Carrowkeel Early Med Cemetery (volume 2)
This document was uploaded by user and they confirmed that they have the permission to share it. If you are author or own the copyright of this book, please report to us by using this DMCA report form. Report DMCA
Overview
Download & View Carrowkeel Early Med Cemetery (volume 2) as PDF for free.
More details
- Words: 63,120
- Pages: 155
Date: January 2009 Client: Galway County Council Project code: NGB05
N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2. Final Report on archaeological investigations at Site E2046, an enclosure ditch and cemetery in the townland of Carrowkeel, Co. Galway Volume II By: Brendon Wilkins and Susan Lalonde Excavation no.: E2046 Director: Brendon Wilkins NGR: 159326/223949 RMP No.: GA097‐066
Date: January 2009 Client: Galway County Council Project code: NGB05
N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2. Final Report on archaeological investigations at Site E2046, an enclosure ditch and cemetery in the townland of Carrowkeel, Co. Galway Volume II By: Brendon Wilkins and Susan lalonde Excavation no.: E2046 Director: Brendon Wilkins NGR: 159326/223949 RMP No.: GA097‐066
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
CONTENTS
PAGE
Summary
4
Introduction
4
Site description and location
5
Aims and methodology
5
Vol I. 1 2 3 4 5
6
7 8
Results The natural deposits Phase 1: features pre‐dating the main enclosure and cemetery Phase 1 ditches Phase 1 discrete features Phase 2: the main enclosure and associated features (excluding the cemetery) Phase 2: the cemetery Cemetery Phase 1 (c.650 – 850) Cemetery Phase 2 (c.850 – 1050) Cemetery Phase 3 (c.1050 – 1250) Cemerty Phase 4 (c.1340 – 1450) Phase 3: Linear cultivation, later agricultural and natural features Discussion Settlement/cemeteries Funerary practices Segregated burial in the early medieval period Archive References
5 6 6 7 7 14 14 15 15 16 16
16 18 19
20
21
157
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
List of Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 11 Figure 12 List of Plates Plate 1 Plate 2 Plate 3 Plate 4 Plate 5 Plate 6 Plate 7 Plate 8 Plate 9 Plate 10 Plate 11 Plate 12 Plate 13 Plate 14 Plate 15 Plate 16 Plate 17 Plate 18 Plate 19 Plate 20 Plate 21 Plate 22 Plate 23 Plate 24 Plate 25 Plate 26 Plate 27 Plate 28
Location map of the excavation enclosure site at Carrowkeel E2046 RMP extract of GA097‐066 indicating the enclosure site at Carrowkeel Overall site plan of the enclosure site at Carrowkeel E2046 Sections of the main enclosure ditch feature (1023) Section of Phase 1 enclosure ditch feature (1015) Section and plan of post‐hole feature (1051) Section and plan of kiln feature (1292) Sections of cemetery ditch features (1260) and (1359) Sections of cemetery ditch feature (1260) and (1359) Section of Phase 1 enclosure ditch feasture (1020) Metal artefacts Local medieval pottery
North‐facing section of ditch feature (1020) with fill 1021, Slot 2 Southeast facing section of ditch feature (1020) showing additional deposits (1369) and (1370) slot 1 North facing section of pit feature (1050) Southeast facing section of cooking pit feature (1292) East facing section of main enclosure ditch feature (1023) Slot 1 South facing section of main enclosure ditch feature (1023) Slot 8 North facing section of main enclosure ditch feature (1023) showing considerable slumping, Slot 8 Southeast facing section of main enclosure ditch feature (1023) truncating ditch feature (1015) Slot 5 East facing baulk showing buried soil horizon and leaching in bank Ditch feature (1023) and bank, Slot 16 West facing section of ditch feature (1260) Slot 6 and (1359) Slot 5 East facing section of ditch feature (1475) Slot 1 Working shot of modern pit feature (1375) Working shot of possible furrow feature main enclosure ditch featue (1023) and modern pit feature (1375) Modern pit feature (1375) Working shot, main enclosure ditch (1023), facing north Working shot, main enclosure ditch (1023), facing north Aerial view of northern ditches Aerial view of northern ditches Skeleton 27 Skeleton 49, with quartz Skeleton 119 Skeleton 126 Skeleton 72, within 1260 Skeleton 82, tightly crouched Skeleton 52 Skeleton 107
158
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
List of Tables Table 1: Main enclosure ditch (1023) described by ditch slot number Appendices Appendix 1 Context Register Appendix 2 Finds Registers Appendix 3 Sample Register Appendix 4 Bone Sample Register Appendix 5 Photographic Register Appendix 6 Drawing Register Appendix 7 The Lithic Assemblage by Torben Bjarke Ballin Appendix 8 Pottery Report by Niamh Doyle Appendix 9 Soil Sample Assessment by Susan Lyons Appendix 10 Human Remains Report by Susan Lalonde Appendix 11 Phased skeletal catalogue Appendix 12 Point‐Biserial Correlation for Sexual Diamorphism Appendix 13 Different Diagnosis
PAGE 23 55 60 64 70 82 90 94 96 99 150 155 156
Vol II. Appendix 11 Appendix 12 Appendix 13 Appendix 14 Appendix 15 Appendix 16
Faunal Remains Report by Auli Tourunen Faunal Remains Data Radiocarbon Dates General Site Matrix Cemetery Matrix Enclosure Ditch Matrix
160 201 297
159
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
