Chapter 1 - Chapter 2
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TERMS DEFINITION
WORD Technology Chemistry Matter Volume Mass Weight Properties Structure Laws/ Principles
Application of science to improve the quality of life The branch of science that deals with matter, its properties, changes ,composition and laws or principles governing the changes Anything that occupies space and has mass Other word for space Amount of matter present in an object (kg, g, mg, lb, oz) Gravitational pull acting on an object (N, dyne) Characteristics/ qualities Arrangement of matter Explanation to the changes
IMPORTANCE OF CHEMISTRY •
We need to study Chemistry because we and the environment are matter ant to familiarize the matter around us
BRANCHES OF CHEMISTRY BRANCH OF CHEMISTRY Biochemistry Analytical Chemistry Organic Chemistry Inorganic Chemistry Physical Chemistry General Chemistry
DEFINITION Study of organic compounds where humans are made of Analysis of the composition of substances/ materials Study of carbon and its compounds Study of non carbon containing compounds Deals with the energy changes happening in chemical reactions Basic concepts of chemistry
STATES OF MATTER Solid Liquid Gas
Molecules are compress Molecules are slightly apart Molecules are far from each other
Plasma
A form of gas
Bose-Enstein Condensate
A form of liquid
Has definite shape Only occupies the shape of the container Composed of energy charged particles Produced only in a temperature near absolute zero
SCIENTIFIC METHOD •
Systematic way of finding answers in a problem
STEPS 1. Know the problem 2. Making observation 3. Making hypothesis 4. Test the hypothesis through experimentation 5. Analyze the data gathered 6. Make a conclusion
SCIENTIFIC ATTITUDES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
Keen observer/ Curiosity Open-mindness/ Objectivity Resourcefulness Intellectual Honesty Patience/ Perseverance Humility Acceptance of failure Healthy skepticism
PROPERTIES OF MATTER PROPERTY
DEFINITION
Chemical Properties
Can be observed/ measured only after a matter underwent a change in composition
EXAMPLE
Physical Properties
Can be observed/ measured even without the matter undergoing a change in composition
• • •
combustibility chemical reactivity rusting formation
•
5 senses
TYPES OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Extensive/ extrinsic
Properties that depend on the amount of matter present
Intensive/ intrinsic
Properties that depend on the kind of matter present
• • • • • • •
Mass Volume Taste Odor Density Boiling point Elasticity
• • • • • • • •
Breaking Melting Freezing Grinding Rusting Decomposition Cooking Digestion
CHANGES IN MATTER CHANGE
DEFINITION
EXAMPLE
Physical Change
Changes that do not alter the composition of substance
Chemical Change
Changes in the composition of substances to form a new substance
PHASE CHANGES Melting Evaporation Sublimation Freezing Condensation Deposition
Solid to liquid Liquid to gas Solid to gas Liquid to solid (solidification) Gas to solid
Heat is absorbed by the matter
Heat is released by the matter
CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER
(Classified according to composition) •
Pure substance o A matter that is composed of only one king of particle KINDS OF PARTICLES o Atoms o Molecules o Ions KINDS OF PURE SUBSTANCES o Elements – Periodic Table Simplest form of matter Made up of only one kind of atom or molecule KINDS OF ELEMENTS Metals • Good conductors of heat and electricity, dense, high melting point, shiny surfaces, malleable, ductile, sonorous Non Metals • Brittle, good insulators, dull, not sonorous, low densities, low tensile strenghts Metalloids • Show the characteristics of metal and non metal o
Compounds Formed when 2 or more elements combined chemically in fixed proportions CLASSIFICATION OF COMPOUNDS According to Composition • Organic – C6H12O6 , CH4 o with carbon
•
Inorganic – NaCl , H2O , H2 , SO4 o without carbon According to Chemical Bond • Ionic – M + NM , ENaCI o Ionic bond is present
• •
Covalent – NM + NM , H2O o Covalent bond is present
Mixture o Composed of 2 or more substances that combined physically in variable proportions CLASSIFICATION OF MIXTURE (According to number of phases)
o
o
