Chapter 3.docx

Chapter 3 Methodology The researchers began to study and research the project design where it went with specific trials and preparing on how the project design was made conceivable. The researcher will use the method of collecting data through the use of collecting important and useful data for the study since it aims to improve and prove facts connected to the research. Through this method, information can be gathered on a systematic basis in order to increase the knowledge of the researcher. To be able to support theorems, or develop new theories from the perceptions and suggestions of the respondents that will be a great contribution to the study. The researchers will gather information about the related designs of the prototype from the different people who have knowledge on the actual prototype. Researchers will make an interview to ask some questions about the different materials, equipment to be used and right ideas to be gathered. This will help for the research and development of methods and systems for the advancement of researchers' knowledge. The consultation will be conducted to extract some data about the possible design of the proposed project. People that are well known will also ask regarding for their ideas and opinions for the said study. Secondary data will be obtained from chosen articles and related literature from books, journals, and internet. Local studies will be gathered from colleges and universities. Foreign studies will be gathered internationally through the use of the internet. 3.1 General design of the system

As previously stated, a three-phase system can be analyzed by detecting and locating the magnetic field intensities through utilization of current sensors. In order to better understand how the electrical fault detector will operate and be used for detecting a fault in a transmission line, a basic fault detection process flowchart and block diagram of the electrical fault detector is presented here. The magnetic field which is recognized by the current sensors will change in view of the design of the conductors. Since the magnetic field-based fault detector ought to have the capacity to be utilized as a part of an assortment of circumstances, it is basic to pick up a comprehension of its performance for a few conductor configurations.

3.2 Project Overview The project is about developing and prototyping an Electrical Fault Detector system which detects transmission line faults in real-time monitoring that detects and locates faults and sends an information of detected fault, type of fault, location of fault occurred and time of fault occurrence in a mobile device. The power supply of the system is a three-phase 230V AC power. Current Sensors detects the magnetic field around the three phase conductors. The supply of the interconnected circuits inside the system is transformed into 12V DC low voltage supply by a step-down transformer connected to the three phase supply. A Battery Management System

(BMS) is included in the design of the system for backup power supply when power in the transmission line is out in the event of fault occurrence. In connection with the BMS, a Li-ion Battery 3s/20mah is needed for the storage of the stored power. The BMS and the battery are connected into a Voltage Regulator. This is to regulate the power source that the interconnected circuits needed. The voltage regulator regulates the supply voltage flowing through Relay Driver of relays for the transmission line. This is also used to protect the whole system to a sudden change in voltage in the transmission line which the system is connected into. The current sensor senses the flowing current in the transmission line and sends the acquired measurements in the processor. The PIC18F4550 is the Main Control Unit of the system. It processes the components in the system into their respective functions in the operation of the electrical fault detector. An Analog to Digital Converter (ADC) ports is used in the system. The ADC turns the analog reading of current sensors into a digital value. This digital value is processed by the Main Control Unit. A 3x4 keypad and 3x4 keypad driver are used to set and control the input parameters in the system and display an output of the processed parameters into the 4x20 LCD Display. Real Time Clock (RTC) module is installed for recording real-time operation and detection of faults. Global System for Mobile communication (GSM) is a digital mobile telephony used for the detector to communicate to the operator of the fault detector. It sends the acquired data like a type of fault, location of fault and time of fault occurrence in a mobile device of the operator.

Global Positioning System (GPS) a space-based navigation system that provides location and time information in the condition of the electrical fault detector is used to locate the position of the fault. Buzzer and Light Emitting Diode (LED) indicator are used for indicating the state of the device while it’s operating. 3.3 Descriptive Definition of the Prototype This Electrical Fault Detector is a kind of device that detects and locates a fault event in the transmission lines. For power source its consist a Three Phase 230V AC supply, Main Switch, Step-Down Transformer, Battery Management System (BMS), Li-ion Battery 3s/20mah and a Voltage Regulator. For Fault Detection, it uses Relay Driver, Relays for transmission lines and Current Sensors. An ADC Ports, Voltage Divider, 3x4 keypad Driver and a 3x4 keypad for the input parameters. RTC Module, GSM Module, and GPS Module are used for the real-time fault detection and location. 4x20 LCD Display, Buzzer and LED Indicator are used for indicating the state of the device. PIC18F4550 Microcontroller is the main control unit of the all input and output components of the device. It tends to detect abnormalities in terms of current in a conductor with the use of a microcontroller. Fault detectors like Remote Controlled Line Switch have a master station to where it sends its information. This device functions in two ways, it can be interfaced in a master station and it is upgraded to a device that can be used by a roaming operator by utilizing a mobile phone. An additional upgrade is that it can select a recipient from multiple selections by the function of an input component for the input parameters.

3.4 Fault Detection Process Flow Chart

Figure 3.4 Fault detection process flow chart

3.5 Block Diagram

Figure 3.5 Block diagram The fault detection flowchart shows a process flowchart of electrical fault detector for detecting faults in the transmission lines. The first operation that the device would perform is monitoring of transmission lines. Monitoring of transmission lines consists of voltage measurement and current measurement. After monitoring the voltage and current values, the current sensor will detect sudden changes in the magnetic field present in the flow of current in

a conductor. A high current is suddenly produced when a fault has occurred. Any abnormality in the flow of current in a conductor is considered as a fault.

3.6 Project development system flow To achieve project objective time management is to be taken care of seriously from the very beginning. The first step is to project in several part or task that has to be performed. This process should be completed before the implementation of the project. For the proposed project, it is necessary to create a time plan be setting the objective and then subdividing them into the manageable sequence with a deadline attached to it. The first step for the researcher is to identify how to perform the specific schedule activity to be performed & time period needed to complete that activity.

The researcher must be aware of all the task need to be carried out to achieve the objective. The amount of time each task will take to complete should also be estimated clearly. The next step is to decide which work is most important and set the priorities accordingly.

3.7 Project development flow chart

Figure 3.7 General flow chart of the study