Chapter 25 Part1

Kevin Zheng November 26th, 2007 Euro History 6th Period Chapter 25 Outline One

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Revolutions in the Transatlantic World A. Revolutions in the British Colonies in North America B. Revolutions in France Revolutions in the British Colonies in North America A. Resistance to the Imperial Search for Revenue 1. After Treaty for Seven Years war British gov. had 2 imperial problems i. Sheer cost of empire ii. Defeat of French required British to organize new territories 2. Sugar act = trying to generate more revenue 3. Stamp act for legal documents and other items such as newspapers 4. Considered legal cause apprv. By parliament taxes spent on colonies 5. Americans Responded through own assemblies they had right to tax themselves 6. Americans feared if financed from Brittan, they will lose control 7. October 1765, Stamp Act Congress protested the Crown 8. Disorder in Colonies, particularly in Massachusetts, led by Sons of Liberty 9. Boycott British Goods, 1766 repealed stamp act, Declatory act claimed power to legislate for the colonies B. American Political Ideas 1. Ideas came from struggle of 17th century English Aristocrats and gentry against the absolutism of the Stuart Monarchs 2. Ideas came from John Locke also, and were the only part of English ideological heritage that affected the Americans 3. Commonwealthmen relentlessly criticized the government patronage and parliament management 4. Most Britons regarded themselves as the freest people in the world. In the colonies, the worst fears of the Commonwealthmen were coming true C. Crisis and Independence 1. 1767 Charles Townshend led parliament to regulate and tax colonial Imports. Colonists resisted 2. March 1770 British troops killed 5 citizens in the Boston Massacre

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3. Price of tea lowered but tax remained, colonist got angry and had the “Boston Tea Party” 4. 1774 Parliament passed the Intolerable Acts, these measures closed the port of Boston, reorganized Massachusetts gov. , allowed troops to quarter in private homes, and removed trials of royal custom officials to England 5. September 1774, First Continental Congress hoped to persuade Parliament to restore self-government in the colonies and to abandon its attempt at direct supervision of colonial affairs 6. April 1776 Continental Congress opened American ports to all Nations 7. July 4th, 1776 the Continental Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence 8. Common Sense 9. War widened into European conflict when Benjamin Franklin convinced France and Spain to aid them in the war 10.Constitutional Convention, passed Constitution, bill of rights 11.Did not free slaves, or address the rights of women or native Americans 12.The political Values of the American Revolution would inspire the Wars of Independence in Latin America Revolutions in France 1.The French Monarchy emerged from the Seven Years’ War both defeated and deeply in debt 2. French later support for the American Revolution exacerbated the financial difficulties 3. Problem was gov.’s inability to collect sufficient taxes to service and repay the debt 4. The Estates General had not met since 1614. Consequently in July 1788, Louis XVI agreed to convene the Estates General the next year A. Revolutions of 1789 1. The Estates General Becomes the National Assembly i. 3 divisions a. First Estate of the clergy b. Second estate of the nobility c. Third estate of everyone else in the Kingdom ii. Monarchy agreed that Third estate should have twice as many members as either that of the nobility or the clergy iii. Nobility wanted all votes to be taken by Estate iv. June 17 the Third estate declared itself the National Assembly v. Three days late, finding themselves accidentally locked out of their usual meeting place, the National Assembly moved to a nearby tennis court, where its members took the famous Tennis Court Oath to continue to sit until they had given France a constitution 2. Fall of the Bastille i. Mustering troops near Versailles and Paris