Appendix 14: Faunal Remains Report By Auli Tourunen List of Figures Figure 1 Location on animal skeleton of terms referred to in text. Figure 2 Proportion of cattle (large ungulates), sheep or goat and pig in different phases (NISP). Figure 3 Proportion of cattle (large ungulates), pig and sheep or goat in features and areas. Figure 4 Proportion of large and small ungulates in features and areas. Figure 5 Proportion of high and low utility elements in different phases. LU= large ungulate, SU small ungulate. Figure 6 Proportion of high and low utility skeletal elements and teeth in small (SU) and large (LU) ungulates in ditches (1015, 1020, 1023, 1260, 1317), Cemetery subsoil (Cy Sub), subsoil (Sub) and Graves (G). Figure 7 Cattle anatomical distribution (MAU%‐values), phase 1. Figure 8 Sheep and goat anatomical distribution (MAU%‐values), phase 1. Figure 9 Pig anatomical distribution (MAU%‐values), phase 1. Figure 10 Cattle anatomical distribution (MAU%‐values), phase 2. Figure 11 Pig anatomical distribution (MAU%‐values), phase 2. Figure 12 Cattle age data from mandibles. Age categories according to O’Connor (2003): N = neonatal, J = juvenile, I = immature, SA = sub‐adult, A = adult, E = elderly. Figure 13 Age distribution of cattle according to epiphyses data in phases 1 and 2. Figure 14 Age distribution of sheep and goat according to epiphyses data in phases 1 and 2 (excluding ditch 1260). Figure 15 Pig age data from mandibles. Age categories according to O’Connor (2003): N = neonatal, J = juvenile, I = immature, SA = sub‐adult, A = adult, E = elderly. Figure 16 Age distribution of pig according to epiphyses data in phases 1 and 2. Figure 17 Sheep skeleton age data from mandibles (ditch 1260, right mandibles with matching left pair excluded) . Age categories according to O’Connor (2003): N = neonatal, J = juvenile, I = immature, SA = sub‐adult, A = adult, E = elderly. Figure 18 Anatomical distribution of large (LU) and small (SU) ungulates in different parts of enclosure ditch 1023. Figure 19 Abundance of large (LU) and small (SU) ungulates in different parts of enclosure ditch 1023. Figure 20 Proportion of large (LU) and small (SU) ungulates in different fills in enclosure ditch 1023. Figure 21 Anatomical distribution of large (LU) and small (SU) ungulates in different fills in enclosure ditch 1023. List of Tables Table 1 Species representation (NISP) in hand‐picked material. Specimens deriving from complete skeletons in brackets. Table 2 Species representation (NISP) in bones from soil samples. Table 3 Species representation of birds (NISP). Specimens deriving from complete skeletons in brackets. Probable modern specimens in italics. Table 4 Proportion of cattle, sheep or goat and pig in features and areas (%NISP). Table 5 Proportion of high and low utility skeletal elements in different phases (%NISP). LU=large ungulate, SU=small ungulate. Table 6 Burnt bones. LU = large ungulate, SU = small ungulate
160
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
Table 7 Table 8
Carnivore gnawing marks. LU = large ungulate, SU = small ungulate. Carnivore gnawing marks in features (NISP) and their proportion in the whole assemblage (features with NISP over 100). Table 9 Other butchery marks. Table 10 Filleting. Table 11 Dismembering. Table 12 Chopping. Table 13 Distribution of butchery marks in features. Table 14 Epiphyses fusing data for cattle, Phases 1 and 2. O = open, C = closing, F = fused. Table 15 Epiphyses fusing data for sheep and goat, Phases 1 and 2 (excluding ditch 1260). O = open, C = closing, F = fused. Table 16 Epiphyses fusing data for pig, Phases 1 and 2. O = open, C = closing, F = fused. Table 17 Articulated skeletons (NISP). Table 18 NISP and MNI values for complete sheep skeletons (highest MNI in bold). (Tables 19 ‐ 42 in Appendix 12) Table 19 Division of epiphyses in early, intermediate and late fusing groups (Vretemark 1997). Table 20 Division of the skeletal elements to high and low utility skeletal parts. Table 21 Anatomical distribution of the animal bones in hand‐picked material. Table 22 Species representation in ditch 1015. Table 23 Species representation in ditch 1020. Table 24 Species representation in ditch 1023. Table 25 Species representation in ditch 1260. Table 26 Species representation in ditch 1317. Table 27 Species representation in pit 1375. Table 28 Bones from the soil samples. Table 29 Anatomical distribution of species in ditch 1015. Table 30 Anatomical distribution of species in ditch 1020. Table 31 Anatomical distribution of species in ditch 1023. Table 32 Anatomical distribution of species in ditch 1260. Table 33 Anatomical distribution of species in ditch 1317. Table 34 Anatomical distribution of species in pit 1375. Table 35 MNE, MAU and %MAUvalues. Table 36 Pathological bones. Table 37 Measurements. Withers heights of sheep according to Teichert (1975), dog Hardcourt (1974), cattle Matolsci (1970), pig Teichert (1969), horse Kiesewalter (1888). *in two pieces. Table 38 Measurements from complete sheep skeletons from cemetery ditch 1260. Table 39 Animal bones from the soil samples from enclosure ditch 1023 in different sample ditch sections. Table 40 Animal bones from the soil samples from enclosure ditch 1023 in different sample contexts. Table 41 Distribution of hand‐picked material in different features. Table 42 Teeth recording sheet. Table 43 Animal bone recording sheet: codes for completeness. Table 44 Complete list of animal bones.
