Chapter 9-electronics(teacher's Guide)

JPN Pahang Teacher’s Guide

Physics Module Form 5 Chapter 9: Electronics

CHAPTER 9: ELECTRONICS 9. 1: USES OF THE CATHODE RAY OSCILLOSCOPE (C.R.O) 9.1.1: Thermionic Emission 1. What is Thermionic Emission? Thermionic Emission is the release of electrons from a heated metal cathode. ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 2. (a) Label the figure of a vacuum tube:

Figure 9.1

towards (b) The figure showselectrons ………… emitted are accelerated ………….. the anode by the high … potential difference ………………… between the cathode and anode. cathode ray (c) A beam of electrons moving at high speed in a vacuum is known as a ……………….. 3. Factors that influence the rate of thermionic emission Factor Effect on the rate of thermionic emission When the temperature of the cathode increases, increases, the the rate Temperature of the cathode rate of thermionic emission increases. of thermionic emission increases. A larger surface area of the cathodeincreases increasesthe therate of Surface area of the cathode larger surface area of the cathode rate of thermionic emission. thermionic emission. The rate of thermionic emission is is unchanged, unchanged, when when the Potential difference The rate of thermionic emission the potential difference increases, but emitted the emitted between the anode and potential difference increases, but the electrons electrons accelerate faster towards the anode. cathode. accelerate faster towards the anode. 9.1.2 Properties of Cathode Rays 1. List the four characteristics of the cathode rays. They are negatively charged particles. (i) …………………………………………………………………….. They travel in straight lines. (ii) ……………………………………………………………………. They possess momentum and kinetic energy. (iii) …………………………………………………………………… They are deflected by magnetic and electric field. (iv) ……………………………………………………………………

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Physics Module Form 5 Chapter 9: Electronics

Energy Change in A Cathode Ray

Figure 9.2

By using the principle of conservation of energy, , Maximum velocity of electron,

v = velocity of electron V = Potential difference between Anode and Cathode e = Charge on 1 electron = 1.6 x 10 -19 C m = mass of 1 electron = 9 x 10 -31 kg

1. In a cathode ray tube, an electron with kinetic energy of 1.32 × 10-14 J is accelerated. Calculate the potential difference, V between the cathode and the accelerating anode. [ e = 1.6 x 10 -19 C] Solution: 1 Kinetic energy = mv 2 = eV 2 -14 1.32 × 10 = 1.6 × 10−19V V = 8.25 × 104 V 2. In a vacuum tube, a cathode ray is produced and accelerated through a potential difference of 2.5kV. Calculate… (a) The initial electric potential energy of the cathode ray. (b) The maximum velocity of the electron. [ e = 1.6 x 10 -19 C; m= 9 x 10 -31 kg] Solution: (a) Electric potential energy = eV = 1.6 × 10 −19 × 2.5 × 10 3 = 4 × 10 −16 J (b)

1 2 mv = eV = 4 × 10 −16 2

v2 =

4 × 10−16 ×2 9 × 10− 31

v = 8.89 × 1014 = 2.98 × 107 ms-1

3. If the potential difference between the cathode and the anode in a CRO is 3.5 kV, calculate the maximum speed of the electron which hit the screen of CRO. [ e = 1.6 x 10 -19 C; m= 9 x 10 -31 kg] Solution:

1 2 mv = eV = 1.6 × 10 −19 × 3.5 × 10 3 = 5.6 × 10 −16 2 5.6 × 10 −16 v2 = × 2 = 1.24 × 1015 v = 1.24 × 1015 = 3.53 × 107 ms-1 −31 9 × 10

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Physics Module Form 5 Chapter 9: Electronics

9.1.3 Structure of the Cathode Ray Oscilloscope

1. Label all parts of Cathode Ray Oscilloscope below.

Focusing Anode X-plat

Cathode

Acceleration Anode

Filament

Fluorescent screen

Y-plat

Figure 9.3

2. Fill in the blank all components and its functions. Main part

Electron gun

Component Function Filament When a current passes through the filament, the filament becomes hot and heats up the cathode. Cathode

Emits electrons when it is hot.

Control Grid

 Control the number of electrons hitting the fluorescent screen.  Control the brightness of the spot on the screen. To focus the electrons onto the screen.

Focusing Anode Deflecting system

Fluorescent screen

Accelerating Anode Y-Plates

To accelerate the electrons to high speed.

X-Plates

To deflect the electron beam horizontally.

Glass surface coated with a fluorescent material.

To convert the kinetic energy of the electrons to heat and light energy when the electrons hit the screen.

To deflect the electron beam vertically.

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Physics Module Form 5 Chapter 9: Electronics

9.1.4 : The working Principle of the Cathode-Ray Oscilloscope. 1. Fill in the blank the structure of CRO.

