Ccap Glossary En&kh V1

Assisting Cambodian Policymakers with Designing Approaches to Reduce Deforestation under a post-2012 International Climate Change Policy Framework.

sTÞanuRkmBaküKnøwH GLOSSARY OF KEY WORDS A Assigned amount unit (AAU): A Kyoto Protocol unit equal to 1 metric tonne of CO2 equivalent. Each Annex I Party issues AAUs up to the level of its assigned amount, established pursuant to Article 3, paragraphs 7 and 8, of the Kyoto Protocol. Assigned amount units may be exchanged through emissions trading.

ÉktþakMNt;brimaN (AAU)³ ÉktþamYyeRkamBiFIsarküÚtUEdlesµInwg 1 etanénsmmUl]sµ½nkabUnic. RbeTsenAkñúg]bsm<½n§ TI 1 Gacecj AAUs rhUtdl;kRmitx<s;bMputénbrimaNkMNt;rbs;xøÜn EdlRtUv)anbegáIteLIgGnuelamtammaRta 3 vaküx½NÐTI 7 nigTI 8 énBiFIsarküÚtU. PaKInana GaceFVIkaredaHdUrcMnYnÉktþakMNt;brimaN tamry³kareFVIBaNiC¢kmµeGmIsüúg. Abatement: Refers to reducing the degree or intensity of greenhouse-gas emissions.

karkat;bnßy³ sMedAelIkarkat;bnßykRmit b¤ RbBlPaBénkarbeBa©j]sµ½npÞHkBa©k;. Additionality: A programme of activity (PoA) is additional if it can be demonstrated that in the absence of the CDM (i) the proposed voluntary measure would not be implemented, or (ii) the mandatory policy/regulation would be systematically not enforced and that noncompliance with those requirements is widespread in the country/region, or (iii) that the PoA will lead to a greater level of enforcement of the existing mandatory policy /regulation. This shall constitute the demonstration of additionality of the PoA as a whole.

ktþabEnßm ³ kmµvíFIskmµPaBmYy (PoA) manlkçN³CakarbEnßm RbsinebIeKGacbgðaj[eXIjfa kñúgkrNIGvtþmanKeRmag CDM ¬1¦ víFankarsµ½RKcitþEdl)anelIkesñIeLIgenaH nwgmin)anGnuvtþeLIy b¤ ¬2¦ eKalneya)ay¼bTb,BaØtþiEdlCalkçxNÐ Cab;katBVkic© nwgmin)anGnuvtþCalkçN³RbB½n§eLIy ehIykarmineKarBtamlkçxNÐTaMgenaH nwgekItmanCaTUeTAenAkñúgRbeTs¼ tMbn; b¤ ¬3¦ PoA nwgnaM[mankMeNInkRmiténkarGnuvtþeKalneya)a Sources: UNFCCC website. Point Carbon, The Little REDD Book (Global Canopy Program, 2008).

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y¼bTb,BaØtþimanRsab;EdlCab;CakatBVkic©. RbkarenHnwg rab;bBa©Úl karbgðaj[eXIjGMBIktþabEnßmén PoA TaMgmUl. Ad-Hoc Working Group on Further Commitments: As required under Article 3.9 of the Kyoto Protocol, the COP11/MOP1 initiated a process of Ad-Hoc Working Group establishment to develop further commitments for Annex I countries for the period after the first round of Kyoto emission targets expire (2012).

RkumkargarBiesssþIIIBIkarebþCJaCabnþ ³ dUcEdlmanEcgkñúgmaRta 3>9 énBiFIsarküÚtU COP11/MOP1 )anpþáÜcepþIm[man dMeNIrkarmYyénkarbegáItRkumkargarBiessmYy edIm,IbegáItkarebþCJabEnßmsRmab;RbeTsenAkñú g]bsm<½n§ 1 sRmab; GMLúgeBl enAeRkayCMudMbUgéncMNucedAéneGmIsüúgeRk amBiFIsarküÚtURtUvGs;suBlPaB ¬2012¦. Afforestation (LULUCF): Afforestation is the direct human-induced conversion of land that has not been forested for a period of at least 50 years to forested land through planting, seeding and/or the human-induced promotion of natural seed sources.

kardaMéRBeQI (ULULUCF): kardaMéRBeQI KWCaskmµPaBpÞal;rbs;mnusSkñúgkarbEmøgdIEdl BMumanéRBeQIGs;ry³eBly:ag ehacNas; 50 qñaMmkehIy [køayCadIéRB tamry³kardaM karsabRKab;BUC nig¼b¤ skmµPaBrbs;mnusSkñúgkarCRmuj[mandMNuH edayeRbIR)as;RKab;BUCmanRbPBBIFmµCati. Annex B Countries: Annex B countries are the 39 emissions-capped countries listed in Annex B of the Kyoto Protocol.

RbeTsenAkñúg]bsm<½n§ B: RbeTsenAkñúg]bsm<½n§ B KWCaRbeTscMnYn 39 EdlmankarkMNt;kRmiteGmIsüúg dUcmanEcgenA kñúg]bsm<½n§ B énBiFIsarküÚtU. Annex I Countries: Annex I countries are the 36 countries and economies in transition listed in Annex I of the UNFCCC. Belarus and Turkey are listed in Annex I but not Annex B; and Croatia, Liechtenstein, Monaco and Slovenia are listed in Annex B but not Annex I. In practice, however, Annex I of the UNFCCC and Annex B of the Kyoto Protocol are often used interchangeably.

RbeTsenAkñúg]bsm<½n§ 1 ³ RbeTsenAkñúg]bsm<½n§ 1 KWCaRbeTs nigesdækic©Gnþrkal cMnYn 36 Sources: UNFCCC website. Point Carbon, The Little REDD Book (Global Canopy Program, 2008).

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EdlmanEcgenAkñúg]b-sm<½n§ 1 énGnusBaØa UNFCCC. ebLarUs nig TYrKI CaRbeTsEdlRtUv)ancuHkñúg]bsm<½n§ 1 b:uEnþminenAkñúg]bsm<½n§ B eLIy cMENk RkUGaTI lIsqþinesþn m:UNakU nigsøÚevIeno RtUv)ancuHkñúg]bsm<½n§ B b:uEnþminenAkñúg]bsm<½n§ 1eLIy. eTaHCay:agNak¾eday enAkñúgkarGnuvtþCak;Esþg Cajwkjab;]bsm<½n§ 1 énGnusBaØa UNFCCC nig]bsm<½n§ B énBIFIsarküÚtURtUv)aneRbIR)as;dUcKña. Allocation: Allocation of emissions permits or allowances among greenhouse gas emitters to establish an emission trading market. The division of permits/allowances can be done through grandfathering method and permit auctioning.