161
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
Summary A total of 13631 specimens of animal bone were analysed from Carrowkeel, Co. Galway. The site was dated as being an early medieval enclosure. The assemblage consisted of both articulated skeletons and disarticulated remains of animals. Within the disarticulated material, cattle are dominant, followed by sheep and pig. A few specimens belonging to horse and goat were identified, as well as dog and bird bones. The bone material from Carrowkeel represents the domestic material of a typical early medieval farmstead. Cattle was the most important animal in this economy, sheep and pigs were bred to a lesser extent. Hunting wild animals did not play an important role in the economy, nor did fishing. As hunting is associated with royalty and the aristocracy, the lack of game animals might indicate the lower status of the settlement in Carrowkeel. The low number of young sheep and pigs in the material might also be related to transportation of the surplus animals to other, higher status, sites. However, some consumption obviously occurred on the site itself. The large size of the dogs present in the settlement could be indicative of higher status. This may also indicate the special status of the site as a cemetery‐settlement. The results emphasize that the complex nature of livestock consumption and animal distribution in different status settlements is still to be investigated. The bone material recovered from the soil samples from the main enclosure ditch revealed that plenty of small mammals and birds were living around the site. The presence of lizard bones and the absence of amphibian bones indicate dry conditions in the main enclosure ditch. It is possible that a portion of the recovered songbird bones originate from food waste. The presence of the house mouse and the absence of the rat in the enclosure ditch layers give a new perspective to the arrival of these vermin in Ireland. The Carrowkeel house mouse is the first dated house mouse find in Ireland and the absence of rats seem to confirm the later arrival of rats to Ireland. Variations observed in the species representation or in the anatomical representation within features and phases might be the result of changes in the deposition pattern inside the site or changes in the subsistence pattern. The higher number of small ungulates in Phase 2 is likely to represent their increased importance compared to earlier or later phases. There seems to be a change in consumption pattern as more young cattle are represented in the material during Phase 2. Ditch 1260 contained articulated skeletons of 11 sheep, which probably died in an accident or from disease. Skeletons of cat and infant dog were recovered from ring ditch 1023. Introduction This report presents the results of the analysis of animal bones from the excavation of a ditched enclosure at Carrowkeel, Co. Galway (Reg. no. E2046). Full archaeological investigation within the roadtake was conducted on this site between September 2005 and January 2006. The site is located in a landscape of gently undulating glacial hillocks in the townland of Carrowkeel, 7 km from Loughrea. Excavations inside the ditch enclosure revealed a cemetery area and several other structures and ditches. The animal bone specimens were recovered by hand‐picking. Most of the animal bones analysed for this report derive from ditches and pits, which in turn contained most of the animal bone material recovered from the entire site. Bone material was also recovered from subsoil and from the graves. Bones recovered from the soil samples during the sorting were analysed to study the presence of small mammals, birds and fish.