Brightness Focus Y-shift

X-shift

Y-Gains

Figure 9.4

Time-base

Y-input

Earth

X-input

9.1.5 Uses of the CRO. 1. The uses of cathode-ray oscilloscope are: To measure a D.C or A.C voltage (a) ……………………………………….. To measure a short time intervals (b) ………………………………………. To display the waveform (c) ………………………………………. To measure a D.C voltage: The unknown voltage, V = (Y-gain) × h To measure a A.C voltage: Peak-to-peak voltage, Vpp = (Y-gains) × h 1 Peak voltage, Vp = (Y-gains) × (h) 2 1

Vp 2 Short time intervals, t = no. of divisions between two pulses × time-base value.

Effective voltage or root-mean-square voltage, Vr.m.s =

2. If the CRO in figure uses Y-gains of 1.5 Vcm-1, calculate the value of Vpp. Solution: V = 1.5 × 2.0 = 3.0 V

Figure 9.5 4

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Physics Module Form 5 Chapter 9: Electronics

3. The figure shows a trace on a CRO set at 5 Volt per division on the vertical axis. (a) What is the maximum voltage (peak voltage) indicated? Solution: 1 Peak voltage, Vp = (Y-gains) × (h) 2 1 V P = 5 V/div × × 4 divs Figure 9.6 2 V P = 10 V 4. Figure shows a trace on an oscilloscope for an a.c source. If the Y-gain is set to 1.5 Vcm-1 and the time-base is 2 ms cm-1. (a) Calculate the peak voltage,Vp of the a.c source. Solution: 1 V P = 1.5 Vcm -1 × × 4 cm 2 V P = 3.0 V

Figure 9.7

(b) Calculate the frequency, f of the a.c source. Solution: T = 4cm × 2 ms cm-1 1 T = 8 ms ∴f = = 125 Hz T (c) Sketch the trace displayed on the screen if the settings are changed to 1 Vcm-1 and 1 ms cm-1.

5. The diagram shows the trace on the screen of a CRO when an a.c voltage is connected to the Y-input. The Y-gain control is set at 2 V/div and the time base is off. Calculate the value of : (a) Peak-to-peak voltage, Vpp (b)Peak voltage, Vp. (c)Root-mean-square voltage, Vr.m.s Solution:

Figure 9.8 5

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Physics Module Form 5 Chapter 9: Electronics

(a) Peak-to-peak voltage, Vpp = (Y-gains) × h = 2V/div × 6 divs = 12 V (b) Peak voltage, Vp = 6 V 1 1 Vp = × 6 = 4.24 V (c) Vr.m.s = 2 2

10ms/div

6. When two claps are made close to a microphone which is the Y-input and earth terminals, both pulses will be displayed on the screen at a short interval apart as shown in figure below. Measure the time lapse between the two claps. Solution: Length between two pulses = 5 divs Time taken, t = 5 divs × 10 ms/div = 50 ms ∴Time interval = 0.05 s

5 divs

connected to Figure 9.9

7. Figure shows the trace displayed on the screen of a CRO with the time-base is set to 10 ms/div. What is the frequency, f of the wave? Solution: Distance for two complete wave = 2 divs ∴ Time taken = 2 divs ×10ms/div = 20 ms 1 1 ∴frequency, f = = = 50 Hz T 20 ms

Figure 9.10

8. An ultrasound signal is transmitted vertically down to the sea bed. Transmitted and reflected signals are input into an oscilloscope with a time base setting of 150 ms cm-1. The diagram shows the trace of the two signals on the screen of the oscilloscope. The speed of sound in water is 1200 ms-1. What is the depth of the sea? Solution: Time taken for ultrasonic waves to travel through a distance of 2 d = time between P and Q = 5 cm × 50 ms sm -1 = 250 ms = 0.25 s 2d Speed of ultrasonic waves, V = t 1200 × 0.25 Hance, d = = 150 m 2 9.2 SEMICONDUCTOR DIODES

Figure 9.11

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Physics Module Form 5 Chapter 9: Electronics

9.2.1 Properties of Semiconductors 1. Semiconductor is ………………………………………………………………………… a….. group of materials that can conduct better than insulators but not as good as metal conductors. ……………………………. 2. Give the examples of pure semiconductor: Silicon (a) …………………………… Germanium (b) …………………………... Selenium (c) …………………………… 9. What is the “doping” process? Doping is a process of adding a certain amount of other substances called dopants such …………………………………………………………………………………………… as Antimony and Boron to a semiconductor, to increase its conductivity. …………………………………………………………………………………………… …… 10. Base on the figure, complete the statement below. (a) n-type semiconductors

Figure 9.12 pentavalent Semiconductor like Silicon doped with ………………atoms such as …………… or phosphorusincreases …………. the number of free electron. The phosphorus atoms have … five four being used in the formation of covalent bonds. The ….. valence electrons, with …… fifth electron is free to move through the silicon. The silicon has ….……………… negative electrons ….. as majority charge-carriers and it thus known as an n-type semiconductor.