Homogenous/ Solutions – sea water, air Single-phased mixtures All the parts are identical Heterogeneous – Salad, soup, garbage Mixtures consisting of 2 or more phases With parts that are dissimilar KINDS OF HETEROGENEOUS Suspension • The suspended particles can be seen and are large to be trapped in a filter Colloid • Mixture with particles bigger than the particles of a solution but smaller than those of a suspension Coarse Mixture • The particles can be separated mechanically
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN COMPOUND AND MIXTURE COMPOUND MIXTURE • • • •
Fixed proportion Cant be separated by ordinary physical means Chemically combined Can be expressed in formulas
• • • •
Variable proportion Cant be separated by ordinary physical means Physically combined Cant be express in formulas
METHODS OF SEPARATING MIXTURES •
•
• • • •
•
• •
Filtration o The pouring of the mixture through a piece of paper (filter paper) which lets the liquid (filtrate) pass through but catches the solid (residue) Flotation o The removal of suspended particles either by sedimentation or coagulation o Used in mining to separate precious metals/ minerals from impurities Distillation o Makes use of the differences in boiling points (evaporation and condensation). The gas is then condensed back to a liquid (distillate) Decantation o The pouring of the liquid from a mixture to separate the liquid (decante) from the solid particles Crystallization o Occurs when simple sea water is allowed to evaporate Centrifugation o The settling of tiny suspended particles using a centrifuge. Tis hastens the settling of the precipitate in a suspension. Centrifugate • The liquid that comes from centrifugation Chromatography o A solution ca nbe separated by allowing it to flow along a stationary substance o Uses the different degrees of adsorption of the components to a stationary substance KINDS OF CHROMATOGRAPHY Paper Chromatography Column Chromatography Magnetism o Used to separate a metal from a non metal Mechanical Spearation o Use machines to separate mixtures
EVIDENCE OF CHEMICAL CHANGE 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Change in color, taste, odor formation of a new substance evolution of gas production of heat and light formation of precipitate production of sound and mechanical energy
WORD Technology Chemistry Matter Volume Mass Weight Properties Structure Laws/ Principles
Application of science to improve the quality of life The branch of science that deals with matter, its properties, changes ,composition and laws or principles governing the changes Anything that occupies space and has mass Other word for space Amount of matter present in an object (kg, g, mg, lb, oz) Gravitational pull acting on an object (N, dyne) Characteristics/ qualities Arrangement of matter Explanation to the changes
IMPORTANCE OF CHEMISTRY •
We need to study Chemistry because we and the environment are matter ant to familiarize the matter around us
BRANCHES OF CHEMISTRY BRANCH OF CHEMISTRY Biochemistry Analytical Chemistry Organic Chemistry Inorganic Chemistry Physical Chemistry General Chemistry
DEFINITION Study of organic compounds where humans are made of Analysis of the composition of substances/ materials Study of carbon and its compounds Study of non carbon containing compounds Deals with the energy changes happening in chemical reactions Basic concepts of chemistry
STATES OF MATTER Solid Liquid Gas
Molecules are compress Molecules are slightly apart Molecules are far from each other
Plasma
A form of gas
Bose-Enstein Condensate
A form of liquid
Has definite shape Only occupies the shape of the container Composed of energy charged particles Produced only in a temperature near absolute zero
SCIENTIFIC METHOD •
Systematic way of finding answers in a problem
STEPS 1. Know the problem 2. Making observation 3. Making hypothesis 4. Test the hypothesis through experimentation 5. Analyze the data gathered 6. Make a conclusion
SCIENTIFIC ATTITUDES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
Keen observer/ Curiosity Open-mindness/ Objectivity Resourcefulness Intellectual Honesty Patience/ Perseverance Humility Acceptance of failure Healthy skepticism
PROPERTIES OF MATTER PROPERTY
DEFINITION
Chemical Properties
Can be observed/ measured only after a matter underwent a change in composition
EXAMPLE
Physical Properties
Can be observed/ measured even without the matter undergoing a change in composition
• • •