162
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
The site was divided into three separate areas of activity, with the cemetery area sub‐divided into four separate sub‐phases, all broadly contemporary with phase 2 of the new enclosure ditch. The Phase 1 includes bone material from a series of ditches (1015, 1020, 1302, 1317, 1330, 1534), post‐holes (1045, 1047, 1049), pits (1051, 1057) and a gully (1372). The Phase 2 includes material from the main enclosure ditch (1023), cemetery ditch (1260), ditches (1359, 1475), pits (1292, 1346, 1482, 1487) and post holes (1363, 1485, 1498, 1502). The Phase 3 is represented by a pit (1375) and a post hole (1124). Phase 1 remains undated, but could be Early Medieval. Phase 2 was broadly Early Medieval. Phase 3 is a cultivation phase and dates prior to early 19th century. Moreover, animal bones were also recovered from subsoil (1001, 1098) and from 43 graves (see table 41 in Appendix 12 for details). Features (ditches, pits) with material from more than 150 specimens were examined separately for species and anatomical distribution. The same was applied to the subsoil and graveyard material. Enclosure ditch (1023) was excavated by a series of 16 sample ditch sections, on average 2 m in width. Most of the remaining fill between the sections was then removed by means of careful excavation. To examine the spatial distribution on the site, the enclosure ditch was divided into three sections: the first containing material from northwest part of the ditch (sections 1‐5), the second from northeast part of the ditch (sections 6‐9) and the third from southeast part of the ditch (sections 13‐16) to determine spatial variation. No animal bone samples were recovered from sections 10‐12. In order to trace possible differences between filling periods of the enclosure ditch, layers were divided into base, main and upper fills (corresponding with the Phases 2 a‐c) Base fills represents the earliest period of use, main includes the slumps and upper fills the deliberate fillings and the final layers of the ditch. Methodology Each specimen was identified according to species and skeletal element where possible using Joanne Hughes’ personal reference collection, located at Headland Archaeology Ltd, Unit 1 Wallingstown Business Park, Little Island, Co Cork. The categories ’large ungulate‘ (LU) and ’small ungulate‘ (SU) were used for specimens (mainly ribs and vertebrae) which could not be assigned to a species. The specimens categorised as large ungulate are likely to belong to cattle or horse; red deer was absent in the assemblage. Most of the large ungulate bones are likely to belong to cattle are counted together when examining species abundance. Small ungulate specimens are most likely to consist of sheep, pig and goat bones. The category ’small mammal‘ (SM) includes mammal bones from animals smaller than a cat. Bones identified as ’small animal‘ (SA) can derive from mammals, birds, amphibians, lizards or fish. The bird and lizard bones were identified by using the bone collection in the Natural History section of the National Museum of Ireland. Mouse bones were identified to species according to Siivonen & Sulkava (1999) and with the help of the National Museum of Ireland bone collection. Distinctions made between sheep and goat follow Boessneck (1969) for limb bones and Payne (1975) for milk teeth. Tooth eruption and wear were recorded according to Grant (1982). For ages of tooth eruption and epiphyseal fusion Silver’s (1969) figures were followed. The division of epiphyses in early, intermediate and late fusing groups was done according to Vretemark (1997) (Table 19, Appendix 12). Mandibles were further divided in age groups presented by O’Connor (2003, 160). Measurements were taken following von den Driesch (1976). The material was quantified by using the number of identified specimens (NISP). Minimum number of elements (MNE) was used for the recording of the epiphysis fusing stages and to study the anatomical distribution. MNE values were further converted into MAU (Minimum number of anatomical units) and %MAU values to examine the over‐ and under‐representation of certain skeletal elements. Minimum number of individuals (MNI) was counted from the articulated sheep skeletons found in ditch 1260. For the study of anatomical distribution, specimens were divided into
163
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
high and low utility elements, representing the body parts relating to primary and secondary butchery. High utility elements include the spinal column, ribs and upper parts of the limbs. Low utility elements include the head, tail and lower parts of the limbs (Table 20, Appendix 12). During the analysis pathological changes, carnivore and rodent gnawing, signs of burning and butchery marks were recorded. For the distinction of the different types of cut marks, Binford (1978) was used as a guide. All data is stored in digital and written form at Headland Archaeology Ltd, Unit 1 Wallingstown Business Park, Little Island, Co Cork.
Figure. 1. Location on animal skeleton of terms referred to in text (Davis 1987, 54, in Reitz & Wing 1999). Results Species A total of 13631 bone specimens were analysed from the site (Tables 1 and 2). 8437 specimens were recovered by hand picking and an additional 5194 specimens were found in soil samples. Of the disarticulated hand‐picked specimens, 65.9 % were unidentified, which reflects the high fragmentation rate of the material (see below). A total of 450 of the specimens were interpreted to derive from the articulated skeletons and were therefore excluded from the abundance and anatomical distribution analyses. However, as the articulated sheep skeletons were not recovered separately during the excavations it proved very difficult to separate the articulated elements from the disarticulated sheep bones. Therefore some of the bones (for example all the ribs) belonging to articulated sheep have been recorded among the rest of the material, causing a higher apparent proportion of sheep or small ungulates in ditch 1260. The identified specimens derive mostly from domestic animals. The hand‐picked assemblage is dominated by cattle. Specimens categorised as large ungulates are likely to derive from both cattle and horse, but most of these bones probably belong to cattle. Sheep is the next most common species.