karEbgEck ³ karEbgEckkRmitGnuBaØatelIeGmIsüúg b¤ karkMNt;kRmitGnuBaØat kñúgcMeNamGñkbeBa©j]sµ½npÞHkBa©k; edIm,I begáItTIpSarBaNiC¢kmµeGmIsüúg. karEbgEckkRmitGnuBaØat¼karkMNt;kRmitGnuBaØ at GaceFVIeLIgtamry³karpþl;víFIsaRsþ nigkaredjéføedIm,I TTYl)anlixitGnuBaØat. Anthropogenic greenhouse emissions: Greenhouse-gas emissions resulting from human activities.

karbeBa©j]sµ½npÞHkBa©k;edaysarskmµPaBmnus S ³ karbeBa©j]sµ½npÞHkBa©k; EdlekItecjBIskmµPaBrbs;mnusS. B Baseline and Baseline Scenario: The baseline represents forecasted emissions under a business-as-usual (BAU) scenario, often referred to as the 'baseline scenario', i.e. expected emissions if the emission reduction activities were not implemented.

lkçxNÐeKal b¤ esNarIy:UeKal ³ lkçxNÐeKal tMNag[eGmIsüúgEdl)anBüakrN_ enAeRkamesNarIy:UskmµPaBtam Tmøab;Fmµta (BAU) EdlCajwkjab;RtUv)ansMedAelI {esNarIy:UeKal} eBalKW eGmIsüúgEdlrMBwgTuk RbsinebIKµankarGnuvtþ skmµPaBkat;bnßyeGmIsüúg . Sources: UNFCCC website. Point Carbon, The Little REDD Book (Global Canopy Program, 2008).

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Biomass fuels or biofuels: A fuel produced from dry organic matter or combustible oils produced by plants. These fuels are considered renewable as long as the vegetation producing them is maintained or replanted, such as firewood, alcohol fermented from sugar, and combustible oils extracted from soybeans. Their use in place of fossil fuels cuts greenhouse gas emissions because the plants that are the fuel sources capture carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.

\n§n³CÍvm:as b¤ CÍv\n§n³ \n§n³mYyEbbEdlplitecjBIsarFatusrIragÁs¶Üt b¤ eRbgeqHEdlplitecjBIrukçCati. \n§n³ TaMgenH RtUv)ancat;TukfaCa\n§n³kekIteLIgvíj kñúgkrNIEdldMNaMEdlbegáIt\n§n³TaMgenH RtUv)anrkSa[manCab;Canic© b¤ daMeLIg víj dUcCa Gus Rsa)anBIkarbitsá nigeRbgeqH)anBIsENþkesog. kareRbIR)as;\n§n³TaMgenHCMnYs\n§n³pUsIul CYykat;bnßykar beBa©j]sµ½npÞHkBa©k; edaysarrukçCatiEdlCaRbPB\n§n³enaH RsUbyk]sµ½nkabUnikBIbriyakas. Bundling: Combination of several small-scale project activities to form a single project activity or portfolio to decrease transaction costs per unit of emission reductions.

karpÁMúcUlKña ³ kardak;bBa©ÚlKñanUvskmµPaBnanaénKRmagtUc² CaeRcIn edIm,IbegáItCaskmµPaB b¤sMNMuÉksarKeRmagEtmYy edIm,Ikat;bnßyéføcMNayGnþrkar kñúgmYyÉktþaénkarkat;bnßyeGmIsüúg. Business As Usual Scenario (BAU): A business as usual scenario is a policy neutral reference case of future emissions, i.e. projections of future emission levels in the absence of changes in current policies, economics and technology.

skmµPaBtamTmøab;Fmµta (BAU): skmµPaBtamTmøab;Fmµta CakrNIeyagmYyéneKalneya)ayEdlman\T§iBlGBüaR kwtü mkelIeGmIsüúgeTAGnaKt eBalKW karBüakrN_GMBIkRmiténkarERbRbYleGmIsüúgeTA GnaKtenAkñúgeKalneya)ayesdækic© nig bec©kvíTüaEdlmansBVéf¶. C

Sources: UNFCCC website. Point Carbon, The Little REDD Book (Global Canopy Program, 2008).

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Cap and Trade: A cap and trade system is an emissions trading system, where total emissions are limited or 'capped'. The Kyoto Protocol is a cap and trade system in the sense that emissions from Annex B countries are capped and that excess permits might be traded. However, normally cap and trade systems will not include mechanisms such as the CDM, which will allow for more permits to enter the system, i.e. beyond the cap.

kRmitTukmYyEpñk niglk;EpñkenAsl; ³ RbB½n§mYyénkarkRmitTukmYyEpñk niglk;EpñkenAsl; KWCaRbB½n§mYyénBaNiC¢kmµeGmIsüúg EdlbrimaNeGmIsüúgsrubRtUv)ankMNt; b¤ {kRmitTuk}. BiFIsarküÚtU KWCaRbB½n§kRmitTukmYyEpñk niglk;EpñkenA sl; edayehtufa eGmIsüúgnanaBIRbeTsenAkñúg]bsm<½n§ B RtUv)ankRmitTuk ehIyEpñkEdlelIsBIenH Gaclk;)an. eTaHCay:ag Nak¾eday tamFmµta RbB½n§kRmitTukmYyEpñk niglk;EpñkEdlenAsl; nwgminrab;bBa©Úlynþkarnana dUcCa CDM eLIy Edlnwg GnuBaØat[manlixitGnuBaØatkan;EteRcIneLIg dak;bBa©ÚleTAkñúgRbB½n§enH eBalKW hYskRmiténkarkMNt;Tuk. Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage (CCS): Process consisting of the separation of CO2 from industrial and energy-related sources, transport to a storage location and long-term isolation from the atmosphere.

karRsUbyk nigrkSaTuk]sµ½nkabUnik (CCS): dMeNIrkarEdlpSMeday karEjk CO ecjBIRbPBnanaEdlTak;Tgnwg]sSa hkmµ nigfamBl kardwkCBa¢ÚneTAkñúgTItaMgrkSaTukmYy nigkardak;enAdac;edayELkry³eBlEvg EdlenAdac;ecjBIbriyakas. 2

Carbon Dioxide Equivalent (CO2e): This is a measurement unit used to indicate the global warming potential (GWP) of greenhouse gases. Carbon dioxide is the reference gas against which other greenhouse gases are measured.

smmUl]sµ½nkabUnik (CO e): enHKWCaÉktþargVas; EdlmaneRbIR)as; edIm,IbgðajBIskþanuBlkMeNInkMedABiPBelak (GWP) én]sµ½npÞHkBa©k;. ]sµ½nkabUnik KWCa]sµ½neyag 2

Sources: UNFCCC website. Point Carbon, The Little REDD Book (Global Canopy Program, 2008).

