emb IqZm-iIƒ°pw D]-tbm-Kn-°pI aqew Bbn-c-°-W-°n\p Bfp-Iƒ°v tam£{]m]vXn \¬Inb Cu Poh-Pew C\nbpw hnizkn°p∂ At\-I¿°v D±n-jvT-Im-cy-km[yhpw, tcmK-im-¥nbpw \¬Ip-hm\p≈XmWv.!

47. ]≈n-aWn ]Xn-\mdmw \q‰m≠p apX-emWv teml-\n¿Ωn-X-amb ]≈n-a-Wn-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn®p XpS-ßn-bXv. AXp-hsc ac-a-Wn-Iƒ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p-hs{X. t]m¿®pK-en¬ hm¿∏n® aWn-Iƒ sIm≠p h∂v ChnSsØ ]≈n-Ifn¬ BZyw apJ-hm-cØpw ]n∂oSv amfn-I-Iƒ ]WnXv Ahn-sSbpwXq°n h∂p. \ΩpsS aWn-bpsS ]pdw Np‰n¬ A.D. 1605 F∂p hs´-gp-Øn¬ ImWp-∂p≠v. ]≠v tamjWw t]mIp-am-bn-cp∂-Xp-sIm≠v Hm´p-a-Wn-Iƒ InW-‰nepw a‰pw Hfn®p h®n-cp∂p. am¿ØmWvU-h¿Ω-bpsS B{I-aW ImeØv aWn apJ-hm-cØv \n∂p-an-d°n Ipgn-®n´p. ]≈n ]p\¿\n¿Ωn®-t∏mƒ ]≈n-Ød apgp-h≥ Inf®p adn-®-ti-j-amWv aWn I≠p-In-´nbXv. aÆn¬ ]e-h¿j-ßƒ InS-∂X - p-sIm≠v Ipgn-Øp-cp-sº-Sp-Øn-cp∂p. Aßs\ aWn-bpsS Cº-ap≈ i_vZw \jvSs - ∏´p. Is≠-Sp-Øa - Wn sI´nbXv ]≈n-bpsS apJ-hm-c-Øm-bn-cp∂p. ]n∂oSv AXv k¶o¿Øn°v apIfn-embn. ]n∂oSv ]Sn-™mdv hf¿∂p \n∂ Hcp tX°ns‚ apI-fn-¬ Xq°n. 1973 ¬ C∂sØ ap°m-en-am-fn-I ]WnXv aWn Atßm-´p-am‰n. ]Xnt\gmw \q‰m≠n¬ imkvXmw-]m-d-bn¬ ]m¿Øncp∂ {]kn-≤-\mb Hcp aqimcnbmWv Cu aWnbpw tImX-aw-Kew henb ]≈n-bnse aWnbpw \n¿Ωn®-sX∂p Icp-Xp-∂p.

48. knan-tØcn BZna tIcf ss{IkvX-h¿°v ihkw-kv°m-c-Øn-\mbn {]tXyI ÿew D≠m-bn-cp-∂n√. CXc aX-ÿ-sc-t∏mse kmº-ØnI tijn-bp≈-h¿ ho´p-hf - ∏ - n-emWv {]nb-s∏-´h - sc ad-hp-sN-bvXn-cp-∂Xv. I√pw-aÆpw D]-tbm-Kn®v ChnsS ]≈n-\n¿ΩmWw XpS-ßnb tijw ihaS-°p-∂Xp ]≈n-°-I-Ømbn. hnizm-kn-Iƒ Ipd-hm-bn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ ÿew th≠pthmfw D≠m-bn-cp∂p; ]n∂oSv kwkvImcw ]≈n-h-cm-¥-bnepw. ac-W170

kwJy IqSn- b - t ∏mƒ ]Xps° ap‰Øpambn. 1825 ¬ antekv sa{Xms‚ Ime- Ø mWv \ΩpsS ]≈n- I - f n¬ {]tXyI knan- t Øcn D≠m- I p- ∂ Xv . sIm√-s∏-´-h-scbpw ]I¿®-hym-[n-aqew acn-®-htcbpw AhnsS AS-°n-bn-cp-∂n√. \ΩpsS ]≈n-bpsS AIØpw ]pdØp-≠m-bn-cp∂ hcm-¥b - n-ep-ambn sNºc-Øn-bnse At\Iw Bfp-Isf AS-°nbn-´p≠v. Ct∏mƒ Npcp°w Nne sshZoI-cpsS I_-dnSw am{Xta ]≈n-bn¬ ImWp∂p≈q. {ItaW ]≈n°v hS°v hiØpw tdmUn\p sX°pap≈ ÿew knantØcn∏≈nbpw ih-t°m-´-bmbn D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øn-bnD≈nse tXmam®s‚ I_dnShpw cp∂p. AhnsS It∏-fb - p-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. B Im-eØpw sNº-c-Øn-bnse Imc-W-h≥amsc ]≈n-bntem hcm-¥bntem am{X-amWv AS-°n-bn-cp-∂Xv. 1936 ¬ ]≈n-bpsS Ing-°p-hiw Icn-¶¬ sI´n {]tXyIw knan-tØcn \n¿Ωn®p. kao-]Øv Aÿn-°pgnbpw D≠m-bn-cp∂p. 1975 emWv AhnsS knan-tØcn∏≈n ]Wn-bp∂Xv. sNºcØn tXmΩm®s‚ H∂mw Ncahm¿jnIhpw knantØcn∏≈nbpsS Bio¿∆mZhpw Hcpan®mbncp∂p \SØnbXv. ÿe-]-cn-anXn \nanØw knan-tØcn sXt°m´pw Ing-t°m´pw hnI-kn∏n-°p-Ibpw I√-d-Iƒ \n¿Ωn®p \¬Ip-Ibpw sNøp∂p. knan-tØcn Im™n-c-°mSv ]dºv k¿t∆ \º¿ 99/8 AB bn¬ s]´v InS-°p∂p.

49. hgn-°p-cnipw Npa-Sv- Xm-ßnbpw amWn-b-®s‚ Imew apX¬ ]n®-fbpw tX°pw sIm≠v Xo¿Ø at\m-l-c-amb Hcp `WvUm-c-°p‰n tdmU-cp-In-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂p. ASp-ØpXs∂ Hcp I¬Ip-cnipw sI´n-ÿm-]n-®n-cp∂p. hml-\-K-Xm-KXw XpSßnb Imew apX¬ ChnsS bm{X-°m¿ Ipcn-ip-h-Wßn t\¿® C´ncp∂p. KXm-KXw h¿≤n-®-Xn-s\-Xp-S¿∂v `WvUm-c-°p‰n am‰n sXt°m´p \o°n 1964 ¬ Gdp-`-WvUmcw \n¿Ωn®p.* Ipcn-iSn am‰n \ho\ amXr-Ibn¬ `qtKm-f-Øn-\p-ap-I-fn¬ Ipcnip \n¿Ωn®p. Cu ÿew Ipcn-in¶¬ ]pc-bnSw k¿t∆ \w. 101 BWv. ]pcm-X\ hgn-b-cn-In¬ Icn¶√n¬ Xo¿Ø Hcp Npa-Sp-Xm-ßn-bp-w D-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

*

^m. t]mƒ Im°\m´v

171

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

50. Xncpkzcq]-ßƒ

51. amtΩm-ZokmsØm´n

1501 apX-emWv tbip-hn-s‚bpw hnip-≤-cp-sSbpw cq]-ßƒ tIc-fØn¬ {]Nm-cØ - n¬ hcp-∂Xv. t]m¿®p-Ke - n¬ \n∂p-sIm-≠p-hc - s - ∏´ Ipcnip-Ifpw cq]ßfpw a‰pw apJy ]≈n-Iƒ - °v \evIp-Ib - p-≠mbn. Aßs\ IS-a-‰Øv ]≈n°v e`n® hn. Koh¿§o-kns‚ cq]-am-Wt√m apX-e-t°mSØp sIm≠p- h - c - s ∏- ´ Xv . CS- t Øm´v apJw Xncn- ™ n- c n- ° p- ∂ Xpw ]uckvXy Omb-bn¬ XmSn-bp-≈X - p-amb Cu cq]w A]q¿∆-amb H∂mWv. tIc-f-Ønse hn. Koh-dp-Ko-kns‚ {]apJ ]≈n-I-fn-se√mw Xs∂ hetØm´v apJw ImWn-bv°p∂ cq]-ß-fm-Wp-≈Xv. ]pWy-hms‚ Hcp cq]w Imhp-Im´p Ip´≥]n-≈-bpsS kw`m-h-\-bmWv.

t]m¿®p-Ko-kp-Im-cpsS ImeØv In´nb amXm-hns‚ Hcp cq]-amWv ]≈n-bn¬ D≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv. 1940 ¬ hnIm-cn-bm-bn-cp∂ tNme-t¶-cn¬ tPm¿÷v IØ-\m¿ amXm-hns‚ at\m-l-c-amb cq]w kz¥w Ibv∏-Wnbm¬ D≠m°n ]≈n-bn¬ {]Xn-jvTn-°p-I-bp-≠mbn. sk‚ v AK-Ãn≥, satUmW, IpS-tØ-epÆn cq]-ßƒ Ct∏m-gp-ap-≠v. amXm-hns‚ kmƒth cq]w k¶o¿Øn-bn-ep-≠v. amXm-hns‚ ]pcm-X\ cq]w ]≈n-°p-t∂¬ FΩm-\p-th¬ hey-®≥ Fgp-ap´w Ipcn-ip-]≈ - n-bn-te°v sIm≠p-t]mbn. {]m¿∞n-°p∂ Bbn-c-ßƒ°v kwJyw Acpfns°m≠v Fgp-ap-´-Øns‚ AΩbmbn a¿ØadnbØns‚ B cq]w Xmt_m¿ [ym\-tI-{µ-Øn¬ A\p{Klw sNmcnbp∂p.

]pcm-X-\-amb Hcp amtΩm-Zokm sXm´n Chn-sS-bp≠v. Cu I¬∏m{Xw Xma-c-bpsS BIr-Xnbpw Nn{X-th-eIfpw sIm≠v at\m- l - c - a mWv. I¬aqSn s]m´n-b-Xns\ XpS¿∂mhmw ac-aq-Sn-bmWv D]-tbm-Kn-®p-Im-Wp-∂Xv. XSn-bn¬ Iem-`w-Kn-tbmsS \n¿Ωn® Hcp {]kwK ]oTw ]≈n-bn¬ D≠mbn-cp-∂Xv 1973 ¬ \o°w sNø-s∏´p. hntZ- i Øp \n∂p Cd- ° p- a Xn sNbvXXpw •mkn¬ hnhn[ h¿Æßƒ \nd-™-Xp-amb Hcp Xq°p-hnf°v D≠m- b n- c p∂p. Zo¿L- I mew sISm-hn-f-°mbn AƒØm-csb Ae¶-cn® B hnf°pw Ct∏mƒ D]-tbmK- Ø n- e n√. Cu sISm- h n- f - ° nse BgvNh - ´w D]-tbm-KØ - n-\mbn sNºc-Øn-bnse hnhn[ IpSpw-_-ß-fn¬ \n∂mbn {Ia∏Sn FÆ \¬In-bncp-∂-p F∂v tI´n-´p-≠v. ]≈n-∏-d-ºn¬ Ct∏mƒ ap°m-en- aWnamfnI \n¬°p-∂n-SØv Hcp ]≈n-°qSw D≠m-bn-cp∂p. t]mƒ sNº-cØn Fw.-F¬.kn.(Rd-f°mSv)bpsS {ia-^-e-ambn Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ k¿°m-cn¬ \n∂pw A\p-hZn® ae-bmfw kvIqƒ Bbn-cp∂p AXv. B kvIqƒ sXm≠n°pgbv°v am‰n ÿm]n®p. ]≈n kz¥-ambn kvIqƒ Bcw-`n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. 1940 ¬ ]≈n-ap-dn-bpsS a®n≥]p-d-Øp-≠mb Hcp Xo]n-Sp-Ø-Øn¬ Ht´sd {][m\ tcJ-Iƒ IØn-\-in-°p-I-bp-≠mbn. sNº-c-Øn- IpSpw_-Ønse Nne {]amW-ßfpw Hme-°-c-W-ßfpw ]≈n-bnse P\\ cPnÃdpw A°q-´-Øn¬s∏-Sp∂p. acn-®p-t]mb Xs‚ aI-fpsS t]cn-ep≈ kzØv \jvSs - ∏Sm-Xn-cn-°m-≥ P\\ cPn-Ã¿ Xncp-Øp-∂X - n-\p-th-≠n-bmWv Btcm tcJ-Iƒ \in-∏n-®-sX∂pw tI´ncp∂p.

172

173

hn. sk_-kvXym-t\m-kns‚ cq]w t]m¿®p-Ko-kp-Im-cpsS kw`m-h\-bm-Im-\mWv hgn. ]I¿®-hym-[n-I-fn¬ \n∂p c£-{]m-]n-°p-hm≥ Cu ]pWy-hms‚ am≤yÿw tXSm\pw, Xncp-\mƒ BtLm-jn-°p-hm\pw, cq]w {Kma-{Km-am-¥-c-ß-fn¬ Fgp-∂-≈n-°p-hm\pw Ah-cmWv ]Tn-∏n-®Xv. 17,18,19 \q‰m-≠p-If - n¬ ]S¿∂p-]n-Sn® hkq-cnbpw, tImf-dbpw aqew At\I¿ arXn-b-S-bp-I-bp-≠mbn. Aºv hkq-cnsb Xdbv°pw F∂mWv hnizmkw. IpSpw_ {]m¿∞-\-bv°nsS ""]™-Øn¬ \n∂pw ]S-bn¬ \n∂pw hk-¥-I-sfm-s°-bn¬ \n∂pw'' Rßsf c£n-°-Wta F∂v hn. sk_-kvXym-t\m-kn-t\mSv Ct∏mgpw Cu CS-h-I-bn¬ {]m¿∞n-°p∂p≠v.

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

52. I_-dn-S-ßƒ

{]tXyIw AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cp∂p. F∂m¬ Ct∏mƒ ImWp-∂n√.

]≈n-bpsS ]p\-cp-≤m-cW-Øn-\p-tijw sNº-c-Øn-bnse Imc-Wh-∑msc hcm-¥-I-fnepw, a‰p-≈-hsc knan-tØ-cn-bn-ep-am-Wt√m AS°nh-∂Xv. sNº-cØn amWn-b-®-s\-bmWv BZy-ambn ]pØ≥ ]≈n-bn¬ AS-°n-bXv. A∂sØ sNdnb ]≈n-bpsS a[y-Øn-em-bn-cp∂p ih-°√d. C∂v amtΩm-Zo-km-sXm´n ÿm]n-®n-cn-°p∂ ÿe-Øn\p apI-fn-embn t\¿®-s∏´n h®n-cn-°p-∂n-SØn\v heXphiamWv ÿm\w. ae-ta¬ Koh¿Kokv A®s‚ ImeØv Xd s]mfn-®-t∏mƒ Cu I√d Xpd∂p. …m_v D≠m-bn-cp-∂n√. adn®v I√n¬ sImØnb Hcp Xma-c-∏qhv I√-dbpsS AS-bm-f-ambn D≠m-bn-cp∂p. A®≥ ih-°pgn aqSp-Ibpw Xmac AtX ÿm\-Øp-Xs∂ {]Xn-jvTn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. as‰mcp I_-dnSw sNº-cØn tP°_v A®-t‚-XmWv. ac-Wm-\¥ - cw At±-lsØ ]≈n-bn¬ Agn-°m-ep-Iƒ°v Xmsg Xs∂ kwkvI-cn®p. …m_v C√m-bn-cp-s∂-¶nepw ae-ta-e-®≥ ]≈n ]pXp-°n-b-t∏mgpw I√d

1964˛¬ \nXy-kΩ - m-\Ø - n-\mbn hnfn-bv°s - ∏´ sNº-cØn AKkvXn A®≥ CS-hI ]´-°m-c-\mbn At\Iw ]≈n-I-fn¬ tkh\w A\p-jvTn®n-cp∂p. XnI™ `‡\pw kmXzn-I\ - p-am-bn-cp∂ At±lw Gh-cp-tSbpw BZ-chv t\Sn-bn-cp∂p. 73˛masØ hb-n¬ \sΩ hn´p-]n-cn™ Ct±-lØns‚ arX-tZlw ]≈n-bpsS a[y-`m-K-Ømbn CS-Xp-hiw tN¿∂v kwkvI-cn®p. I_-dn-S-Øn¬ inem-kvam-c-I-hp-ap≠v. 75˛masØ hb-n¬ Znhw-K-X-\mb sNº-cØn tXmam IØ-\m¿ kz¥ CjvS-{]-Imcw knan-tØcn ]≈n-bn¬ I_-d-S°w sNø-s∏´p. tImX-aw-Kew, Idp-Ip‰n XpS-ßnb {]apJ ]≈n-If - n¬ hnIm-cn-bm-bn-cp∂ At±lw hfsc kc-k\pw IpSpw-_-N-cn-{X-Im-cy-ß-fn¬ Xev]-c-\p-am-bncp∂p. At±-l-Øns‚ Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ Is≠-Sp-°m-\m-bn-´n√. knan-tØ-cn-]≈n-bn-ep≈ At±-l-Øns‚ kvamc-I-ine {]tXyIw ImWm-hp-∂-XmWv. am∂m\w ]≈n-bnepw Im™q¿ ]≈n-bnepw sNº-cØn A®-∑m-cpsS I_-dn-S-ßƒ D≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xmbn ]q¿∆n-I¿ ]d-™-dn-hp≠v.

53. ]≈n-bnse hnIm-cn-am¿ \ΩpsS ]≈n-bn¬ \n∂pw BZyambn ÿew am‰s∏´ hnImcn amWnb®-\m-sW∂p tXm∂p-∂p. At±-lsØ ÿew am‰p-∂-Xv, `c-Wßm\w ]≈n-bn-te-°m-bn-cp∂p. amWnb®s\ØpS¿∂v ChnsS hnIm-cnam-cm-bn-cp∂ _lp. A®-∑m-¿ Xmsg∏dbp∂hcmWv. CXv A]q¿W-amIm≥ km[y-Xbp≠v.

sNº-cØn AKkvXn A®s‚ I_dnSw

]q h®ncn°p∂ Cu `mKØmWv amWn°Ø\mcpsS I√d 174

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

sNº-cØn amWn IØ-\m¿ Ing-t°-SØv h¿§okv ” sIm®p-]p-Ø≥]pc CΩm-\p-h¬ ” tXm´-Øn¬ aØmbn ” ap≠m´pNp≠-bn¬ tXma ” πmtØm-´-Øn¬ Koh¿Kokv ” FS-∏-g-Øn¬ bmt°m_v ”

8 9 10 11 12 13 14 175

sIm®p-ap-´Øv aØmbn IØ-\m¿ Hmen-b-∏p-dØv h¿Kokv ” hmcn-°m´v BK-kvXn-t\mkv ” ]q°m´v Koh¿Kokv ” ta°p-t∂¬ ]utemkv ” Im°-\m´v aØmbn ” sIm®o-°p-t∂¬ aØmbn ”

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

sh´n-bv°m-∏n≈n IØ-\m¿ sXt°-°c {^m≥knkv ” amfn-tb-°¬ ]utemkv ” Ip∂-∏-≈n¬ tXmam ” tN‰q¿ tP°_v ” πmtØm-´-Øn¬ Ipcy≥ ” I≠-Øn¬ butk^v ” ]md¶n s\Sp-ºp-dØv tXmam ” tNme-t¶cn¬ Koh¿Kokv ” ae-ta¬ tZhkym ” ]pfn-°¬ sNdn-bm≥ ”

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

amtX-°¬ amXyp aWn-bm´v Koh¿Kokv tXh¿]mSØv tP°_v Im°-\m´v t]mƒ NmØw-tIm´v tPm¿÷v samX-Ip-t∂¬ h¿Kokv Rd-f-°m´v eq°m ]pfn-°¬ A{_mlw Ip∂w-tIm´v tPm¿÷v Be-∏m´v {^m≥knkv Hen-b-∏p-dØv tPm¿÷v

IØ-\m¿ ” ” ” ” ” ” ” ” ” ”

54. amtΩm-Zokm ]pkvXIw ]≈n-bn¬ kq£n-®n-cn-°p∂ amtΩm-Zokm ]pkvX-I-Ønse Xmsg sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ hnh-c-ßƒ A°m-esØ coXn a\-n-em-°p-hm≥ klm-b-I-amWv. 1. Rd-f-°m´v aØmbn + adn-b-°p´n aI. FΩm-\p-th¬ ]nd∂p. ]pXn-bn-S-Øp-Ip-t∂¬ BK-kvXnbpw sN≈q-∏-d-ºn¬ adnb. 2. ]te-°p-t∂¬ h¿°n + adnbw aIƒ hrin. ]pfn-ºmd aØmbnbpw ap≠-bv°¬ Genbpw. 3. Ing-t°-SØ - n¬ BK-kvXn-bp-tSbpw Gen-bp-sSbpw aI≥ tbml∂m≥. ]pXn-bn-S-Øp-Ip-t∂¬ ss]en I√p-¶-Ip-Sn-bn¬ tZhkym XesXm´p. 4. apX-e-t°mSw Ic ]pXn-bn-S-Øp-Ip-t∂¬ amWn + t{Xky aIƒ 1896 Ipw`w tdmk F∂p t]cn´p. ]pXn-bn-S-Øp-Ip-t∂¬ BKkvXn + \Sp-∏-d-ºn¬ Geoizm. 5. ]mte-°p-t∂¬ h¿°n-bp-sSbpw adn-bØ - n-s‚bpw aI≥ Nmt°m ]nd-∂n´v 7-mw Znhkw amtΩm-Zoi. Xe-sXm-´-h¿ ]pXn-bn-S-Øp-Ip-t∂¬ sXmΩ\pw ]pØ≥]p-c-bv°¬ A∂bpw. 6. ]pXn-bn-S-Øp-Ip-t∂¬ butk-∏n-s‚bpw tdmk-bp-sSbpw aIƒ 176

tdmk ]nd-∂n´v 11-mw Znhkw ho´p-am-tΩm-Zoi ap°n. c≠m-aXp I¿Ωw \S-Øn-bXv hnImcn tXmΩ IØ-\m¿. Xe-sXm-´h - ¿ ]pXn-bn-SØ - p-Ip-t∂¬ De-l-∂\pw Xpd-bv°¬ Genbpw. 7. 1896 CShw Rd-f-°m´v aØmbn + adnbw aI≥ aØmbn ]nd∂n´v amtΩm-Zokm ap°n-bXpw sIm®p-ap-´Øv aØmbn IØ-\m¿ ]pXnbn-S-Øp-Ip-t∂¬ sXmΩ≥ & adnbw. 8. If-∏p-c-bn¬ bmt°m+Gen ss]X¬ butk-∏ns\ 1898 I∂n 25\pw am ap°n hnImcn. Xe- s Xm- ´ - h ¿ ]≈n- ° p- t ∂¬ h¿°n + t{Xkymbpw 9. sN≈q- ∏ - d - º n¬ sXmΩ- s ‚bpw A∂- Ø n- s ‚bpw aI≥ butk∏pw ]nd∂v 6˛mw Znhkw am. ap°n. Xe Xpd-bv°¬ ss]en ssae-s°mºv hS-t°¬ Geoizm. 10. 1899 Ggp-ap´w Ing-t°-S-Øn¬ ss]en tdmk aIƒ adnbw ]nd∂v 9-mw Znhkw 1899 I¿°n-SIw 9-mw Xob hn.ap°n. Xe-sXm-´-h¿ ]pfn-ºmd aØbpw ssX°p-∂pw-]p-dØv adn-bhpw. 11. 1900 ao\w If-∏p-c-bn¬ ss]en + {_nPoØ aI≥ aØmbn hn.8- mw Znhkw 1900 ao\w 29-mw XobXn hn. am.ap°n. Xe ]men-b-°pt∂¬ h¿°n XS-Øn¬ tdmk 12. sN≈q-∏d- º - n¬ sXmΩ≥ A∂ aIƒ t{Xky ]n.... 8˛mw Znhkw 1900 ao\w 11-˛mw -Xo-bXn hn.-am.-ap-°n. Xe ]pXn-bn-S-Øp-Ip-t∂¬ ss]en sN≈q-∏-d-ºn¬ adn-b. 13. ]pXn-bn-S-Øp-Ip-t∂¬ hdp-Kokv adnbw aI≥ sXmΩ≥ ]nd∂v 8-mw Znhkw 1899 Ipw`w 5-mw XobXn am.ap°n. Xe-sXm-´-h¿ Snbn¬ BKkvXn tKmWn-bv°¬ adnbw.