164
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
As goat is represented by only one specimen, it is probable that most of the specimens in the “sheep or goat” category derive from sheep as well as many of the specimens in the small ungulate category. Pig was represented by 182 identified specimens. The relatively small size of the pig bones indicates that they derive from domestic animals rather than from wild boar. Other identified domesticated mammals were horse, dog and cat. Rabbit and rat bones are likely to derive from relatively modern animals intruding into the layers. Species
NISP
%
Cattle
828
10.4
Sheep
45 (318)
0.6
Goat
1
0.0
Sheep / Goat
418
5.2
Pig
182
2.3
Horse
31
0.4
Dog
55 (36)
0.7
Cat
4 (96)
0.1
Rabbit
8
0.1
Rat
1
0.0
Mouse
1
0.0
Large ungulate
699
8.8
Small ungulate
399
5.0
Carnivore
6
0.1
Bird
41
0.5
Small mammal
2
0.0
Indeterminate
5266
65.9
Total
7987 (450)
100
Table 1. Species representation (NISP) in hand‐picked material. Specimens deriving from complete skeletons in brackets. Bird bones were present in the material (Table 3). Some bird bones are likely to have derived from modern specimens intruding into layers during later periods. These bones were of a different colour and state of preservation than the rest of the bones. Most of these bones belong to different types of waders (uncertain identifications of snipe and woodcock; at least one smaller species is present). However, plenty of bird bones were probably contemporary to other bone material. Bones of domestic fowl, quail and possibly red grouse (or grey partridge, but the former species is more likely: the size of the bone matches better with red grouse) are likely to represent consumed birds. Bones of larger songbirds like thrushes may also have been consumed, but they could derive from natural deaths too. Some passerine (perching bird, “songbird”) bones derive from such a small species that their consumption is unlikely. Mice bones in the assemblage seem to represent two different species, house mouse (Mus musculus) and wood mouse (Apodemus sylvaticus). Identification was based on the mandibles and maxilla. The mandibular cheek teeth row of wood mouse was measured in order to confirm the identification. The result of 4.2 mm of overlap with the range existing in Yellow‐necked field mouse (Apodemus flavicollis) confirms this (Siivonen & Sulkava 1999, 160‐1). However, as the latter species has never been recorded in Ireland, wood mouse is the more likely possibility. Even if wood mouse is considered to be native species, it has been assumed that the house mouse arrived to Ireland with the Normans
165
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
(D’Arcy 2006, 8). However, according to Kelly (1997, 243) the Early Irish written sources mention the house mouse as a significant vermin. Yet it is unclear as to which specific species (if any) the author refers to. Moreover, the Irish word for mouse, luch, seems to have been applied also to rats (Kelly 1997, 244). The house mouse bones bones were recovered from deposits (1179) and (1027) from the main enclosure ditch (1023) and they were dated to cal. AD 860‐1020 (GU‐15327) and cal. AD 670‐890 (GU – 15326) respectively. These contexts represent the internal slumping period before the ditch was filled (Phase 2 a). These are the earliest dated house mouse from Ireland and categorically confirm the presence of the species in Ireland in the early medieval period. Shrew bones are likely to belong to pigmy shrew (Sorex minutus), the only shrew species present in Ireland. The small size of the bones compared to those of common shrew (Sorex a. araneus) supports this view. Small lizard bones were also recovered from the soil samples. As viviparous lizard (Lacerta vivepara) is the only lizard species present in Ireland, these bones are likely to belong to it. No fish bones were recovered from the hand‐picked samples but they were present in soil samples. Species
NISP
%
Cattle
18
0.3
Sheep
4
0.1
Sheep / goat
14
0.3
Pig
14
0.3
Dog
3
0.1
Mouse
187
3.6
Shrew
46
0.9
Rodent
3
0.1
Large ungulate
29
0.6
Small ungulate
26
0.5
Small mammal
17
0.3
Small animal
192
3.7
Bird
131
2.5
Fish
29
0.6
Lizard
22
0.4
Indeterminate
4459
85.8
Total
5194
100
Table 2. Species representation (NISP) in bones from soil samples.
166
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
Species
NISP
Domestic fowl
3
Domestic fowl (?) 6 Quail
1
Red grouse (?)
1
Crow
(14)
Waders
5
Water rail
1
Thrushes (?)
2
Passerine
10
Indeterminate
129
Total
158 (14)
Table 3. Species representation of birds (NISP). Specimens deriving from complete skeletons in brackets. Probable modern specimens in italics. The potential contemporaneity of the small animal fauna with the rest of the assemblage needed to be explored. As the ditch itself did not include any datable layers sealing the deposits below, the only approach was to date the bones themselves. As described above, two house mouse mandibles were radiocarbon dated to cal. AD 860‐1020 (GU‐15327) and cal. AD 670‐890 (GU – 15326). Thus, the bone assemblage is likely to represent fauna contemporary to the site. Species representation and the anatomical distribution of the hand‐picked assemblage are influenced by the method of recovery. Bones of medium‐sized and small animals are regularly missed when sieving is not practised. This is clearly seen by examining the bones recovered from the soil samples. Here, bones of the small ungulates dominate over the large ungulates (Table 2). Shrew, fish and lizard bones were only recovered from the soil samples. Bird and mouse bones were more abundant in the soil samples than in the hand‐picked material. Only one mouse bone was recovered from hand‐ picking. In addition to the bias created by the recovery method, large animal bones are also often found in a higher fragmentary state than the bones of smaller mammals. This can also lead to the over‐ representation of cattle compared to sheep and pig. However, even taking these factors into account, cattle were probably the dominant species in Carrowkeel and would have produced the most meat consumed at the site. Variation in species representation Species representation presented some variation in different phases (Table 4, Figure 2). Phase 3 includes the highest proportion of cattle and the lowest proportion of pigs. The most notable difference is the high number of sheep or goat bones in Phase 2. However, this difference is partly created by the articulated skeletons found in the cemetery ditch 1260 (see below) as some of the bones belonging to the skeletons were not possible to identify as such. The material from the main enclosure ditch (1023) belonging to this phase seems to include more sheep bones than Phase 1 and Phase 3. Most of the articulated sheep bones in ditch 1260 were recovered from context 1353. The sheep proportion is higher in the remaining two contexts (73% cattle, 21% sheep or goat, 6% pig). There seems to be a real difference in the number of sheep bones between the phases. Horse bones were absent in Phase 3. Cat and dog bones were recovered from Phases 1 and 2.