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sRmab;CamUldæankñúgkarvas;]sµ½ndéTeTot. Carbon market: A popular but misleading term for a trading system through which countries may buy or sell units of greenhouse-gas emissions in an effort to meet their national limits on emissions, either under the Kyoto Protocol or under other agreements, such as that among member states of the European Union. The term comes from the fact that carbon dioxide is the predominant greenhouse gas and other gases are measured in units called "carbon-dioxide equivalents."

TIpSarkabUn ³ vaküs½BÞEdleBjniym b:uEnþkñúgn½yBMuRtwmRtUv sRmab;RbB½n§BaNiC¢kmµmYy Edltamry³RbB½n§enH RbeTsnana GacTij b¤ lk;eGmIsüúg]sµ½npÞHkBa©k; enAkñúgkic©RbwgERbgmYyedIm,IbMeBjeTAtamkR mitkMNt; GMBIeGmIsüúgenAfñak;Cati eTaHCa enAeRkamBiFIsarküÚtU b¤ eRkamkic©RBmeRBogdéTk¾eday dUcCa kic©RBmeRBogkñúgcMeNambNþardæCasmaCíkén shPaBGWr:ub. Bakü enH)anmkBIRbkarEdlfa ] sµ½nkabUnik KWCa]sµ½npÞHkBa©k;EdlmaneRcInCageK ehIy]sµ½ndéTeTotRtUv)anKNna edayKitCa Éktþa EdlRtUv)anehAfa {smmUl}]sµ½nkabUnik}. Carbon Pool (LULUCF): A system that has the capacity to accumulate or release carbon. Examples of carbon pools are forest biomass, wood products, soils, and atmosphere. The units are mass (e.g., t C).

GagkabUn (LULUCF): RbB½n§mYyEdlmansmtßPaBkñúgkarRbmUlpþMú b¤beBa©jkabUn. ]TahrN_GMBIGagkabUn KWCÍvm:aséRBeQI plitpleQI dI nigbriyakas. Éktþa KW m:as (]TahrN_ ³ t C). Carbon Stock (LULUCF): The absolute quantity of carbon held within a pool at a specified time.

snñiFikabUn (LULUCF): brimaNdac;xaténkabUn EdlmanenAkñúgGagmYy enAkñúgeBlNamYyCak;lak;. Certification: The certification process is the phase of a CDM or JI project when permits are issued on the basis of calculated emissions reductions and verification, possibly by a third party.

karecjviBaØabnb½RtbBa¢ak; ³ dMeNIrkarénkarecjvíBaØabnb½RtbBa¢ak; Sources: UNFCCC website. Point Carbon, The Little REDD Book (Global Canopy Program, 2008).

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KWCaCMhanénKeRmag CDM b¤ JI Edlmankarecj víBaØabnb½RtbBa¢ak; edayEp¥kelIkarkat;bnßyeGmIsüúgEdl)anKNna nigepÞógpÞat; Gactamry³PaKITIbI. Certified Emission Reductions (CERs): CERs are permits generated through the CDM.

karkat;bnßyeGmIsüúgEdl)anbBa¢ak; (CERs): CER KWCalixitGnuBaØat EdlbegáIteLIg)antamry³ CDM. Clean Development Mechanism (CDM): The CDM is a mechanism for project-based emission reduction activities in developing countries. Certificates will be generated through the CDM from projects that lead to certifiable emissions reductions that would otherwise not occur.

ynþkarGPivDÆn_s¥at (CDM): CDM KWCaynþkarmYysRmab;skmµPaBkat;bnßyeGmIsüú gEdlEp¥kelIKeRmagenAkñúgRbeTs kMBugGPivDÆn_. víBaØabnb½Rt nwgRtUvpþl; [ tamry³KeRmag CDM EdlnaM[mankarkat;bnßyeGmIsüúgEdlGacbBa ¢ak;)an nig EdlminGacekIteLIg)aneT RbsinebIKµanKeRmag CDM. CO2: Carbon dioxide. CO2:

]sµ½nkabUnik.

Commitment Period: The five-year Kyoto Protocol Commitment Period is scheduled to run from calendar year 2008 to calendar year-end 2012.

ry³eBlCab;katBVkic© ³ ry³eBlCab;katBVkic©R)aMqñaMeRkamBiFIsarküÚtU RtUv)aneRKagBI qñaM 2008 dl;cugqñaM 2012 edayKit tamqñaMRbTiTinsuriyKti. Conference of the Parties (COP): The COP is the supreme body of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The Sixth Conference of the Parties under the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP-6) took place in The Hague 13-24 November 2000. The negotiations in The Hague did not yield decisions on rules for the flexible mechanisms, due to disputes between the EU and the USA on how to account for activities related to so-called carbon sinks. COP6 was therefore formally not ended before agreement was reached at the second part of the conference (COP-6bis) in Bonn, Germany, in July 2001. COP-7 was held 29 October to 9 November 2001, in Marrakech, Morocco. COP-8 was held in New Delhi, India, in October/November 2002, while COP-9 took place in December 2003 in Milan, Italy. COP-10 was held in December 2004 in Buenos Aires, Argentina, and COP-11 in Montreal, Canada in November/December 2005, this also was the first Meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol (MOP-1). COP -12 was held in Nairobi in November 2006. COP -13 was held in Bali in November 2006 and COP -14 was held in Poland in December 2008. The next one is to be held in Denmark in December 2009.

snñisITénPaKICasmaCík

(COP):

Sources: UNFCCC website. Point Carbon, The Little REDD Book (Global Canopy Program, 2008).

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COP

KWCasßab½nCan;x<s;énGnusBaØaRkbx½NÐshRb CaCatisþIBIkarERbRbYlGakasFatu UNFCCC. snñisITelIkTI 6énPaKICasmaCíkenAeRkamGnusBaØaRkbx½NÐsh RbCaCatisþIBIkarERbRbYlGakasFatu (COP-6))an RbRBwtþeTAenATIRkugLaeG naéf¶TI 13-24 Ex vícäika qñaM 2000. karcrcananaenATIRkugLaeG min)anQandl;karseRmcGMBIbT bBa¢a sRmab;ynþkarbt;)anenaHeLIy edaysarkarminÉkPaBKñarvagshPaBGWr:ub nigs>r>Ga GMBIrebobKNnaskmµPaBnana EdlTak;TgnwgGVIEdlhAfasRmUbkabUn. dUecñH COP6 min)anbBa©b;CapøÚvkareLIy muneBlmankarÉkPaBenAkñúgEpñkTIBIrén snñisITenH (COP-6bis) Edl)aneFVIeLIgenARkuge)an RbeTsGaløWm:g; kñúgEx kkáda qñaM 2001. COP7)anerobcMeLIgenAéf¶TI 29 Extula dl;éf¶TI 9 Ex vícäika qñaM 2001 enATIRkugm:ar:aeks RbeTsm:ar:uk. COP-8 RtUv)anerobcMeLIgenARkugjÚedlI RbeTs \NÐa kñúgExtula¼vícäika qñaM 2002 cMENk COP-9 ) aneFVIeLIgenAkñúgEx FñÚ qñaM 2003 kñúgRkugmILan RbeTsGIutalI. COP-10 ) anerobcMeLIgenAExFñÚ qñaM 2004 kñúgTIRkugb‘uyNUEhSr RbeTsGahSg;TIn ehIy COP-11 eFVIenATIRkugm:uger:Gal; RbeTskaNada kñúgEx vícäika¼FñÚ qñaM 2005 ehIyenHk¾Cakic©RbCMuelIkdMbUgénPaKIkñúgBiF IsarküÚtU (MOP-1)pgEdr. COP-12 )anerobcMeLIgenA RkugéNr:Ub‘Í RbeTsekny:a kñúgEx vícäika qñaM 2006. COP-13 )anerobcMeLIgenARkug)alI kñúgEx vícäika qñaM 2006 ehIy COP-14 RtUv)anerobcMeLIgenA RbeTsb:ULÚj kñúgEx FñÚ qñaM 2008. Sources: UNFCCC website. Point Carbon, The Little REDD Book (Global Canopy Program, 2008).