7 antimony

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Physics Module Form 5 Chapter 9: Electronics

(b) p-type semiconductors

Figure 9.13

trivalent Boron Semiconductor like Silicon doped with ……………….. atoms such as ………… three or indium has more positive holes. The Boron atoms have only …………. one valence electrons; hence ………. of the covalent bonds has a missing electron. This missing electron is called a ‘positive hole’. The majority charge-carriers in positive holes this semiconductor are the ………………. and this semiconductor is thus known as a p-type semiconductor. 9.2.2 The p-n junction (Semiconductor diode) 1. What is the function of semiconductor diode? The function of semiconductor diode is to allow current to flow through it in one direction …………………………………………………………………………………………… only. …………………………………………………………………………………………… …… 2. Label the p-n junction below and draw a symbol of the diode. p-type

n-type

Positive hole

Negative electron

p-n junction Figure 9.13 8

Symbol

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Physics Module Form 5 Chapter 9: Electronics

3. (a) Forward-biased positive terminal (i) In forward-bias, the p-type of the diode is connected to …………………. and the nnegative terminal type is connected to the …………………… of the battery. (ii)

Complete the diagram below to show the diode is in forward-bias.

-

+

The bulb is light up The bulb does not light up Figure 9.14 (iii)

Draw arrows

to show the current, electrons and holes flow in the diagram.

(b) Reverse-biased terminal , and the n(i) In reverse-bias, the p-type of the diode is connected to negative …………………. positive terminal type is connected to the …………………… of the battery. (ii)

Complete the diagram below to show the diode is in reverse-bias.

+

-

The bulb is light up The bulb does not light up  Figure 9.15 4.

Draw arrows

to show the current, electrons and holes flow in the diagram.

5. What the meaning of rectification? Rectification is a process to convert an alternating current into a direct current by using a diode. ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 9

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Physics Module Form 5 Chapter 9: Electronics

6. The figure shows a half-wave rectifier circuit that is connected to CRO. (i)

Sketch waveform of the voltages observed on the CRO screen when the timebase is on.

Figure 9.16 (ii)

Sketch waveform of the voltages observed on the CRO screen when a capacitor is connected in parallel across a resistor, R.

Figure 9.17 7. The figure shows a full-wave rectifier circuit that is connected to CRO. (i) Draw arrows to show the current flow in the first half cycle and to show the current flow in second half cycle in the diagram. (ii) Sketch the waveform of the voltages observed on the CRO screen when the time-base is on.

a

To CRO

Figure 9.18

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(iii)

Physics Module Form 5 Chapter 9: Electronics

Sketch waveform of the voltages observed on the CRO screen when a capacitor is connected in parallel across a resistor, R.

a

To CRO

Figure 9.19 8. What is the function of the capacitor? Acts as a current regulator or smoother. …………………………………………………………………………………………….... 9.3 TRANSISTOR 9. 3.1 Terminals of a Transistor. 1. What is a transistor? A……………………………………………………………………………………………… transistor is a silicon chip which has three terminals labeled as base, collector and emitter. 2. Draw and label the symbol of n-p-n transistor and p-n-p transistor. Collector, C Collector, C Base, B

Base, B

Emitter, E

Emitter, E

n-p-n transistor

p-n-p transistor

3. State the function for each terminal in a transistor. (a) The emitter, E : …………………………………………………………………… Acts as a source of charge carriers/ providing electrons to the collector. …………. (b) The base, B : Controls the movement of charge carriers (electrons) from the emitter (E) to the collector (C). ………………… …………………………………………………………… (c) The collector, C: Receives the charge carriers from the emitter (E) ………………………………………………………………………………...

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Physics Module Form 5 Chapter 9: Electronics

9.3.2 Transistor circuit 1. (a) Transistor circuit with 2 batteries.

BE CE

E1

current :Base …………………………………. Collector current : …………………………………. Limit the base current : …………………………………... Limit the collector current : …………………………………... Supply energy to the base circuit :Supply …………………………………... energy to collector circuit.

E2

divider :Potential …………………………………...

Rx

divider :Potential …………………………………...

Ry

: …………………………………...

Ib Ic

Ie

R1

Figure 9.20

R2

(b) Transistor circuit with 1 battery.

circuit :Base …………………………………. circuit :Collector ………………………………….

Remember: Ie = Ib + I c Ie > Ic > Ib

Ie

∆Ic >>>>∆Ib

Figure 9.21

No Ib, No Ic

2. The working circuit of a transistor used as a potential divider can be connected as shown in figure. The voltage across Rx and Ry can be calculated as follows.  Rx Vx =  R +R y  x

 V  

 Ry VY =  R +R y  x

12

 V  

JPN Pahang Teacher’s Guide

Physics Module Form 5 Chapter 9: Electronics

(a) Figure shows a transistor circuit. The bulb can be lighted up when potential difference, V across resistor P is 2V and resistance P is 10 kΩ. Calculate the maximum resistance, S so that the bulb is lighted up. Solution:  Rp  V Vp =  R +R  p  Bulb  s  10 × 10 3  6 V 2 V =  3  R + 10 × 10  s 

(

)

RS + 10 × 10 = 30000 RS = 20000 Ω = 20 kΩ 3

Figure 9.22 9.2.3 Transistor as an Automatic Switch. 1. Complete the statement below.