167
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
Phase
Phase 1
Phase 1
Phase 1
Feature
ditch
ditch
ditch
Phase 2 enclosure ditch
1015
1020
1317
Cattle
88
83
Sheep/goat
8
Pig Cattle Small ungulate
Phase 2
Phase 3
ditch
pit
1023
1260
82
67
8
8
4
9
88 12
N/A
N/A
1375
subsoil cemetery area
subsoil enclosure area
62
88
76
61
17
34
7
17
20
10
15
5
5
7
20
81
65
59
0
82
73
55
19
35
41
100
18
27
45
Table 4. Proportion of cattle, sheep or goat and pig in features and areas (%NISP). Figure 2. Proportion of cattle (large ungulates), sheep or goat and pig in different phases (NISP).
100%
80%
60%
pig sheep/goat c attle
40%
20%
0% Phase 1
Phase 2
Phase 3
168
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
Figure 3. Proportion of cattle (large ungulates), pig and sheep or goat in features and areas.
100%
%NISP
80% 60%
pig sheep/goat
40%
c attle
20% 0% Phase 1
Phase 1
Phase 1
Phase 2
ditch 1015 ditc h 1020 ditc h 1317
Phase 2
enclosure ditch 1260
Phase 3
subsoil
subsoil
pit 1375
c emetery
enclosure
area
area
ditc h 1023
Figure 4. Proportion of large and small ungulates in features and areas.
100%
%NISP
80% small ungulate
60%
large ungulate (c attle)
40% 20% 0% Phase 1
Phase 1
Phase 1
Phase 2
Phase 2
ditc h 1015 ditc h 1020 ditc h 1317 enc losure ditch 1260 ditch 1023
Phase 3
subsoil
subsoil
pit 1375
c emetery
enc losure
area
area
As noted in the phase comparison, there is a variation in species representation between the different features in the site (Figure 3, Table 21, Appendix 12). Cattle clearly dominated the material in ditches 1015, 1020 and in pit 1375. In ditch 1317 cattle dominance was less clear when bones identified as small ungulates were counted (Figure 4). This is caused by the high number of small ungulate ribs recovered from the sample. Even if cattle dominate the sample in enclosure ditch 1023, the proportion of sheep or goat and pig bones was higher than in the other ditches. Subsoil layers contained plenty of pig bones. Cat bones were found in enclosure ditch 1023, ditch 1317 and from grave 89. Dog bones were present in ditch1015, enclosure ditch 1023 and cemetery ditch 1260. Comparison of the abundance of small species is difficult as very different amounts of material were sampled from different features (Table 22‐27,Appendix 12).
169
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
Anatomical distribution Anatomical distribution was studied in order to examine the past activities on the site. The complete skeletons were excluded from the anatomical distribution analysis. The bone material proved to include remains from all stages of the processing of animal carcasses (Table 28, Appendix 12). The anatomical distribution exhibited no signs of professional activities such as tanning, slaughter or horn‐working. As a result, the assemblage is regarded as domestic waste. Cattle, sheep, pig and horse are represented through elements from all anatomical parts. Horse bones did not exhibit any cut marks. However, plenty of high utility skeletal elements were present and horse bones were distributed quite evenly (in contrast to cat and dog). Horse carcasses were apparently treated in the same way as cattle, sheep and pig carcasses and horse meat was possibly consumed at the site. The only goat bone identified in the assemblage was a horn core. It could derive from an animal actually living at the site. It could also be an element of trade, transported to site attached to goat skin or as a loose horn (for the horn sheath). Variation in anatomical distribution While comparing the anatomical distribution between different species, it should be remembered that numerous sheep, goat and pig ribs and vertebrae have been categorised as small ungulates. All of the ribs and most of the vertebrae of cattle are categorized as large ungulates. To gain a picture of the anatomical distribution of the large and small ungulates the specimens belonging to cattle and large ungulates were counted together. The same was done to sheep, goat, pig and small ungulate specimens. There is some variation in the anatomical distribution between the different phases (Table 5, Figure 5). Phase 3 includes more low utility skeletal elements than the other phases. Phase 1 and 2 exhibit approximately similar pattern of high and low utility skeletal part representation.
Phase 1 LU Phase 1 SU Phase 2 LU Phase 2 SU Phase 3 LU Phase 3 SU
high utility
55.7
67.3
60.7
65.1
40.6
33.3
low utility
44.3
32.7
39.3
34.9
59.4
66.7
Table 5. Proportion of high and low utility skeletal elements in different phases (%NISP). LU=large ungulate, SU=small ungulate.