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kic©RbCMubnÞab;BIenHnwgeFVIenAkñúgRbeTs daNWm:ak; kñúgExFñÚ qñaM 2009. Crediting Period: The crediting period is the duration when a project generates carbon credits. The crediting period shall not extend beyond the operational lifetime of the project. For CDM projects crediting period continues for either a 7-year period, which can be renewed twice to make a total of 21 years, or a one-off 10-year period; for JI projects crediting period overlaps with the first commitment period under the Kyoto Protocol (2008-2012). The JI projects starting as of 2000 may be eligible as JI projects if they meet the requirements of the JI guidelines. The end of the crediting period can be after 2012 subject to the approval by the host Party.

ry³eBl\NTan ³ ry³eBl\NTan KWCaGMLúgeBl EdlKeRmagmYybegáIt\NTankabUn. ry³eBl\NTan minRtUvhYsBI GayukalRbtibtþikarénKeRmagenaHeLIy. cMeBaHKeRmag CDM ry³eBl\NTanGac man 7qñaM edayGacbEnßmBIrelIkeTot EdleFVI[ry³eBlsrubman 21 qñaM b¤sRmab;EtmYyelIk Edlmanry³eBl 10qñaM. cMeBaHKeRmag JI ry³eBl\NTan RtYtKñaCa mYyry³eBlénkatBVkic©elIkdMbUg enAeRkamBiFIsarküÚtU ¬2008-2012¦. KeRmag JI Edlcab;epþImenAkñúgqñaM 2000 GacRtUv ) ancat;TukCaKeRmag JI )an RbsinebIKeRmagTaMgenaHbMeBj)antamlkçxNÐén eKalkarN_ENnaMsRmab;KeRmag JI. cugbBa©b;én ry³eBl\NTan GacmanrhUtdl;eRkayqñaM 2012 GaRs½yelIkarGnum½tÉkPaBedayPaKICam©as;pÞH . Cropland management: The system of practices on land on which agricultural crops are grown and on land that is set aside or temporarily not being used for crop production.

karRKb;RKgdIdaMdMNaM ³ RbB½n§énkarGnuvtþenAelIdIFøI EdlenAelIenaHmandMNaMksikmµduHlUtlas; nigenAelIdIFøIEdlRtUv)anél TukedayELk b¤ min)aneRbIR)as;CabeNþaHGasnñsRmab;kardaMdM NaM. D Deforestation (LULUCF): Deforestation, as defined by the Marrakech Accords, is the direct human-induced conversion of forested land to non-forested land. A forest is defined as a minimum area of land of 0.05-1 hectares with tree crown cover (or equivalent stocking level) of more than 10-30 percent with trees with the potential to reach a minimum height of 2-5 metres at maturity in situ. Actual definitions can vary from country to country as the Sources: UNFCCC website. Point Carbon, The Little REDD Book (Global Canopy Program, 2008).

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Kyoto Protocol permits countries to specify the precise definition within these parameters to be used for national accounting of emissions. In contrast, deforestation as defined by the FAO is "the conversion of forest to another land use or the long-term reduction of the tree canopy cover below the minimum 10 percent threshold."

kar)at;bg;éRBeQI (LULUCF): tamkarkMNt;enAkñúgkic©RBmeRBogTIRkug m:ar:aEks kar)at;bg;éRBeQI KWCakarbEmøgedaypÞal; énskmµPaBrbs;mnusSmkelIdIéRB [køayCadIKµanéRB. éRBeQI RtUv)an[niymn½yfaCacMENkdImYykEnøgEdly:age hacNas; manTMhM 0/05-1 hikta edaymanKRmbéRB ¬b¤kRmitsnñiFismmUl¦ eRcInCag 10-20PaKry edaymanedImeQI Edlmanskþa nuBlkñúgkarduHrhUtdl;kMBs;Gb,brma 2-5 Em:Rt enAeBlvamanGayueBjv½yenAkñúgkEnøgedImrbs;v a. niymn½yCak;Esþg Gac xusKñarvagRbeTsnana edayehtufaBiFIsarküÚtU GnuBaØat[RbeTsnanaKUsbBa ¢ak;GMBIniymn½yCak;lak;enAkñúgrgVg;én):ar:aE m:Rt TaMgenH sRmab;eRbIR)as;enAkñúgkarKNnaeGmIsüúgenAkñ úgRbeTs. pÞúyeTAvíj tamniymn½yrbs; FAO kar)at;bg;éRBeQI KWCa {karbEmøgéRBeTACaTRmg;mYyepSgénkareRbIR)a s;dI b¤ karfycuHenAkñúgry³eBlEvgénKRmbéRB enAeRkamkRmiteKalGb,brma 10 PaKry}. Degradation (LULUCF): A definition for forest degradation has not yet been agreed upon. Forest degradation is the depletion of forest to tree crown cover at a level above 10 percent, however beyond this general statement, the IPCC has not provided a specific definition.

karercrwl (LULUCF): eKenABMuTan;ÉkPaBKñaenAeLIyeT GMBIniymn½ysþIBIkarercrwléRBeQI. karercrwléRBeQI KWCakar)at; bg;KRmbéRBeQI rhUtdl;kRmiteRcInCag 10 PaKry eTaHCay:agNak¾eday hYsBIkRmitTUeTAenH IPCC BMu)anpþl; niymn½y Cak;lak;eLIy. Designated National Authority (DNA): To participate in CDM, a Party needs to appoint a Designated National Sources: UNFCCC website. Point Carbon, The Little REDD Book (Global Canopy Program, 2008).

