Chapter 26 Part2

Kevin Zheng January 14th, 2007 World Studies 6th Period Chapter 26 Outline – Part Two

IV.

Europe Movies Toward an Industrial Society A. Proletarianization of Factory Workers and Urban Artisans 1. Entry of workers into a wage economy and their gradual loss of significant ownership of the means of production, such as tools and equipment, and control over the conduct of their own trades 2. The factory workers had no direct say in the quality or price of the product 3. Hand-loom weavers could not keep up with the power weavers 4. Closing of factory gates to late workers, fines for lateness, dismissal for drunkenness and public scolding of faulty laborers constituted attempts to enforce human regularity that would match the regularity of cables, wheels, and pistons 5. Urban artisans in the nineteenth century experienced proletarianization more slowly than factory workers, and machinery had little to do with the process 6. The emergence of factories in itself did not hard urban artisans 7. In the 18th century a European town or city workplace had usually consisted of a few artisans laboring for a master, first as apprentices and then as journeymen 8. The lower prices of machine made textile aided artisans involving in the making of clothing, such as tailors and hatters by reducing the costs of their raw materials 9. The master owned the workshop and the larger equipment, and the apprentices and journeymen owned their tools 10. In the 19th century the situation of the urban artisan changed. It became increasingly difficult for artisans to continue to exercise corporate or guild direction and control over their trades

11. Other destructive forces were also at work. The masters often found themselves under increased competitive pressure from larger, more heavily capitalized establishments or from the possibility or from the possibility of the introduction of machine production into a previously craft-dominated industry 12. Consequently less skill was required for each artisan B. Family Structures and the Industrial Revolution 1. It is more difficult to generalize about European family structure in the age of early industrialism than under the Old Regime 2. Industrialism developed at different rates across the continent, and the impact of industrialism 3. The adoption of new machinery and factory production did not destroy the working-class family 4. Before the late 18th century revolution in textile production in England, the individual admit involved in textile production in England, the individual family involved in textile inventions, such as the spinning jenny, did not change that situation; the new machine was simply brought into the home 5. In the domestic system of the family economy, the father and mother had worked with their children in textile production as a family unit 6. They had trained and disciplined the children within the home setting 7. Their home life and their economic life were largely the same 8. In the early factories the father was permitted to employ his wife and children as his assistants 9. The tasks of education and discipline were not removed from the workplace of from the institution of the family 10. A major shift in this family and factory structure began in the mid-1820s in England and was more or less completed by the mid-1830s 11. As spinning and weaving were put under one roof, the size of factories and of the machinery became larger 12. These newer machines required fewer skilled operators but many relatively unskilled attendants 13. Machine tending became the work of unmarried women and children, who would accept lower wages and were less likely than man to attempt any form of worker or union organization

14. The children who were now working in the factories as assistants were often the children of the economically depressed hand-loom weavers 15. At this point in the 1830s concern about the plight of child labor came to dominate workers’ attention. The workers were concerned about the treatment of factory children because discipline was no longer being exercised by parents over their own children in the factories 16. The English Factory Act of 1833, passed to protect children by limiting their workday to eight hours and requiring two hours of education paid for by the factory owner, further divided work and home life. 17. After this act was passed many of the working-class demands for shorter workdays for adults related to the desire to reunite, in some manner, the workday of adults with that of their children 18. Ultimately the wage economy did loosen family ties. Because wages could be sent over long distances to parents, children might move farther away from home, and the economic link was often broken C. Women in the Early Industrial Revolution 1. The industrial economy ultimately produced an immense impact on the home and family life of women. First, it took virtually all productive work of the home and allowed many families to live on the wages of male spouse alone 2. Women be associated with domestic duties such as housekeeping, food preparation, child rearing and nurturing, and household management 3. The man became associated with breadwinning 4. Children were reared to match these gender patters 5. During the 19th century it came to characterize the workifn class as well 6. Second the industrial revolution created new modes of employment that allowed many young women to earn enough money to marry o, if necessary, to support themselves independently 7. Because the early Industrial Revolution had begun in textile production. Women and their labor were deeply involved from the start 8. While both spinning and weaving were still domestic industries, women usually worked in all states of production 9. With the next generations of machines in the 1820s unmarried women rapidly became employed in the factories

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However, their jobs tended to require less skill than most work done by men and than women had previously exercised in the home production of textiles