170
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
Figure 5. Proportion of high and low utility elements in different phases. LU=large ungulate, SU=small ungulate.
100% 80% 60%
low utility high utility
40% 20% 0% Phase 1 LU
Phase 1 SU
Phase 2 LU
Phase 2 SU
Phase 3 LU
Phase 3 SU
Figure 6. Proportion of high and low utility skeletal elements and teeth in small (SU) and large (LU) ungulates in ditches (1015, 1020 1023, 1260, 1317), pit (1375), Cemetery subsoil (Cy Sub), subsoil (Sub) and Graves (G).
100% 90% 80%
NISP%
70% 60%
teeth
50%
low utility
40%
high utility
30% 20% 10%
U
U G ra ve s L U G ra ve s S U
Su b S
Su b L
U 13 75 L U 13 75 S U C y Su b LU C y Su b SU
13 17 S
U
U 12 60 L U 12 60 S U 13 17 L U
10 23 S
10 23 L
U 10 20 L U 10 20 S U
10 15 S
10 15 L
U
0%
Some differences were found in the anatomical distribution between different features (Tables 29‐34, Appendix 12, Figure 6). Ditch 1015 and pit 1375 exhibit similar patterns to each other. Both have reasonably low numbers of high utility elements and high numbers of loose teeth. In both features there are more small ungulate high utility skeletal elements than those of large ungulates. In the enclosure ditch 1023 the proportion of high utility skeletal elements is similar in both small and large ungulates. The cemetery ditch 1260 and ditch 1317 have high levels of high utility skeletal elements. In cemetery ditch 1260 the small ungulate distribution is likely to be biased as the ribs of complete skeletons are raising the level of high utility skeletal elements of small ungulates. However, it is noteworthy that the large ungulates exhibit a high level of high utility skeletal parts. High numbers of
171
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
teeth in the subsoil and graves is unsurprising as the material is likely to be redeposited. Teeth are the hardest tissue in the skeleton and very sustainable through changes in the physical environment. There is a connection between the high proportion of loose teeth in the material and the low number of high utility skeletal elements. There are two possible explanations. The material proved to be highly fragmented; mandibles and maxillae were often broken in pieces and teeth were loose. Jaws are low utility skeletal elements, so a higher number of jaws (and low utility skeletal elements) is connected to a high level of loose teeth. The high utility skeletal elements are more fragile than low utility skeletal parts and therefore more sensitive to fragmentation. High numbers of loose teeth are related to high fragmentation, which can in turn cause destruction of high utility skeletal parts. So, although jaws are low utility elements, they are related to high levels of fragmentation due to their structural nature. This results in a high level of loose teeth and makes jaws a low utility element with a high fragmentation rate, something usually related to high utility elements. A comparison between the anatomical distribution of hand‐picked and soil sample material was made for enclosure ditch 1023. It was selected as it included enough sampled material. More large ungulate bones of low utility elements and small ungulates of high utility elements were recovered in soil samples. Cattle cranium fragments and phalanxes are likely to explain the higher low utility proportion in the soil samples as the size of these fragments is small. The higher proportion of small ungulate bones in soil samples is explained by ribs and vertebras of these animals, often missed in hand recovery. MNE figures were used to examine the anatomical distribution more closely (Figures 7‐11, Table 35, Appendix 12). MNE figures are less affected by the different fragmentation than NISP numbers. As some of the bones deriving from the articulated skeletons of sheep in Phase 2 were difficult to separate from disarticulated bones, MNE for sheep and goat was not counted for this phase. Phase 3 included too few bones for counting the MNE to be meaningful. The low number of MNE figures in Phase 1 makes comparisons of anatomical distribution more difficult. However, there seems to be no striking difference between the anatomical distribution between Phases 1 and 2. The higher number of high utility skeletal elements in Phase 2 is probably due to the lower number of mandibles and the higher number of radius, ulna and tibia. The virtual absence of pig vertebrates and ribs might indicate that they were deposited somewhere else with the food waste: however especially in fragmented state they are difficult to identify and could have been categorised as small ungulate.