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Authority. The DNA issues the Letter of Approval (LoA) needed for registration of a project. A project will need both a host country approval as well as investor country approval.

sßab½nCatiTTYlbnÞúkynþkarGPivDÆn_s¥at (DNA): edIm,IcUlrYmenAkñúg CDM PaKICasmaCíkRtUvEtgtaMgsßab½nCatimYy sRmab;TTYlbnÞúk CDM. DNA CaGñkecjlixitGnum½tÉkPaB(LoA) EdlcaM)ac;sRmab;karcuHKeRmagmYyeTAkñúgbBa ¢I. KeRmag mYynwgRtUvkar[manTaMg karÉkPaBrbs;RbeTsCam©as;pÞH k¾dUcCakarÉkPaBBIRbeTsrbs;vínieyaKinpgEdr. E Emissions Trading: Emissions Trading allows for transfer of AAUs across international borders or emission allowances between companies covered by a Cap and Trade scheme. However, it is a general term often used for the three Kyoto mechanisms: JI, CDM and emissions trading.

BaNiC¢kmµeGmIsüúg ³ BaNiC¢kmµeGmIsüúg GnuBaØat[mankarepÞr AAUs qøgkat;RBMEdnGnþrCati b¤ karEbgEckeGmIsüúgrvag Rkumh‘unnana EdlsßiteRkamRbB½n§kRmitTukmYyEpñk niglk;EpñkEdlenAsl;. eTaHCay:agNak¾eday enHCalkçxNÐTUeTA Edl eRcInRtUv)aneRbIR)as;sRmab;ynþkarcMnYnbIenAe RkamBiFIsarküÚtU KW JI, CDM nig BaNiC ¢kmµeGmIsüúg. Emission Reduction Purchase Agreement (ERPA): Binding purchase agreement signed between buyer (of CERs or ERUs) and seller.

kic©RBmeRBogTijkarkat;bnßyeGmIsüúg (ERPA): kic©RBmeRBogTijEdlCab;katBVkic© edaymancuHhtßelxarvagGñkTij (CERs b¤ ERUs) nigGñklk;. Emissions Reductions (ERs): Emissions reductions generated by a project that have not undergone a validation/verification process, but are contracted for purchase.

karkat;bnßyeGmIsüúg (ERs): karkat;bnßyeGmIsüúg begáItedayKeRmagmYy EdlenABMuTan;)anqøgkat;dMeNIrkarBinitü¼ epÞógpÞat;enAeLIyeT Sources: UNFCCC website. Point Carbon, The Little REDD Book (Global Canopy Program, 2008).

11

b:uEnþRtUv)ancuHkic©snüasRmab;karTijrYcehIy. F Financial additionality: CDM projects have to be financially additional, which means that the projects that Annex I countries support within the framework of the CDM should not be financed by official development aid, but that additional funding is to be made available for such projects.

ktþabEnßmxaghirBaØvtßú ³ KeRmag CDM RtUvEtmanktþabEnßmxaghirBaØvtßú Edlmann½yfa KeRmagnanaEdlRbeTsenAkñúg ] bsm<½n§ 1 KaMRT enAkñúgRkbx½NÐén CDM minRtUvTTYlhirBaØb,TanBICMnYyGPivDÆn_pøÚvk areLIy b:uEnþnwgmankarpþl;mUlniFibEnßm BIRbPBepSgsRmab;KeRmagEbbenH. Forest management: A system of practices for stewardship and use of forest land aimed at fulfilling relevant ecological (including biological diversity), economic and social functions of the forest in a sustainable manner.

karRKb;RKgéRBeQI ³ RbB½n§mYyénkarGnuvtþsRmab;karkan;kab; nigeRbIR)as;dIéRBeQI edaymaneKaledAbMeBjmuxnaTIBak;B½n§ énéRBeQI dUcCa muxnaTIxageGkULÚsIu ¬EdlrYmTaMg CÍv³cRmuH¦ esdækic© nigsgÁm tamTRmg;EdlFananirnþrPaB. Fungible: Being of such a nature that one part or quantity may be replaced by another equal part or quantity in the satisfaction of an obligation. Oil, wheat, and lumber are fungible commodities. Throughout this book we refer to the fungibility of a tonne of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e).

EdlGacedaHdUr)an ³ enAkñúgsßanPaBmYyEdl Epñk b¤ brimaNmYy RtUv)andak;CMnYsedayEpñk b¤brimaNmYyepSgeTotEdl esµIKña edayeKarBtamkatBVkic©mYy. eRbg RsUvsaLI nigeQI KWCamuxTMnijEdlGacedaHdUr)an. enATUTaMgesovePAenH eyIgsMedA elIPaBGacedaHdUr)anénsmmUl]sµ½nkabUnikmYye tan (CO2e). G Global Warming Potential (GWP): The global warming potential is the impact a greenhouse gas (GHG) has to global warming. By definition, CO2 is used as reference case; hence it always has the GWP of 1. GWP changes with time, and the IPCC has suggested using 100-year GWP for comparison purposes. Below is a list of 100-year GWPs:

Sources: UNFCCC website. Point Carbon, The Little REDD Book (Global Canopy Program, 2008).

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skþanuBlkMedABiPBelak (GWP): skþanuBlkMedABiPBelak KWCaplb:HBal;EdlbgáeLIgeday]sµ½npÞHkBa©k;m YyRbePT mkelIkMeNInkMedABiPBelak. tamniymn½y CO RtUv)aneRbIR)as;CakrNIeyag dUecñH vaEtgEtman GWP esµI 1. GWP ERb RbYleTAtameBlevla ehIy IPCC )anesñI[eRbIR)as; GWP ry³eBl 100 qñaM sRmab;eKalbMNgénkareRbobeFob. xag eRkamenHKWCataragmYyén GWP ry³eBl 100 qñaM ³ 2

Carbon dioxide (CO2)

GWP: 1

Methane (CH4)

GWP: 21

Nitrous oxide (N2O)

GWP: 310

Hydrofluorcarbons (HFCs) GWP:

GWP: 150 - 11 700

Perfluorcarbons (PFCs)

GWP: 6500 - 9 200

Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6)

GWP: 23,900

]sµ½nkabUnik

GWP: 1

(CO2)

emtan (CH ) DIGasUtm:UNU GuksIut (N O) GiIRdUhøúyG½r kabUn (HFCs) GWP: EBrhøúyG½rkab Un (PFCs) s‘ulhVÜr GiuchSahøúyG½ rrIt (SF ) 4

GWP: 21

GWP: 310

2

GWP: 150 - 11 700

GWP: 6500 - 9 200

GWP: 23,900

6

Grazing Land Management: The system of practices on land used for livestock production aimed at manipulating the amount and type of vegetation and livestock produced.

karRKb;RKgdIsRmab;stVsIuesµA ³ RbB½n§énkarGnuvtþenAelIdI EdleRbIR)as;sRmab;karciBa©wmstV EdlmaneKaledAcat;Ecg elIbrimaN Sources: UNFCCC website. Point Carbon, The Little REDD Book (Global Canopy Program, 2008).