RX

Base voltage

IC

IB

Battery voltage RY

IE

Figure 9.23 The switching action is produced by using a potential divider. In a working circuit variable resistor shown in figure, a resistor, RX and a …………………………. are being used to form a zero potential divider. If the variable resistor is set to zero, the base voltage is ………. and off the transistor switches ………. However, if the resistance of the variable resistor is increases increased, the base voltage will……………. When the base voltage reached a certain minimum value, the base current, IB switches on the transistor. A large collector current, IC flows to light up the bulb. 2. What type of transistor is used in an automatic switch circuit? Transistor n-p-n ………………………………………………………………………………………………

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Physics Module Form 5 Chapter 9: Electronics

3. (a) Light Controlled Switch (i) Complete the statement below.

10 kΩ

R

IC 1kΩ

6V IE

LDR Figure 9.24 Figure shows a transistor-based circuit that functions as a light controlled switch. light-dependent resistor dark The ……………………….. (LDR) has a very high resistance in the …….… and a low bright light resistor resistor in ………………... R is a fixed ……………. The LDR and R form a potential divider in the circuit. low In bright light, the LDR has a very ………. resistance compared to R. Therefore, the base low to switch on the transistor. voltage of the transistor is too …….. In darkness, the resistance of the LDR is very large ……… and the voltage across the LDR is high ……… enough to switch on the transistor and thus lights up the bulb. This circuit can be on used to automatically switch …… the bulb at night. (ii) Complete the table below. Condition Daylight Darkness

RLDR low high

VLDR R VR high low high high low low Remember ∆Ic >>>>∆Ib

Transistor (ON or OFF) OFF ON

(iii) How can the circuit in figure be modified to switch on the light at daytime? The circuit can be modified by interchanging the positions of the LDR and resistor R. …………………………………………………………………………………………..

(b) A Heat-Controlled Switch 14

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Physics Module Form 5 Chapter 9: Electronics

(i) Complete the statement below.

Thermistor

Diode

Relay

RB Alarm

R Figure 9.25

Figure shows a transistor-based circuit that function as a heat controlled switch. thermistor high A ……………..is a special type of resistor. Its resistance becomes very ……… when it is drops cold. When the thermistor is heated, its resistance ………… rapidly. At room high temperature, the thermistor has a ………. resistance compared to R. Therefore, the base voltage of the transistor is too low to switch on the transistor. resistance When the thermistor is heated, its ……………. drops considerablely compared to R. base voltage on Therefore, the ……………., VB is high enough to switch ……. the transistor. When the on transistor is switch on, the relay switch is activated and the relay is switched ………. The circuit can also be used in a fire alarm system. (ii) What is the function of a diode is used in the heat-controlled circuit? To protect the transistor from being damaged by the large induced e.m.f in the relay coil ………………………………………………………………………………………….. when the collector current, IC drops to zero. ………………………………………………………………………………………….. (iii) Complete the table below. Temperature High Low

RThermistor VThermistor R VR high low low high high high low low Remember ∆Ic >>>>∆Ib

mA

9.2.4 Transistor as a Current Amplifier

IC

R2

1. Complete the statement below. µA

R

R1 15 IB IE

Transistor (ON or OFF) ON OFF

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Physics Module Form 5 Chapter 9: Electronics

Figure 9.26 A transistor functions as a current amplifier by allowing a small current to control a larger collector current current. The magnitude of the …………………., IC is primarily determined by the …… base current big small …………….., IB. A ……….. change in the base current, IB will cause a …….. change in the collector current, IC. The current amplification can be calculated as follows: Current Amplification =

∆I C ∆I B

2. Name the type of the transistor used. n-p-n transistor ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 3. What will happened to the readings of the miliammeter, mA and microammeter, µA when the resistance of R is reduced? The readings on miliammeter and microammeter increase. ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 4. A transistor is said to have two states, the ‘ON’ state and ‘OFF’ state. (a) Explain the meaning of the ‘ON’ state of a transistor. When a transistor is in the ‘ON’ state, currents flow in the base and in the collector circuit. ……………………………………………………………………………………… (b) Explain the meaning of the ‘OFF’ state of a transistor. When a transistor is in the ‘OFF’ state, there is no current in the base and in the collector ………………………………………………………………………………………… circuit. …………………………………………………………………………………… (c) What is the function of the rheostat, R? To change the base current. ……………………………………………………………………………………… (d) What is the function of the resistor, S? To control and limit the base current. ……………………………………………………………………………………… 9.4 Logic Gates 9.4.1 Analysing Logic gates