55. acW cPn-Ã¿ Hcp \q‰m≠v apºp apX-ep≈ acW cPn-Ã¿ am{Xta ]≈n-bn¬ Ct∏mƒ e`y-am-bn-´p≈q. AXn¬ Ign™ \q‰m-≠n¬ \√-h-gn-tN¿∂-hcpsS \nc-bn¬ \n∂p-ap≈ Nne t]cp-I-fmWv Xmsg tN¿Øn-cn-°p-∂Xv. 1. ]pXn-bn-S-Øp-Ip-t∂¬ sXmΩ≥ 1904 ao\w 23˛mw XobXn 34˛mw hb-n¬ acn®p (AÆm-bn-°Æw) 177

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

2.

]men-b-°p-t∂¬ tdmk 1919 am¿® 15\v 40mw hb-n¬ acn®p

56. t\¿®-Iƒ

3.

]men-b-°p-t∂¬ Hutk^v `mcy ¢ta\ 1919 G{]n¬ 4\v 32˛mw hb-n¬ acn®p

4.

]¥-°-¬ aØmbn 1922 hr›nIw 7˛mw XobXn acn®p. ]≈n-bpsS sXt° hcm-¥-bn¬ kwkvI-cn®p. ImWw 101 cq]

5.

If-∏p-c-bn¬ adnbw 1923 Xpemw 8˛mw XobXn 82˛mw hb-n¬ A¥-cn®p.

6.

aS-Ip-t∂¬ adnbw 1924 Pq¨ 30\v A¥cn®p 38 hbv

7.

sXt°¬ ]pXn-bn-S-Øp-Ip-t∂¬ tZhky 1926 P\p-hcn 17\v 60˛mw hb-n¬ Znhw-K-X-\mbn

8.

sNº-cØ - n-°¬ amØp AKkvXn 11.3˛1926¬ 93˛masØ hb-n¬ acn®p.

9.

Ipf-ºb - n¬ ]d-ºn¬ Xma-kn°pw ]pXp-{In-kvXym\n tZhky 1926˛ 11˛25¬ 25˛mw hb-n¬ acn®p

10.

]pXn-bn-S-Øp-Ip-t∂¬ Geniz 10˛8˛1927¬ 103˛masØ hb-n¬ acn®p

11.

satø-‰pw-Ip-t∂¬ Hutk∏v 12˛12˛1929¬ 32˛mw hb-n¬ acn®p. Ipgn-°mWw 501 N{Iw.

12.

]pXn-bn-SØ - p-Ip-t∂¬ BKkvXn 2˛3˛1929¬ 32˛mw hb-n¬ acn®p. Ipgn-°mWw 501 N{Iw

13.

]mte-°p-t∂¬ aØmbn 2˛11˛1930¬ 90mw hb-n¬ acn®p

14.

sNº-c-Øn-°¬ adnbw 9˛8˛1934¬ 95˛mw hb-n¬ acn®p

15.

]pXn-bn-S-Øp-Ip-t∂¬ sXmΩ≥ `mcy hn[\ A∂ 27˛2˛1937¬ 63˛mw hb-n¬ acn®p.

16.

]pXn-bn-S-Øp-Ip-t∂¬ BKkvXn ss]en 7˛8˛1939¬ 72˛mw hbn¬ \ncym-X-\mbn (Ipf-tº¬)

17.

If-∏p-c-bn¬ ss]en sXmΩ≥ 27˛8˛1939¬ 85˛mw hb-n¬ acn®p.

18.

Ing-t°-SØ - n¬ aØmbn amWn 12˛11˛1939¬ 27˛mw hb-n¬ acn®p

Xncp-°p-Spw-_sØ Hm¿Øv 3 t]¿°pw injy-∑msc Hm¿Øv 12 ]mhßƒ°pw ]nSnbpw tImgn-°-dnbpw ]≈n-bn¬ hnfºn \¬Ip-∂-XmWv Du´pt\¿®. 1790 \pti-j-amWv Cu t\¿® ChnsS Bcw-`n-°p-∂Xv. arXkw-kvImcw ]pcmX\ coXn-bn¬ ap‰tØm sXmSn-bntem BWt√m \q‰m-≠p-If - mbn \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂Xv. ih-kw-kv°mcw Ipgn-am-SØ - n¬ \n∂pw ]≈n-bn-te°v am‰n-bt- ∏mƒ ]tc-Xm-ﬂm-°ƒ°v \¬In-bn-cp∂ CjvSt- `mP-\-amb ]nSnbpw tImgn-°-dnbpw ]≈n-bn¬ hnf-ºm≥ XpS-ßn. Aßs\-bmWv ChnsS Du´p-t\¿®bpw, tImgn-t\¿®bpw Bcw-`n-°p-∂-Xv. 1859˛se hcm-∏pg _¿Zn-t\mkv sa{Xms‚ I¬]\ {]Imcw h≠-a‰w Ipgn-am-SØ - n-¶¬ \S-Øn-bn-cp∂ Du´p-t\¿®-Ifpw apX-et- °m-SØ - n\v am‰pI-bp-≠m-bn. 1960-˛-em-hWw tXh¿]mSw Nmt°m IØ-\m¿ hnIm-cn-bmbn-cn-s°, Du´p-]Ww ]≈n-bn¬ AS-®m¬ aXn-sb∂p h®p. tImgn t\¿® Ct∏mgpw XpS-cp-∂p. a‰Øv ]≈n-bpsS Imew apX¬ ChnsS \S∂p t]mcp∂ Hcp BNmc-amWv ASnahbv°¬. ASn-a-kv{Xo-Iƒ {]k-hn-°p∂ Ip´n-Isf AhcpsS bP-am-\¿°v ka¿∏n®-tijw, ImgvN \¬In Xncn-s®-Sp-°p-∂Xv ASn-a-Xz-Øns‚ Hcp Dt]mev]-∂-am-bn-cn°pw. ASn-a-kv{Xo-bpsS BsI kzØv Ah-fpsS Ip™m-Wt√m. ASn-a-bmbn \¬IpI hgn AXns\ kwc-£n-t°≠ Npa-Xe apX-em-f\n¬ FØn-t®-cp∂p. Cu hnizmkw Xßƒ ]qPn-°p∂ adn-b-tØmSpw Bh¿Øn-®-XmWv Cu BNm-c-Øn-\Sn-ÿm\w. BZy-Im-eØv amXm-hns‚ ]≈n-I-fn¬ kv{XoIƒ am{X-amWv kz¥w Ip™ns\ ASn-a-h-®n-cp-∂Xv. A∂v Hcp ]W-am-bn-cp∂p t\¿®. ]n∂oSv Hcp N{I-ambn. C∂v F√m ]≈n-I-fnepw GXv hnip-≤\pw B¿°pw Btcbpw ASn-a-hbv°mw. ASn-a-∏Ww AS-®m¬ aXn. C∂pw Cu BNmcw AXns‚ DØ-am¿∞-Øn¬ ]e-]≈n-If - nepw \S-°p-∂p≠v. s\¬°-Xncpw ]nSn-b-cnbpw t\¿®-bmbn ]≈n-bn¬ ka¿∏n-°p∂ k{º-Zmbw ]≠p-ap-Xte ChnsS \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂p. s\¬Irjn kz¥-ambn D≠m-bn-cp-∂h - cpw s\√v hmßn-bn-cp-∂h - cpw Hcp-t]mse ]nSn-s\√v \¬Inbn-cp∂p. s\√v ]n∂oSv Acn-bmbn. CXv henb A¥-mbn Icp-X-s∏-´ncp∂p. Acnbpw IXncpw kq£n-®n-cp-∂Xv hnIm-cn-bpsS apdn-tbmSv sXm´SpØ apdn-bn-em-bn-cp∂p. Acn A∂v hne-tb-dnb hkvXp -B-bn-cp-∂-Xn\m¬ AXns‚ Xmt°m¬ kq£n-®n-cp-∂Xpw hnIm-cn-bm-bn-cp∂p. Acn-

178

179

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

tam-jWw t]mb-Xn\v Hcn-°¬ tIkv D≠m-bn-cp∂p. ]nSn-bcn sXmΩ\pw aI≥ BKkvXnbpw Bbn-cp∂p hoSphoSm¥cw \S∂v ]n¬°m-eØv Cu t\¿® kzoI-cn-®n-cp-∂Xv. ]n∂oSv A\pP≥ h¿°n Bbn.

57. AƒØmc ip{iqjn ]≈n-bpsS Po¿tÆm-≤m-cWw \S-Ønb amWnb®≥ sIm≠p-h∂ ]mtd-Ωm-°¬ h¿°n-bm-bn-cp∂p BZysØ ip{iqjn. ]≈n-°p-t∂-emb At±-lØ - ns‚ GI aI-\m-bn-cp∂ BKkvXn XpS¿∂v I]ym-cmbn. At±l-Øns‚ aqØ-]p-{X\pw Im°-c-Ip-t∂¬ \n∂p I√ymWw Ign-®n-cp-∂bm-fp-amb h¿°n ]n∂oSv tPmen-tb‰p. ]≈n-°p-t∂¬ Hutk∏pw, ss]en-bp-am-bn-cp∂p ASpØ I]ym¿am¿. Ah-cpsS a°-fm-bn-cp∂ h¿°nbpw hdp-Kokpw ]n∂oSv ip{iqjn ÿm\-Øp-h∂p. XpS¿∂p-h∂ Xpd-°¬ Ip™m∏v Ipd-®p-Im-esØ tkh-\-Øn-\p-tijw Cutim-k-`bn¬ tN¿∂-t∏mƒ kzk-tlm-Z-c≥ Xpd-°¬ Ip™m-K-kvXnbpw ]≈n°p-t∂¬ tPm¿÷pw tkh-\-\n-c-X-cmbn (CsX-gp-Xp-∂-bmƒ Cu kabØv AƒØmc _me-\m-bn-cp∂p) ]n∂oSv I]ym-cmbn h∂Xv I√n-¶Ip-Sn-bn¬ ]m∏-®-\mWv. At±-l-Øns‚ AIme\ncym-W-sØ- Xp-S¿∂v tIm´-bn¬ X¶-®\pw ]n∂oSv tPm_nbpw ip{iqjn tPmen-bn-seØn. AºØn b©p h¿jsØ \nkvXpe tkh-\-Øn-\p-tijw tPm¿÷v ]≈n-°p-t∂¬ 1996˛¬ I]ym¿ tPmen-bn¬ \n∂v ]ncn™p. ]p\¿ \n¿Ωn® aq∂v ]≈n-I-fnepw ssZh-the sNøp-hm≥ `mKyw kn≤n-®-bmfmWv ]≈n-°p-t∂¬ tPm¿÷v.

Øn\pw a‰pw Ch¿ I≠p-Im-gvN-I-fp-ambn h-∂n-cp-∂p. {]tXy-In-s®mcp aX- h n- i zm- k hpw Ch¿°p- ≠ m- b n- c p- ∂ p- a n- √ . Chsc kmaq- l y- a mbn Db¿Øp-∂X - n\pw, kmº-Øn-Ia - mbn klm-bn-°p-∂X - n-\p-ambn ]≈n-bn¬ \n∂pw \ntbm-Kn-®n-cp∂ Bfm-bn-cp∂p D]-tZ-in. Acn, tKmX-ºv, sdm´n apX-em-bh ]≈n-bn¬ \n∂p kuP-\y-ambn \¬In Ch-cpsS ]´nWnbI‰n-bn-cp-∂p. ]pc-sI-´m≥ klm-bh - pw, ssIsØm-gn-ep-If - n¬ ]cn-io-e\ - hpw \¬In. ]≈n-∏dºnse ]Wn-Iƒ, IpΩm-bw-]q-i¬, hrØn-bm°¬, t\¿®-km-[-\-ß-fmb km[m-cW ^e-aq-em-Zn-Ifpw, s\√v, tXß XpSßn-b-h ]ncn°p∂ tPmenbpw Ch¿°v \¬In Db¿Øn-sIm-≠p-h-∂p. s]cp-∂m-fn¬ Ch-cpsS _m‚ vta-fhpw sN≠-ta-fhpw km[m-c-W-am-bncp-∂p. Cu cwKØv kvXpXy¿l-amb tkh-\a - mWv Zo¿L-Imew {io amXyp aXn-et- ©-cn¬ sNbvXn-cp-∂X - v. km¬th-j≥ B¿an-bn¬ AwK-am-bn-cp∂ At±lw ]nd-hØp \n∂pw `mcy adn-bm-Ω-tbm-sSm∏amWv apX-e-t°mSØv FØn-bX - v. kz]p-{X\pw ap≥ssk-\o-I\ - p-amb {io. tPm¿÷n-s\m∏w ]≈n-°p-k-ao]w ]m¿Øn-cns° At±lw ASpØ ImeØv 93-˛masØ hb-kn¬ \ncym-X-\m-bn. 1956 emWv tImX-aw-Kew cq]X ÿm]n-X-am-Ip-∂Xv. AtXmsS apXe-t°mSw B cq]X-bnse {][m\ ]≈n-bmbn amdn. am¿ amXyp t]mØ\m- w aq- g n- b m- b n- c p∂p BZy sa{Xm≥. Ct∏mƒ am¿ tPm¿÷v ]p∂t°m´nemWv cq]Xm≤y£≥. tImX-aw-Kew cq]-X-bnse {]apJ s^mtdm\m IqSn-bmWv Nnc-]p-cm-X-\-amb apX-e-t°mSw ]≈n.

58. D]-tZin Xncp-hnXmwIq¿ k¿°m-cn¬ \n∂pw ASn-a-∏Wn \ntcm-[n-®p-sIm≠v 1847ep≠mb hnfw-º-csØ XpS¿∂v Ggp-ap´w apX-e-t°mSw `mK-ßfn¬ D≠m-bn-cp∂ ASn-a-Iƒ {ItaW kzX-{¥-cm-bn. ]d-b-∑m¿, ]pe-b∑m¿ XpS-ßn-b-h¿ X{ºm-°-∑m-cpsS XpW-bn-√m-Xm-b-tXmsS sXmgn¬ cln-Xcpw ]´n-Wn-°m-cp-am-bn. tdmUv˛tXmSv˛]pd-tºm°nepw CSn-°n´n ]mdbpsS ]cn-k-c-ß-fnepw Xma-kn-®n-cp-s∂-¶epw kzm{i-b-ambn Pohn°p-hm≥ Ch¿°v km[n-®n-cp-∂n-√. 1850-˛\p-tijw am{X-amWv kpdn-bm\n ItØm-en°¿ Ah¿Wsc kz¥w aX-Øn¬ tN¿Øp XpS-ßp-∂X - v. HmW180

181

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

]Xn-\mdmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ BZy ]Ip-Xn-bn¬ P\n® amWnamWn IØ\m¿ {]mY-anI hnZym-`ym-k-Øn-\p-tijw sImSp-ß-√q¿ D≠m-bn-cp∂ skan-\m-cn-bn¬ tN¿∂p ssZh-imkv{Xw ]Tn®p. tIc-f-Ønse ]pcmX\ IpSpw-_-ß-fn¬ s]´-hcpw \√ kmº-Øn-I-ti-jn-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂-hcp-amb \qtdmfw sshZnI hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ AhnsS Ct±-l-Øns‚ kl]m-Tn-I-fm-bn-cp∂p. aev]m®-∑m¿s°m-∏-ap≈ Kpcp-Ipe ]T-\-amWv ]´w

In´p-∂-Xn-\p-≠m-bn-cp∂ km[m-cW coXn. {^m≥kn-kvI≥ k\ym-k-aql-Øn¬s∏´ hn≥sk‚ v IØ-\m-cm-bn-cp∂p skan-\m-cn-bpsS Npa-X-e°m-c≥. A¶-amen AXn-cp-]-Xbp-ambn _‘s∏-´-Xm-bn-cp∂p A∂p apXe-t°mSw ]≈n. 1582-¬ \S∂ A¶-amen kq\-l-tZm-knepw 1585- se tKmhm kq\-l-tZm-knepw Ct±lw ]s¶-Sp-Øn-cp-∂-Xmbn Adnbp∂p. 1599-¬ \S∂ DZbwt]cq¿ kq\-l-tZm-kn¬ ‘apX¬t°mSv’ ]≈nbn¬\n∂p sNº-cØn amWnamWn- I-Ø-\mcpw \mev Aevam-bcpw ]¶ptN¿∂-Xmbn ImWp∂p≠v. t]¿jy≥ coXn-bn-em-bn-cp∂ ]≈n s]mfn®v t]m¿®p-Kokv coXnbn¬ apJ-hm-c-tØmsS ]Wn-bn-®Xv Ct±-l-amWv. XpS¿∂v sat\-kokv sa{Xms\ A¶-am-en-bn¬ \n∂v ]√-°n¬ Npa-∂p-sIm-≠p-h∂p sh©cn∏n®p. Hcp cq]hpw Nne Xncp-h-kv{X-ßfpw A®≥ kΩm-\n®p. A∂phsc t]¿jy≥ coXn-bn¬ Ipcnipw Nn{X-ßfpw am{X-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂ ]≈nbn¬ cq]-ßfpw aWnbpw D]-tbm-K-Øn-embn. Aßs\ eØo≥ coXn-bn¬ ]pXnb ]≈n ]Wn-bp-Ibpw, BNm-cßƒ B coXn-bn-tebv°v am‰p-Ibpw sNbvXXv sNº-c-Øn -amWnamWn -IØ-\m-cm-bn-cp∂p. 19-mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ BZy-]m-Z-Øn-emWv amWn-°Ø\mcpsS P\-\w. Ct±lw Nmhd Ipcym-t°m-k-®s‚ ka-Im-eo-\-\p-am-bn-cp∂p. Po¿Æn®p InS∂ apX-e-t°mSw ]≈nbpw ]m¿k-t\Ppw ]pXp°n hmk-tbm-Kyam°n. cq]-ßfpw aWnbpw hos≠-SpØp. \mSp-hn-´p-t]mb IpSpw-_mw-Kß-fpsS hkvXp-°ƒ k¿°m-cn¬ \n∂pw Xncn-s®-SpØv ]e¿°pw \¬In. IS-\mSv, Ipd-hn-e-ßmSv XpS-ßnb ÿe-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw a‰pw Bfp-Isf sIm≠p-h∂p ]≈n-bpsS ]cn-kc - ß - f - n¬ Xma-kn-∏n®v P\-hm-ka - p-≠m°n. Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ k¿°m-cn¬h-enb kzm[o-\-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. Ct±lw tImX-aw-Kew, sNm∆c, Im™q¿, ae-bm-d-dq¿ XpS-ßnb {][m\ ]≈n-Ifn-se√mw hnIm-cn-bm-bn-cp∂p. Nne ]≈n-Iƒ°pw {]ap-Jh - y-‡n-Iƒ°pw Ct±lw [\-k-lmbw sNbvXn-cp-∂-Xmbn Hme-{]-am-W-ß-fp-≠m-bn-cp∂p. ]≈n-bn-cn∏v ]pc-bn-S-Øns‚ ]´-bhpw, ]≈n ]Wn-bp-hm-\mbn XSn sh´p-hm≥ A\p-h-Zn®v In´nb ]mkpw I¿Ω-Ip-i-e-\m-bn-cp∂ amWn-b®s‚ kz¥w t]cn¬ Xs∂bm-bn-cp∂p. ]≈nsb ]p\¿Po-hn-∏n-°p-Ibpw apX-et- °m-Sw ]´-WØ - n\v Aÿnhm-c-an-Sp-Ibpw sNbvX alm-\m-bn-cp∂p amWn-b-®≥. 1897˛¬ At±lw Znhw-K-X-\m-b-Xmbn Icp-X-s∏-Sp-∂p.

182

183

Nne IpSpw_hntijßƒ At\Iw Xe-ap-d-I-fn-embn, Hcp {]tZ-iØv ImW-s∏-Sp∂ IpSpw-

_-ßƒ hnc-f-amWv. Ime-{]-hm-l-Øn¬ Xntcm-[m-\sØ AXn-Po-hn® CØcw IpSpw-_-ß-fpsS Ncn{Xw Ahn-SpsØ kmaq-ly-Po-hn-X-Øns‚ km£y-]-{Xhpw tZi-Øns‚ IY-bp-amWv. cmPÿm\tØmSv ASpØp \n¬°pIbpw kzmX-{¥y-k-a-c-Ønepw P\-Io-b-`-c-W-Ønepw ]¶m-fn-Ifm-Ip-Ibpw Bﬂob Imcy-ß-fn¬ ap≥\n-c-bn¬ {]h¿Øn-°p-Ibpw sNbvX ]mc-º-cy-am-Wt√m \ΩpsS IpSpw-_-Øn-\p-≈Xv. Pohn-X-Øns‚ `n∂ aplq¿Ø-ßsf kz¥-am°n temI-Øns‚ hnhn-[`- m-Kß - f - n¬ Pnhn°p∂ ktlm-Zco ktlm-Z-c-∑m-cpsS Hcp Iq´mbvabmWv C∂v Cu IpSpw_w. ]n∂n´ \q‰m-≠p-I-fnse Nne kw`-hß-fp-sSbpw hy‡n-I-fpsSbpw Ncn{XØnte°p≈ Hcp FØnt\m´amWv Xmsg sImSp-Øn-cn°p-∂Xv.