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nigRbePTrukçCati nigstVEdlciBa©wmenaH. Greenhouse gases (GHGs): Greenhouse gases (GHGs) are trace gases that control energy flows in the Earth's atmosphere by absorbing infrared radiation. Some GHGs occur naturally in the atmosphere, while others result from human activities. There are six GHGs covered under the Kyoto Protocol - carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs) and sulphur hexafluoride (SF6). CO2 is the most important GHG released by human activities.

]sµ½npÞHkBa©k; (GHGs): ]sµ½npÞHkBa©k; (GHGs) KWCa]sµ½nkRmEdl man\T§iBlelIcrnþfamBlenAkñúgbriyakasénEpndI eday RsUbykkaMrsµIGaMgR)a. GHGs xøHekIteLIgedayFmµCatienAkñúgbriyakas cMENk]s½µnepSgeTot ekItecjBIskmµPaBrbs; mnusS. GHGs cMnYnR)aMmYy EdlEcgenAeRkamBiFIsarküÚtU KW ]sµ½nkabUnik (CO ) emtan (CH ) DIGasUtm:UNUGuksIut (N O) GuIRdUhøúyG½r:UkabUn (HFCs) EBrhøúyG½r:UkabUn (PFCs) nig s‘ulhVÜGiuchSahøúyG½rIt (SF ). CO KWCasMxan;CageKbMput EdlbeBa©j edaysarskmµPaBrbs;mnusS. 2

4

2

6

2

H Hot Air: Excess permits that have occurred due to economic collapse or declined production for reasons not directly related to intentional efforts to curb emissions.

xül;ekþA ³ karGnuBaØateRcInhYskRmit Edl)anekIteLIg edaysarkardYlrlMénesdækic© b¤ karFøak;cuHénplitkmµ bNþalBI ehtuplminTak;TgedaypÞal;CamYykic©RbwgERbgkñ úgeKaledAkat;bnßyeGmIsüúg. I Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC): IPCC was established by World Meteorological Organisation (WMO) and the United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP) in 1988 to assess scientific, technical and socio- economic information relevant for the understanding of climate change, its potential impacts and options for adaptation and mitigation. It is open to all Members of the UN and of WMO.

RkumkargarGnþrrdæaPi)alsþIBIkarERbRbYlGakasF atu (IPCC): IPCC RtUv)anbegáIteLIgedayGgÁkar]tuniymBiPBelak (WMO) nig kmµvíFIbrisßanGgÁkarshRbCaCati (UNEP) enAqñaM 1988 edIm,IvaytémøB½t’manvíTüasaRsþ bec©keTs nigesdækic©-sgÁmEdlBak;B½n§ Sources: UNFCCC website. Point Carbon, The Little REDD Book (Global Canopy Program, 2008).

14

sRmab;karEsVgyl;GMBIkarERbRbYlGakasFatu skþanuBlénplb:HBal;rbs;va nigCeRmIsnanasRmab;karbnSaMú nigkarkat;bnßyplb:HBal;. RkumkargarenHRtUv)anebIkcMhrsRmab;RKb;smaC íkrbs; UN nig smaCíkrbs; WMO. K Kyoto Protocol: The Kyoto Protocol originated at COP-3 to the UNFCCC in Kyoto, Japan, December 1997. It specifies emission obligations for the Annex B countries and defines the three so-called Kyoto mechanisms: JI, CDM and emissions trading. It entered into force on 16 February 2005.

BiFIsarküÚtU ³ BiFIsarküÚtU ekItecjBI COP-3 én UNFCCC enARkugküÚtU RbeTsCb:un kñúgExFñÚ qñaM 1997. vaKUsbBa¢ak;GMBI katBVkic©cMeBaHkarkat;bnßyeGmIsüúg sRmab;bNþaRbeTsenAkñúg]bsm<½n§ B nigkMNt;ynþkarcMnYnbIenAeRkamBiFIsarenH KW JI, CDM nig BaNiC¢kmµeGmIsüúg. BiFIsarenHcUlCaFrmanenAéf¶TI 16 Ex kumÖ³ qñaM 2005. Kyoto Mechanisms: Emissions trading, the Clean Development Mechanism, and Joint Implementation.

ynþkarküÚtU ³ BaNiC¢kmµeGmIsüúg ynþkarGPivDÆn_s¥at nig karGnuvtþrYmKña. L Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF): see also articles on Afforestation and Reforestation Projects, Forest Management, Revegetation, and Grazing Land Management. The land-use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF) sector was included under the Kyoto Protocol to take into consideration certain human-induced activities that remove greenhouse gases from the atmosphere, also known as carbon "sinks". The following activities referred to in Article 3, paragraphs 3 and 4 of the Kyoto Protocol, as defined in paragraph 1 of the annex to decision 16/CMP.1: afforestation, reforestation, deforestation, revegetation, forest management, cropland management and grazing land management.

kareRbIR)as;dI karERbRbYlelIkareRbIR)as;dI nigéRBeQI (LULUCF): sUmGanGtßbTsþIBI KeRmagdaMéRBeQI nigsþaréRB eQIeLIgvíj karRKb;RKgéRBeQI karbegáItKRmbrukçCatieLIgvíj nig karRKb;RKgdIsRmab;stVsIuesµA. vís½yeRbIR)as;dI karERb RbYlelIkareRbIR)as;dI nigéRBeQI (LULUCF) RtUv)andak;bBa©ÚlenAeRkamBiFIsarküÚtU Sources: UNFCCC website. Point Carbon, The Little REDD Book (Global Canopy Program, 2008).

15

edIm,IeFVIkarBicarNaGMBIskmµPaBCak;lak; EdlbgáeLIgedaymnusS EdlRsUbyk]sµ½npÞHkBa©k;ecjBIbriyakas EdlRtUv)aneKsÁal;pgEdrfaCa {sRmUb{kabUn. skmµPaB dUteTAenH manEcgenAkñúgmaRta 3 vaküx½NÐ 3 nig 4 énBiFIsarküÚtU dUcmanEcgenAkñúgvaküx½NÐ 1 én]bsm<½n§P ¢ab;CamYyesckþI seRmcelx 16/CMP.1³ kardaMéRBeQI karsþaréRBeQIeLIgvíj kar)at;bg;éRBeQI karbegáItKRmbrukçCatieLIgvíj karRKb;RKg éRBeQI karRKb;RKgdIdaMdMNaM nigkarRKb;RKgdIsRmab;stVsIuesµA . Leakage: Leakage is defined as the net change of anthropogenic emissions by sources of greenhouse gases (GHG) which occurs outside the project boundary, and which is measurable and attributable to the CDM.

karelcFøay ³ karelcFøayRtUv)an[niymn½yfaCakarERbRbYlsuT§é neGmIsüúgBIskmµPaBmnusS eTAtamRbPBén]sµ½npÞH kBa©k; (GHG) EdlekIteLIgenAeRkARBMEdnénKeRmag nigEdlGacvas;)an nigEdlTak;TgCamYyKeRmag CDM. M Marginal Abatement Cost (MAC): The marginal abatement cost in the context of the carbon market is the cost of reducing emissions with one additional unit. Aggregated marginal costs over a number of projects or activities define the marginal abatement cost curve.

