Chapter02 Handouts
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- Pages: 8
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC
You Will Learn… z
About operating systems, what they are, and what they do
z
How an OS interfaces with users, applications, and hardware
z
How system resources help hardware and software communicate
Fifth Edition
Chapter 2
How Hardware and Software Work Together
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
Introducing Operating Systems
OS as a Middleman
z
Software that controls a computer
z
Acts as a middleman between applications and hardware
z
Two main internal components
Shell
Kernel
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
3
The Shell and the Kernel
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
4
Common Operating Systems z z z
z z z z A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
2
5
DOS Windows 9x Windows NT, Windows 2000, and Windows XP Unix Linux OS/2 Mac OS
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
6
1
What an Operating System Does
How an OS Provides a User Interface
z
Provides user interface
z
Command-driven interfaces
z
Stores, retrieves, and manipulates files and folders
z
Menu-driven interfaces
z
Icon-driven interfaces
z
Manages applications
z
Manages hardware
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
7
9
Tracks, Sectors, and Clusters
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
8
How an OS Manages Files and Folders
A Menu-Driven Interface
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
z
Uses file system (FAT or NTFS) to track how clusters are used for each stored file
z
Uses directories, subdirectories, and files
z
Uses partitions and logical drives on hard drive
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
10
Files and Directories
11
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
12
2
How an OS Manages Applications
Partitions and Logical Drives
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
13
Loading Application Software Using the Windows Desktop z
Shortcut icon
z
Start menu
z
Run command
z
Windows Explorer or My Computer
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
15
z
CPU processes 16 bits of data at one time
Software has “real” access to hardware
z
Manages data in memory and in secondary storage
z
Performs other background tasks
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
z
CPU processes 32 bits of data at one time
More than one program can be running, each one “protected” from others
z
Uses preemptive multitasking
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
16
16-bit software
Written for Windows 3.x
Accesses data 16 bits at a time
Programs should not infringe on resources of other programs that are running
Protected (32-bit) operating mode
14
16-Bit and 32-Bit Software
Real (16-bit) operating mode
Provides access to hardware resources
Using a Shortcut Icon to Load Software
Real and Protected Operating Modes z
z
32-bit software
17
Written for Windows 95 and later Windows OSs
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
18
3
How an OS Manages Hardware z
Uses device drivers or the BIOS (system BIOS, startup BIOS, or CMOS setup) to interface with hardware
z
Trend is to manage devices with device drivers rather than BIOS
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
19
How an OS Uses Device Drivers to Manage Hardware z
Device drivers provide OS with software necessary to control devices
z
16-bit read-mode drivers
z
How an OS Manages Hardware (continued)
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
20
How an OS Uses System BIOS to Manage Devices z
To communicate with simple devices (eg, floppy drives or keyboards)
z
To access the hard drive
Supported by Windows 95/98
32-bit protected-mode drivers
Supported by Windows 95/98, Windows Me, and Windows NT/2000/XP
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
21
Using System BIOS
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
22
Using System BIOS (continued)
23
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
24
4
System Resources
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
System Resources (continued)
25
System Bus Components
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
Depend on certain lines on a bus on motherboard
z
System bus components
Data bus carries data
Address bus communicates addresses (memory addresses and I/O addresses)
Control bus controls communication (IRQs and DMA channels)
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
26
Interrupt Request Number (IRQ)
27
Common Assignments for First Eight IRQs
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
z
z
Line on a bus that device needing service uses to alert the CPU
z
Managed by interrupt controller on motherboard
Early motherboards: eight IRQs
Second group of IRQs and second interrupt controller have been added to accommodate need for more devices
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
28
Second IRQ Controller
29
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
30
5
Viewing IRQ Assignments (continued)
Viewing IRQ Assignments z
Microsoft Diagnostic Utility (MSD) for DOS
z
Device Manager for Windows 2000/XP and Windows 9x
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
31
Viewing IRQ Assignments (continued)
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
Memory Addresses
33
Memory Addresses (continued)
z
Hexadecimal numbers assigned to RAM and ROM so the CPU can access both
z
Used to access physical memory
z
Often written in segment:offset form (eg, C800:5)
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
34
I/O Addresses z
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
32
35
Numbers CPU can use to access hardware devices
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
36
6
Common Assignments for I/O Addresses
I/O Addresses (continued)
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
37
Direct Memory Access (DMA) Channels z
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
38
DMA Channels
Shortcut method that lets an I/O device send data directly to memory, bypassing the CPU
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
39
OS Tools to Examine a System z
Device Manager
z
System Information utility
z
Microsoft Diagnostic Utility (MSD)
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
40
Device Manager z
41
Primary tool used to manage hardware devices under Windows 2000/XP and Windows 9x
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
42
7
Device Manager ( continued)
System Information Utility z
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
43
Using Windows System Information
BIOS version in use
Directory where OS is installed
How system resources are used
Information about drivers and their status
Additional information about software 44
Microsoft Diagnostic Utility (MSD)
45
Using MSD
Useful for viewing information about the system, including:
Memory
Video
Ports
Device drivers
System resources
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
46
Summary z
How hardware and software work together
z
Different operating systems
z
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
z
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
Gives similar, but more, information than Device Manager
47
What they do
How they work to control hardware devices
How an OS provides the interface that users and applications need to command and use hardware devices