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Most of the National Constitute Assembly wished to create some form of constitutional monarchy, but from the start Louis’s refusal to cooperate iii. The mustering of royal troops created anxiety in the city, where there had been several bread riots. By June the Parisians were organizing a citizen militia and collecting arms iv. Bastille fired into the crowd, killing ninety-eight people and wounding many others. The crowd then stormed the fortress, released its seven prisoners, none of whom was there for political reasons, and killed several soldiers and the governor. They found no weapons v. Journees = days when the populace of Paris 3. The Great Fear and Surrender of Feudal Privileges i. As popular urban disturbances erupt in various cities, a movement know as the Great Fear swept across much of the French Country Side ii. Peasants were reclaiming rights and property that they had lost through the aristocratic resurgence of the last quarter century iii. August 4th, 1789 aristocrats in the National Constituent Assembly attempted to halt the disorder in the countryside. By prearrangement, liberal nobles and churchmen rose in the assembly and surrendered hunting and fishing rights, judicial authority, tithes, and special exemptions 4. Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen i. This declaration drew together much of the political language of the Enlightenment and was also influenced by the Declaration of Rights adopted by Virginia in American in June 1776 that claimed that all men were “born and remain free and equal in rights” Their natural rights were “liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression” ii. All citizens were to be equal before the law and were to be “equally admissible to all public dignities, offices, and employments, according to their capacity, and with no other distinction than that of their virtues and talents iii. Louis XVI stalled before ratifying both the declaration and the aristocratic renunciation of feudalism iv. Women played a major role in the actions of the Parisian crowd v. The Parisians believed that the kind had to be kept under the watchful eye of the people vi. On October 6th, 1789, his carriage followed the crowd into the city, where he and his family settled in the palace of Tuileries vii. Thereafter, both Paris and France remained relatively stable and peaceful until the summer of 1792 B. Reconstruction of France 1.Political Reorganization

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The exclusion of women from both voting and holding office did not pass unnoticed. ii. Declaration of the Rights of Woman, where a butcher’s daughter ironically addressed it to Queen Marie Antoinette iii. Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, adding the word woman to the various original clauses iv. The National Constituent Assembly abolished the ancient French Provinces, such as Burgundy, and replaced them with eighty-three departments of generally equal v. The ancient judicial courts, including the seigneurial courts and the parliaments, were suppressed and replaced by established uniform courts with elected judges and prosecutors. Legal procedures were simplified, and the most degrading punishments abolished 2. Economic Policy i. June 14th, 1791, the Assembly enacted the Chapelier Law forbidding worker associations, thereby crushing the attempts of urban workers to protect their wages. Peasants and workers were to be left to the mercy of the free marketplace ii. Assembly decided to pay the troublesome royal debt by confiscating and then selling the lands of the Roman Catholic Church in France. The Assembly then authorized the issuance of assignats 3. Civil Constitution of the Clergy i. Roman Catholic church in France into a branch of the secular state ii. The Civil Constitution of the Clergy was the major blunder of the National Constituent Assembly iii. In February 1791 the pope condemned not only the Civil Constitution of the Clergy but also the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen iv. Louis XVI and his family Favored the latter 4. Counterrevolutionary Activity i. The escape of Louis XVI failed when Louis, along with his family, was recognized and stopped in the town of Varennes. On July 24 soldiers escorted the royal family back to Paris. Thereafter, the leaders of the National Constituent Assembly knew that the chief counterrevolutionary sat on the French throne ii. France to protect the royal family and to preserve the monarchy iii. European powers agreed iv. Great Britain would not have given its consent C. A Second Revolution i. The best organized were the Jacobins, whose name derived from the fact that the group met in a former Dominican (Jacobin) monastery located in the Rue St. Jacques ii. Assembly a group of Jacobins known as the Girondists assumed leadership

Legislative Assembly on April 20th, 1792, to declare war on Austria, by this time governed by Francis II and allied to Prussia 2. End of the Monarchy 3.The Convention and the Role of Sans-Culottes i. People of Paris known as the sans-culottes’ ii. The sans-culottes were shop keepers, artisans, wage earners, and a few factory workers iii. Jacobins were republicans who sought representative government iv. Jacobins began to cooperate with leaders of the Parisians cansculottes v. Louis XVI was pout on trial as mere “Citizen Capet” (Capet was the family name of medieval forebears of the royal family) vi. Louis was convicted of conspiring against the liberty of the people and the security of the state. Condemned to death, he was beheaded on January 21st, 1793 iii.