éføkat;bnßyCabEnßm (MAC): éføkat;bnßyCabEnßm enAkñúgbribTénTIpSarkabUn KWCaéføcMNayedIm,Ikat;bnßyeGmIsüúg sRmab;mYyÉktþaCabEnßm. plbUkénéføcMNayCabEnßm sRmab;KeRmag b¤skmµPaBmYycMnYn CaktþakMNt;GMBIkarERbRbYléfø cMNaysRmab;karkat;bnßyCabEnßm. Mitigation: In the context of climate change, this is a human intervention to reduce the sources or enhance the sinks of greenhouse gases. Examples include using fossil fuels more efficiently for industrial processes or electricity generation, switching to solar energy or wind power, improving the insulation of buildings, and expanding forests and other "sinks" to remove greater amounts of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.

karkat;bnßy ³ Sources: UNFCCC website. Point Carbon, The Little REDD Book (Global Canopy Program, 2008).

16

enAkñúgbribTénkarERbRbYlGakasFatu enHKWCaGnþraKmn_rbs;mnusS edIm,Ikat;bnßyRbPB b¤BRgwgsRmUb]sµ½n pÞHkBa©k;. ]TahrN_nana rab;bBa©Úl kareRbIR)as;\n§n³pUsIulkan;EtmanRbsiT§iPaBx<s; sRmab;dMeNIrkarkñúg]sSahkmµ b¤karplit GKÁisnI karbþÚreTAeRbIR)as;famBlRBHGaTitü b¤famBlxül; karEklm¥GIusULg;enAtamGaKar nigkarBRgIképÞdIéRBeQI nig {sRmUb}déTeTot edIm,IRsUbyk]sµ½nkabUnikBIbriyakas[)ankan;EteR cInEfmeTot. Monitoring: Monitoring refers to the collection and archiving of all relevant data necessary for determining the baseline, measuring anthropogenic emissions by sources of greenhouse gases (GHG) within the project boundary of a project activity and leakage, as applicable.

kartamdan³ kartamdansMedAelI karRbmUl nigkarcgRkgnUvral;Tinñn½yEdlBak;B½n§ sRmab;kMNt;lkçxNÐeKal vas;eGmIsüúg BIskmµPaBmnusSeTAtamRbPBén]sµ½npÞHkBa©k; (GHG) enAkñúgRBMEdnKeRmag énskmµPaBKeRmag nigkarelcFøaymYy. N Non-Annex I countries: Annex I is an Annex in the UNFCCC listing those countries that are signatories to the Convention and committed to emission reductions. The non-Annex I countries are developing countries, and they have no emission reduction targets.

RbeTsminenAkñúg]bsm<½n§ 1³ ]bsm<½n§ 1 KWCa]bsm<½n§enAkñúg UNFCCC EdlmanEcgGMBIRbeTsnana EdlCahtßelxIén GnusBaØaenH nigmankarebþCJaedIm,Ikat;bnßyeGmIsüúg. RbeTsminenAkñúg]bsm<½n§ 1 KWRbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_ ehIyRbeTsTaMgenaH BMumancMNucedAkat;bnßyeGmIsüúgeT. N2O: Nitrous oxide. N2O:

DIGasUtm:UNUGuksIut

P

Sources: UNFCCC website. Point Carbon, The Little REDD Book (Global Canopy Program, 2008).

17

Policies and measures (PAMs): A frequently used phrase -- sometimes abbreviated as PAMs -- referring to the steps taken or to be taken by countries to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions under the UNFCCC and the Kyoto Protocol. Some possible policies and measures are listed in the Protocol and could offer opportunities for intergovernmental cooperation.

eKalneya)ay nigviFankar (PAMs): RbeyaKEdlmaneRbIR)as;Cajwkjab; -CYnkalsresrbMRBYjCa PAMs -- Edl sMedAelICMhannanaEdl)anGnuvtþ b¤EdlRtUvGnuvtþ edayRbeTsnana edIm,Ikat;bnßykarbeBa©j]sµ½npÞHkBa©k; enAeRkamGnusBaØa UNFCCC nigBiFIsarküÚtU. eKalneya)ay nigvíFankarxøH² manEcgenAkñúgBiFIsarenH nigGacpþl;»kassRmab;kic©shRbtibtþi karGnþrrdæaPi)al. Permanence (LULUCF): The longevity of a carbon pool and the stability of its stocks, given the management and disturbance environment in which it occurs.

nic©PaB (LULUCF): PaBenA)anyUrénGagkabUn nigsßirPaBénsnñiFirbs;va enAkñúglkçxNÐNamYyénkarRKb;RKg nigkarrMxan. R Reforestation (LULUCF): Reforestation is the direct human-induced conversion of non-forested land to forested land through planting, seeding and/or the human-induced promotion of natural seed sources, on land that was forested but that has been converted to non-forested land. For the first commitment period, reforestation activities will be limited to reforestation occurring on those lands that did not contain forest on 31 December 1989.

karsþaréRBeQIeLIgvíj (LULUCF): karsþaréRBeQIeLIgvíj KWCakarbEmøgedaypÞal;BIskmµPaBmnusSnUvdIE dlKµanéRBeTA CadIéRB tamry³kardaM karsabRKab;BUC nig¼b¤ skmµPaBrbs;mnusSkñúgkarCRmuj[mandMNuH edayeRbIR)as;RKab;BUCmanRbPB BIFmµCati enAelIdIEdlFøab;manéRBeQI b:uEnþRtUv)anbEmøgeTACadIKµanéRBeQI. enAkñúgry³eBldMbUgénkatBVkic© skmµPaBsþaréRB eQIeLIgvíj manRtwmEtCakarsþaréRBeQI EdlekIteLIgenAelIdIFøIEdlBMumanéRBeQIrhUtRtwm éf¶TI 31 ExFñÚ qñaM 1989 b:ueNÑaH. Sources: UNFCCC website. Point Carbon, The Little REDD Book (Global Canopy Program, 2008).