1. sNº-cØn amWnb®-∑m¿

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

2. FΩm-\p-th¬ sIm®p-]p-Ø≥]pc IØ-\m¿ FΩm-\p-th¬ sIm®p-]p-Ø≥]pc A®≥ apX-e-t°mSw `c-Wßm\w apX-emb ]≈n-I-fn¬ hnIm-cn-bm-bn-cp∂p. At±-l-Øns‚ AΩ Ing-t°Sw sNº-c-Ønbpw, A∏≥ hmWnbIng-t°¬ \n∂v ZØp-am-bncp- ∂ p. aØmbn GI ktlmZc\mbncp∂p. 1876 tabv 23-\v am¿]m∏mbv°v Ab-°m-\mbn alm l¿÷n Xøm-dm-°¬ \S∂ am∂m\w tbmK-Øn¬ apX-e-t°mSw ]≈n-bv°p-th≠n lmP-cmbn. t_mws_ sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm tam¨. taap-dn≥ hnfn-®p-Iq-´nb tbmK-Ønepw apX-et°m-SØp ]≈n-bn¬ \n∂p lmP-cmbn. A°m-esØ taeqkv sa{Xms‚ ioiva-bvs°-Xnsc ae-\m-´nse ]≈n-IƒtXmdpw \S∂v {]kw-Kn®p. At±l-Øns‚ {ia-Øm¬ At\Iw ]≈n-Iƒ ioiva Dt]-£n®p. ]ﬁn-X\m-bn-cp∂ Ct±lw sshZoI-hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°v {]nb-s∏-´- a-ev]-m\pw Bbncp-∂p.

3.sNº-cØn ]Wn-°¿ 'a[y-kw-h-’-c-ß-fn¬ apX-e-t°mSw tImX-aw-Kew Acp-hn-Øpd, Nß-\m-t»cn, sIm√w BZn-bmb {][m-\-ÿm-\-ß-fnepw {]`p-°-∑m-cp≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v tcJ-I-fn¬ {]Xy-£-s∏-Sp∂p.' * {]`pXzhpw kwL-S\m-ti-jnbpw, cmP-ÿm-\Øv kzm[o-\h - p-ap-≈h - ¿°v cmPm-°∑ - m¿ Iev]n®-\ph-Zn-®n-cp∂ ÿm\-amWv ']Wn-°¿'. sXmSp-]pg Iogva-e-\m´p cmPmhn\pw hS°pwIqdn\pw 'Adp-∂q-‰h - ¿' F∂ cmP-kZ- pw lnµp, {InÃy≥, ap…ow tk\m-hyq-l-ß-fp-am-Wp-≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv. cmP-k-Z-n¬ AwKhpw \{km-Wn-∏S- b - m-fn-If - psS \mb-I\ - p-am-bn-cp∂p sNº-cØn ]Wn-°¿. apXe-t°m-SØp ]Wn-°¿ F∂m-W-t±lw Adn-b-s∏-´n-cp-∂Xv. tImX-aw-KeØp ]Wn-°¿ (Ce-™n-°¬) IS-a-‰-Øp-]-Wn-°¿ (]p∂-a‰Øv) aqhm‰p-]pg ]Wn-°¿ (Imc-Ip-∂Øv) XpS-ßn-bh-cm-bn-cp∂p a‰p Nne ]Wn°-∑m¿. Ipt∂-en-S-am-bn-cp∂p Ct±-l-Øns‚ {]`p-a-µncw. \{km-Wn-bphm-°ƒ°v ]cn-io-e\w \¬Ip-∂-Xn-\mbn ]e If-cn-Ifpw ]Wn-°¿ \SØn-bn-cp∂p. If-cn-I-fnse D]-tbm-K-Øn-\mbn FÆbpw Ipgºpw a‰pw DXv]m-Zn-∏n-®n-cp∂Xv At±-lØ - ns‚ ktlm-Zc - ∑ - m-cm-bn-cp-∂p. Ipt∂-enSw sIm´m-c-Øn\p Xmsg tImWn-°-aym-en-em-bn-cp∂p Ct±-l-Øns‚ kz¥w ]b‰pXd. Xdbv°v Ing-°p-≠m-bn-cp∂ Hcp hen-b\ - o-¥¬°pfw Ct∏mƒ 184

* ^m. s_¿Wm¿Uv : am¿tØmΩm {InkvXym-\n-Iƒ

]q¿Æ-ambpw aqSn-t∏m-bn-cn-°p∂p. am¿Øm-ﬁ-h¿Ω-bp-am-bp≈ bp≤Øn¬ Hcp sNº-cØn ]Wn-°-cm-bn-cp∂p \{km-Wn-∏Ssb \bn-®Xv. At±-lw Fhn-sS-t∏m-bmepw \mepw A©pw Bbp-[-[m-cn-I-fmb A`ymkn-Iƒ A\p-K-an-®n-cp∂p.* h≈n-s°mS ]Wn-°-cm-bn-cp∂s{X \mb¿ ]S\mb-I≥. {io ]Zva\ - m` t£{Xw {KŸ-∏p-cb - nse k¿t∆- dnt°m¿Un¬ "s]m\-ºp-I≠w hS-°p-h-iw- \new sNº-cØn amØp-f-t]-cn¬ B\sbm-gnhv \nI¿Ø¬" F∂p ImWp-∂p≠v. "sNº-c-Øn-am-Øpf t]cn¬ \ndp-Ø¬ hS-°p-]mSw 100 ]d" F∂v Is≠-gpØp tcJ-I-fn¬ Hcn-SØp I≠-Xmbn Icn-a-Æq¿ C©-∏p≈n \ºq-Xncn ]d-bp∂p. hS-°pw-Iq-dns‚ tXm¬hn-°p-tijw ChnsS D≠mb el-fsbØpS¿∂v sNº-cØ - n-bnse CX-cI - p-Spw-_ß - ƒs°m∏w ]Wn-bv°cpw IpSpw-_hpw ChnSw Dt]-£n®p t]mbn F∂p Icp-X-s∏-Sp∂p.

4. apfIp aSn-io-e-°m-c≥ Chn-SpsØ ae-¶m-Sp-I-fn¬ \n∂p e`y-am-bn-cp∂ Ipcp-ap-fIpw, CXc-kp-K‘ hkvXp-°fpw cmP-t`m-Ka - m-bmWv \n›-bn-°s - ∏-´n-cp-∂Xv. AXn\m¬ Ah tiJ-cn®v {Ib-hn-{Ibw \S-Øp-∂-Xn\p {]tXyI A\p-hmZw hmßp-Ibpw, \nIpXn \¬Ip-Ibpw sNtø-≠n-bn-cp∂p. CXv cmP-`-ﬁmc-Ønse Hcp apJy-h-cp-am-\-am-bn-cp-∂-Xp-sIm≠v Icw-]n-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn Hcp {]tXyI Bƒ \nb-an-X-\m-bn-cp∂p. Abm-fm-bn-cp∂p apf-Ip-a-Sn-ioe-°m-c≥. 'XSn-an-Sp°pw X≥ t]mcn-abpw' cmP-ÿm-\Øv hniz-kvX-X-bpw D-≈-h-cm-bn-cp∂p Ch¿. apX-e-t°mSw Hcp henb hym]m-c-tI-{µ-am-bn-cp∂-Xn-\m¬ ChnsS Hcp apf-Ip-aS- n-io-e° - m-c\ - p-≠m-bn-cp∂p. Hcp ImeØv sNº-c-Øn-bnse Hcp Imc-W-h-cm-bn-cp∂p F∂mWv tI´p-tIƒhn. sXmΩ≥ F∂p t]cp≈ At±-l-Øn\p hgn-®p¶w ]ncn-bv°m\pw A[nIm-c-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-hs{X.

5. sF.kn. Nmt°m, tdmkv Nmt°m C¥y≥ kzmX-{¥y-k-a-c-Øn¬ ]s¶-SpØ Hcp- [oc tZim-`n-am\n Bbn-cp∂p 's-Fko' F∂-dn-b-s∏-´n-cp∂ BKkvXn Nmt°m sNº-cØn. AK- Ã n≥ hgp- X - \ - ∏ ≈n, ]n.Gw. hdp- K okv ]pXn- b - I p- f - ß c F∂nh¿s°m∏w ChnsS tÃ‰v tIm¨{Kkv kwL-Sn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v Ct±-lhpw 185

* ]fl-\m-`-ta-t\m≥ : tIcf \{km-Wn-Iƒ

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

t\XrXzw \¬In. {io Rm-fq¿ DXp∏v, ]≈n-°p-t∂¬ Hutk^v, Xpdbv°¬ sIm®v, sagp-I-\m¬ Nmt°m, Ip™≥ sshZy¿ F∂n-h-cm-bncp∂p apX-e-t°m-SsØ {]ap-J tÃ‰v tIm¨{Kkv -{]-h¿Ø-I¿. A°mΩ sNdn-bms‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ Xncp-h\ - ¥ - ] - p-cØp h®p \S∂ {]kn-≤-amb h´n-bq¿Imhv ktΩ-f-\-Øn¬ kz`mcy tdmkv Nmt°m-tbmsSm∏w ]s¶-SpØp. Xncn®p hcp-tºmƒ tIm´-bØp h®v c≠p t]tcbpw t]meokv {Iqc-ambn a¿±n-®-tijw Pbn-en-e-S®p. 1939 s^{_p-hcn apX¬ \hw-_¿ hsc tIm´bw Pbnen¬ Ign™p. Pbn¬ tamNn-Xc - mbn sXmSp]p-g- F-Øn-b-t∏mƒ ho´n-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂ PwKa hkvXp-°ƒ apgp-h≥ t]meokv X√n-Ø-I¿Øp Ign-™n-cp∂p. 1942-se Izn‰v C¥ym-k-a-c-ktΩ-f-\- th-Zn-bnep≠mbncp∂ F√m t\Xm-°-∑m-tcbpw AdÃv sNbvXv Pbn-en¬ AS®p. 1943-tabv 30-\p BWv Cu ka-c-`-S≥ Pbn¬ tam-Nn-X-\m-bXv. sFkn 2000 Pq¨ 20-\v 97˛m asØ hb-nepw, At±-lØ - ns‚ ]Xv\n tdmkv Nmt°m 1998 Unkw_¿ 27epw \ncym-X-cmbn. acWw hsc Ccp-h¿°pw kzmX-{¥y-k-ac `S∑m¿°p≈ s]≥j≥ In´n-bn-cp∂p.

6. Pbvlnµv tIm¿∏-td-j≥ IpSpw-_-Ønse c≠v h°o-e-∑m¿ ap≥ssI-sø-SpØv Bcw-`n-®-Xmbn-cp∂p Pbvlnµv tIm¿∏tdj≥. hmg-°pfw sImth¥ hI sI´n-SØ - n¬ (C∂sØ tPymXn kq∏¿ _km¿) ‘{^≠v B‚ v tIm’ F∂ saUn°¬ tÃm¿ BZyw XpSßn. ]n∂oSv Pbv l nµv _m¶v Bcw- ` n®p. ÿesØ [\m- V y∑mcm- b n- c p∂ ]pXnbIpf- ß c Ip™uX, Ipcphn\m°p-t∂¬ tZh-kym-®≥, hb-‰m-´n¬ Hutk∏®≥ ]≈n-°m-∏d- º n¬ Ipcy≥ h- ° o¬, ]ptØ´v tXmakv F∂n-h-cmbn-cp∂p Ub-d-IvS¿am¿, ‰n. amXyp sNº-cØn amt\-PnwKv Ub-d-IvSdpw, ]n.-hn. amXyp sNº-cØn sNb¿am-\p-am-bncp∂p. sIm®n≥ _m¶n¬ \n∂pw cmPn-h® - p-h∂ tPm¨ ]n.hn. amXyphpw ‰n. amXyphpw hmcnIm´v ^m. tPm¨, amWn-bv°\mw]d-ºn¬ ^m. sPbnwkv F∂nh¿s°m∏w Imjydpw, ‰n.sP. hdp-Kokv 186

sNº-cØn ¢m¿°p-am-bn-cp∂p. ‰n.Fkv. IrjvWs‚ hI N¥°p-∂n-ep≠m-bn-cp∂ ktcmPm Hmbn¬an¬ (ktcm-πmÃv) sI´n-S-Øn-em-bn-cp∂p _m¶v {]h¿Øn-®n-cp-∂Xv. Icn-a-Æq-cnem-bn-cp∂p GI-imJ. C∂sØ CSp°n Pn√-bnse Cu {]Ya _m¶v, \jvS-am-b-Xns\ XpS¿∂v {]h¿Ø\w Ah-km-\n-∏n®p.

7. \yqam≥ _kv k¿∆okv C∂v k¿∆-km-[m-c-W-am-bn-cn-°p∂ _kv k¿∆okv Cu {]tZ-iØv Bcw- ` n- ° p- ∂ Xv sIm√- h ¿jw 1105-¬ BWv. ]m≠n- \ m- ´ n¬ \n∂v hmßnb _ns‚ BZy-k¿∆okv tIm´bw sXmSp-]pg hgn-°m-bn-cp∂p. sF.kn. Nmt°m sNº-cØ - n- Xs‚ _n\v '\yqam≥' F∂p t]cp \¬In. Im™n-c-a‰w Ih-e-bn¬ ]Sn-™m-dp-h-iØp Xma-kn-®n-cp∂ sNº-cØn ]Xn-\m-dn¬ Ip™u-tk-∏ns‚ ho´p-ap-‰-Øm-bn-cp∂p h≠n kq£n-®n-cp∂Xv. AXp Xs∂-bm-bn-cp∂p h≠n-t∏-´bpw. A∂p Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬ tamt´m¿ hml-\-h-Ip∏v D≠m-bn-cp-∂n√. t]meo-kn-\m-bn-cp∂p henb A[n-Imcw. sFko kzmX-{¥y-k-ac t\Xm-hm-b-Xn-\m¬ t]meokpw, k¿ kn.]o.-bpsS ]nWn-bm-fp-Ifpw Gsd D]-{Zhw sNbvXp. k¿∆okv \jvSambn. XpS¿∂v ko.]n-.bpsS kap-Zm-b-Øn¬s∏´ Aºn Ir-jvW-ø¿ kzmansb ]¶p-tN¿Øp. F∂n´pw \jvS-am-b-Xns\ XpS¿∂v k¿∆okv kzman°v ssIamdn. At±lw Xs‚ Kh. kvIqfnse A≤ym-]-I-hrØn cmPn-h®p. _kns‚ t]cv '\yqam≥' F∂Xv '{ioam≥ F∂m°p-Ibpw sXmSp-]pg˛Fd-Wm-Ipfw sse\n¬ HmSn®v \√ em`w sImøp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

8. sIm®ph¿°n sN-º-cØn C´n-s®-dn-b-bpsS ZznXob ]p{X-\m-bn-cp∂ sIm®p-h¿°n Hcp kapZm-b{- ]-am-Wnbpw tZi-kvt\-ln-bp-am-bn-cp-∂p. 1852-˛¬ `qPm-X\ - mb Ct±lw BZyw imkvXmw-Ip-t∂¬ \n∂pw ]n∂oSv IqØm-´p-Ipfw Im°q¿ sX°pw]d-ºn¬ IpSpw-_-Øn¬ \n∂v adn-b-sØ-bpamWv hnhmlw sNbvXXv. A°m-eØv tIkv sImSp-°m≥ ]d-hq¿ t]mI-W-am-bn-cp-∂p. \m´nep-≠m-bn-cp∂ hg-°p-Ifpw, hkvXp-X¿°-ß-fpw, IpSpw-_-{]-iv\ßfpw HØp-Xo¿∏m-°n-bn-cp-∂Xv Ct±-la - m-bn-cp-∂p. Hcn°¬ h≠-a‰- Øv imkvXmw-Ip-t∂¬ IpSpw-_-Øn¬ \n∂pw Ip∂-Øp≈ ho´n-tebv°v hnhmlw Ign-®p-sIm-≠p-h∂ Hcp IpSpw-_n\n Ie-lw-aqew th≠{X 187

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

am¿tØmΩ {InkvXym-\n-Iƒ F∂ k`m-N-cn-{X{KŸ-Øn¬ ^m. _¿Wm¿Uv apX-et- °mSw ]≈n°v "sXm≈m-bn-c∏ - d \nehpw ]pc-bnShpw' D≠m-bn-cp-∂X - mbn ]d-bp-∂p≠v. Zo¿L-Imew sNº-cØn IpSpw-_Ø - n¬ kzØp-°ƒ `mKw hbv°p-tºmƒ Hcp ]¶v ]≈n-°m-bn-cp∂p. BZy-Im-

e-sØ√mw B ]¶v Xd-hm-´nse Xma-k-°m-c≥ Irjn-sNbvXv BZmbw \¬Ip-I-bm-bn-cp∂p. ]mtd-am-°-¬ Kh¿Æ-tZm-cpsS ImeØv ]≈n°v kz¥-ambn kzØv kºm-Zn-°m-sa-∂m-b-t∏mƒ ]≈n°v Xodp-sIm-Sp-°pItbm BZm-bs - a-SpØp sImSp-°p-Itbm Bbn. amWn- sN-ºc - Øn IØ\m¿ hnIm-cn-bmbn ]≈n- ]p-\x\n¿Ωn-®-t∏mƒ, ]≠v ChnsS \n∂p IS∂p-t]mb IpSpw-_mw-K-ßƒ Dt]-£n-®p-t]mb hkvXp-°ƒ XncnsI ]nSn®v ]≈n°pw ]e¿°p-ambn At±lw \¬Ip-Ib - p--≠mbn. Cu Ign™ \q‰m-≠n¬ am{Xw \¬Inb hkvXp-°-fpsS ]mS`qanIfpsS A]q¿Æamb hnhcw Xmsg sImSp-°p∂p. shfn-bw-Ic Ggp-ap´w 25 ]d Bﬂ-Imcyw \cn-a‰w Ggp-ap´w 18 ]d Bﬂ-Imcyw Rd-f-°m-´v]mSw Ip∂w 40 ]d hnIm-cn-bpsS iºfw ]pXn-bn-S-Øp-Ip-t∂¬ apX-e-t°mSw 30 ]d Bﬂ Imcyw a\-bv°¬ Ipf-ßc Nmew-tImSv 10 ]d \n›-b-an√ \gvknwKv tImtf-Pn\p kao]w apX-e-t°mSw 5 ]d \n›-b-an√ DZntbmSv apX-e-t°mSw 4 ]d \n›-b-an√ CXn¬ BﬂImcy-Øn-\mbn \¬Inb 30 ]d \ne-Øns‚ B[m-cØnse BZy-`mKw Xmsg tN¿°p-∂p:“1084-˛mw B≠v ao\-amkw 27-˛mw XobXn sXmSp-]pg {]hr-Øn-bn¬ ap-X-et°mSw apdn-bn¬ apX-e-°pSw ]-≈n-bn-te°v Sn ]≈n ssI°m-ccmb Sn apdn-bn¬ sXt°-°c ]m¿°pw Xpd-bv°¬ \{kmWn De-l∂s‚ aI≥ k¿°m¿ Poh\w 45 hb-p≈ De-l-∂\pw Imcn-t°mSv {]hrØn-bn¬ Ggp-ap´w apdn-bn¬ sN≈q-∏d- º - n¬ \{kmWn De-l∂ - s‚ aI≥ Irjn 26 hb-p≈ sXm-Ω\pw t]¿°v sXmSp-]pg {]hrØn-bn¬ apX-e-t°mSw apdn-bn¬ ]pXn-bn-S-Øp-Ip-t∂¬ ]m¿°pw sN≈q-∏-d-ºn¬ \{kmWn amXyp-hns‚ aI≥ Irjn 50 hb-p≈ BKkvXn Fgp-Xns°m-SpØ Xodm-[m-cw. Fs‚ tPjvT≥ acn-®p-t]mb sN≈q-∏-d-ºn¬ amWn IØ-\m-cv t]cnepw sXmΩ≥ t]cnepw ]Xn™v Ccn-bv°p-∂Xpw F{Xbpw s]cnb s]cnb Fd-Wm-Ipfw an-Øns‚ sa{Xm-\-®s‚ It®cn apºmsI 73-˛-mam≠v ta¬ Fgp-Xn-h® - n-cn-°p∂ I®o-´n¬ s]´Xpw Bb 30 ]d \new........”

188

189

`£Ww e`n-°msX Zo\w _m[n®v InS-∏m-bn. `¿Øm-hp-ambn H´pw kzctN¿®-bn-em-bn-cp-∂n√m Ah¿. sIm®p-h¿°n Ahsc km¥z-\-s∏-Sp-ØpI-bpw, Ah¿ `¿Øm-hn-t\mSv £an-°p-Ibpw cay-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. ASp-Ø-Zn-hkw hnIm-cn-b-®≥ Ah¿°v H{]niva \¬In. bmsXmcp D]tZ-ihpw \¬ImsX A¥y-Iq-Zmi sImSp-Ø-Xn-t\-∏‰n tNmZn-®-t∏mƒ A®≥ ]d-™p. “sIm®p-h¿°n Ipº-km-cn-∏n®p; Rm≥ HSp-°sØ H{]niva sImSp-Øp.” sIm®p-h¿°n D]-tZ-in-s®-¶n¬ as‰mcp D]-tZiw Bh-iy-an-s√-∂m-bn-cp∂p A®s‚ ]£w. ]≈n-°m-cy-ß-fn-epw, Zfn-XcpsS am\-km-¥-c-Øn\pw ]p\-c[n-hm-k-Øn-\p-w Ct±lw {]tXyIw {]bXv\n-®n-cp-∂p. sXmSp-]pg \n∂pw Ing-°≥`m-K-ß-fn-te-°p≈ hgn A°m-eØv Imcn-t°mSv \n∂pw Nme-t¶mSv imkvXmw-]md hgn IcnaÆq¿ tX°n≥Iq´-Øn¬ FØp-∂X - m-bn-cp-∂p. sXmSp-]pg \n∂pw apX-et- °mSw hgn Rdp°p-‰n-bn-seØn Imfn-bm¿ tXm´-Øn-te-bv°v sh≈-°m¿ sh´n-b-Xm-bncp∂p as‰mcp hgn. F∂m¬ Ip∂-Øp-\n∂pw CSn-In-´n-∏md Ibdn Cdßn-bp-≈, Zp¿§-ahpw Im´p-ar-K-ß-fpsS iey-hp-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂ CS-h-gnbmWv Ggp-ap-´w, Ipdp-ºm-e-a‰w `mK-ß-fn-te-°p-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. sIm®ph¿°n Xs‚ kzm[o\w D]-tbm-Kn®v Rdp-°p‰n apX¬ Icn-a-Æq¿ hsc hgn-°p≈ ÿew kw`m-h\ sNøn-∏n-®p. A∂sØ apJy-hm-l-\-am-bncp∂ Imf-h≠nIƒ IS∂p t]mI-Ø-°-hn[w Xs‚ hoSn\p ap∂n-se ÿew \¬In hoXn-bn¬ hgn-sh-´n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. \m´p-Im¿ ÿew \¬In \n¿Ωn® A∂sØ tIm´bw Unhnj\nse BZy-h-gnbmbncp∂p CXv. 1905-˛¬ \ncym-X-\mb Ct±-l-Øns‚ ]Xn-s\m-∂m-asØ k¥m-\-ambn-cp∂p ]n.hn. amXyp sNº-cØn (sIm-®p-am-Xyp) ]≈n ]p\x\n¿Ωn® amWn-°-Ø-\m-cm-Is´ Ct±-l-Øns‚ Nn‰-∏-\pw.