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Physics Module Form 5 Chapter 9: Electronics

1. What is a logic gate? A switching circuit that is applied in computer and other electronic devices. ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 2. Complete the table below. Gates

Symbol

Truth table Input A 0 0 1 1

A Y

AND gate B

B 0 1 0 1

Output Y 0 0 0 1

B 0 1 0 1

Output Y 0 1 1 1

Input A 0 0 1 1

OR gate

A Y

Input A 0 1

B

NOT gate

A

Y

17

Output Y 1 0

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Physics Module Form 5 Chapter 9: Electronics

Input NAND

A 0 0 1 1

A

gate

Y B

B 0 1 0 1

Output Y 1 1 1 0

B 0 1 0 1

Output Y 1 0 0 0

Input

NOR gate

A 0 0 1 1

A Y B

9.4.2 Combinations of logic Gates 1. Find the output Y for each combination of logic gates. A

0011

P

1100 Y

B Figure 9.27

0101 The truth table:

Input A 0 0 1 1

Output B 0 1 0 1

P 1 1 0 0

2. 0011

P 18

Y 0 1 0 0

0100

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Physics Module Form 5 Chapter 9: Electronics

A

1100 Y

B

1010

Q 0101

1000

Figure 9.28

The truth table:

Input A 0 0 1 1

B 0 1 0 1

P 1 1 0 0

Output Q 1 0 1 0

Y 1 0 0 0

3.

0011 A B 0101 The truth table:

0001

X

Figure 9.29

B

1010

19

Y

0100

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Physics Module Form 5 Chapter 9: Electronics

Input A 0 0 1 1

B 0 1 0 1

Output Q 0 1 1 1

P 1 1 1 0

Y 0 1 1 0

4.

A

0011

P 1110

Figure 9.30

The truth table: B 0101

0110

0111

Q

Input A 0 0 1 1

Y

B 0 1 0 1

B 1 0 1 0

20

Output X 0 0 0 1

Y 0 1 0 0

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Physics Module Form 5 Chapter 9: Electronics

5.

R

P

S

Q Q Figure 9.31

The truth table:

6. Figure shows a logic gate system which switches on an air-conditioner automatically. Input J Light detector Input P 1 0 1 0

Heat detector

Q 0 1 1 0

Input K

R 1 1 0 1

Output L Q 1 0 0 1

Figure 9.32

Keys: The light detector (Input J):

In the day,

21

logic “1”.

Air-conditioner S 1 0 0 1

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Physics Module Form 5 Chapter 9: Electronics

At night,

logic “0”.

The heat detector (Input K): Hot, Cool

logic “1”. logic “0”.

(a) Complete the truth table below:

(b) Based on the truth table in (a), state the conditions in which the air-conditioner conditions in which the air-conditioner will operate and function normally. - On a hot day or daytime – On a hot night Input Output J K L 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1

………… ………… ………… ………… …………

…………………………………………

Reinforcement Chapter 9 Part A: Objective questions

B. It travels in a straight line. C. It can be deflected by magnetic field. D. It can be deflected by electric field.

1. Which of the following is not a property of cathode rays? A. It is positively charged. 22

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2.

Physics Module Form 5 Chapter 9: Electronics

Cathode rays consists of A. Fluorescent particles B. Light rays from a screen C. Beams of fast moving particles D. Light rays from hot filament

B. The number of the holes are more than the number of electrons. C. The number of the holes are less than the number of electrons. 6. Which of the following is not true about diode? A. It can be used to rectify alternating current. B. It can only conduct electricity when it is connected in forward in forward bias in a circuit. C. It is formed by joining an n-type and a p-type semiconductor. D. The majority charge carriers in the diode are electrons.

3. A beam of electrons is being deflected due to a potential difference between plates P and Q. P Figure 9.33 Q Which of the following statements is not true? A. The potential at plate P is positive. B. The deflection would be greater if the potential difference is greater. C. The deflection would be greater if the electrons are moving faster. D. The electron beam will return to straight line if a suitable magnetic field is applied between the plates.

7. The figure 9. 35 shows the arrangement of silicon atoms after an atom P is doped to form an extrinsic semiconductor. Figure 9.35

4. The figure 9.34 shows the trace displayed on a CRO with the Y-gain control is turned to 3.75 V/div. What is the maximum value of the potential difference being measured?

Which of the following is not true? A. The conductivity of the semiconductor increases. B. The semiconductor becomes an ntype. C. The majority charge carrier is electron. D. Atom P is a trivalent atom.

Figure 9.34

A. B. C. D. E.

8. The figure 9.36 shows a rectifier circuit. Which of the following statements is true? P

2.5 V 5.5 V 7.5 V 12.5 V 15.0 V

Q

5. In p-type semiconductor A. The number of holes are equal to the number of electrons.

Figure 9.36

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Physics Module Form 5 Chapter 9: Electronics

A. A rectifier changes d.c to a.c. B. Device P allows current to flow in any directions. C. Device Q acts as a rectifier. D. The rectifier circuit would still work if device P is reversed.

