Chapter 21 Part2

Kevin Zheng October 18th, 2007 Euro History 6th Period Chapter 21 Outline Pages 599-609

IV.

Russia Enters the European Political Arena A. Years of Turmoil 1. Ivan IV aka Ivan the Terrible came to throne as a child i.

He began his personal rule at age 16

ii. Circa 1560 he had a personality change and began to distrust

anyone. He established a small group of supporters and a military force loyal to himself and loosed them against anyone he regarded as a enemy iii. Imprisoned, tortured and executed boyars(nobles) without trial iv. He killed his own son 2. Ivan’s reign was followed by a period of anarchy and civil war know as

the Time of Troubles 3. In 1613, hoping to end the uncertainty, an assemble of nobles elected as

tsar a 17 yr old boy named Michael Romanov (r.1613-1645) thus beginning dynasty that ruled Russia until 1917 4.Michael Romanov and his 2 successors, Aleksei I (r.1645-1676), and

Theodore (r. 1676-1682), brought stability and bureaucratic centralization to Russia. The country however remained weak and impoverished 5. Boyars largely controlled the bureaucracy 6. Faced danger of mutiny by the streltsy(guards of the Moscow garrison)

B. Peter the Great 1.In 1682 a 10 yr old boy came to rule named Peter the Great

2.Peter and his feeble half brother Ivan V came to rule on the shoulders of

the streltsy, who expected rewards in return 3.Much violence and bloodshed had surrounded the dispute

4.Matters became more confused when the boys’ sister, Sophia, was named regent 5.Peter’s followers overthrew her in 1989; afterwards Peter ruled personally. 6.Dangers and turmoil of his youth convinced him that the power of the tsar

must be made secure from the jealousy of the boyars and the greed of the streltsy and that Russia’s military power had to be increased 7.Pater I came to be known as Peter the Great, was fascinating to Western

Europe particularly in military power 8.Imitator of the First Order 9.1697 made a famous visit in disguise and talked with people. He looked

around and planned to copy what he has seen for Russia 10.Pursued goals with violence and ruthlessness 11.Success strengthened his monarchy and allowed him to expand his military 12.By bringing the boyars, streltsy, and church under control, Peter curbed

the power of the groups that might have opposed his expansion of the army and the navy. 13.In 1698 he attacked boyars, he personally shaved off their beards, cut the

long sleeves of their shirts and coats, and made them the butt of jokes throughout Europe. He demanded they serve his state 14.In 1722 Peter created a Table of Ranks which equated a person’s social

position and privileges with his rank in the bureaucracy or the army rather than with his position in the nobility 15.Russian nobility never became loyal to the state 16.Streltsy fared less well than boyars 17.In 1698 they rebelled while Peter was on his tour 18.Peter came back and killed 1,200 of the rebels

19.Peter laid a a modern Russia but not a foundation of a Modern state V.

Central and Eastern Europe A. The Hapsburg Empire and the Pragmatic Sanction 1.Close of thirty years war marked a fundamental turning point for Austrian

Habsburngs 2.After 1648 the Hapsburg family remained firm hold on the title of Holy Roman Emperor 3.Depended on large political bodies such as Germany 4.Treaty of Rastadt in 1714, the Habsburg further extended their domains,

receiving the former Spain, Netherlands, and Lombardy 5.Repeatedly had to bargain with nobles 6.Domains were geographically diverse 7.Couldn’t unify everyone politically 8.Leopold I managed to resist the advances of the Turks into central Europe,

which included the siege of Vienna in 1683, and to thwart the aggression of Louis XIV , Achieved Ottoman 9.When Charles VI succeeded Joseph a new problem was added, no male

heir so he made sure his Daughter would succeed the throne when he died 10.No proper army or treasury left for daughter so she had to fight for her inheritance B. Prussia and the Hohenzollerns 1.Rise of Prussia happened within German power vacuum created by the

Peace of Westphalia 2.Fredrick William aka Great Elector, established himself and his successors

as the central uniting power by breaking up medieval parliaments or estates, organizing a royal bureaucracy, and building a strong army 3.1655-1660 Sweden and Poland fought each other over holdings. Fredrick

William had neither a adequate army or the tax revenues to confront his threat 4.Forcefully gotten money by military power

5.Did not posses a crown 6.Son of Great Elector was the least Prussian of his family

7.Fredrick I built palaces, founded Halle University, patronized the arts, and lived luxuriously 8.Lent his army to Holy Roman Emperor so he got title as King of Prussia 9.Fredrick William I made army greater and was 3rd or 4th largest in Europe

10.Avoided conflict, army was reflection of Prussia’s power and unity VI.

The First Worldwide Wars A. The Colonial Arena and the War of Jenkins’s ear 1.Treaty of Utrecht established the boundaries of empire during the first half

of the eighteenth century. Spain controlled all of main land South America, Florida, Mexico, and California. Cuba and half of Hispaniola 2.British had colonies in North Atlantic Seaboard, Nova Scotia,

Newfoundland, Jamaica, and Barbados 3.Robert Jenkins got his ear cut off and he preserved it to show the British

Parliament how cruel the Spaniards were 4.Late 1739 Britain went to war with Spain B. The War of Austrian Succession 1.December 1740 , the new king of Prussia, Frederick II seized the Austrian

province of Silesia. 2.Invasion shattered the Pragmatic Sanction and upset the continental

balance of power established by the Treaty of Utrecht. 3.Maria Theresa gave locals powers to preserve monarchy 4.War was over Austrian succession and the British-Spanish commercial

conflict could have remained separate disputes. 5.France united them 6.Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle ended war with military stalemate 7.Truce more than a permanent peace

C. The Seven Years War 1.Convention of Westminster : British and Prussia signed.

2.Traditional allies were reversed’ 3.French and Indian War: English and French Settlers clashed 4.William Pitt the Elder 5.Treaty of Paris of 1763. Pitt no longer in office 6.British received all of Canada, the Ohio River valley, and the eastern half

of the Mississippi River valley 7.Great Britain gained world Power and Prussia was recognized as great continental power. VII.

IN WORLD PERCPECTIVE: Eighteenth-Century European States and Warfare A. Asian also experienced the same problems B. Personalities of Monarchs resemble certain Manchu emperors in China such as K’ang His and Ch’ien Lung. C. Spain and Portugal had exploited Latin America as their own monopoly D. Slave trade between Africa and the New World flourished throughout the

eighteenth century