9. ]≈n-bvs°mcp ]¶v

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

10. IpSpw-_-Ønse ]´-°m¿

sNº-cØn IpSpw-_-Øn¬ Hcp ImeØv acn-®-hsc kwkvI-cn-®n-cp∂Xv ap‰tØm sXmSn-bntem Bbn-cp∂p. D∂-X\ - n-ebpw sshZn-Icpw D≈ IpSpw-_-ßƒ°p am{Xsa CØcw Ipgn-am-S-ßƒ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p≈q. ‘Nhw’ CSp∂Xn\p≈ kz¥w ivaim-\-am-bn-cp∂p Ch. kz¥w IpgnamSw D≈-h¿ ]pcm-X\ {InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS k¥-Xn-I-fm-bn-cp-∂p. Ah¿ \{kmWnIfmb kpdnbm\n {InkvXym\nIfmbncp∂p. AXn-\m¬ IpgnamSw C√m-Ø-h¿ F∂v ]d-™m¬ A°m-eØv t]m¿®p-Kokv k\ymknam¿ 1500-˛-am-≠n\v tijw amtΩm-Zok ap°nb ]pXp {InkvXym-\n-IfpsS k¥m-\-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p. ssP\---˛-_p-≤-˛-lnµp aX-°m¿t°m, blqZ¿°p t]meptam knan-tØcn D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. tbip-{In-kvXp-hns\ skantØ-cn-bn-e√ kwkv°-cn-®-Xv. ]nXr-°-tfm-Sp≈ kvt\lhpw BZ-chpw \nanØw Ipgn-am-SØ - n¬ Ip¿∫m-\bpw Ipgn H∏okv t]mse Nne {]m¿∞\-Ifpw \S-Øn-t∏m∂p. k‘ybv°v FÆ-sbm-gn®v hnf°v hbv°p-Ibpw, B≠n-sem-cn-°¬ kpdn-bm\n ]e-lm-c-amb tImgn-°-dnbpw ]nSnbpw klnXw NmØw \S-Øp-Ibpw ]Xn-hm-bn-cp∂p. _p≤-∑m¿ hnf-°p-h-®n-

cp-∂X - n-s‚bpw {_m“-W¿ ]nﬁw h®n-cp-∂X - n-s‚bpw kam\ kmaqly BNm-c-am-bn-cp∂p CXv. Ipcnipw ivaim-\-hp-ambn XpS-ßnb a≤y-tI-cf-Ønse Ccp-]X - n-tesd ÿe-ßƒ ]n∂oSv s]mXp ]≈n-If - mbn Xo¿∂p. h≠-a‰w ]≈nbpw amdnI ]≈nbpw CXn-\p-Zm-l-c-W-ß-fm-Wv. NmØw \S-Øp-∂Xv NmØ≥tk-h-bmbn Icp-X-s∏-´p. F∂m¬ NmØ≥ tkh {io_p-≤-t\m-Sp≈ Bcm-[\ Bbn-cp-∂p. {InkvXp-aXw IS¬ IS-s∂-Ønb Imew-ap-X¬ F´mw \q‰m-≠p-hsc tIc-f-Ønse P\ßfn¬ _lp-`q-cn-]-£hpw ssP\tcm _p≤-∑mtcm Bbn-cp-∂p. ANntcW Ah¿ ln-µp-a-X-Øn-te°pw {InkvXp-a-X-Øn-te°pw amdn. lnµp°-fm-b-h¿ {io_p-≤-t\m-Sp≈ `‡n Dt]-£n-®n-√. Ah¿ imkvXmhv, [¿Ω-im-kvXm-hv, Aøm-hv, Aø-∏≥ F∂n-ßs\ {io_p-≤s\ hnfn-°p∂p. ae-bm-f-Øn-sebpw Xan-gn-sebpw NmØ≥ im-kvXm-hmWv. NmØ≥ tkh sNbvXm¬ kºØv h¿≤n-°p-sa-∂mWv sslµ-h-aXw kzoI-cn® _p≤-∑m-cpsS hnizm-kw. Aß-s\-bp≈ {InkvXym-\n-I-fn¬ Nnecpw NmØ≥tkh sNbvXn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ Nne ÿe-ß-fn¬, ]nXm-°-∑m-tcmSp≈ BZ-chv, Bcm-[\-bmbn A[x-]X - n-°p-Ibpw kZybv°v, tImgn°pw ]nSn-°p-sam∏w aZyhpw hnf-ºn-Øp-S-ßp-Ibpw sNbvXp. ]tc-Xm-ﬂm-hn-\p≈ I¿Ω-ßƒ°v sshZoI km∂n≤yw C√m-Xmbn. ]qPbpw arK-_-en°v ]Icw tImgn sh´pw a{¥-hm-Z-Øns‚ kz`mhw ssIs°m≠p. ]nﬁw hbv°¬ {Inb ‘sh≈w-IpSn’ \S-Ø-embn amdn. XpS¿∂v DZ-bw-t]-cq¿ kq\-l-tZmkv CXv apS-°n-sb-¶nepw ]pcmX\ kpdn-bm\n IpSpw-_-ß-fn-se√mw Cu ]nXr-kva-cW sNdnb tXmXnse-¶nepw XpS¿∂p t]m∂p. Xe-ap-d-I-fmbn \S-Øn-h∂ NS-ßp-Iƒ apS°n-bm¬ ]nXr-tIm-]-ap-≠m-Iptam F∂m-bn-cp∂p IpSpw-_-Ønse `bw. Aß-s\-bn-cns° ]mtd-Ωm-°¬ tKmh¿Æ-tZm-cpsS Imt\m-\n-Ãm- b - n-cp∂ I´-°-b-Øn¬ F{_mlmw aev]ms‚ ktlm-Z-c-]p-{Xnsb sNº-c-Ønbn¬ hnhmlw Ign®p sIm≠p-h∂p. G{_mlmw aev]m\pw sNº-c-Ønbnse A®-∑mcpw IqSn-bm-tem-Nn®v ihw kwkvI-cn-°p-∂Xv ap‰-Øp\n∂v ]≈n-bv°-I-tØbv°v am‰n. ]tc-X¿°p≈ ka¿∏-W-h-kvXp-°fmb ]nSnbpw tImgnbpw ]≈n-bn¬ hnf-ºm\pw Xocp-am-\-ambn. Aßns\-bmWv apX-et- °mSw ]≈n-bn¬ ]nSn Du´p-t\¿®bpw tImgn-t\¿®bpw XpS-ßn-bXv. Ime-{I-taW IpSpw-_-Ønse Aﬂm-b-¿ acn-®m¬ AS-°p-

190

191

Ign™ \q‰m-≠p apX¬ tkh-\-\n-c-X-cmb ]´-°m¿ Xmsg-∏d-bp∂-h-cmWv. ]´Øn\p ]Tn°p∂h¿ thsdbpap≠v. * 1. ]pXnbSØpIpt∂¬ sNº-cØn bmt°m_v * 2. Ipf-tº¬ sNº-cØn BKkvXn * 3. Ipf-tº¬ sNº-cØn G{_mlw ({_Z¿) * 4. ]Xn-\m-dn¬ sNº-cØn tXmΩm 5. ]Xn-\m-dn¬ sNº-cØn tPmkv Fkv.Un._n * 6. ]pXn-bn-S-Øp-Ip-t∂¬ sNº-cØn hdp-Kokv 7. ]men-b-°p-t∂¬ sNº-cØn FΩm-\p-th¬ hn.kn. 8. ]men-b-°p-t∂¬ sNº-cØn sPbnwkv hn.kn * 9. ]men-b-°p-t∂¬ sNº-cØn amXyp hn.kn 10. If-∏p-c-bn¬ sNº-cØn t]mƒ Fkv.sP. 11. If-∏p-c-bn¬ sNº-cØn cmPq (]-t≈m´n≥) 12. Ipf-tº¬ sNº-cØn tPm¿÷v

11. Ipgn-amS tkh

* Ch¿ I¿Ømhn¬ \n{Z{]m]n®p.)

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

∂Xv ]≈n-bpsS hcm-¥b - n-embn. sNº-cØ - n-bnse Hcp AΩq-Ωsb ]≈nh-cm-¥b - n¬ AS-°p-∂Xv I≠n-´p-≈- Ip´-∏≥ Ct∏mgpw Pohn-®n-cn-°p∂p. ]nXr-tkh Ah-km-\n-∏n-®X - ns\ XpS¿∂v ]e A\¿∞-ßfpw IpSpw_-Øn¬ D≠m-bX - mbn ]d-bp∂p. I∂p-Im-en-Iƒ Iq´-ambn NØp-t]mbn. ]I¿®-hym[n aqew ASn-a-Ifpw ]pe-b-°n-Sm-ßfpw ac-W-a-S™p. B\ Cdßn Irjn-\-in-∏n-°p-Ibpw hoSp-Iƒ XI¿°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. 1960-¬ tXh¿]mSØv Nmt°m IØ-\m¿ hnIm-cn-bm-bn-cns° ]≈nbpw ]cn-k-chpw hrØn-lo-\-am-Ip-∂p-sh∂ Imc-W-Øm¬ ]nSnbq´v \ndp-Øp-Ibpw, ]Ww ]≈n-bn¬ AS-bv°m≥ \n¿t±-in-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. ]tc-Xm-ﬂm-°ƒ°p≈ Du´v t\¿® -]Wambn Ct∏mgpw \nehn-ep≠v. tImgn-°dn, tImgn t\¿®-bmbn Ct∏mgpw XpS-cp∂p.

12. Hcp sI´p-IY IpSpw-_-Ønse Hcp {]K¤ A`n-`m-j-I-\m-bn-cp∂ ‰n. amXyphpw, {]ikvX Ih-bn-{Xn-bm-bn-cp∂ tacn tPm¨ tXm´hpw XΩn¬ t{]a-_≤-cm-bn-cp-s∂∂pw, {io amXyp Ahcn¬ \n∂p [\-k-lmbw kzoI-cn-®ncp-s∂∂pw At±lw hnhm-ln-X-\m-b-Xns\ XpS¿∂v \ncm-i-bn¬ Ah¿ aT-Øn¬ tN¿∂v tacn _\o⁄m F∂ t]cn¬ \nXy-I-\y-Im-hrXw FSpØp F∂pw tI´p-tIƒhn-bp≠v. ae-bm-fn-Iƒ CsXmcp IuXpI kXy-ambn IcpXn hcp∂p. c≠p-t]-cp-ambn _‘-s∏´v Ah-cn¬ \n∂p e`y-amb hnh-c-ßƒ _lp. FΩm-\p-th¬ sNº-cØn A®≥ ASn-sbm∏n´v Gev]n-®-Xn¬ \n∂p-ap≈ {]k-‡-`m-K-ßƒ Xmsg sImSp-°p∂p. "F\n°v anUn¬ kvIqƒ apX¬ C‚¿ao-Un-b‰- p-hsc ]Tn-°p-∂X - n\p kvtImf¿jn∏v D≠m-bn-cp∂p. _n.F¬. _ncp-ZØ - n\p Xncp-h\ - ¥ - ] - p-cØp ]Tn-°p-tºmƒ, A∂sØ C≥U-kv{Snkv Ub-d-IvSdpw IpSpw-_-_-‘php-am-bn-cp∂ sF.kn. Nmt°m hgn sk{I-´-dn-tb-‰n¬ e`n® tPmen-bn¬ \n∂p-ap≈ hcp-am-\h - p-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. Bcp-sSbpw kmº-ØnI klmbw th≠n-h-∂n-´n√. hoSn\p ]pdØv t_m¿Unw-Kn¬ am{X-amWv Xma-kn-®n´p-≈Xv. XΩn¬ I≠-Xmbn Hm¿Ω-bn√. A]-hm-Z-{]-Nm-c-I¿s°-Xnsc BZyw tIkv sImSp-°p-hm≥ Btem-Nn-s®-¶nepw ]n∂oSv AXv Ah-KWn-bv°m≥ Xocp-am-\n®p. (‰n. amXyp. 26.4.2000) 192

‰n. amXyp-hns‚ Hcp ASpØ _‘phpw, kn. tacn _\o-⁄-bpsS ktlm-Z-c]p{Xnsb hnhmlw sNbvX Bfp-amb AUz. t]mƒ ‰n. hmcnIm´v tacntPmWpambp≈ A`n-ap-J-Øn-\p-tijw:˛ " Rm≥ B‚n-tbmSv sNº-cØn amXyp A®-\p-am-bn´v (‰n.-am-Xyp) \m´p-Im¿ ]d-bp-∂-Xn-s\-°p-dn®v tNmZn®p. AXn¬ bmsXmcp Igºpw Cs√∂v B‚n ]d™p" Rm≥ At±-lsØ Adn-bp-It- ]m-ep-an√m. Rm≥ B a\p-jys\ I≠n-´p-t]m-ep-an√". At∏mƒ '{]`m-hX - nbn¬ ISpØ PmetØm-Sp-IqSn ]Ww X´n-sb-SpØp' F∂p ]d-™n-´p-≈Xv Btc-°p-dn-®msW∂v Rm≥ tNmZn®p. AXn-\p-Øcw Cß-s\-bm-bn-cp∂p. “{]`m-hXn Fgp-Xm≥ ImcWw Fs‚ Hcp Iq´p-Im-cn-bmWv. B kv{Xosb Hcmƒ t{]an-®n-cp∂p. B kv{Xobn¬ \n∂pw hf-sc-b-[nIw ]Ww Imap-I≥ X´n-sb-SpØp. B kv{XobpsS AΩ acn-°m-dm-b-t∏mƒ Imap-Is\ hnfn®v c≠p- t ]- c p- s Sbpw ssIIƒtN¿Øv A\p- { Klw sImSp- ° p- I bpw sNbvXp.” ']tc-Xb - mb Fs‚ AΩ F∂v Fgp-Xn-bn-´p-≠t√m?' Rm≥ tNmZn®p. A∂v kn. _\o-⁄-bpsS AΩ acn-®n-´n√. CXn-\pw-]p-dsa amXyp A®-t\-°mƒ {]mb°qSp-X¬ B‚n-°p≠m-bn-cp∂p. Hcn-°¬ Ipd-hn-eßmSv aT-Øn¬ Xma-kn-°p-tºmƒ Hcp sNº-c-Øn ]qhv P\-en¬IqSn apdn-bn-tebv°v \o≠p \n∂n-cp∂p. AXn¬ \n∂pw kwPm-X-am-b-XmWv sNº-cØ - n-sb-°p-dn®v Fgp-Xnb ]Zy-ßƒ. IqSmsX amXyp A®s‚ AΩmbnsb ]Tn-∏n-®-XmWv tacn tPm¨ tXm´w" (Nnehv, sXmSp-]pg 23-11-2000) "Hcp I\ymkv{Xo BIm-\p≈ B{Klw hfsc sNdp-∏w-ap-Xte X\n°p-≠m-bn-cp-s∂∂pw F∂m¬ Nne¿ Xs‚ Ihn-XI - f - n¬ \n∂pw C√mØ {]Wb ss\cmiyw NnI-s™-SpØv {]iv\-ß-fp-≠m-°p-∂-Xm-sW∂pw _\o-⁄mΩ Xs‚ Bﬂ-I-Y-bn¬ hy‡-am-°n-bn-´p≠v" (k¨tU imtemw 25-6-2000) 'F\n°v kky-tem-IsØ sNº-cØ - nsb A√msX P¥p temIsØ sNº-c-Ønsb Adn-bn√" (am≤ya A`n-apJw) temI-ta-bm{X F∂p ]d™v 'PK-sØbpw PU-sØbpw ]ncn™p' t]mb Cu c≠p {]K-¤-tcbpw C\n sI´p-I-Y-I-fpsS XS-h-d-bn¬ \n∂p aebmfn a-\-p-Iƒ tamNn-∏n-°s´. 193

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

13. ^m. tUm. hdp-Kokv sNº-cØn ]pXn-bn-SØpIpt∂¬ BKkvXn amWn-bpsS Cfb k¥m-\-am-bncp∂ hdp-Kokv 1929-¬ Nß-\m-t»cn Fkv._n. tImtf-Pn¬ \n∂pw C‚¿ aoUn-b‰v ]mkmbn. A∂p sXt° C¥y-bnse {]apJ tI{µ-am-bn-cp∂ tkew anj-\n¬ 1930-¬ sshZo-Im¿-∞n-bmbn tN¿∂p. 1932-¬ At±lsØ D]-cn-]-T-\-Øn-\mbn _¬Pn-b-Øn-\-b®p. {^m≥kv, tdmw F∂nhn-S-ß-fnse sshZo-I-]-T-\-Øn\pw D∂X hnZym-`ym-k-Øn\pw tijw Km‘n-b≥ ^ntem-k-^n-bn¬ tUmIvS-td‰v t\Sn. At±lw 1940-¬ eq¿±n¬ h®v sshZoI ]´-ta‰p. c≠mw temI-a-lm-bp≤w Bcw-`n-®-Xns\ XpS¿∂v C¥y-bn-te-bv°p≈ aS-°-bm{X Akm≤yambn. F∂m¬ acn-®-Xmbn hm¿Ø ]c-∂p. bqtdm-∏n¬ At±lw hnZym-`ym-k-]-chpw Bﬂob-hp-amb tkh-\-ßƒ XpS¿∂p. epsh-bn≥ bqWn- t h- g v k n- ‰ n- b n¬ tN¿∂p. bp≤m- \ - ¥ cw At±lw Xncn-s®-Øn-bt- ∏mƒ \m\m-PmXn aX-ÿcmb sXmSp-]p-g-°m¿ tN¿∂v BtLm-j-]q¿∆amb Hcp hcthev]v \¬Ip-I-bp-≠mbn. Xncn®v tkeØv FØn- t ®¿∂ At±lw tkew _nj]v k v lukn¬ hnhn[ ÿm\-ß-fn¬ \nb-an-X-\mbn. Iptd-°mew skan-\mcn-bn¬ {]^-k-dm-bn-cp∂p. 20-11-1982-¬ tkeØp h®p acn® At±lsØ AhnsS _nj∏v tlman-ep≈ {]tXyI I√-d-bntem Nm∏entem kwkvI-cn®Xmbn IcpXs∏Sp∂p. hdp-Kokv A®≥ apX-e-t°mSw ]≈n°v Hcp kz¿Æ Imk-bpw Xncp-h-kv{X-ßfpw kΩm-\-ambn \¬In. AXv ]pWy-hms‚ Xncp-∂mƒ Znh-k-ß-fn¬ am{Xta ]pdsØSp°mdp≈q.

{_n´ojv cq]m hm¿jnI hcp-am-\tam 100 {_n´ojv cq]m Icw Xocphtbm D≠m-bn-cp-∂-h¿°p- am-{Xta {]Pm-k-`bn¬ AwK-am-Im\pw, kΩ-Xn-Zm-\Ø - n\pw A¿lX D≠m-bn-cp-∂p≈q. {io.Sn cmL-hø Bbn-cp∂p A°m-eØv Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ Znhm≥Pn. At±-lhp-ambn D≠m-bn-cp∂ {]tXyI ASp∏w aqew apXe-t°m-SØv Hcp kvIqƒ A\p-hZ- n-°p-Ib - p-≠mbn. ]≈n kz¥-ambn ]≈n-°qSw Bcw-`n-®t- ∏mƒ Cu k¿°m¿ ae-bmf ]mT-ime sXm≠n-°p-gbv°v am‰n ÿm]n®p. BbnsS Znhm≥ cmL-høbv°v sXmSp-]pg ]ucm-hen Hcp kzoIcWw \¬Ip-I-bp-≠mbn. Znhms\ ame-bn´v kzoI-cn-®Xv t]mƒ sNº-cØn-bm-bn-cp∂p. At±-l-Øns‚ kzm[o-\-Øn¬ Akq-bm-ep-hm-bn-cp∂ ÿesØ Hcp ap…nw {]amWn {io t]mfn\p [mcmfw IS-ap-s≠∂v Znhms\ t_m[n-∏n®p. "]W-ap-≈h - ¿°p IShpw D≠mIpw" F∂m-bn-cp∂p Znhms‚ \ockw \nd™ adp-]Sn. ssk°nƒ Hcp A]q¿∆ hkvXp-hm-bn-cp∂ ImeØv Cw•-≠n¬ \n∂v Cd-°p-aXn sNbvX Hcp Cw•ojv dmen ssk°nƒ At±-l-Øn-\p≠m-bn-cp∂p. 1965 am¿®v 5-mw XobXn At±lw Znhw-K-X-\mbn.