11. In Britain and elsewhere by mid-century, industrial factory work accounted for less than half of all employment for women 12. The largest group of employed women in France continued to work on the land 13. One of the most serious problems facing working women was the uncertainty of employment. Because they virtually always found themselves in the least skilled jobs and trades. D. Marxist Critique of the Industrial Order 1. The 1840s, in the thought of Karl Marx, produced the most influential of all critiques of the newly emerged industrial order 2. His analysis became so important because later in the century, it was adopted by the leading socialist political party in Germany, which in turn influenced most other European socialist parties including a small group of exiled Russian socialists led by V.I. Lenin 3. Marx was born in the Rhineland, his Jewish middle-class parents sent him to the University of Berlin, where he became deeply involved with radical politics 4. During 1842 and 1843 he edited the radical Rhineland Gazette. Soon the Germany authorities drove him into exile-first in Paris, then in Brussels; and finally, after 1849, in London 5. Marx meets Engels 6. Engels publish The Condition of the Working Class in England, which presented a devastating picture of industrial life 7. The two men became best friends 8. The Communist Manifesto 9. Communist became the new socialist 10. The Communist Manifesto contended that human history to be understood rationally and as a whole 11. According to their analysis, history if the record of humankind’s coming to grips with physical nature to produce the goods necessary for survival 12. Marx’s analysis was conditioned by his own economic environment

13. The 1840s had seen much unemployment and deprivation 14. Capitalism, however, did not collapse as he predicted, nor did the middle class during the rest of the century or later become proletarianized 15. Marxism helped the ideology, as science became more influential during the second half of the century V.

1848: year of Revolution A. France: The Second Republic and Louis Napoleon 1. Early in 1848 liberal political opponents of Louis Philippe had organized a series of political banquets to criticize the regime 2. On February 21st, 1848, Louis Philippe abdicated and fled to England 3. It was soon confronted by working-class groups seeking social as well as political revolution 4. Under working-class pressure the provisional government organized national workshops to provide work and relief for thousands of unemployed workers 5. ON June 24 the government ordered troops to destroy the barricades 6. The so-called June Days confirmed the political predominance of conservative property owners in French life 7. The election of “Little Napoleon” doomed the Second Republic 8. Fir three years he argued with the National Assembly B. The Hapsburg Empire Nationalism Resisted 1. The Habsburg domains, which were highly susceptible to revolutionary challenge 2. The Hapsburg troubles commenced on March 1848 in Paris 3. After the army failed to restore order, Metternich fled the country. On May 15 Emperor Ferdinand fled to Vienna for Innsbruck 4. Almost immediately after the Vienna riots, the imperial government emancipated the serfs in most of Austria 5. The Hungarian Diet also abolished serfdom in 1848 6. In each section of the empire the Habsburg government confronted revolution by making concessions that it later repudiated C. Italy: Republicanism Defeated

1. The defeat of Piedmont was a sharp disappointment to Italian nationalist who had hoped to unify the peninsula 2. Liberal and nationalist hopes than shifted to the pope 3. Pius IX had a liberal reputation 4. In November 1848 political disturbances erupted in Rome, and Pius fled to Naples 5. In February 1849 the radicals proclaimed the Roman Republic 6. In early June, French troops attacked Rome, overthrew the republic, and restored the pope; these troops remained in Rome until 1870 to protect the Pope D. Germany: Liberalism Frustrated 1. In Germany the major revolution occurred in Prussia in March 1848. 2. Frederick Williams IV had to call a constituent assembly to write a constitution and to appoint a moderately liberal cabinet 3. In April 1849 Frederick Williams dissolved the Assembly and proclaimed his own conservative constitution 4. The Frankfurt Parliament also floundered on the issue of German unification 5. Members differed over whether to include Austria in a united Germany. 6. Austria however rejected the whole notion of Germany Unification, which raised too many other nationality problems with the Habsburg domains 7. The turmoil of 1848 through 1859 ended the era of liberal revolution that had begun in 1789 8. The working class also adopted new tactics and organization VI.

IN WORLD PERSPECTIVE: Early-Nineteenth-Century Europe and the United States 1. The first half of the nineteenth century witnessed three major developments in Europe that would affect the entire world. 2. First the modern industrial economy permanently established itself in European Life 3. Second, during the first half of the century Europeans developed political ideologies that eventually spread over most of the globe, although in all cases adapted to local circumstances

4. Third, the defeat of liberal political forces in 1848 and the triumph of conservative powers influenced the modernization of Japan 5. During this same era The United States continued to pursue the most politically advanced democratic experiment of any nation in the world.