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
48
8
You Will Learn… z
About operating systems, what they are, and what they do
z
How an OS interfaces with users, applications, and hardware
z
How system resources help hardware and software communicate
Fifth Edition
Chapter 2
How Hardware and Software Work Together
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
Introducing Operating Systems
OS as a Middleman
z
Software that controls a computer
z
Acts as a middleman between applications and hardware
z
Two main internal components
Shell
Kernel
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
3
The Shell and the Kernel
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
4
Common Operating Systems z z z
z z z z A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
2
5
DOS Windows 9x Windows NT, Windows 2000, and Windows XP Unix Linux OS/2 Mac OS
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
6
1
What an Operating System Does
How an OS Provides a User Interface
z
Provides user interface
z
Command-driven interfaces
z
Stores, retrieves, and manipulates files and folders
z
Menu-driven interfaces
z
Icon-driven interfaces
z
Manages applications
z
Manages hardware
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
7
9
Tracks, Sectors, and Clusters
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
8
How an OS Manages Files and Folders
A Menu-Driven Interface
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
z
Uses file system (FAT or NTFS) to track how clusters are used for each stored file
z
Uses directories, subdirectories, and files
z
Uses partitions and logical drives on hard drive
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
10
Files and Directories
11
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
12
2
How an OS Manages Applications
Partitions and Logical Drives
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
13
Loading Application Software Using the Windows Desktop z
Shortcut icon
z
Start menu
z
Run command
z
Windows Explorer or My Computer
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
15
z
CPU processes 16 bits of data at one time
Software has “real” access to hardware
z
Manages data in memory and in secondary storage
z
Performs other background tasks
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
z
CPU processes 32 bits of data at one time
More than one program can be running, each one “protected” from others
z
Uses preemptive multitasking
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
16
16-bit software
Written for Windows 3.x
Accesses data 16 bits at a time
Programs should not infringe on resources of other programs that are running
Protected (32-bit) operating mode
14
16-Bit and 32-Bit Software
Real (16-bit) operating mode
Provides access to hardware resources
Using a Shortcut Icon to Load Software
Real and Protected Operating Modes z
z
32-bit software
17
Written for Windows 95 and later Windows OSs
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
18
3
How an OS Manages Hardware z
Uses device drivers or the BIOS (system BIOS, startup BIOS, or CMOS setup) to interface with hardware
z
Trend is to manage devices with device drivers rather than BIOS
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
19
How an OS Uses Device Drivers to Manage Hardware z
Device drivers provide OS with software necessary to control devices
z
16-bit read-mode drivers
z
How an OS Manages Hardware (continued)
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
20
How an OS Uses System BIOS to Manage Devices z
To communicate with simple devices (eg, floppy drives or keyboards)
z
To access the hard drive
Supported by Windows 95/98
32-bit protected-mode drivers
Supported by Windows 95/98, Windows Me, and Windows NT/2000/XP
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
21
Using System BIOS
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
22
Using System BIOS (continued)
23
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
24
4
System Resources
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
System Resources (continued)
25
System Bus Components
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
Depend on certain lines on a bus on motherboard
z
System bus components
Data bus carries data
Address bus communicates addresses (memory addresses and I/O addresses)
Control bus controls communication (IRQs and DMA channels)
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
26
Interrupt Request Number (IRQ)
27
Common Assignments for First Eight IRQs
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
z
z
Line on a bus that device needing service uses to alert the CPU
z
Managed by interrupt controller on motherboard
Early motherboards: eight IRQs
Second group of IRQs and second interrupt controller have been added to accommodate need for more devices
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
28
Second IRQ Controller
29
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
30
5
Viewing IRQ Assignments (continued)
Viewing IRQ Assignments z
Microsoft Diagnostic Utility (MSD) for DOS
z
Device Manager for Windows 2000/XP and Windows 9x
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
31
Viewing IRQ Assignments (continued)
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
Memory Addresses
33
Memory Addresses (continued)
z
Hexadecimal numbers assigned to RAM and ROM so the CPU can access both
z
Used to access physical memory
z
Often written in segment:offset form (eg, C800:5)
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
34
I/O Addresses z
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
32
35
Numbers CPU can use to access hardware devices
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
36
6
Common Assignments for I/O Addresses
I/O Addresses (continued)
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
37
Direct Memory Access (DMA) Channels z
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
38
DMA Channels
Shortcut method that lets an I/O device send data directly to memory, bypassing the CPU
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
39
OS Tools to Examine a System z
Device Manager
z
System Information utility
z
Microsoft Diagnostic Utility (MSD)
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
40
Device Manager z
41
Primary tool used to manage hardware devices under Windows 2000/XP and Windows 9x
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
42
7
Device Manager ( continued)
System Information Utility z
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
43
Using Windows System Information
BIOS version in use
Directory where OS is installed
How system resources are used
Information about drivers and their status
Additional information about software 44
Microsoft Diagnostic Utility (MSD)
45
Using MSD
Useful for viewing information about the system, including:
Memory
Video
Ports
Device drivers
System resources
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
46
Summary z
How hardware and software work together
z
Different operating systems
z
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
z
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
Gives similar, but more, information than Device Manager
47
What they do
How they work to control hardware devices
How an OS provides the interface that users and applications need to command and use hardware devices
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition
48
8
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