15. AUz. amXyp sNº-cØn Fw.F¬.F.

C∂sØ tIc-f\ - n-ba - k - `- b - psS BZy-cq-]ambn-cp∂p {ioaqew {]Pmk`. 1904 HIvtSm-_¿ H∂n\p ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn® cmP-Iob hnf-º-c-{]-Im-camWv CXv kwL-Sn-∏n-°-s∏-´Xv. 1920-23 ImesØ sXmSp-]pg {]tZ-iØns‚ {]tXyI {]Xn-\n-[n-bm-bn-cp-∂Xv t]mƒ sNº-c-Øn-bm-bn-cp∂p. tImX-aw-Kew Ce-™n-°¬ XcyXv Ip™n-sXm-Ω\pw, Ieq¿ sIm®pIp-Sn-bn¬ hdoXv aØm-bnbpw {]Pm-k-`mw-K-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂n-´p≠v. 6000

sXmSp-]pg˛ao\-®n¬ \ntbm-P-I-a-ﬁ-e-Ønse {]Ya Fw.F¬.F. Bbn-cp∂p Ct±lw. am∂m\w sk. At{]w kvIqfn-em-bn-cp∂p {]mYanI hnZym-`ymkw. Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw tem tImtf-Pn¬ \n∂v _n.F¬. ]mkmbn. cmjv{Sob {]h¿Ø-Ic - n¬ Ct±-lØ - ns‚ ASpØ kplr-Ømbn-cp∂p ap≥a-{¥nbpw, tIcf k¿°m¿ tem´dn ÿm]-I-\p-am-bn-cp∂ Imbw-Ipfw {io. ]n.sI. Ip™p-km-ln_v. \nh¿Ø-\{- ]-t£m-`ImesØ t\Xm-°-fm-bn-cp∂ F≥.hn. tPmk^pw, Nß-\m-t»cn ]n.sP. sk_mÃy\pw kl-{]-h¿Ø-Icmbn-cp∂p. Icn-¶p∂w tXm´p-¶¬ tXmΩm-®s‚bpw IS-It- icn πmtØm-´-Øn¬ A∂-Ωb - p-sSbpw aI-fm-bn-cp∂ tacnbm-bn-cp∂p `mcy. aI≥ tPm¿÷v Icn-¶p-∂Øp Xma-kn-°p∂p. aqØ-a-

194

195

14. t]mƒ sNº-cØn Fw.F¬.kn.

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

Iƒ X¶-Ωbpw (tacn hn‰m) Cfb aIƒ en√n-°p-´nbpw (tacn PqssU≥) I\ymkv{Xn-I-fmWv. 1937 apX¬ 1944 s^{_p-hcn 14 hsc Fw.-F¬.-F. Bbn-cp∂ Ct±-l-Øns‚ Ime-ØmWv Su¨lm-fpw, ]gb ac-∏mehpw ]Wn Ign-∏n-®-Xv. {]Nﬁ-amb cmjv{Sob {]h¿Ø-\Ø - n-\nsS 32-masØ hb-n¬ ssSt^m-bnUv aqew tIm´-bØv h®v 1944-¬ \ncym-X-\mbn.

16. tUm. tPm¨ sNº-cØn sXmSp- ] pg {]tZ- i sØ {]Ya Cw•ojv NnIn-’-Icn¬ Hcmfm-bn-cp∂p AUz. amXyphpw `mcybpw tUm. tPm¨ sNº-cØn. P\-d¬ ^nknjy-\m-bn-cns° 1945-¬ a{Zm-kn¬ IÆp NnIn-’b - n¬ {]tXyI {]mhn-Wyw-t\Sn, sXmSp-]p-gb - n¬ sNº-cØn Bip]{Xn Xpd∂p. 1951-¬ D∂-X-hn-Zym-`ym-k-Øn\pw ]cn-io-e-\-Øn-\p-ambn Ata-cn-°-bn¬ t]mbn Xncn-s®-Øn-b-tijw tImb-º-Øq¿ sdbn¬th tÃj\p ap≥hiw Bip-]{Xn tImsπIvkp ÿm]n®p. `mcy sFU t{Kkpw tUmIvS-dm-bn-cp∂p. aI≥ tSmapw aIƒ h’bpw Ata-cn-°-bnemWv Xø-t°mSw tUm. cma≥]n-≈bpw, tUm. Adp-apJw ]n≈bpw tUm. Ip™pIrjvW]n≈bpw ka-Im-eo-\-cm-bn-cp∂p. 1988-¬ 83-masØ hb-n¬ Ct±lw \ncym-X-\mbn.

196

aq∂mw `mKw

IpSpw_tbmKw

197

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

aq∂mw `mKw

sNºcØnbnse ]gb amfnI `h\w

IpSpw-_-tbmKw

198

XpS°w apX-e-t°mSw ]≈n-bp-≠mb Imew apX¬ ]≈n-tbm-K-hpap≠m-bn-cp-s∂∂pw AXp-X-s∂-bm-bn-cp∂p IpSpw-_-tbm-Khp-sa-∂p-amWv tI´n-´p-≈Xv. Cu tbmK-Øn-em-bn-cp∂p tZi-°pdn, ]≈n-`c - Ww, I√ymWw, X¿°-hn-j-b-ßƒ apX-em-bh Xocp-am-\n-®n-cp-∂Xv. BZy-Im-eØv IpSpw_-Ønse G‰hpw apXn¿∂ IpSpw-_-\m-Y-\mWv tbmK-ßƒ \S-Øn-bncp-∂Xv. At±-l-Øns‚ hoSm-bn-cp∂p ktΩ-f\ thZn. ]n∂oSv Zo¿LImew Cu ]≈n-bnse aq∏-®-∑m-cm-bn-cp∂p IpSpw-_-tbm-K-Øns‚ ISn™m¨ ]nSn-®p-t]m∂ncp-∂Xv. ]n¬°mew ]≈n-ap-dn-bpsS c≠mw \nebnse hcm-¥-bm-bn-cp∂p tbmK-ÿew. X¿°-ßƒ ]d™p Xo¿Øncp-∂Xpw X¿°-h-kvXp-°fpw, `mK-]-{X-ßfpw, Ic-W-ßfpw kq£n-®n-cp∂Xpw ]≈n-ap-dn-bn-em-bn-cp∂p. sNº-cØn amWn-b-®s‚ ImeØv ]≈nap-dn -]pXp-°nbt∏mƒ \Sp-hn-em-bn D≠m-bn-cp∂ lmfn-embn tbmKw. Ct∏m-gp≈Xn\v apºsØ ]≈n-ap-dn-Iƒ hcp-∂-Xp-hsc CXm-bn-cp∂p ]Xnhv. 1890-\p tijw IpSpw-_-tbm-K-Øns‚ {]amWyw Ipd-™p-h-cpIbpw 1941-¬ tbmK-Øns‚ {]h¿Ø\w \ne-bv°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. 18-mw \q‰m-≠n¬ ]≈n Xoh®p \in-∏n-®-t∏mgpw, 20-mw \q‰m-≠n¬ ]≈n-ap-dn-°v Xo]n-Sn®t∏m-gpw, amtΩm-Zokm cPn-Ã¿, ]≈n-°-W-°p-Iƒ, Nne `mK-]-{X-ßƒ {]am-W-ßƒ XpS-ßn-bh \in-°p-I-bp-≠mbn. 199

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w ]p\x-kw-L-S\

\m¬∏Øn\mev h¿jßfpsS CSthfbv°v tijw 1985-emWv IpSpw-_t- bmKw ]p\-cp-≤c - n-bv°s - ∏-Sp∂Xv. Ipf-tº¬ amXyp ss]en-bpsS hk-Xn-bn¬ h®p \S∂ IpSpw-_-kw-K-a-Øn¬ At±-lsØ A≤y-£\mbpw ]men-b°p-t∂-¬ tkmP≥ amXyphns\ Imcy-Z¿inbmbpw \n›bn®p. ^m. sPbnwkv sNº-c-Øn-bm-bn-cp∂p Bﬂo-tbm-]-tZ-jvSmhv. XpS¿∂p≈ h¿j- ß - f n¬ ]men- b - I p- t ∂¬ AUz. ]n.hn amXyp, If∏pcbn¬ kn.‰n. tPmk^v, If-∏p-c-bn¬ tPmk^v amXyp, sN≈q-∏-dºn¬ kn.-sP. tPm_v F∂n-h¿ A≤y-£∑mcpw, sXt°¬ k°-dnbmkv amXyp, sN≈p-∏-d-ºn¬ kn.-sP. tPm_v, ]pXn-bn-S-Øp-Ipt∂¬ ]n.-‰n. tPmk^v F∂n-h¿ Imcy-Z¿in-Ifp-am-bn-cp-∂p. apX-e-t°m-SØp apØ-∏s‚ Xncp-∂mƒ Zn\-amb G{]n¬ 24-s‚ ]nt‰ Rmb-dm-gvN-bmWv ÿnc-ambn IpSpw-_-tbmKw tN¿∂ncp∂Xv. CXv Zqc-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw s]cp- ∂ mƒ IqSm≥ hcp- ∂ - h ¿°v klm- b - I - a m- b n- c p- ∂ p. ap≥ hm¿jnItbmK-Øn¬ Xocp-am-\n-°p∂ `h-\Ø - n¬ h®m-bn-cn°pw ktΩf\w. Ht´sd IpSpw-_mw-K-ß-fp≈ ae-_m-dn¬ h®pw IpSpw-_-tbmKw IqSnbn-´p≠v. Cu IpSpw-_-Øn¬ \n∂p Imem-Im-e-ß-fn¬ hn´p-t]m-IpIbpw CX-c-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ kz¥-ambn Nph-Sp-d-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvX IpSpw_-ß-sfbpw hm¿jnI tbmK-ß-fn-tebv°v {]tXyIw £Wn-°m-dp≠v. Ah-cpsS IpSpw-_-tbm-K-ß-fn¬ ]¶p-sIm-≈mdpap≠v.

{]h¿Ø\w Db¿∂ dm¶v hmßn SSLC, +2 ]co-£I - ƒ ]mm-Ip-∂h - ¿°pw IemIm-bnI {]Xn-`-Iƒ°pw Ahm¿Up-Iƒ \¬Im-dp≠v. hnhn[ klmb ]≤-Xn-Iƒ°p≈ At]-£-Iƒ kzoI-cn-°p-Ibpw, X¿°-ßƒ tIƒ°pIbpw Xocp-am-\-ßƒ FSp-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂p. kzbwsXmgn¬ Is≠Øm\pw `h-\\ - n¿ΩmWw ]q¿Øn-bm-°m\pw hnhm-lØ - n\pw D≈ klmb-ßƒ°v ap≥K-W\ \¬In hcp-∂p. IpSpw-_-Po-hnX kw_-‘-amb Hcp hnj-bs - Ø-∏‰n {]_-‘hpw N¿®bpw hm¿jnI tbmK-ßf - n¬ ]XnhmWv. sshZnI t{ijvTtcm, Bﬂmb ]ﬁn-Xtcm BWv CXn\p t\XrXzw hln-°p-∂Xv. \h-ssh-Zn-Ic - psS Xncp-∏´- k - zo-Ic - W - i - p-{iq-jI - ƒ Fhn-sS-bm-sW-¶nepw AXn¬ Iq-´-ambn ]s¶-Sp-°p-Ibpw kΩm-\-ßƒ \evIp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. hm¿jnI IpSpw-_k - w-Ka - Ø - n¬ Ah¿°v kzoI200

c-Ww \¬Ip-Ibpw IpSpw-_Ø - nse apXn¿∂ AwK-ßsf s]m∂mS AWnbn-°pIbpw sNøm-dp-≠v. ac-Wm-h-k-c-ß-fn¬ Ip-Spw-_Øns‚ hI {]tXyIw Xøm-dm-°nb doØv ka¿∏n-°p-Ibpw ih-kw-kvIm-c-ip-{iqj-bn¬ BZy¥w ]s¶-Sp-°pIbpw sNøp-∂p. IpSpw-_Ø - nse bph-P\ - ß - f - psS _lpap-Ja - mb D∂-a\ - Ø - n-\mbn bph-P-\-thZn {]h¿Øn-°p∂p. hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°p Syqj≥, Iu¨kenwKv, {]b-Xv\-Zm\w, kmaq-ln-I-t£aw, hn≥sk‚ v Unt]mƒ kwL-hpambn CW-tN¿∂p≈ km[p-P-\-tk-h\w F∂n-h-bmWv e£yw. Cu h¿jw Ggp-e-£-tØmfw cq] apS°n apØ-∏s‚ Xncp-\mƒ Gs‰--SpØv \S-Øn-bXv bph-P-\-hn-`m-K-Ønse PntXjv sNº-c-Øn-bm-Wv. ]q¿∆m[nIw `wKn-bmbn \S∂ s]cp-∂m-fns‚ aq∂mw \mƒ IpSpw_Ønse apgph≥ sshZn-I-cpsSbpw BtLm-j-amb kaq-l-_-enbpw H∏okpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. IpSpw-_mw-Kß - ƒ Iq´-ambn `‡ym-Zc - ] - q¿∆w AXn¬ ]¶ptN-cp-Ib - p-≠m-bn. IpSpw-_mw-Kß - f - psS ta¬hn-em-khpw t^m¨ \ºcpw a‰pw Dƒs∏-SpØn "ltem sNº-cØn' F∂ t]cn¬ Ch¿ Hcp Ub-dIv S dn {]kn- ≤ o- I - c n- ® ncp- ∂ p. _lp. amXyp ]men- b °p- t ∂¬ A®\mbncp∂p Cu hn`m-K-Øns‚ Ub-d-IvS¿. Ncn-{X-K-th-jWw, ]pcm-X\ hkvXp-°-fpsS kwc-£Ww, P\-\w, ac-Ww, hnhm-lw, ta¬hn-em-kw, t^m¨ \º¿ XpS-ßnb ÿnXn-hn-hc-ß-fpsS tiJ-cWw, ]pXp-°¬, Ncn-{X-{K-Ÿ-Øn-s‚bpw Ub-d-IvS-dnbp-sSbpw ]cn-jvI-cn® ]Xn-∏p-I-fpsS {]Im-i\w apX-emb Imcyßƒ°mbn Iºyq-´-dp-I-fpsS klm--btØmsS {]h¿Øn°p∂ Hcp kwhn[m\w Btem-N-\-bn-em-Wv. IpSpw-_t- bm-KØ - n\p FgpXn cPn-Ãd- m-°s - ∏´ Hcp `c-WL - S- \ - b - p≠v. Ncn-{X-{K-Ÿ-Øns‚ {]km-[-\-tØmsS, hn]pe taJ-e-I-fn¬ IqSp-X¬ Icp-Øm¿÷n®v {]h¿Øn-°p-hm≥ IpSpw-_-tbm-K-Øn\p Ign-bp-sa∂v Icp-Xp-∂p.

[\-hn-\n-tbmKw {][m-\-ambpw A©v hn`m-K-ßfm-bn-´mWv hchv sNe-hp-I-fpsS \nb-{¥-Ww. 1. IpSpw-_-tbm-K^≠v. s]mXp-sNe-hp-Ifpw, tbmK-sNe-hp-Ifpw ]pc-kvIm-cßfpw \¬IpI Cu ^≠n¬ \n∂mWv. AwK-Xz-^o-kmWv hcp-am\w. IpSpw-_-tbmKw A≤y-£\pw, Imcy-Z¿inbpw `c-W-k-an-Xn-bpambn Btem-Nn®v sNe-hp-Iƒ \n¿∆-ln-®p-h-cp-∂p. 201

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w 2.

3.

4.

5.

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

Ncn-{X-^≠v. Ncn-{Xm-t\z-jWw, Kth-j-Ww, {KŸ-c-N\, A®Sn, hnXcWw, _‘-s∏´ CX-c-sNe-hp-Iƒ F∂n-h-bv°mbn Cu {]tXyI-^≠v D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂p. IpSpw-_mw-K-ß-fpsS DZm-c-amb kw`mh-\-IfmWv ^≠ns‚ Dd-hnSw. XpS¿K-th-j-Whpw ]cn-jvI-cn® ]Xn-∏p-I-fpsS {]Im-i-\hpw e£y-am-bn-´p-≠v. Ncn-{X-I-Ωn‰n sNb¿am\pw, tbmKw sk{I-´-dnbpw IqSn Cu ^≠v ssIImcyw sNbvXp hcp∂p. bph-P-\-{]h¿Ø\-^≠.v CXn-\mbn {]tXyIw \o°n-hb - v°s - ∏´ Hcp ^≠n√. Bhiy-L´- ß - f - n¬ thZn AwK-ßƒ kzbw k - w-`m-h\ sNbvXpw, kw`mh-\-Iƒ kzoIcn®pw {]h¿Ø\w \S-Øn-h-cp∂p. Btcm-Ky-c£m\n[n (Chemparathy Charities). ]Xn-\m-dn¬ {io. tXmakv AKÃn≥ \¬Inb Hcp e£w cq]-tbm-Sp-IqSn XpSßnb t£a-\n[nbmWnXv. IpSpw-_mw-K-ßfpsSbpw A¿l-cmb a‰p-≈-h-cp-sSbpw Btcm-Ky-c-£m-{]-h¿Ø\-ßƒ, {]tXyI Huj-[-ßƒ F∂n-h-bv°mWv ap≥K-W\. {]IrXn-Zp-c-¥-ßƒ, ]I¿®-hym-[n-Iƒ, A]-IS ac-W-ßƒ XpS-ßn-b-hbpsS cwKØpw {]h¿Ø-\a - p≠v. Hcp {SÃmbn cPn-Ã¿ sNbvXmWv apt∂m-´p-\o-ßp-∂Xv. IpSpw-_-t£a^≠v. Nn´n, Dev]∂ ]ncn-hv, hnt\m-Z˛Xo¿∞bm-{X-Iƒ, ssPhIr-jn XpS-ßn-bh hgn IpSpw-_t£a {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°v ^≠v kam-l-cn-°p-IbmWv e£yw. hchv sNhev I-W° - p-Iƒ hm¿jnI HmUn-‰nw-Kn\v hnt[-ba - mWv.

`c-W-\n¿∆-lWw 1. IpSpw-_-tbmKw Bﬂo-tbm-]-tZ-jvSmhv `c-W-k-anXn A≤y-£≥ Imcy-Z¿in klImcy-Z¿in

: ^m. Pbnwkv ]men-b-°p-t∂¬

V.C.

: kn.sP. sPbnwkv Ipf-tº¬ : tPm¨ h¿§okv sN≈q-∏-d-ºn¬ : tPmkv amWn Ing-t°-SØn¬ 202

AwKßƒ

: kn.-sP. tPm_v sN≈q-∏-d-ºn¬ tPm¿Pv amXyp ]men-b-°p-t∂¬ ]n.-‰n. tPmk^v ]pXn-bn-S-Øp-Ip-t∂¬ sI.-hn. tXmakv Ing-t°SØn¬ tdmbn amXyp ]men-b-°p-t∂¬ sI.-]n. amXyp If-∏p-c-bn¬ ssa°nƒ sP. ]Xn-\m-dn¬ _nPp sPbnwkv sN≈q∏-d-ºn¬ X¶-®≥ amXyp If-∏p-c-bn¬ tkmP≥ tPm¿÷v Rc-f-°m´v t__n Ipcy≥ tIm{]Øv kmt‚m t]mƒ If-∏p-c-bn¬ t]mƒ amXyp If-∏p-c-bn¬ t__n-®≥ ]pXn-bn-S-Øp-Ip-t∂¬ skeo\ tdmbn ]men-b-°p-t∂¬ tamfn tPm¿÷v If-∏p-c-bn¬

2. Ncn-{XKthjW k-anXn sNb¿am≥ : s{]m^. tPm¿÷v amXyp ]men-b-°p-t∂¬ ‰n.sP. hdp-Kokv sXt°¬ kn.sP. sPbnwkv Ipf-tº¬ kn.sP tPm_v sN≈q-∏-d-ºn¬ s{]m^. tPm¿÷v h¿§okv sN≈q-∏-d-ºn¬ 3. bph-P-\-thZn `c-W-k-anXn A≤y-£≥ Imcy-Z¿in

: kmt‚m t]mƒ If-∏p-c-bn¬ : X¶-®≥ amXyp, sXt°¬ tPm¨k¨ Ipcy≥ Rd-f-°m´v jn_p amXyp ]men-b-°p-t∂¬ _nPp sPbnwkv sN≈q-∏-d-ºn¬ kn_n≥ hdp-Kokv tIm{]Øv ssj\n s_∂n If∏pcbn¬ 203

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w an\n tPm¨ sN≈q∏dºn¬ {]oXn AKÃn≥ aTIpt∂¬

4. Btcm-Ky-c-£m-\n[n `c-W-k-anXn IpSpw-_-tbmKw A≤y-£≥ IpSpw-_-tbmKw Imcy-Z¿in tXmakv AK-Ãn≥ ]Xn-\m-dn¬ 5. IpSpw-_-t£-a-]-≤Xn `c-W-k-anXn IpSpw-_-tbmKw A≤y-£≥ IpSpw-_-tbmKw Imcy-Z¿in PnΩn sP. ]Xn-\m-dn¬ t__n-®≥ ]pXn-bn-S-Øp-Ip-t∂¬

\memw `mKw

hwimhen ktlmZc¿ GIa\mbn Hcpan®v hkn°p∂Xv F{X hninjvShpw kt¥mj{]ZhpamWv. (k¶o. 131:1)

204

205

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

1

sNºcØnbnse ]gb H‰\ne hoSv

apJhpc

206

HºXmw \q‰m≠nse sXmSp]pgbnte°p≈ BKa\w apX¬ 18-mw \q‰m≠nse am¿ØmWvUh¿ΩbpsS B{IaWw hscbp≈ ImeL´Øn¬ Pohn®ncp∂ IpSpw_mwKßsf∏‰n IrXyamb sXfnthm hniZamb hnhcßtfm e`yambn´n√. XeapdIƒ ssIamdnb hmNnI]mcºcyamWv apJy Ahew_w. ]Xn\memw \q‰m≠n¬ ChnsS \n∂pw apf°pfØv FØn ]pfn°n¬ IpSpw_Øn\p Aÿnhmcan´ amØpImcWhsc∏‰n ]cma¿iw ImWp∂p≠v. ]Xn\mdmw \q‰m≠nse tUmwsat\knkv sa{Xms‚ bm{Xm°pdn∏pIfn¬ sXmSp]pgbv°SpØv apXet°mSØv (Marumbuli) Ipsd hnizmknIfpw Hcp ]≈nbpw Ds≠∂p ]dbp∂p. AtX \q‰m≠n¬ Xs∂bmWv sX≈nbn¬ IpSpw_hpw D≠mIp∂Xv. DZbwt]cq¿ kq\ltZmkn¬ Hcp sNºcØn amWn amWn IØ\mcpw \mev Aevambcpw apXet°mSØp \n∂pw ]s¶SpØncp∂Xmbn ImWp∂p≠v. sNºcØn°¬ ]Wn°sc∏‰nbpw sNºcØn amØp≈ F∂ h≥InS I¿jIs\∏‰nbpw tcJIƒ D≠v . A°meØv ]≈nbpw ]´°mcpw hnizmknIfpsS kz¥ambncp∂Xn\m¬ k`mtcJIfn¬ IqSpX¬ hnhcßƒ ImWp∂n√. GXmbmepw am¿ØmWvUh¿ΩbpsS A{Iahpw ]I¿®tcmKßfpsS IpcpXnbpw aqew GXm≠v A\yw \n∂pt]mb IpSpw_Øn¬ Ahtijn® GI hy‡nbpsS a°fpsS Ncn{Xw am{XamWv Ipsdsb¶nepw hniZambn Ahtijn®n´p≈Xv. AXn¬Øs∂ XeapdIfpsS hnShv D≠v. ktlmZcoktlmZc∑mcpsS FÆtam AhcpsS hnhmlhnhcßtfm IrXyambn e`yambn´n√. sNdp∏Ønse acWaS™hcpw \mSphn´pt]mbhcpw thsdbpw hcpw. AXn\m¬ C∂v ChnsS ImWs∏Sp∂ imJIfpsS ]nXm°∑mcn¬ 207

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

FØnt®cp∂ XeapdIfpsS A]q¿Æamb ]´nIbmWv Xmsg tN¿°p∂Xv. XpS¿∂v Xmtgbv°v {Ia-{]-Im-c-ap≈ hwimhen Hmtcm imJtbmSpsam∏w tN¿Øn´p≈Xv {i≤n°pat√m. AXn¬ tdma≥ A°Øn¬ Xeapdbpw IqsS {Ia\ºcpw sImSpØncn°p∂p.