IB, emitter current, IE and collector current, IC?

9. The figure 9.37 shows a circuit consisting of two diodes and a bulb. When the switch is on, the bulb does not light up. What needs to be done to light up the bulb? Figure 9.37

A. B. C. D.

Replace the diode with a new one. Reverse the connection of the diode. Increase the number of bulbs. Connect a resistor in series with the bulb.

10.

Figure 9.38 Figure 9.38 shows four identical bulbs, P, Q, R and S, and four electronic components connected in a circuit. Which of the following bulbs will light up continuously when the switch is on? A. P and Q only B. P, Q and R only C. R and S only D. P, Q and S only

12. Which of the following statements about a transistor is not true? A. A transistor can act as an amplifier B. A transistor can act as a relay switch. C. The function of a transistor is the same as that of two diodes. D. A transistor is a combination of two types of semiconductors.

11. Which of the following circuits shows the connect directions of the base current

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Physics Module Form 5 Chapter 9: Electronics

C. 5 kΩ D. 6 kΩ E. 7 kΩ

Figure 9.39

16. The figure 9. 42 shows a transistor circuit being used to amplify sound. 13. What is the function of the transistor circuit shown in figure 9.39? A. As an amplifier B. As a rectifier C. As a switch device D. As a modulator

M-microphone C- Capacitor S- speaker

14. The figure 9.40 shows a transistor being used as a current amplifier. IB

Figure 9.42 Which of the following is not correct about the circuit? A. T is an npn transistor B. The capasitor prevents d.c current but allows a.c current to pass through it. C. Speaker amplifies the sound. D. R1 and R2 act as potential divider.

IC

Figure 9.40 Which of the following is correct? A. IB > IC B. IB = IC C. IB < IC

17. The figure 9.43 shows a logic gate circuit with input signals, X and Y.

15. Figure 9.41 shows a circuit consisting of a transistor which acts as an automatic switch. When the potential difference across the thermistor is 3 V and the resistance of the thermistor is 1000 Ω, the resistance value of resistor, R is ..

Figure 9.43 Which of the following is the output signal?

18. The figure 9.44 shows a logic gate circuit. Figure 9.41

Figure 9.43

A. 3 kΩ B. 4 kΩ

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Physics Module Form 5 Chapter 9: Electronics

Which of the following is the output signal Z? A. 0110 B. 1010 C. 1110 D. 0101

20. The figure 9. 45 shows a combination of three logic gates in a logic circuit. When inputs P and Q are both 1 output Y is 1. P Q

J

19. The figure 9.44 shows the combination of three logic gates.

K

Y

Figure 9.45 Figure 9.44

Which of the following logic gates can be used to represent J and K?

The truth table for the combination of tree logic gates is as follows. What is gate X? A. AND B. NOR C. OR D. NAND

A. B. C. D.

J AND NAND OR NOR

K NOR NOR AND AND

Part B: Structured Questions. 1. Figure 9.46 shows a trace obtained on an oscilloscope screen when an a.c voltage is connected to the Y-plates of an oscilloscope.

Figure 9.46

Scale: 1 division = 1 cm The Y-gain is set at 3 V/cm The time base is set at 5 ms/cm

(a) Explain what is meant by thermionic emission. Emission of electrons from the surface of a metal by heat. ……………………………………………………………………………………………… (b) Determine the peak voltage of a.c voltage. 2 x 3 = 6V ……………………………………………………………………………………………… (c) Determine the time for one complete oscillation on the screen. 2 x 5 = 10 ms ……………………………………………………………………………………………… (d) What is the frequency of the a.c voltage? f =1/T=50 Hz ………………………………………………………………………………………………

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Physics Module Form 5 Chapter 9: Electronics

(e) With the same a.c voltage applied to the oscilloscope, the time-base setting is altered to 2.5 ms/cm and the Y-gain setting is altered to 2 V/cm. On the space below, sketch the new trace would appear on the oscilloscope.

2. Figure 9. 47 shows a full wave bridge rectifier. The a.c supply has a frequency of 50 Hz.

Figure 9.47

(a) When the polarity of the a.c supply voltage is positive at A, state the two diodes which are forward biased. D1 and D3 ………………………………………………………………………………………….. (b) When the polarity of the a.c supply voltage is negative at A, state the two diodes which are forward biased. D2 and D4 …………………………………………………………………………………………… (c) Using the axes in figure 9.48, sketch the voltage-time graph across the resistor, R. Voltage/V Time/ms

Figure 9.48

(d) On the figure 9.49, sketch the voltage-time graph across the resistor if a capacitor is connected across the resistor if a capacitor is connected across the resistor R parallel with the resistor.