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Revegetation: A direct human-induced activity to increase carbon stocks on sites through the establishment of vegetation that covers a minimum area of 0.05 hectares and does not meet the definitions of afforestation and reforestation.

karbegáItKRmbrukçCatieLIgvij³ skmµPaBedaypÞal;rbs;mnusS edIm,IbegáInsnñiFikabUn enAelITItaMgnana tamry³karbegáIt KRmbrukçCati elIvísalPaBelIépÞdIy:agtic 0/05 hikta nigBMuRtUvtamniymn½yénkardaMéRBeQInigkarsþ aréRBeQIeLIgvíjeLIy. S Sequestration (LULUCF): The process of increasing the carbon content of a carbon pool other than the atmosphere.

karTajyk (LULUCF): dMeNIrkarénkarbegáInbrimaNkabUnenAkñúgGagk abUnmYy eRkABIbriyakas. Sink (LULUCF): Any process or mechanism that removes a greenhouse gas, an aerosol, or a precursor of a greenhouse gas from the atmosphere. A given pool (reservoir) can be a sink for atmospheric carbon if, during a given time interval, more carbon is flowing into it than is flowing out.

sRmUb (LULUCF): dMeNIrkar b¤ynþkarNamYyEdldkhUtyk]sµ½n GaeGr:UsUl b¤ sarFatuedImNamYyén]sµ½npÞHkBa©k; ecjBI kñúgbriyakas. GagmYy GacCakEnøgRsUbykkabUnBIkñúgbriyakas RbsinebIenAkñúgcenøaHeBlNamYy brimaNkabUnkan;EteRcIn hUrcUleTAkñúgGagenaH eRcInCagbrimaNEdlhUrecjBIGagenaH. Source: Opposite of sink. A carbon pool (reservoir) can be a source of carbon to the atmosphere if less carbon is flowing into it than is flowing out of it.

RbPB³ pÞúyBIsRmUb. GagkabUnmYy GacCaRbPBkabUnEdlcUleTAkñúgbriyakas RbsinebImanbrimaNkabUntictYcCag EdlhUr cUleTAkñúgGagenaH eFobnwgbrimaNEdlhUrecj. Stakeholders: The public, including individuals, groups or communities affected, or likely to be affected, by the project. Comments of stakeholders have to be included into Project Design Document according to rules established by UNFCCC.

GñkBak;B½n§³ saFarNCn EdlrYmTaMgbuKÁlnana Sources: UNFCCC website. Point Carbon, The Little REDD Book (Global Canopy Program, 2008).

19

Rkum b¤ shKmn_ EdlrgeRKaH b¤ TMngCargeRKaH edaysarKeRmagenaH. eKRtUv EtbBa©Úleyabl;rbs;GñkBak;B½n§eTAkñúgÉksarbe gáItKeRmag RsbeTAtambTbBa¢a EdlmanEcgeday UNFCCC. T Temporary Certified Emission Reductions (tCERs): see also Long-term Certified Emission Reductions (lCERs) Credits issued for an afforestation or reforestation project activity under the CDM that expires at the end of the commitment period following the one during which it was issued. tCERs are issued for the net anthropogenic greenhouse gas removals by sinks achieved by the project activity since the project start date.

brimaNeGmIsüúgEdl)anbBa ¢ak;Cafa)ankat;bnßyCabeNþaHGasnñ (rCERs): sUmGan\NTansRmab;brimaNeGmI-süúg Edl)anbBa ¢ak;fa)ankat;bnßysRmab;ry³eBlEvg (lCERs) Edl)anecjsRmab;skmµPaBKeRmagdaMéRBeQI b¤sþaréRB eQIeLIgvíj enAeRkam CDM EdlGs;suBlPaBenAcugry³eBlénkatBVkic© bnÞab;BIry³eBlmYy EdlenAkñúgenaHmankarecj víBaØabnb½RtbBa¢ak;. tCERs RtUv)anecjsRmab;bBa ¢ak;GMBIbrimaNénkarRsUbyksuT§edayskmµPaBm nusS nUv]sµ½npÞHkBa©k; edaysarsRmUb EdlseRmc)an tamry³skmµPaBKeRmag Kitcab;taMgBIeBlcab;epþImKeRmag. U United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC): The UNFCCC was established 1992 at the Rio Earth Summit. It is the overall framework guiding the international climate negotiations. Its main objective is "stabilisation of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic (man-made) interference with the climate system".

GnusBaØaRkbx½NÐshRbCaCatisþIBIkarERbRbYlGa kasFatu (UNFCCC): GnusBaØa UNFCCC RtUv)anbegáIteLIgenA qñaM 1992 kñúgkic©RbCMukMBUlBiPBelaknaTIRkugrIy:U. vaCaRkbx½NÐrYm EdlENnaMdl;karcrcaCaGnþrCatiGMBIGakasFatu. eKalbMN gcMbgénGnusBaØaenHKW {kareFVI[mansßirPaBkMhab;]sµ½npÞHkBa©k;enA kñúgbriyakas kñúgkRmitmYy EdlGacTb;sáat;karrMxanRbkb Sources: UNFCCC website. Point Carbon, The Little REDD Book (Global Canopy Program, 2008).

20

edayeRKaHfñak;BIskmµPaBrbs;mnusS CamYyRbB½n§GakasFatu}. V Verification: see also Determination. In order for CDM projects to have a formalised validation of an emission reduction stream, a recognised independent third party must confirm that claimed emissions reduction activity has occurred.

karepÞógpÞat; ³ sUmGan karkMNt;. edIm,IGacepÞógpÞat;CapøÚvkarGMBIcrnþénkarkat; bnßyeGmIsüúgtamry³KeRmag CDM Tam Tar[manPaKITIbI EdlCasßab½nÉkraCü nigmankarTTYlsÁal;famansmtßPaB edIm,IeFVIkarbBa¢ak;fa skmµPaBEdlRtUv)anGHGag fakat;bnßyeGmIsüúg BitCaRtUv)anGnuvtþEmn. Verified Emission Reductions (VERs): VERs are generated by small-scale projects, which are assessed and verified by third party organisations rather than through the UNFCCC.

karkat;bnßyeGmIsüúgEdl)anepÞógpÞat; (VERs): VERs RtUv)anbegáIteLIgtamry³KeRmagxñattUc EdlRtUv)anvaytémø nigepÞógpÞat; edayGgÁkarnanaEdlCaPaKITIbI EtminEmntamry³ UNFCCC eLIy. Voluntary Market: Voluntary markets for emissions reductions cover those buyers and sellers of Verified Emission Reductions (VERs), which seek to manage their emission exposure for non-regulatory purposes.

TIpSarsµ½RKcitþ ³ TIpSarsµ½RKcitþsRmab;karkat;bnßyeGmIsüúg ) andl;GñkTij nigGñklk;brimaNkat;bnßyéneGmIsüúgEdl ) anepÞógpÞat; (VERs) EdlRbwgERbgRKb;RKgeGmIsüúgrbs;xøÜn sRmab;eKalbMNgEdlBMuTak;Tgnwgkardak;kMhit.

Sources: UNFCCC website. Point Carbon, The Little REDD Book (Global Canopy Program, 2008).

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