1. ]m∏-®≥, 2. Ip™m∏v, 3. Ip™-∏≥, 4. Nmt°m-®≥, 5. BKkvXn

I aØmbn (sNº-c-Øn)

V2 adnbw (-]-≈n-°p-t∂¬ BKkvXn)

II1 h¿°n

II2aØmbn

(sNº-c-Øn)

(sN≈q-∏-d-ºn¬)

II3 adnbw

V1 t{Xky (A-c-bIp-t∂¬ aØmbn)

6. eq°, 7. tPm¿÷v, 8. adn-bw, 9. t{Xky, 10. A∂

1. t{Xky Imcy-ma-Tw, 2. ]m∏≥, 3. aØ≥, 4. ^m.-F-Ωm-\p-th¬, 5. A∂-°p´n tXmb-en¬

(]m-td-Ωm-°¬)

aØm-bn-bpsS aqØ aI≥ Xd-hm-´n¬ Xma-kn-®-t∏mƒ Cf-b-]p-{X\m-Is´ hS°pw-]m-SØ - ns‚ Ic-bnse sN≈q-hm≥ ]d-ºn-te°v Xmakw am‰n. CSn-In-´n-∏m-d-bpsS Xmgvhmcw ]pcm-X-\-Im-eØv sN√vhm≥ F∂ {Zmhn-U-h¿§-Øns‚ {Kma-am-bncp∂p. Ah-cpsS Bcm-[-\m-aq¿Øn-bmbn-cp∂ apØ-∏s\ {]Xn-jvTn-®n-cp∂ ]md ‘apØ≥]md’ F∂ t]cn¬ C∂pw A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. C-t∏mƒ ISphm A≈v F∂v hnfn-°p∂ ]mdbnse Kpl Ah-cpsS ih-w- adhv sNbvXncp∂ ÿew Bbn-cp-∂n-cn°mw. hS-t°-°sc ]pcm-X\ Kplbpw aqSn-°√pw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Is≠gp-Øns\ XpS¿∂m-IWw sN√vh - m≥ ]dºv ‘sN≈q-∏d- ºv’ F∂-dn-bs - ∏´p XpS-ßn-bXv. ]membnse {]ikvXamb I´°bØn¬ IpSpw_Øn¬ \n∂mWv aØmbn hnhmlw Ign®ncp∂Xv. Xs‚ GI aIƒ adn-bsØ IS-\m´nse ]pcm-X-\-amb ]mtd-Ωm-°¬ IpSpw-_-Øn¬ At±lw hnhmlw sNbvXv Ab®p. `¿Ømhv h¿°n ]mtd-Ωm-°¬ tKmh¿Æ-tZm-cpsS ktlm-Z-c-s‚ sIm-®p-a-I-\m-bn-cp-∂p.

III2 aØmbn (sNºcØn) IV1 Gen

IV2 aØmbn

IV2 aØmbn (In-g-t°-Sw) V1 Gen (ap-≠-bv°¬)

V2 A∂ (sIm®p-]p-Ø≥]p-c-bn¬)

V3 -ss]en

V2 A∂ (aØmbn hmWn-b-In-g-t°¬) IV1 aØmbn sIm®p-]p-Ø≥]pc

IV2 ^m. FΩm-\p-th¬ sIm®p-]p-Ø≥]pc

V3 ss]en (In-g-t°-Sw) VI1 aØmbn

VI3 adnbw (Ip-∂-∏n-≈n)

VI2 sXmΩ≥

VI1 aØmbn sIm®p-]p-Ø≥]pc VII1 De-l-∂m≥ VII2 ss]en

VII3 \mev s]ß-∑m¿

III3 h¿°n (adp-I≥) II1 h¿°n (sNºcØn) III1 Hutk^v

III2 aØmbn

IV1 Ipcy≥ (tIm-{]-Øv)

IV2 h¿°n (sNº-cØn)

III3 h¿°n IV2 h¿°n (sNº-cØn)

III1 Hutk^v (tXt\m-en¬) IV aØmbn (]p-fn-ºm-d)

V1 h¿°n sNº-cØn Ggp-ap´w

V3 DXp∏v sNº-cØn (Iogn√w)

V1 t{Xky (A-cb-Ip-t∂¬ aØmbn) V2 adnbw (-]-≈n-°p-t∂¬ BKkvXn) 208

V2 amWn ssXIp-∂pw-]pdw

209

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w V1 h¿°n sNº-cØn VI1 Hutk^v (sNº-cØn)

II2 aØmbn (sN-≈q-∏d-ºn¬ Ggp-ap´w) III1 C´n-s®-dnb ]men-b-°p-t∂¬ Ggp-ap´w

III2 aØmbn Rd-f-°m´v Ip∂w

2

III 3 h¿°n sN≈q- ∏ d- º n¬ G- g p- a p- ´ w III 4 ss]en If- ∏ p- c - b n¬ s]cp- º n- ≈ n- ® nd III5 BKkvXn ]pXn-bn-S-Øp-Ip-t∂¬ AÆm-bn-°Æw III6 adnbw III7 amWn°Ø-\m¿

sNº-c-Øn- (Ggp-ap´w) III1 C´n-s®-dnb ]men-b-Ip-t∂¬ IV1 aØmbn saøm-‰n≥Ip-t∂¬

IV2 h¿°n ]men-b-°p-t∂¬

IV2 h¿°n ]menb°pt∂¬ V1 h¿°n ]menb°pt∂¬

V2 adnbw tN‰q¿

V1 h¿°n ]menb°pt∂¬ VI1 sIm®ph¿°n ]menb°pt∂¬

VI2 adnbw

III2 aØmbn Rd-f-°m´v IV1 aØmbn Rdf-°m´v

IV2 amWn Rd-f-°m´v

III3 h¿°n sN≈q-∏-d-ºn¬ IV1 De-l-∂m≥

IV2 A∂

IV3 tXykym

IV4 Gen

IV6 sXmΩ≥

IV3 hr»n IV4 t{Xky IV7 aØmbn

IV5 tdmk

IV8 ss]en

III6 BKkvXn ]pXn-bn-SØpIpt∂¬ IV1 amWn ]pXn-bn-S-ØvIp-t∂¬ IV3 ss]en Ipf-tº¬

IV2 sXmΩ≥ sXt°¬

IV4 BKkvXn aT-Ip-t∂¬

IV5 h¿§okv ]Xn-\m-dn¬

210

IV.1 h¿°n (V)

IV5 tdmk IV6 adnbw

III4 ss]en If-∏p-c-bn¬ IV1 adnbw IV2 A∂

am¿Øm-ﬁ-h¿Ωbpw hS-°pw-Iqdpw XΩnep≠mb bp≤sØ ØpS¿∂v \in-∏n-°-s∏´ Xd-hmSv hb¬°-c-bn-te°v Cd°n-∏-Wn-Xpht√m. \memw Xe-ap-d-bn¬ AhnsS Xma-k-am-°nb h¿°n F∂ ]nXmhn\p h¿°n, amWn, DXp∏v F∂o aq∂p ]p{X-∑m-cmWv D≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv. aqØ aI≥ h¿°n A∏-t\m-sSm∏w Xd-hm-´nepw c≠m-asØ a-I≥ amWn A[nIw AI- s e- b - √ msX \cn- a ‰w ]mS- Ø ns‚ Ic- b n- e p≈ ssXIp∂w]pdØv ]pc-bn-S-Ønepw Xma-k-ambn. aq∂m-asØ ]p{X-\mIs´ NnIn-’-°mbn \mSp-hn-´p Iogn-√-Øn\v t]mbn. h¿°n tImSn-°pfw ap≠-bv°m-a-‰-Øn¬ \n∂p-amWv hnhmlw sNbvXn-cp-∂Xv.

IV6 tP°_v IØ-\m¿

1 h¿°n

2 amWn

3 DXp∏v

V.2 h¿°n ssae-s°mºv ]≈n-Øm-g-Øp-\n-∂p-amWv h¿°n hnhmlw Ign®Xv. I\n-jvT-k-¥m-\-ambn Hutk^v P\n®v A[nIw Xma-kn-bmsX h¿°n ac-W-a-S-™p. Hutk-^ns‚ hnhm-l-Øn\v apsº AΩbpw aIs\ hn´p-t]mbn. ktlm-Z-c-]p-{Xs‚ Imcy-ßfpw hkvXp hI-Ifpw ]nev°mew t\m°n-\S- Ø - n-bn-cp-∂Xv ]nXr-kt- lm-Zc - ≥ amWn-bm-bn-cp∂p. {]mb-]q¿Øn-bm-b-t∏mƒ Hutk^v h≠-a‰w h´-°p-t∂¬ Nmt°m 211

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

tdmkΩ aIƒ t{Xkysb IeymWw Ign®v Xd-hm-´n¬ Xma-k-ambn. ]nXm-hn-s\bpw amXm-hn-s\bpw sNdp-∏Ø - nse \jvSa - m-bX - p-aqew ÿew [mcmfw D≠m-bn-cp-s∂-¶nepw taem-Zm-b-an-√msX hcp-Ibpw Iptd-tbsd ÿew A\ym-[o-\-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. henb Xd-hmSp hoSv s]mfn®p sNdp-Xm°n ]p\¿ \n¿Ωn®p.

VII.4 ]m∏-®≥ (VIII) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 tacn tPm¿÷v tPmkv t{Kkn Nmt°m Nn∂Ω tamfn tXmakv

VI.3 Hutk^v

VIII.5 tacn

Hutk-^n\p \mev B¨a-°fpw Hcp s]Æp-amWv D≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv. \mev]-Øn-sb-´-asØ hb-n¬ Xs∂ DZ-c-tcmKw aqew At±lw AIme-N-caw {]m]n®p.

sNdp- ∏ pg ]m®m- ] - d - º n¬ ss]en-t{XkymΩ aI≥ Nmt°m (t__n) hnhmlw Ign®p. _nPp, ao\, t{Xky a°-fmWv.

VI.3 Hutk^v (VII)

IÆq¿ Pn√ Ip‰q¿ tN∂-a-‰-Øn¬ tXmakv ˛ t{Xky aIƒ tdmkΩ-bmWv `mcy. c≠v Ip´n-Iƒ PÃn-bpw, tPm¿Ppw.

1 h¿°n

2 t{XkymΩ

3 Nmt°m

4 am\p-h¬

5 tPmk^v

VII.4 h¿°n (]m∏-®≥)

VIII.6 tPm¿÷v

VIII.7 tPmkv sNdp-]pg IÆn-bØv sk_m-Ãy-s‚bpw Im∏n¬ A∂-Ωb - p-sSbpw aIƒ enknsb hnhmlw sNbvXp. a°ƒ kpan, ao\p

aqØ ]p{X≥ Imfn-bm¿ tamfØv h¿°n-bp-sSbpw ]pd-∏pg IpgnI-≠-Øn¬ tdmk-Ω-bp-sSbpw aIƒ A∂-°p-´nsb hnhmlw sNbvXp. ]m∏-®\p \mev B¨a-°fpw \mev s]¨a-°f - p-am-Wp-≈Xv. A`n-am-\nbpw kc-k-\p-amb ]m∏-®≥ Ct∏mƒ ae-_m-dn¬ sNdp-]pg Xmt_m-dn-emWv Cfb aI-t\m-sSm∏w Xmakw.

tPmkpw IpSpw-_hpw

VIII.8 t{Kkn H≥]-Xm-asØ hb-n¬ \yqtam-Wnb _m[n®p ac-W-a-S™p.

VIII.9 Nmt°m (Ip™v) ]m∏-®\pw IpSpw-_hpw

Im∏n-ae If-∏p-c-bv°¬ tXma-kn-s‚bpw {_nPo-Øm-bp-tSbpw aIƒ sPnsb IeymWw Ign®p. ]©m-_n¬ tPmen sNbvXn-cp∂p.

212

213

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

Ct∏mƒ Xmakw Xmt_m-dn¬. aqØ aIƒ lWnbpw, aI≥ tSmWnbpw, Cf-b-a-Iƒ tkmWnbpw kvIqfn¬ ]Tn-°p-∂p.

VII.13 t{XkymΩ DSp-º-∂q¿ Gdmw-X-S-Øn¬ tPmk^v aI≥ tPmk^v tPmk^v hnhmlw sNbvXp. tIm´-°-h-e-bn¬ BWv Ct∏mƒ Xmakw. tPmkpw, sPbn°pw tSman-bp-amWv a°ƒ. I\ym-kv{Xo-bmb aqØ-a-Iƒ Nn∂Ω Ct∏mƒ Ata-cn-°-bn-emWv.

VII.14 Ip™n (Nmt°m) sNtßmw -C-S-hI ]me-°m´v hdp-Kokv-Gen-°p´n Zº-Xn-I-fpsS aIƒ tacnsb IeymWw Ign®v, AhnsSØs∂ Xma-kn-°p∂p. a°ƒ \mev.

Nmt°mbpw sPnbpw a°fpw

VIII.10 Nn∂Ω

Ip™nbpw IpSpw-_mw-Kßfpw

a™-∏nØw _m[n®v A©mw-h-b-n¬ acn-®p-t]mbn.

VII.14 Ip™n (VIII)

VIII.11 tamfn Xøm\n CS-hI Xm∂n-°¬ Hutk-∏n-s‚bpw adn-b° - p-´n-bp-sSbpw aI≥ Hutk-∏-®-\mWv `¿Ømhv. Cu Zº-Xn-Iƒ°v c≠v s]¨Ip-™pßƒ. adn-b-°p-´nbpw A∂-°p-´nbpw.

1 t{Kkn

2 eoe

3 tPmbn

4 tPm¿÷v

VIII.12 tXmakv

VIII.15 t{Kkn (t{Xky)

]m∏-®s‚ Cfb k¥m-\-amb tXmakv, a™-°mSv C©n-tem´v tXmakv-eqkn aIƒ enPo-‰ns\ hnhmlw sNbvX,v U¬ln-bn¬ D≠mbn-cp∂ tPmen Dt]-£n®v Xmt_m-dn¬ amXm-]n-Xm-°-tfm-sSm∏w Xd-hm´n¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p. GI aI≥ tPm¿÷p-Ip´n.

Np¶-°p∂v amWn-]-d-ºn¬ amXyp hnhmlw sNbvXp. c≠p a°-fmWp-≈Xv. HcmWpw Hcp s]Æpw.

214

215

VIII.16 eoe (Gen) tIm´q¿ taev ] Xmw tXm´- Ø n¬ tPmk^v BWv `¿Ømhv .

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

tPmk^v {]Xn-tcm-[-tk-\-bn-emWv. eoe AwK≥hmSn A≤ym-]n-I-bmWv. Xmakw sNtßmw.

VIII.17 tPmbn (tPmk^v) Np¶-°p∂v ]oXp-cp-t∂¬ amXyp-t{Xky aIƒ ssdknsb BWv sI´n-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv. sNtßm-an¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p. Ch¿°v PÃn\pw, Pkv\bpw a°-fmWv.

VIII.18 tPm¿Pv aWn-°-Shv tNcm-Sn-°¬ G{_m-l-Øn-s‚bpw ˛ ^ntem-an-\-bp-sSbpw aIƒ ssj\nsb IeymWw Ign®p. c≠p a°ƒ. tPmtajv, s^_n≥.

VIII.20 tamfn (t{Xky-mΩ) tImgn-®m¬ ]pfn-°¬ tPm¨-tdmkΩ aI≥ Ipcy≥ (_m_p) hnhmlw Ign-®n-cn-°p∂p. kvt\lbpw k\epw a°-fmWv.

VIII.21 tPmkv (tPmk^v) tImgn-®m¬ Cuiz-c≥Ip-Sn-bn¬ amXyp-tacn Zº-Xn-I-fpsS aIƒ an\n-bmWv `mcy. an\n a[y-{]-tZ-in¬ A≤ym-]n-I-bmWv. Aeo\, A\q]v a°-fm-bp≠v.

VIII.22 A\n¬ (h¿°n) s]cp-º-Shv amcm-∏p-dØv sUman-\n°v-A∂Ω Zº-Xn-I-fpsS aIƒ sPnsb A\n¬ hnhmlw sNbvXp. A\qj GI aIƒ ]ø-∂q-cn¬ Xmakw.

tPm¿÷pw IpSpw-_hpw

VII.19 Ip™p-]m-∏≥ (am\p-h¬) Hutk-^ns‚ aI≥ Ip™p-]m∏≥ t]cm-hq¿ hS-t°-SØv {_nPnØm-sb-bmWv hnhmlw sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂Xv. Akp-JsØ XpS¿∂v 2004¬ ac-W-a-S™p. A©p a°-fp≠v. ]ø-∂q-cnembn-cp∂p Xma-kw.

VII.19 Ip™p-]m-∏≥ (VIII) 1 tamfn

2 tPmk^v

3 h¿°n 216

4 sPn

A\n¬, sPn, aIƒ

VIII.23 sPn (adnbw) Iøm\n Nmcw-sXm-´n-bn¬ G{_lmw-Ip´n-bΩ F∂n-h-cpsS aI≥ kptcjv BWv IeymWw Ign-®Xv. a°ƒ sPkv\, tPmWn.

VIII.24 s_∂n (am\p-h¬) 5 am\p-h¬

Ahn-hm-ln-X-\mWv. ]ø-∂q-cn¬ aZy-hym-]mc cwKØv tPmen sNøp∂p. 217

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

VII.25 sIm®v (tPmk^v)

a ssX°p∂pw]pdØv

aWn-°-Shv he-cn-bn¬ sF∏n-s‚bpw A∂-Ω-bp-sSbpw aIƒ t{Xyky-Ωsb hnhmlw sNbvXp. c≠v a°-fp≠v. aWn-°-S-hn¬ Xs∂ Xma-kn-°p∂p.

V.28 amWn

sIm®pw IpSpw-_hpw

h¿°n F∂ ]nXm-hns‚ ZzXob k¥m-\-am-bn-cp∂ amWn-. Ggpap´w hS-°pw-]m-S-Øns‚ Ingt° A‰-Ømbn C∂sØ Btcm-Ky-`-h\p ]pd-In¬ ImWp∂ sam´-°p-∂m-bn-cp∂p ssXIp-∂n≥]pdw. ChnsS henb hr£-ßƒ D≠m-bn-cp-s∂-¶nepw sXßn≥ssX-Iƒ Ipgn-®n´v Irjn-bv°mbn k÷-am-°n-bn-cp∂p. X\n°v N¿ΩtcmKw ]nSn-s]-´-Xp-aqew amWn ssXIp-∂pw-]p-dsØ h≥-B-™n-en-a-c-Øn¬ Hcp Gdp-amSw sI´n-bp-≠m°n AXn-em-bn-cp∂p Dd°w. ]I¬ Xmsg ]d-ºn¬ ]Wn-bp-Ibpw cm{Xn-bn¬ Im´p-ar-K-ßfpsS B{I-aW - Ø - n¬ \n∂pw c£-s]-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp∂p. Akm-am\y ss[cy-im-en-bm-bn-cp∂ At±-l-Øn\v `£Ww Xd-hm-´n¬ Xøm-dm°n Xmsg \n∂pw Ib-dn¬ Xq°n Gdp-am-S-Øn¬ FØn-®n-cp-∂-Xmbpw ]gb Bfp-Iƒ ]d™v tI´n-´p≠v. AkpJw amdn-bt- ∏mƒ B ÿeØp Xs∂ Hcp ]pc ]WnXp. s]cp-ºn-≈n-®nd Ic-bn¬ aT-Øn-°≠ - Ø - n¬ Hutk∏v ˛ A∂ Zº-Xn-I-fpsS aIƒ Gen-°p-´nsb BWv amWn IeymWw Ign®n-cp-∂Xv. ]n¬°m-eØv hgn-b-cn-In¬ hoSpw ISbpw ]WnXv I®-hSw \S-Øp-I-bp-≠mbn.

VII.25 sIm®v (VIII)

V.28 amWn (VI)

1 tdmbn

2 PnΩn

VIII.26 tdmbn Ad-_n- C-S-hI Nnßq¿ tPmk-^n-s‚bpw amΩn-bp-sSbpw aIƒ ssj\nsb hnhmlw sNbvXp. tdmbn a[y-{]-tZ-in¬ kz¥-ambn Hcp kvIqƒ \S-Øp-∂p≠v. `mcy ssj\n M.A., AhnsS A≤ym-]n-I-bmWv.

VIII.27 PnΩn

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 tZhky Hutk∏®≥ amWn amΩn sIm®p-s]Æv Gen-°p´n t{Xky-°p´n Ip™p-]m-∏≥

VI.29

amΩn (adnbw)

Icn-a-Æq¿ ]q∆m-‰p-Nnd aØmbn hnhmlw sNbvXv Nme-°p-Sn-bnem-bn-cp∂p Xmakw. a°ƒ amWn,h°-®≥, tPmWn, tPm¿Pv, tPmkv, s{Kbvkn, adnbw, tPmtam≥, tPmhm-®≥. 2000Øn¬ ac-W-a-S-™p.

VI.30 sIm®p-s]Æv (A∂-°p´n)

aWn-°Shv Imcn-ØSw h¿°n-adnbw Zº-Xn-If - psS aIƒ jΩnsb IeymWw Ign-®n-cn-°p∂p. t\h-tamƒ, \hy-tamƒ a°-fmWv.