combustibility chemical reactivity rusting formation
•
5 senses
TYPES OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Extensive/ extrinsic
Properties that depend on the amount of matter present
Intensive/ intrinsic
Properties that depend on the kind of matter present
• • • • • • •
Mass Volume Taste Odor Density Boiling point Elasticity
• • • • • • • •
Breaking Melting Freezing Grinding Rusting Decomposition Cooking Digestion
CHANGES IN MATTER CHANGE
DEFINITION
EXAMPLE
Physical Change
Changes that do not alter the composition of substance
Chemical Change
Changes in the composition of substances to form a new substance
PHASE CHANGES Melting Evaporation Sublimation Freezing Condensation Deposition
Solid to liquid Liquid to gas Solid to gas Liquid to solid (solidification) Gas to solid
Heat is absorbed by the matter
Heat is released by the matter
CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER
(Classified according to composition) •
Pure substance o A matter that is composed of only one king of particle KINDS OF PARTICLES o Atoms o Molecules o Ions KINDS OF PURE SUBSTANCES o Elements – Periodic Table Simplest form of matter Made up of only one kind of atom or molecule KINDS OF ELEMENTS Metals • Good conductors of heat and electricity, dense, high melting point, shiny surfaces, malleable, ductile, sonorous Non Metals • Brittle, good insulators, dull, not sonorous, low densities, low tensile strenghts Metalloids • Show the characteristics of metal and non metal o
Compounds Formed when 2 or more elements combined chemically in fixed proportions CLASSIFICATION OF COMPOUNDS According to Composition • Organic – C6H12O6 , CH4 o with carbon
•
Inorganic – NaCl , H2O , H2 , SO4 o without carbon According to Chemical Bond • Ionic – M + NM , ENaCI o Ionic bond is present
• •
Covalent – NM + NM , H2O o Covalent bond is present
Mixture o Composed of 2 or more substances that combined physically in variable proportions CLASSIFICATION OF MIXTURE (According to number of phases)
o
o
Homogenous/ Solutions – sea water, air Single-phased mixtures All the parts are identical Heterogeneous – Salad, soup, garbage Mixtures consisting of 2 or more phases With parts that are dissimilar KINDS OF HETEROGENEOUS Suspension • The suspended particles can be seen and are large to be trapped in a filter Colloid • Mixture with particles bigger than the particles of a solution but smaller than those of a suspension Coarse Mixture • The particles can be separated mechanically
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN COMPOUND AND MIXTURE COMPOUND MIXTURE • • • •
Fixed proportion Cant be separated by ordinary physical means Chemically combined Can be expressed in formulas
• • • •
Variable proportion Cant be separated by ordinary physical means Physically combined Cant be express in formulas
METHODS OF SEPARATING MIXTURES •
•
• • • •
•
• •
Filtration o The pouring of the mixture through a piece of paper (filter paper) which lets the liquid (filtrate) pass through but catches the solid (residue) Flotation o The removal of suspended particles either by sedimentation or coagulation o Used in mining to separate precious metals/ minerals from impurities Distillation o Makes use of the differences in boiling points (evaporation and condensation). The gas is then condensed back to a liquid (distillate) Decantation o The pouring of the liquid from a mixture to separate the liquid (decante) from the solid particles Crystallization o Occurs when simple sea water is allowed to evaporate Centrifugation o The settling of tiny suspended particles using a centrifuge. Tis hastens the settling of the precipitate in a suspension. Centrifugate • The liquid that comes from centrifugation Chromatography o A solution ca nbe separated by allowing it to flow along a stationary substance o Uses the different degrees of adsorption of the components to a stationary substance KINDS OF CHROMATOGRAPHY Paper Chromatography Column Chromatography Magnetism o Used to separate a metal from a non metal Mechanical Spearation o Use machines to separate mixtures
EVIDENCE OF CHEMICAL CHANGE 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Change in color, taste, odor formation of a new substance evolution of gas production of heat and light formation of precipitate production of sound and mechanical energy
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