Chapter 21 Part1

Kevin Zheng October 12th, 2007 Euro History 6th Period Chapter 21 Pages 585-598

I.

European State-Building and Worldwide Conflict A. Two Models of European Political Development B. Constitutional Crisis and Settlement in Stuart England C. Rise of Absolute Monarchy in France: The World of Louis XIV D. Russia Enters the European Political Arena E. Central and Eastern Europe F. The First Worldwide Wars G. IN WORLD PERSPECTIVE: Eighteenth-Century European States and Warfare

II.

Two Models of European Political Development A. 2nd half of 16th Century

1. Military changes’ 2. New weapons 3. Military tactics 4. Traditional courses cannot finance these new changes so monarchies

sought new revenues 5. France succeeded and was a absolutism B. 17th Century 1. English monarchs of the 17th century threatened local political interests

and economic of the nobility. These groups invoked traditional English liberties to effectively resist the monarchies

2. LOUIS XIV a. Made French nobility depend on his goodwill and patronage b. In return he supported their local influenced and their place in a

firm social hierarchy c. Accepted authority of the Parliament of Paris to register royal

decrees before they became laws and gave parliament power over local administration and taxation 3. Religious factors a. Strong Protestant religious movement known as Puritanism

actively opposed the Stuart Monarchy b. Louis XIV crushed his movements C. Parliament English had long bargains 1. Did not met enough 2. Estates General in France met regularly but was not called again since 1614 until the French Revolution in 1789 III.

Constitutional Crisis and Settlement in Stuart England A. James I 1. In 1602, James IV, the son of Mary Stuart (Queen of Scots) without

opposition or incident succeeded the childless Elizabeth I as James I of England. Inherited royal debt and a fiercely divided church 2. Parliament only met when summoned by Monarch 3. Supported Anglican episcopacy

4. Wife helped Germany after outbreak of Thirty Years War 5. Tried to arrange marriage between him and Spanish Princess but son

married Henrietta Marie, daughter of Henry the Iv of France 6. In 1624 England went to war with Spain because of parliamentary pressures B. Charles I

1. Parliament favored war but lacked adequate finance because it distrusted monarchy 2. King resorted to extreme measures and raised taxes because he couldn’t get funding from Parliament 3. Parliament met in 1528, agreed to fund but only if King accepted

Petition of Right a. Petition of Right = no forced loans or taxation without consent of the Parliament =, no free man should be imprisoned without cause, troops should not be billeted in private homes 4. Years of Personal Rule a. Any raising taxes = acts of treason Charles quickly dissolved

parliament b. Puritans in parliament resented his religious policies and deeply distrusted his support of the Roman Catholic Church c. Parliament divided between religions 5. Civil War a. pass Militia Ordinance and parliament started its own army b. 4 year civil war c. Cavaliers (Charles supporters) located in northwestern half of England d. Puritans favored parliament C. Oliver Cromwell and the Puritan Republic 1. Victory= alliance with Scotland and Oliver Cromwell lead 2. Parliament abolished monarchy, the House of lords and the church

D. Charles II and the Restoration of the Monarchy 1. Clarendon Code 2. Parliament think all religions should be separate

3. Declaration of Indulgence passed in 1672 suspending all laws against

Roman Catholics and non-Anglican Protestants. 4. Parliament refused to fund the war unless he rescinded the measure E. James II and Renewed Fears of a Catholic England 1. When James II became King in 1685, he immediately demanded

repeal of the Test Act and made another Declaration of Indulgences 2. Parliament who opposed James were replaced by supporters

F. The “Glorious Revolution: 1. William of Orange arrived in 1688 with his army 2. James fled to France and declared William III and Mary II the new

monarchs 3. Bill of Rights limited powers of monarch 4. Parliament consented needed, and is called for once every 3 years. 5. Bill of Rights prohibited Roman Catholic to occupy the throne 6. Toleration Act of 1989 permitted worship by all Protestants and outlaws Roman Catholics and those who denied the Christian Doctrine of the Trinity G. The Age of Walpole 1. George I almost immediately met challenge to his title by James

Edward Stuart, the son of James II, but James met defeat 2 months later. 2. Robert Walpole took helm over government a. Regarded as ‘First Prime Minister of Great Britain” b. His power depends on good will of King c. Real power = combined support 3. British House of Commons was neither democratic nor a

representation body, each county elected two members 4. Resulted in domination of the British Government by owners of

properties and nobles

5. Walpole brought the nation to a stability which it has never had for over a century 6. Foreign trade spread 7. Eventually became a world power 8. Colonial war fought between France and Spain 9. Fought over ¾ of a century 10. France developed a very different system of government from the British IV.

Rise of Absolute Monarchy in France: The World of Louis XIV A. Years of Personal Rule 1. Absolutism 2. Death of Mazarin in 1661 Louis XIV assumed personal control of the government at age 23 3. NO Chief minister appointed 4. Nobles challenge king 5. Ruled powerful councils 6. Spent hours discussing issues 7. Made sure nobles and other major social group gain from him 8. Never abolished local authorities

9. Clashed with Paris parliament B. Versailles 1. Master: Propaganda and political image 2. Never missed opp. to impress people 3. Used physical setting of court for control 4. Housed nobles and royalty C. King by Divine Right

1. Bishop Jacques-Benigne Bossuet defined Devine right of King 2. Medieval Pope say only God can rule. Bossuet said God can only just

the King D. Louis’s Early Wars 1. French was most superior 2. Spain and Netherlands wars = early wars 3. Gained control of towns bordering Spain and Netherlands 4. England and France = allies against Dutch 5. Orange forged alliance with Holy Roman Emperor, Spain, Loraine,

and Brandenburg against Louis. 6. War ended with Pease of Mijimwegen France gained

territory(Franche-Comté) E. Revocation of the Edict of Nantes 1. Catholic and Protestant remained hostile 2. Louis launched campaign against Huguenots determined to unify France religiously 3. Louis drove the Protestants out of France by doing mean things to them 4. Protestant school and churches were closed 5. Protestant ministers exiled 6. Quartering troops in towns 7. Banned from government office F. Louis’s Later Wars 1. League of Augsburg and the Nine Years War a. remained army at full strength b. England, Spain, Sweden, and the United Provinces, and the major German States

c. England and France struggled to control North American while France and is in Nine Years War 2. War of the Spanish Succession a. November 1st, 1700 Charles II of Spain died without direct heirs b. left entire inheritance to Philip V of Spain c. Spain and American trade fallen o France d. Louis soon increase political stakes by recognizing the Stuart to claim the Throne e. Franc inadequate finances, poorly equip army, and mediocre generals f. English= advanced weaponry, and superior tactics g. France made peace with England at Utrecht in July 1713 h. Philip V remained king of Spain but England got Gibraltar, making is a Mediterranean power i. After Louis’s death Monarchy authority weakened Louis XV was on 5 years old at succession j. Parliament of Paris got greater authority political control got under Cardinal Fluery worked to maintain French monarchy while continuing nobility Like Walpole he pursued economic prosperity. Fleury prevented France from entering Worldwide colonial conflict.