DSp-º∂ - q¿ Ipgn-bm-\n-a‰- Ø - n¬ At¥mWn˛adn-b° - p´n aI≥ ]oent∏m-kmWv hnhmlw sNbvXXv. aq∂v BWpw c≠v s]Æpw a°ƒ. Ct∏mƒ AS-bv°m-tØmSv (I-Æq¿ Pn√) Xma-kw.

218

219

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

VI.31 Gen-°p´n

VII.38 amWn (Ip™q™v)

s\bvticn ]me-bv°m-]d- º - n¬ ]m∏-®≥ hnhmlw sNbvXp. a°ƒ F´v. aq∂mWpw A©v s]Æpw. Nme-°pSn Nmbv]m-¶p-gn-bn¬ Xma-kn°p-∂p.

tZh-ky-bpsS aI≥ amWn Ipdp-ºm-ea - ‰w sIm®p-Xm-gØv sXmΩ≥ Gen aIƒ t{Xky-°p-´nsb hnhmlw sNbvXp. Ct∏mƒ am´-d-bn¬ Xmakn-°p∂p.

VI.32 t{Xky-°p´n tImSn-°pfw at©-cn-bn¬ Hutk^v˛Gen-bmΩ Zº-Xn-If - psS aI≥ BKkvXn (Ip™p-amWn) IeymWw Ign®p. a°ƒ c≠mWpw c≠v s]Æpw. hb-\m-´n¬ hmfmSv Bbn-cp∂p Xma-kw. 2004¬ ac-W-a-S-™p.

VI.33 tZhky (Ip™v) apX-e-t°mSw aT-Øn-°-≠-Øn¬ sF∏v˛t{Xky Zº-Xn-I-fpsS aIƒ adn-b-°p-´nsb hnhmlw Ign®p. Bdv a°ƒ BWv.

VI.33 tZhky

VII.38 amWn (VIII) 1 s{Kbvkn

2 enkn

3 X¶-®≥

4 sken≥

5 h’Ω

VII.39 tPmk^v (Ip™p-]m-∏≥) ae-_m¿ AS-bv°m-tØmSv apX-e-∏m-d-bn¬ Gen-°p-´n-sb-bmWv IeymWw Ign-®Xv. Ct∏mƒ Imem-¶n-bn¬ Xmakw. a°ƒ F´v.

(VII) 1 amWn

2 tPmk^v

3 4 5 6 Gen-°p´n t{Xky-°p´n tacn-°p´n A∂-°p´n

VII.34 Gen-°p´n sX\w-Ip∂v ]m´-∏-d-ºn¬ tZhky˛adnbw Zº-Xn-I-fpsS aI≥ ssa°nƒ (sIm®v) hnhmlw sNbvXp. HSn-b-]m-d-bn¬ Xmakw. a°ƒ _nPn, DÆn, _nµp, kpP. kpP acn-®p-t]m-bn.

VII.35 t{Xky-Ip´n hm´-∏n≈n hS-t°¬ aØ-®s‚ aI≥ h°-®-\mWv hnhmlw sNbvXXv. {]Imiv, emep, PnΩn, A\ojv, Aºnfn, tPmfn, tP°_v, Acp¨ BWv a°ƒ. IÆq¿ Pn√-bnse am´-d-bn¬ Xma-kn-°p-∂p.

tPmk^pw IpSpw-_hpw

VII.39 tPmk^v

VII.36 tacn-°p´n

(VIII)

IpSIv Ifn-Ø´v sIm®p-]p-Ø≥]pc amWn (t__n) hnhmlw Ign®p. tPmtam\pw, adn-bhpw, t{Xkybpw aq∂v a°ƒ. Xmakw IpSIn¬.

VII.37 A∂-°p´n

1 h’Ω

2 cmPp

3 4 5 kt¥mjv tPmtam≥ tPmjn

6 an\n

7 Atemjn

8 amb

VI.40 Hutk-∏-®≥

hm´-d∏ - ≈n hS-t°-Ip-gn-bn¬ tPmfn-°p-´n-bp-ambn hnhmlw. Ubm\bpw tkmP\pw k¥m-\-ßƒ. am´-d-bn¬ Xma-kn-°p-∂p.

XpS-ß\ - mSv hen-bI - p-t∂¬ A∂-s°m-®ns\ hnhmlw Ign®p. A]I-S-kw-`-h-Øn¬ ac-W-a-S™p. GI- a-Isf IS-\mSv Ih-f-°m´v aØ®≥ hnhmlw sNbvXp.

220

221

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

VI.41 amWn (]m∏)

VII.44 kmen

hgn-Øe apt≠m-´p-Ip-Sn-bn¬ sIm®ns‚ aIƒ adn-bm-Ωb - m-bn-cp∂p BZy-`mcy. aIƒ Gen-°p´n. adn-b-Øns‚ ac-W-sØ-Øp-S¿∂v s\øt»cn ]c-bv°¬ Ipcy≥-˛A∂ aIƒ A∂-°p-´nsb ]p\¿hn-hmlw sNbvXp. BsI Ggp a°ƒ. CSp°n Pn√-bnse ªmØn-°-h-e-bn-em-bncp∂p Xma-kw. 2002 BK-Ãn¬ ac-W-a-S-™p.

sh¨aWn IqSsØm´n It√¬Ipfw tPmk^v ˛ Gen aI≥ tPmWn IeymWw sNbvXp. a°ƒ Fenk_Øv, A∂°p´n. Xmakw sXmΩ≥Ip-Øn¬. VII.45 PnPn (Beokv) sh¨aWn sIm√w]dºn¬ tPmk^v˛t{Xky aI≥ amXyp (jmPn) IeymWw Ign®p. t{Xkybpw A∂°p´nbpw adn-b-hp-amWv a°ƒ. CSp°n Pn√-bn¬ sh¨a-Wn-bn¬ Xma-kn-°p-∂p.

VII.46 t__n (am\ph¬) hmgtØm∏v Ip‰n®ndbn¬ tPmk^v˛A∂ aIƒ tamfn (tam\n° bmWv `mcy. a°ƒ c≠v sa¬hn≥, tSmWn. ªmØn-°-h-e-bn¬ Xmakw.

VII.47 tPmkv tNe®phSv ssaew]dºn¬ tPmk^v˛t{Xky aIƒ tagvknsb hnhmlw sNbvXp. tPm¿÷v, A∂°p´n a°ƒ. ªmØn-°h - e - b - n¬ Xmakn-°p-∂p.

VII.48 tPmjn Ahn-hm-ln-X-\m-Wv. AΩ-tbm-sSm∏w ªmØn-°-h-e-bn¬ Xd-hm-´nem-Wv.

]m∏ `mcy A∂-°p-´nbpw IpSpw-_mw-K-ßfpw

VI.49 tPm¿÷v (Ip™p]m∏≥)

VI.41 amWn (VII) 1 2 3 Gen-°p´n t__n tPmkv

4 ssek

5 kmen

6 7 PnPn tPmjn

amWn- b psS Cf- b - a - I ≥ s\Snbime ssX°pt∂¬ aØmbn˛A∂Ω aIƒ tdmkΩsb IeymWw Ign®v Imfnbm‰n¬ Xmakn°p∂p. a°ƒ Ggp t]¿.

VI.49 tPm¿÷v

VII.42 Gen-°p´n

(VII)

]p¬∏n≈n sIm®p-]p-c-bv°¬ A∏-®\v Gen-°p-´nsb sI´n®p sImSpØp. a°ƒ kPn, tkmP≥, Pbvk¨. hb-\mSv Pn√ sN‰-∏meØv Xmakw.

1 t{Kkn

VII.43 ssekm

VII.50 t{Kkn

Imfn-bm¿ ]Sn-bv°-∏-d-ºn¬ tXmakv˛adnb°p´n aI≥ tPm¨ BWv `¿Ømhv. B¬hn≥ (tXmakv) AizXn (tacn) a°ƒ.

Imfnbm¿ ]mSnbn¬ sXmt°wt_¬ ss]tem≥˛adnb°p´n aI≥ cmPp (tPmk^v) hnhmlw Ign®p. a°ƒ \ntPjv, \nPnX

222

223

2 enkn

3 tPmfn

4 tkmPn

5 6 7 tPmtPm kntPm \nj

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

VII.51 enkn (A∂) IcnaÆq¿ tX°n¬Im´n¬ ]t{Xmkv˛A∂Ω aI≥ tPmWnbmWv IeymWw Ign®Xv. a°ƒ tPmkv\ (A∂) Pkv\ (tdmkΩ)

VII.52 tPmfn (^nteman\) tImSn°pfw s]mt´mfn¬ Nmt°m˛adnb°p´n aI≥ tPmk^v hnhmlw sNbvXp. a°ƒ \o\p (adnbw), Pn_n≥ (h¿§okv)

VII.53 tkmPn (tdmk) Imfnbm¿ sXt° Ipgnbm\na‰Øn¬ ]t{Xmkv˛sdt_°m aI≥ X¶®≥ (tPmk^v ) IeymWw Ign®p. AΩphpw (doØ) F_n (hdpKokv) bpw BWv a°ƒ.

{]i-kvXa - mb Iogn√w kvIqfns‚ ]Sn-™m-dp amdn Dt±iw H∂c ssa¬ AIse ]mS-Øns‚ Ic-bn-em-bn-cp∂p sNº-cØn DXp∏v Xmak-am-°n-bXv. Ipdp-∏w-]-Sn-bn¬ \n∂p h∂v, hc-W-h-b¬ `mKØv Xmak-am-°nb C∂sØ ]c-Øp-hb - ¬°mcpw ap-Xp-Im-´p-Im-cp-am-bn-cp∂p a‰p apJy-Ip-Spw-_-ßƒ. DXp-∏ns‚ GI k¥m-\-Øns‚ t]cpw DXp∏v F∂m-bn-cp-∂p. hm¿≤-Iy-Øn¬ ]nXm-hmb DXp∏v ac-Wa - S- ™ t- ∏mƒ Ip∂p-Ip-cpSn henb- ]-≈n-bn¬ AS°n.

V.57 DXp∏v (VI)

VII.54 \nj (doØ) Imfnbm¿ aTØn∏dºn¬ Nmt°m˛tacn aI≥ _nPp tPmk^v hnhmlw sNbvXp. a°ƒ _n\n¬ (tP°_v), hdpKokv.

1 DXp∏v

VII.55 tPmtPm (hdpKokv)

VI.58 DXp∏v

Imfnbm¿ Ingt°SØv amØ≥˛A∂Ω ZºXnIfpsS aIƒ kn\nsb (^nteman\) hnhmlw sNbvXp.

Xd-hm-´n¬ Xma-k-amb h¿°nbpsS Cfb ]p{X-\m-bn-cp∂p DXp∏v F∂v hnfn-°s∏´n-cp∂ tPmk-^v. N¿Ω-tcmKw _m[n-®-Xns\ XpS¿∂v A∂sØ Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂ Bbp¿t∆Z NnIn-’-I-\m-bn-cp∂ Iogn√w ]cØp-h-b-en¬ hen-b-ssh-Zys\ ImWm≥ t]mbn. Zo¿L-Ime NnIn’ Bh-iy-am-b-Xn-\m¬ AhnsS Xs∂ Xma-kn-®p. tPyjvT≥ amWn-bm-Is´ Zqsc bm{X°v an\-s°-SmsX Ggp-ap-´-Øp-Xs∂ Xma-kn-®p-sIm≠v Ipdpºm-e-a-‰sØ {]-i-kvX- I-Wn-bm≥ sshZys‚ NnIn’ sNbvXv kpJw {]m]n-®p.

Iogn-√Øv hmg-°m-em-bn¬ ho´n¬ c≠p -s]¨a-°-fp-≠m-bn-cp∂p. aqØ aIƒ A∂-Ωsb Np≠m-´p-ho-´n¬ ss]enbpw c≠m-asØ aIƒ adn-bm-Ωsb sNº-cØn DXp∏pw hnhmlw sNbvXp. DXp-∏n\p a°-fp-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. sNº-c-Øn-bn¬ \nt∂m, hmg-°m-em-bn¬ \nt∂m Hcp Ip´nsb Ch¿ ZsØ-Sp-Øv hf¿Øn, Ip™p-h¿°n F∂p hnfn-®p. Ip™p-h¿°n°v {]mb-am-b-t∏m-ƒ hnhmlw Ign-®p. Hcp aIƒ D≠mbn. Gsd Xma-kn-bmsX k¿∏-Zw-isØ XpS¿∂v h¿°n-bpsS `mcy acn®p-t]m-bn. Ipd-®p-Imew Ig-™t- ∏mƒ At±lw ho≠pw hnhmlw sNbvXv Xd-hm-´p-ho´n¬ \n∂p amdn Iogn√w Aº-e-Øn\p kao]w Xma-kn-®p. AhnsS Ab¬°m-cm-bn-cp-∂p {]ikvX a\-I-fm-bn-cp∂ ]pØn-√Øp a\bpw sh´n-°m´p a\bpw a‰pw. BZy-hn-hm-l-Ønse GI aI-fm-Is´ Xd-hm-´n¬ hey-∏-s\bpw h√y-Ω-sbbpw ip{iq-jn-®p-sIm≠v Xma-kn-®p. {]mb-]q¿Øn-bm-b-t∏mƒ Cu aIsf s]cp-ºm-hq¿ hoWm-en¬ ho´n¬ Ipcymt°m hnhmlw sNøp-Ibpw ZØv \n¬°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Imem\-¥cw Ipcymt°m Cu ÿew hn‰v CSp°n Pn√-bnse cmPm-°mSv `mKtØ°v IpSn-tb-dn. Ch-cpsS Hcp aI≥ sshZn-I\ - mbn. Ct∏mƒ Xr°f-Øq¿ Xma-kn®p hcp-∂-Xmbn Adn-bp-∂p. DXp-∏n-s\bpw Ip∂p-Ip-cpSn bmt°m-_mb henb ]≈n-bn¬ Xs∂bmWv AS-°n-b-Xv.

224

225

VII.56 kntPm (amWn) Rdp°p‰n h´°pt∂¬ tPm¨˛A®mΩ aIƒ _nµp (B≥kn) hns\ IeymWw Ign®p. Hcp aIƒ.

b sNº-cØn (Iogn√w) V.57 DXp∏v

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

VII.59 h¿°n (Ip-™p-h¿°n)

IX.63 hdp-Kokv (Ip-™p-tam≥)

Ip™v F∂v ]cs° Adn-b-s∏-´n-cp∂ h¿°n BZy-`m-cy-bpsS ac-Wt- ijw adn-bm-Ωsb hnhmlw Ign®v Iogn√w t£{X-Øn\v A[nIw AI-se-b-√msX s]cp-ºm-hq¿ tdmUn\v kao-]w Xma-k-am-bn. tXm´p¶¬°m¿ Bbn-cp∂p sXm´-b¬°m¿. hgn-°-∏pdw £pc-I≥ \m-cm-bWs‚ IpSpw-_hpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. h¿°n ˛ adn-bmΩ Zº-Xn-Iƒ°v aq∂v B¨a-°fpw c≠v s]¨a-°f - p-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. a-cW - m-\¥ - cw h¿°nsb Fw.kn tdmUn\v kao-]-ap≈ ]tdm-Øp-ap-Iƒ bmt°m-_mb ]≈n-bn¬ kwkvI-cn-®p.

Cu´n-bv°¬ amXyp-hn-s‚bpw, adn-bm-Ωb - p-sSbpw aIƒ tamf-Ωsb IeymWw Ign®v ao∂p-≈n-bn¬ Xma-kn-°p-∂p. aI≥ tPmb¬ kvIqfn¬.

VII.59 h¿°n (VIII) 1 DXp∏v

2 adn-bmΩ

3 h¿°n

4 A∂Ω

5 Ipcym-t°mkv

It°m-fn-bn¬ hdp-Ko-kn-s‚bpw Ip™m-∏p-fb - p-sSbpw aIƒ A®mΩsb hnhmlw sNbvXp. ae-_m-dn\p IpSn-tb-dnb At±lw Ct∏mƒ IÆq¿ Pn√ sNdp-]p-gb - v°S- pØv tImgn-®m-en¬ Xma-kn-°p-∂p. Bdv a°fp-≠v.

VIII.60 DXp∏v (IX) 2 h¿°n

3 hdp-Kokv

4 tamfn

ao∂p≈n H‰-πm-°¬ ssa°nƒ-˛-tdm-kΩ F∂n-h-cpsS aI≥ tPmkv hnhmlw sNbvXp. ao∂p≈n ]≈n-°q-S-Øn\p ASp-Ømbn Ct∏mƒ Xma-kn-°p-∂p. Irjn-bm-Wv. a°ƒ an\n, ao\p, s_∂n, ItØmen°m hnizm-k-Øn-em-Wv.

IX.65 kmdmΩ

VIII.60 DXp∏v kn.-hn. (]m-∏-®≥)

1 tacn

IX.64 tamfn (-A-∂-Ω)

]b-k-°cn Rmd-°p-fØv Ipcym-®≥ ˛ Nn∂Ω aI≥ tPmkmWv hnhmlw Ign-®-Xv. Ch¿ ]ø-∂q¿ Xma-kn-°p-∂p. a°ƒ A©n-X, F_n≥.

IX.66 Ipcym-t°mkv ]d-s∏-´n-bn¬ F{_-lm-an-s‚bpw It√m-en-bn¬ G√ym-Ωb - p-sSbpw aIƒ joPsb hnhmlw sNbvXp. aI≥ B¬_n≥, aIƒ A®m-Ω.

VIII.67 h¿°n 5 kmdmΩ

6 Ipcym-t°mkv

Ipº-fØp IpSn-bn¬ Ipcym-t°m-kn-s‚bpw A®m-b-Ω-bp-sSbpw aIƒ adn-bm-Ωsb I√ymWw Ign-®p. a°ƒ \mev.

VIII.67 h¿°n (IX)

IX.61 tacn sNdp-]pg Ipº-f-Øp-Ip-Sn-bn¬ Ipcym-t°mkv ˛ A®mΩ aI≥ Ip™p-tam≥ hnhmlw sNbvXp. Ct∏mƒ I¿Æm-SI kwÿm-\Øv awKem-]p-c-Øn\v kao]w IS-º-bn¬ Xma-kn-°p-∂p. Irjn-bmWv apJyw. a°ƒ enkn, _nPp, kPp, en≥kn.

IX.62 h¿°n (Ip-™v)

1

2

3

4

tacn

cmPΩ

A∂-°p´n

h¿°n

s]¨a-°-fn¬ tacnsb cmPp-hn\pw cmP-Ωsb hn¬k\pw A∂°p-´nsb kmPp-hn\pw hnhmlw Ign-®p-sIm-Sp-Øp.

DXp-∏ns‚ aqØ aI≥ Ip™v sIm®p-]p-c-bn¬ t__n-bp-sSbpw Geym-Ω-bp-sSbpw aIƒ en-√nsb IeymWw Ign®v tImgn-®m-en¬ Xmakn-°p-∂p. aIƒ knPnsb ]p∂-bn¬ kmw hnhmlw sNbvXp. Ct∏mƒ ao∂p≈n kvIqfn\v kao]w Xma-kn-°p-∂p. aI≥ _nPp _mw•q-cn¬ tPmen-bm-Wv.

Xr°-f-Øq¿ Acn-Ip-]p-dØv C´q-∏n-s‚bpw Ge-Ωb - p-sSbpw aIƒ kmdm-Ωsb hnhmlw sNbvXp. A©p a°ƒ. ao∂p-≈n-bn¬ Xma-kn°p-∂p.

226

227

VIII.68 Ipcym-t°mkv kn.hn.

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

VIII.68 Ipcym-t°mkv (IX) 1 tacn

2 h-dp-Kokv

3 A∂

4 enkn

5 _m_p

IX.69 tacn N°m-e° - ¬ amØp tim-imΩ aI≥ kÆn hnhmlw Ign-®p. sNdp]pg ASpØv Nn‰m-cn-°-en¬ Xma-kw. a°ƒ amXyp, Ipcym-t°m, timimΩ (D-Æn)

3 sNº-cØn (tXt\m-en¬)

IX.70 hdp-Kokv hnhm--ln-X-\m-bn-´n-√.

IX.71 A∂ I¿Æm-SI kwÿm-\sØ Nocm-Sn-bn¬ Ip∂Øv Ip™v˛A∂Ω aI≥ cmtPjv hnhmlw Ign-®n-cn-°p-∂p. Irjn-bmWv sXmgn¬. a°-ƒ amXyp, A∂p.

IX.72 enkn Nocm-Sn-bn¬ koX-°p-t∂¬ tbml-∂m≥-˛t- acn aI≥ ss_Pp--hmWv `¿Øm-hv. tbml-∂m-\pw, Ipcym-t°mkpw a°ƒ. Im¿jnIhrØn kzoIcn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.

IX.73 _m_p hnhmlw Ign-™n-´n-√. Iq\≥Ip-cn-ip- k-Xy-sØ- Xp-S¿∂v tIc-f-Ønse {InkvXym-\n-IfpsS CS-bn-ep-≠mb `n∂n∏v aqew Iogn-√Øpw ]cn-kc - Ø - p-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂ ss{IkvX-h-cn¬ knwl-`m-Khpw bmt°m-_mb hn`m-K-Øn¬ h∂ptN¿∂p. ]pcm-X-\-amb Ip∂p-°p-cpSn hen-b -]-≈nbpw, ]tdm-Øp-ap-Iƒ ]≈nbpw A¶-amen `{Zm-k-\-Øn\p Iogn¬ bmt°m-_mb hn`m-K-Ønem-Wv. \ΩpsS Hcp ktlm-Z-cs‚ ]n≥ap-d-°m-cmb Ch¿ amXr-Ip-Spw-_Øns‚ kmwkvIm-cn-I-Ø-\n-abpw kmaq-ly-t_m-[-hpw, Dd® ssZh-hnizm-khpw ]pe¿Øn-t∏m-cp-∂p. sNdp-]p-g-bv°v ASpØv tImgn-®m-en¬ \√ \ne-bn¬ Ign-bp∂ Ch-cpsS `h-\-ßƒ°v ASpØv Xs∂ tZhm-eb-hp-ap-≠v.

hS-°pw-Iq¿ cmP-hw-i-Øns‚ Xntcm-[-m\-Øn\p tijw aq∂mw Xe-ap-d-bn¬ sNº-cØn Xd-hm-´nse h¿°n F∂ ]nXm-hns‚ aq∂p a°-fn¬ aqØ-h-\mbn ]nd-∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p Hutk∏v. hnhm-l-tijw Hutk∏v Xd-hm-´n¬ \n∂pw Hcp hnfn-∏m-SI - ew am{X-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂ tXt\men¬ ]pc-bn-S-Øn-te°v amdn Xma-kn®p. Ing-°pw-]m-S-Øns‚ Ing-t°-Ic apX¬ C∂sØ Nmem-t»cn tdmUv hsc \o≠p-In-S-°p∂ hnim-e-amb {]tZ-i-am-bn-cp∂p tXt\men¬. C∂p ImWp∂ Xmt_m¿ {]m¿∞-\m-e-b-Øns‚ sXm´p-Im-Wp∂ Ip∂n≥sN- c p- h n¬ D≠m- b n- c p∂ Hmen (h‰msX sh≈w Dudp∂ Ddh)bn¬ \n∂pw Hen®p h∂n-cp∂ sh≈-Øn\v tX\ns‚ cpNn-bp-≠mbn-cp-s∂∂pw Aßs\ tXt\m-en¬ F∂v t]cp-≠mbn F∂p-amWv ÿe]p-cmWw. Hgp-°p-Nm¬ Imem-¥-c-Øn¬ \nc-Ønbpw hi-ßƒ CSn-®n-d°nbpw D≠m-°n-b-XmWv tXt\m-en¬ \new. tXt\m-en¬ sNº-cØn ]pc-bnSw F∂mWv {]am-W-ß-fn¬ ImWp-∂Xv. tXt\m-en¬ amfn-Ib - n¬ Xma-ka - m-°nb Hutk-∏n\v Hcp k¥m\w am{X-amWv D≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv ˛ aØmbn. aØm-bnbpw kz]n-Xm-hn-s\-t∏mse ITn-\m-≤zm-\n-bmb Hcp I¿j-I-\m-bn-cp∂p. At±-l-Øns‚ hnhmlw FhnsS \n∂m-bn-cp∂p F∂v Adn-bm≥ Ign-™n√. k¥m-\-ß-fmbn c≠p s]¨a-°ƒ am{Xambn-cp∂p. B¨ k¥m\w D≠m-bn-cp-∂n√.