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Physics Module Form 5 Chapter 9: Electronics

Voltage/V Figure 9.49

Time/ms

(e) Explain how the capacitor causes the voltage across the resistor to vary with time in the way that you have drawn. The charging of the capacitor by the power supply and the discharging of the capacitor ……………………………………………………………………………………………… through the resistor will smooth the output. ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 3. A student wants to build a simple lift motor control system which operates using two buttons, A and B for a two-storey building. A: Up button B: Down button The lift motor only activates when someone presses any one of the buttons. Figure 9.50 shows the circuit that can be used to activate the motor. 12 V

Logic gate A X

B

240 V

Relay switch 0V

Figure 9.50

Keys: Buttons A and B : X Output

:

When pressed, logic “1” Not pressed, logic ”0” Motor is activated, logic “1”

(a) The truth table below shows the operations of the logic gates in a lift motor control system.

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Motor

JPN Pahang Teacher’s Guide

Physics Module Form 5 Chapter 9: Electronics

Input A B 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 keys given, complete the truth table.

Output X 0 1 1 0

(i)

Us ing the

(ii)

Name the logic gate in the circuit in the figure 9.50. AND Gate …………………………………………………………………………………

(iii)

In the space below, draw the logic gate symbol in 3(a)(ii).

(b) Why is a relay switch needed in the circuit? Activates large current in the main secondary circuit supply// small current at …………………………………………………………………………………………… the output cannot activate the motor. …………………………………………………………………………………………… …… (c) The door of the lift is fitted with a light transmitter and a detector which is a light dependent resistor, LDR. If the light dependent resistor detects light, the relay switch is activated and the lift door will close. Figure 9.51 shows an electronic circuit for the control system of the lift door.

Figure 9.51 240 V

R

(i)

Motor

State the relationship between the resistance and the intensity of light received by the light dependent resistor, LDR. The higher the light intensity, the lower the resistance of the resistor.

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Physics Module Form 5 Chapter 9: Electronics

………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………… (ii)

Complete the circuit in figure 9.51 by drawing the resistor and the light dependent resistor using the symbols given below.

Resistor

(iii)

Light dependent resistor

Explain how the circuit functions. – High light intensity produces lower resistance and high base voltage ………………………………………………………………………………… - A bigger base current flows and activates the transistor ………………………………………………………………………………… - A big collector current flows through the relay switch and activates the ………………………………………………………………………………… circuit of the door motor. ………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………

Part C: Essay Questions 1.

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JPN Pahang Teacher’s Guide

Physics Module Form 5 Chapter 9: Electronics

(a) The diode, bulb and battery in circuit X and circuit Y of figures 9.52 and 9.53 are identical.

Figure 9.52 (i) (ii) (iii)

Figure 9.53

What is meant by a direct current and an alternating current? [2 marks] Using Figures 9.52 and figure 9.53, compare the connection of the diodes and the conditions of the bulbs. Relating the connection of the diodes and the conditions of the bulbs, deduce the function of a diode. [5 marks] State the use of a diode. [1 mark]

(b) A semiconductor diode is made by joining a p-type semiconductor with a n-type semiconductor. Describe and explain the production and the characteristics of a p-type semiconductor and a n-type semiconductor. [4 marks] 2. Figure 9.55 shows four circuits W, X, Y and Z, each has an ideal transformer and the circuit are used for the purpose of rectification.

Circuit W

Circuit Y

Circuit X

(i) (ii)

Circuit Z

What is meant by rectification? Explain the working principle of a transformer. 31

[1mark] [3 marks]

JPN Pahang Teacher’s Guide

(iii)

Physics Module Form 5 Chapter 9: Electronics

You are asked to make a 12 V battery charger. Study the circuits W, X, Y and Z in figures 9.55 and consider the following aspects: • Type of transformer • The number of turns in the primary coil and in the secondary coil. • Type of rectification • Characteristics of output current Explain the suitability of the above aspects and hence, determine the most suitable circuit to make the battery charge. [6 marks]

3. A student carries out an experiment to determine the relationship between the collector current IC to the base current IB of a transistor. R1 = 1kΩ A2 R2 = 2kΩ

R2 = 56kΩ

IC A1

IB

6V

T

Figure 9.56 Transistor T is connected to fixed resistor R1 =1kΩ and R2 = 56 kΩ and a rheostat R3 as 3 of 6 V to the transistor circuit. 2 shown in figure 9.56. The battery supplies a voltage Rheostat R3 is adjusted until A1 is 10 µA. The 1 the current IB detected by microammeter 4 collector current, IC recorded by miliammeter A2 is shown in figure 9.57(a). 5

0

mA

(a) IB = 10µA Rheostat R3 is then adjusted to lower value so that microammeter A1 gives IB = 20 µA, 30 µ A, 40 µA, 50 µA and 60 µA. The corresponding readings of IC on miliammeter, A2 are shown in figure 9.57(b), 9.57(c), 9.57(d), 9.57(e) and 9.57(f). 31 32