IV.1 aØmbn (V) 1 adnbw

228

2 t{Xky 229

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

Cfb aIƒ t{Xkysb Ipdp-ºm-e-a‰w Ac-b-Ip-t∂¬ \mep-ktlm-Z-c-∑m-cn¬ aØm-bn°v IeymWw Ign®p sImSpØp. Xd-hm´p ]pc-bn-S-Øns‚ Ingt° ]Ip-Xnbpw AXn¬ Hcp hoSpw h®p \¬In. t{Xkymbv°v ]Øp-a-°-fp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. GgmWpw aq∂p sNÆpw.

V.2. t{Xky ˛ aØmbn (VI) 1 2 3 4 5 ]m∏®≥ Ip™m∏v Ip™-∏≥ Nmt°m-®≥ BKkvXn 6 7 8 9 10 eq° tPm¿Pv Ip™pIp´n t{Xky-°p´n A∂-°p´n Imfn-bm-‰n¬ Xma-kn-®n-cp∂ aqØ a°ƒ c≠p-t]cpw acn-®p. _m°n-bp-≈-h¿ Ipdp-ºm-e-a-‰Øv Xma-kn-°p-∂p. Ggp-ap-´Øv Ct∏mƒ Ip™m-∏ns‚ aI≥ t__nbpw tPmkpw Xma-k-ap-≠v. Cfb ktlmZcnsb tImSn-°pfw tXmb-en¬ IpSpw-_-Øn¬ hnhmlw sNbvX-b-®p. aØm-bn-bpsS aqØ aIƒ adn-bsØ ]mtd-Ωm-°-emb apX-et°mSw ]≈n-°p-t∂¬ BK-kvXn-sb-s°m≠v hnhmlw Ign-∏n®v Xdhm-´n¬ ZØp-\n¿Øp-Ibpw, tXt\m-en¬ ]pc-bn-S-Øns‚ ]Ip-Xn-bn¬ Gsd ÿew \¬Ip-Ibpw sNbvXp. Xd-hm-Sn\p kao-]-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂ ]md- b v ° - c p- I n¬ c≠p- ]p- f n- a - c - ß ƒ hf¿∂p- b ¿∂v \n∂n- c p- ∂ Xv Gh¿°pw IuXp-I-I-c-amb Hcp ImgvN-bm-bn-cp∂p. X∑qew B `mKw ]pfn-ºmd sNº-cØn F∂-dn-b-s∏´p. ]pfn-ºmd Xd-hm-´n¬ Xma-k-amb adnbw BKkvXn Zº-Xn-Iƒ°v A©p k¥m-\-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p.

V.3. adnbw ˛ BKkvXn (VI) 1 2 3 4 5 t{Xky tPmk^v aØ≥ amWn A∂-°p´n aqØ aIƒ t{Xkysb hmg-°pfw Imcym-aTw IpSpw-_-Øn¬ IeymWw Ign-®-b®p. aqØ-a-I≥ Xd-hm-´nepw c≠m-a≥ aØ≥ ]mtd¬ Ing-t°Sw Xd-hm-Sn\v kao]w Hcp hoSv h®pw Xma-k-ambn. 230

VII. 4 ^m. FΩm\pth¬ ]≈n-°p-t∂¬ V.C. Cfb aI- \ mb amWn hn≥sk≥jy≥ k\ymk k`-bn¬ tN¿∂v sshZn-I-\mbn. hnhn[ \ne-Ifn¬ {]mK¤yw sXfn-bn® At±lw HSp-hn¬ Imcn-Ømkv C‚¿\m-j-Wens‚ C≥Uy≥ Ub-d-IvS-dmbn \nban- ° - s ∏´p. Aßs\ U¬ln- b n¬ Xma- k n- ® p- h - c sh lrZ- b - k v X w- ` \w aqew \ncym-X\ - mbn. arX-ic - ocw P∑\m´n¬ sIm≠p-h-cn-Ibpw kwkvI-cn-°pIbpw sNbvXp. kz¥w {Kma-tØmSp≈ At±-l-Øns‚ kvt\l-Øns‚ {]Xo-I-ß-fmbn, amXm-hns‚ It∏fbpw Xmt_m¿ [ym\- t I- { µhpw, Btcm-Ky-`h - \pw Ggp-ap-´Øv ImWmw. skan\m-cn-bn¬ ]Tn-°p-tºmƒ "sNº-cØn A®≥' F∂mWv At±lw Adn-b-s∏-´n-cp-∂Xv. X∑qew ]´w kzoI-cn-°p-tºmgpw B t]cpXs∂ kzoI-cn-°m-\m-bn-cp∂p Xmev]cyw. F∂m¬ acp-a-°Ømb k{ºZm-bØ - ns‚ Kncna Ipd™p t]mbXp aqew AtX∏‰n A`n-{]mb hyXymk-ap-≠m-b-n. XpS¿∂v FΩm-\p-th¬ ]≈n-°p-t∂¬ F∂ t]cp kzoIcn®v A®≥ Xs∂ {]iv\w ]cn-l-cn-°p-I-bp-≠mbn.

VIII.5 ^m. tUm. AK-Ãn≥ ]≈n-°p-t∂¬ Xd-hm-´n¬ Xma-k-amb aqØ-a-I≥ tPmk-^ns‚ (]m∏≥) ]p{X-\mWv ^m. AKÃn≥ ]≈n-°p-t∂¬. Ggp-ap-´sØ {]kn≤-amb Xmt_m¿ [ym\-tI-{µ-Øn-s‚bpw A\m-Yme-bß - f - p-tSbpw Poh≥ A®-\mWv. hnIm-cn-Xz-Øn-s\m∏w hntZi k©m-chpw ]pkvXI cN-\bpw [ym\-{]-kw-Kß - fpw \SØp-hm≥ {]K-¤-\mb At±-lw kabw Is≠-Øp-∂p-≠v.

231

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

VIII.6 ^m. tPmbn ]≈n-°p-t∂¬ adnbw BKkvXn ZºXn-If - psS c≠masØ ]p{X-\mb aØ-®s‚ Hcp aI≥ tPmbn (tPm-k^ - v) Bkm-anse Un{_p-Km¿ cq]-X-bn¬ tN¿∂v sshZn-I-\m-bn. At\I-h¿j-ßƒ \o≠ XymK-\n¿`-ca - mb anj≥ {]h¿Ø- \ - ß ƒ°p tijw Ct∏mƒ At±lw Un{_p-Km¿ cq]-X-bpsS hnIm-cnP-\-d¬ F∂ D∂-X-]-Zhn Ae-¶-cn-°p-∂p.

4

Ing-t°SØn¬ Ggp-ap-´sØ CS-Øn¬ a{¥ns°m´m-c-Øns‚ sX°n≥]pdw sXt°-SØp \mb-cp-tS-Xm-bn-cp∂p. Ing-°n≥]pdw sNº-c-Øn-am-∏n-f-bpsSbpw. ]Sn-™m-sd-∏pdw ]d-°s - h´n ap…n-an-t‚-Xm-bn-cp-s∂∂pw Aßs\ aq∂p-]p-dhpw aq∂n\w ]S-\mb-I∑ - msc Xma-kn-∏n-®n-cp-∂X - mbpw ]d™p tI´n-´p≠v. Ing-°pw-]m-S-Øns‚ Ic apX¬ ]pcm-X\ ]m≠n tdmUn\∏pdw hsc hnkvXr-Xa - m-bn-cp∂p am∏n-fb - psS Ing-t° C - Sw. h¿°nbpsS ZznXob k¥m\ambncp∂ aØmbn AhnsS ]m¿Øp. aØmbn Xs‚ GI aIƒ Gensb Im°q¿ kztZinbmbncp∂ Hcmsfs°m≠v hnhmlw Ign∏n®p. GI aI≥ aØmbnbmIs´ hnhmlm\¥cw Ingt°SØn¬Xs∂ Xmakw XpS¿∂p. aØmbnbpsS aI≥ aØmbn°v aq∂p a°fp≠mbn.

IV. aØmbn

(V) 1 2 3 Gen A∂ ss]en henb `qhpS-a-I-fm-bn-cp∂ Imc-W-h-∑m¿ s]¨a-°sf Zqc-ÿ-eß-fn-te°v hnhmlw sNbvX-b-bv°m≥ A°m-eØv Xm¬]-cy-s∏-´n-cp∂n-√. C∂-sØ-t∏mse Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-Ønt\m bm{Xbvt°m D≈ 232

233

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

kuIcyw A∂p-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√-t√m. aIsf hnhmlw sNbvXv \¬In-btijw kv{Xo[-\-ambn \nehpw ]pc-bn-Shpw \¬In ASp-Øp-Xs∂ Xmakn-∏n-®n-cp-∂p. ]pcm-X-\-Ip-Spw-_w-K-ß-fp-ambn _‘w ]nSn®v Cßs\ Xma-kn-°p-∂Xv A-¥ - mbn BWv ]cn-KW - n-°s - ∏-´n-cp-∂X - v. acp-a° - Ø - mbw A∂v henb kmaq-ly-kzm-[o-\-am-bn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ ss{IkvXh `h-\ßfn¬t∏mepw AΩ-hoSpw AΩm-h∑ - mcpw s]ß-∑m-cpsS a°ƒ°v CjvSta-®n¬∏p-dhpw kz]n-Xm-hn-s\-°mƒ kz¥-hp-am-bn-cp-∂p. ]nXr-`h - \ - p-ambn ssZ\w-Zn\ kº¿°w IΩn-bm-bn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ Ahn-sS-bp-≈-h-cp-ambn ASp∏w H´pw-Xs∂ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p-an-√. aØm-bnbpw hyXy-kvX-\mb Hcp ]nXm-hm-bn-cp-∂n-√.

IV.2 A∂

(V) 1 2 aØmbn ^m. FΩm-\p-h¬ Cu Zº-Xn-I-fpsS Cfb k¥m-\am-bn-cp∂p ^m. FΩm-\p-h¬ sIm®p-]p-Ø≥]p-c. sNº-cØn amWn IØ-\m¿°p-tijw 'ë sNº-cØn A®≥' F∂v Adn-b-s∏-´ {]ikvX {]kw-K-I-\m-bn-cp∂p At±lw. A∂bpsS aqØ aI-\m-bn-cp∂ aØm-bn°v c≠v B¨a-°fpw Ah¿°v \mep ktlm-Z-cn-am-cp-am-bn-cp∂p.

IV.1 Gen ap≠-bv°¬

V.3

aØmbn Xs‚ aqØ ]p{Xnsb Bc-°pg aWn-bm´p ap≠-bv°¬ hnhmlw Ign-∏n®v If-∏p-c-bn¬ ]pc-bn-SØn¬ sX°p`mKØv Xma-kn∏n®p. sXm´p-Xmsg D≠m-bn-cp∂ hbepw Ah¿°v \¬In. adn-b-Øns‚ Ime-tijw a°ƒ hkvXp-°fpw \nehpw h≠-a‰w hmWn-b-°n-g-t°¬ aØ≥]n-≈bv°v ssIam‰w sNbvXp. Ct∏mƒ Ah¿ ssltd-©nepw a‰p-ambn \√-\n-e-bn¬ Ign™phcp∂p.

IV.2 A∂ sIm®p-]p-Ø≥]p-c-bn¬ Cfb aIƒ A∂sb h≠-a‰w hmWn-bI - n-gt- °¬ IpSpw-_Ø - nse Bdp ktlm-Z-c-∑m-cn¬ aØm-bnsbs°m≠mWv ]nXmhv IeymWw Ign∏n-®Xv. ZØm-bn-cp-∂p. tPyjvTktlm-Z-cn°v \¬Inb If-∏p-c-bn¬ ]dºns‚ hS-t°b‰w sXßn≥ ]pc-bn-Shpw, \S-bn-d-ßnbm¬ FØp∂ Ce-hn≥I-≠hpw \¬In. ZØp-\n∂ aØmbn°v `m-cym-]n-Xmhv Hcp ]pØ≥]p-cbpw ]WnXp \¬In. CXn-\Iw ]men-b-Ip-t∂¬ sIm®p-h¿°n Adbpw \nc-bp-ambn H‰ \ne-bn¬ Hcp hen-b-hoSv ]Wn-Xo¿Øv kz¥w Xd-hm-´n\pw C∂sØ sXmSp-]p-g ˛ DSp-º-∂q¿ tdmUn\pw sXm´v Xma-k-am-°n-bn-cp∂p. At±lØns‚ Cfb ]p{X≥ sIm®p-amXyp ]nev°m-eØv Xma-kn®n-cp∂ B hoSv "]pØ≥]p-cb - n¬' F∂mWv Ggp-ap-´Øv Adn-bs - ∏-´n-cp-∂Xv. X∑qew Ing-t°-S-Øn¬ aØmbn Xs‚ aIƒ°mbn A[nIw AI-se-b-√msX AtX tdmUns‚ ASpØp Xs∂ ]n∂oSv ]Wn Ign-∏n® hoSv ""sIm®p]p-Ø≥]p-cb - n¬'' F∂v Adn-bs - ∏´p. Imem-¥c - Ø - n¬ AXv ho´p-t]cmbn. 234

aØmbn (VI)

1 2 3 De-l-∂m≥ ss]en \mev s]¨a-°ƒ {ItaW Cu ÿew hn‰-tijw Ah-cpsS A\-¥-c-X-e-ap-d-Iƒ ae-_m-dnepw, ]md-tØm-´nepw, h≠-a-‰-Øp-ambn sIm®p-]p-Ø≥]pcbv°¬ F∂ ho´p-t]-cn¬ Xs∂ Xma-kn-®p-h-cp∂p.

IV.4 ss]en aØm-bn-bpsS GI-a-I≥ ss]en Fg-√q¿ Ic-bn¬ sIm∂-bv°¬ ho´n¬ tdmksb IeymWw Ign®v Ing-t°Sw sNº-cØn Xd-hm-´n¬ Xs∂ Xma-kn®p. Cu Zº-Xn-Iƒ°v aq∂v a°-fm-bn-cp∂p.

IV.4 ss]en

(V) 1 aØmbn

2 sXmΩ≥

3 adnbw

V.5 adnbw ss]en-bpsS GI aIƒ adn-bsØ Icn-a-Æq¿ Ip∂-∏n-≈n¬ h¿°n hnhmlw sNbvXp. Cu Zº-Xn-Iƒ°v A∂-°p´n, tdmk, t]mƒ, adnbw, Gen, hrin F∂n-ßs\ Bdp a°-fm-bn-cp∂p. 235

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w VII.8 aØ-®≥

V.6 aØmbn ss]en-bpsS ]p{X-\mb aØmbn Infn-b-d -Im-°-c-Ip-t∂¬ adnbsØ IeymWw Ign®p. Xd-hm-´n¬ Xs∂ Xmakw XpS¿∂p. aq∂v B¨a-°ƒ am{X-am-bn-cp∂p aØm-bn°v D≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv.

V.6 aØmbn 2 amWn

3 h¿°n

VI.7 ss]en (Hmen-∏md) Ipdp-ºm-e-a‰w F≈n¬ hmWn-b-In-g-t°¬ aØmbn˛adnbw aIƒ Gensb hnhmlw sNbvXv Ggp-ap-´Øp Xs∂ Xma-kn®p. Xd-hm´p ]pcnbn--Øns‚ hS°p Ings° `mK-Ømbn C∂sØ skmssk-‰n-bn¬ \n∂v kv I qfn- t - b v ° p≈ hgn- b - c n- I n¬ D≠m- b n- c p∂ ]mdbv°v kao]w hoSv h®v amdn-Xm-a-kn-®p. ]mdbv°-SpØv Hcp h‰mØ Dd-hbpw \oscm-gp°pw (Hmen) D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. AXn-\m¬ ]mtd¬ AYhm Hmen∏mtd¬ Ing-t°Sw F∂v ss]en-bpsS `h\w Adnb-s∏-´p. Ch¿°v \mev B¨a-°f - m-bn-cp∂p. IqSp-X¬ Irjnÿe- ß ƒ Bh- i y- a mbn h∂- t ∏mƒ ss]enbpw a°ƒs°m∏w ae-_m-dn\p IpSn-tbdn ]m¿Øp. Ct∏mƒ t]cm-hq¿ sImf-°mSv Xma-kn°p∂p, 103 hb-p-≠v.

VI.7 ss]en (VII) 1 aØ-®≥

2 sXmΩ-®≥

3 h°®≥

1 2 eoe A∏-®≥

3 amWn

4 5 t{Kkn X¶Ω

6 eqkn

7 tSman

8 9 tPmkv km_p

VIII .9 eoe (Gen)

(VI) 1 ss]en

(VIII)

sIm´n-bq¿ ]pØ≥]-dº - n¬ tPmk^v ˛ adnbw Zº-Xn-If - psS aI≥ tPmk^v hnhmlw Ign®p. a°ƒ tPmk^v, amXyp, Bi (tacn), B\µv (B‚Wn). F√m-hcpw hnhm-l-Po-hnXw \bn®v sIm´n-bqcpw ]cn-kcØpambn Xma-kn-°p-∂p.

VIII .10 t{Kkn (t{Xky) ae-bw-]Sn ]qX-°p-gn-bn¬ h¿°n˛A∂ Zº-Xn-I-fpsS aI≥ tXmav IeymWw sNbvXp. aIƒ _nµp (aT-Øn¬ tN¿∂p Sr. Linet), ss_Pp (h¿°n˛Zp-_mbv), _nPn (A∂), _n≥kn˛_mw•q¿.

VIII .11 X¶Ω ({_nPo‰v) Xp≠n-bn¬ CS-hI IZ-fn-bn¬ tPmk^v˛A∂ Zº-Xn-If - psS aI≥ hmh-®≥ (tXmakv) hnhmlw sNbvXp. aq∂p s]¨a-°ƒ Zo], Zo]vXn, Znhy. Ch¿ Ct∏mƒ I¿Æm-SI - Ø - n¬ _¬Øßm-Sn-bn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p.

VIII .12 eqkn ta∏mSn ]≈n h≈n-°m´v Nmt°m˛adnbw Zº-Xn-I-fpsS aI≥ tPm¿÷v hnhmlw sNbvXp. a°ƒ D√mkv (Nmt°m), ARvPp. eqkn

4 Ip™m∏v

VII.8 aØ-®≥

_m¶nepw tPm¿Pv t]meo-knepw tPmen sNøp-∂p.

VIII .13 A∏-®≥ (ss]en)

Np¶-°p∂v HmWn-tb-en¬ amWn˛Gen-°p´n Zº-Xn-I-fpsS aIƒ adn- b sØ hnhmlw Ign®p. Xmakw t]cm- h q¿ ae- b m- º - S n- b n¬. Hº-Xp- a-°ƒ.

sImf-°mSv CS-hI tPmk^v ˛ A∂Ω Zº-Xn-If - psS aIƒ X¶Ω (tdmkΩ) sbbmWv A∏-®≥ hnhmlw Ign-®Xv. Ct∏mƒ {]apJ ]n.Uªyp.Un. tIm¨{Sm-IvS¿ BWv.

236

237

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

sNº-cØn IpSpw_w

A∏-®\pw IpSpw-_mw-K-ßfpw

amWnbpw IpSpw-_mw-K-ßfpw

VIII .13 A∏-®≥

VIII.17 amWn

(IX)

(IX)

1 kt¥mjv

2 k‘y

3 kwKoX

IX .14 k‘y (tacn) B.Sc (Nursing) tImgn-t°mSv Hcp {]apJ ss{]h‰v Bip-]-{Xn-bn¬ tkh\w sNøp∂p.

IX .15 kwKoX (B·kv) t\gvknwKv ]T\-Øn\v tijw Xe-t»-cn-

1 jnØmc

2 anYn≥

VIII.18 t‰man (tXmav) aØ-®s‚ aI≥ t‰man sIm´n-bq¿ CS-hI Ba-°mSv tXmav ˛ Nn∂Ω aIƒ tdmk-Ωsb hnhmlw sNbvXp. a°ƒ aq∂v. s^_n≥ (am-Xyp), Pn_n≥ (tXm-a-kv), F_n≥ (tPm¿Pv).

bn¬ tPmen sNøp∂p.

IX .16 kt¥mjv (amXyp) hnZym-`ym-km-\-¥cw Zp_m-bn¬ tPmen sNbvXp hcp∂p.

VIII.17 amWn aØ- ® s‚ c≠m- a sØ aI≥ amWn Xp≠n- b n¬ ]≈n If-∏p-c-bv°¬ tkhy¿˛Gen Zº-Xn-I-fpsS aIƒ sken (t{Xky) s\ hnhmlw sNbvXp. ]©m-bØv {]kn-U‚mbn Zo¿L-Imew {]ikvX ëít‰ma nbpw IpSpw-_mw-K-ßfpw

tkh-\-a-\p-jvTn®p. a°ƒ aq∂v 238

3 {IntÃm

239

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