JPN Pahang Teacher’s Guide

Physics Module Form 5 Chapter 9: Electronics

3

2

3

2

1

4

1

4

mA

mA

0

5

0

5

(b) IB = 20µA

(b) IB = 30µA

3

2

3

2

1

1

4

4

mA

mA 0

0

(c) IB = 40µA

5

5

2 1

3

(d) IB = 50µA 4

0

mA

(e) IB = 60µA

(a) For the experiment described identify… (i) (ii)

The base current, IB the manipulated variable :32..……………………………… The collector current, IC the responding variable : ……………………………….. The supply voltage 33

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JPN Pahang Teacher’s Guide

Physics Module Form 5 Chapter 9: Electronics

(iii)

the fixed variable

: ………………………………..

(b) From the figure in 9.57, record the collector current, IC when IB = 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60µ A. Tabulate your results for IB and IC in the space given below. IC/mA 0.8 1.6 2.4 3.1 3.9 4.8

IB/µA 10 20 30 40 50 60 (c) On a graph paper, draw a graph of IC against IB.

(d) Based on your graph, determine the relationship between IC and IB. Ic is directly proportional to IB ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 4. Figure 9.58 shows a microphone connected to a power amplifier. When the microphone has detected a sound, an amplified sound is given out through the loudspeaker. The sound becomes louder if the volume of the amplifier is turned on to increase the power. Power amplifier

loudspeaker

Volume control

Microphone Figure 9.58

Using the information based on the observation of the brightness of the bulbs, (a) Make one suitable inference. (b) State one appropriate hypothesis that could be investigated. (c) Design an experiment to investigate the hypothesis stated in (b). Choose suitable apparatus such as a diode, rheostat and others. In your description, state clearly the following:

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Physics Module Form 5 Chapter 9: Electronics

(i) Aim of the experiment, (ii) Variables in the experiment, (iii) List of apparatus and materials, (iv) Arrangement of the apparatus, Scheme Part (v) : No. 4 The procedure of the experiment, which includes the method of controlling (a) Inference : The of thevariable output signal the amplifier dependsthe onresponding the input current of the thestrength manipulated and theofmethod of measuring amplifier. variable, (b) Hypothesis: thewould input current andata, amplifier circuit, the larger the output current. (vi) The Thelarger way you tabulateinthe (c) (i) Aim: To determine between base current and collector current of a transistor (vii) That waythe yourelationship would analyse the data. amplifier circuit. (ii) Manipulated variable: Base current, IB Responding variable : Collector current, IC Fixed variable : Supply voltage (iii) Apparatus and materials: npn transistor, 2 batteries, microammeter, miliammeter, rheostat, connecting wires. (iv) Functional arrangement of apparatus. mA

Battery

µA

R Battery

(v)- The rheostat is adjusted until the readings of microammeter for base current, IB = 25 µA. - The readings of the miliammeter for collector current, IC is recorded. - The steps are repeated for the values of microammeter, IB = 50, 75,100,125µA. (vi) Tabulation of data: IB/µA 25.0 50.0 75.0 100.0 125.0

IC/mA

(vii) Plot a graph of IB against IC IB/µA

35 IC/mA

JPN Pahang Teacher’s Guide

Physics Module Form 5 Chapter 9: Electronics

Scheme Part C : No. 1 (a) (i) – In a direct current, the current flows in one direction only. - In a alternating current, the current changes reverses it direction periodically. (ii) - Circuit X : the diode is forward biased, the bulb is lighted. - Circuit Y : the diode is reversed biased, the bulb is not lighted. - Function of a diode: Diode only allows current to flow in one direction only. (b)

– A p-type semiconductor is produced by adding trivalent impurity material such as boron or gallium to silicon. - In a p-type semiconductor, majority of the charge carriers are the positive holes. - A n-type semiconductor is produced by adding pentavalent impurity material such as phosphorus or arsenic to silicon. - In a n-type semiconductor, majority of the charge carriers are the free electrons.

Scheme Part C : No. 2 (i) Rectification is a process of converting alternating current to direct current. (ii) -When an alternating current flows in the primary coil, a changing magnetic field is produced. - The changing magnetic field is linked to the secondary coil through the laminated iron core. - As a result, a secondary coil is in a changing magnetic field, this procedures an induced e.m.f at the two ends of secondary coil. (iii) -It must be a step-down transformer to step down the voltage from 240 V to 12 V. -The ratio: The number of turns in the secondary coil 12 1 = = The number of turns in the primary coil 240 20 -

A full-wave rectification is better than a half-wave rectification, because a half-wave rectification loses half the input power as heat. A smoothing capacitor is required to change the pulsating d.c to a constant d.c. The most suitable circuit to be used is circuit Z. 36

JPN Pahang Teacher’s Guide

Physics Module Form 5 Chapter 9: Electronics

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