172
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
Figure 7. Cattle anatomical distribution (MAU%‐values), phase 1
Figure 8. Sheep and goat anatomical distribution (MAU%‐values) phase 1
pha la nx 3 pha la nx 3 pha la nx 2 pha la nx 2 pha la nx 1 pha la nx 1 m e ta ta rs a l m e ta ta rs a l ta rs i ta rs i c a lc a ne us c a lc a ne us ta lus ta lus m a lle o la re m a lle o la re tibia tibia pa te lla pa te lla fe m ur fe m ur pe lvis o s c o xa e m e ta c a rpa l m e ta c a rpa l c a rpa ls c a rpa ls ulna ulna ra dius ra dius hum e rus hum e rus s c a pula s c a pula ribs rib s a c rum s a c rum ve rt lum b ve rt lum b ve rt tho r ve rt tho r ve rt c e rv ve rt c e rv a xis a xis a tla s a tla s m a ndible m a ndible ho rnc o re ho rnc o re c ra nium c ra nium
0.0 0
10.0 10
20.0 20
30.0 30
40.0 40
50.0 60.0 50 60 %MAU %MAU
70.0 70
80.0 80
90.0 90
100.0 100
173
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
Figure 10. Cattle anatomical distribution (MAU%‐values), phase 2 Figure 9. Pig anatomical distribution (MAU %‐values) phase 1 pha la nx 3 phapha la nxla2nx 3 pha la nx 1 pha la nx 2 m e ta ta rs a l pha la nx 1 ta rs i m e ta ta rs a l c a lc a ne us ta rs i ta lus c a lc a ne us m a lle o la re ta lus tibia fibula pa te lla tibia fe m ur pepa lviste lla fe m m e ta c a rpa l ur s c olsxa e coa rpa m e taulna c a rpa l racdius a rpa ls hum e rusulna s c a pula ra dius rib hum e rus s a c rum s c a pula ve rt lum b rib ve rt tho r s a c rum ve rt c e rv ve rt lum b a xis ve rt tho r a tla s ve rt c e rv m a ndible a xis ho rnc o re a tla s c ra nium m a ndible
0
10
c ra nium
0.0
10.0
20
20.0
30
30.0
40
40.0
50 %MAU 50.0
60
60.0
70
70.0
80
80.0
90
90.0
100
100.0
%MAU
174
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
Figure 11. Pig anatomical distribution (MAU %) phase 2
pha la nx 3 pha la nx 2 pha la nx 1 m e ta ta rs a l ta rs i c a lc a ne us ta lus fibula tibia pa te lla fe m ur o s c o xa e m e ta c a rpa l c a rpa ls ulna ra dius hum e rus s c a pula rib s a c rum ve rt lum b ve rt tho r ve rt c e rv a xis a tla s m a ndible c ra nium
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
%MAU
175
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
Preservation The material proved to be only moderately well preserved. Preservation varied from one context to another and even inside one context. All ditches included both well and badly preserved material. Some specimens were much abraded, which made the identification difficult. The identification of the cut‐ or gnaw‐marks was also hampered by the poor preservation. However, among the material there were also well preserved specimens like the articulated sheep skeletons. The material was also very fragmented and fragile. Some of the fragmentation had occurred already during the burial process but post‐mortem breaks were also very common. A sample could include only a few elements, but a high number of specimens because of the high fragmentation rate. A good example is bone sample 90 from context 1021, ditch 1020. It contained a minimum of nine bones (MNE), but 113 fragments. Most of the fragments are likely to derive from the mandible and maxilla of cattle, which had broken into pieces. Phase
Feature
Context
cattle
sheep/goat
LU
SU
1
1015, ditch
1016
bird unidentified Total
1
1020, ditch
1021, 1369
7
7
1
1049, post‐hole
1050
10
10
1
1051, pit
1052
3
3
6
6
1
1057, pit
1058
1
1
1
1317, ditch
1316, 1317
1
194
195
1
1372, gully
1
1
2
1023, enclosure ditch
1373 1008, 1024, 1025, 1026, 1027, 1029, 1031, 1036, 1037, 1038, 1072, 1073, 1076, 1078, 1079, 1099, 1100, 1102, 1103, 1113, 1123, 1130, 1199, 1213, 1220, 1243 1067
1
3
1
122
127
1
1
1261
1
19
20
1297
7
7
2
1066, pit 1260, cemetery ditch 1292, pit
2 2 2
1346, pit
1349, 1351
4
1
14
19
2
1475, ditch
1477
2
2
2
1482, pit
1483
1
1
2
1502, post‐hole
1503
1
1
3
1375, pit
1377, 1396, 1471
5
5
I
SK001
1042
3
3
II
SK123
1528
1
1
N/A
subsoil, cemetery
1098
1
1
7
9
N/A
subsoil
1001
2
2
2
1
6
4
1
407
421
Total
Table 6. Burnt bones. LU = large ungulate, SU = small ungulate.
176
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
Carrowkeel animal bone material included 33 burned specimens (Table 6). Carnivore gnawing was present in 104 specimens (Table 7). The distribution of gnawed specimens showed some patterning (Table 8). The highest number of gnawed specimens was recovered from the main enclosure ditch 1023, which also had the highest proportion of gnawed specimens. Quite high numbers of gnawed specimens were also recovered from ditches 1020 and1317 and cemetery ditch 1260. No evidence of rodent gnawing was present in the material. According to osteological evidence, rat was introduced to Ireland in the 12th century (McCormick 1991, 49). However, some pictorial evidence from the early medieval period is interpreted as showing the possible presence of rats in Ireland in even earlier periods (Kelly 1997, 243‐44). In this material rat bone was present only in the cemetery subsoil and is likely to be intrusive. Element
cattle
sheep/goat
pig
horse
LU
SU
indet
skull
mandible
2
1
1
vert cerv
1
vert thor
2
vert lumb
1
vert indet
1
2
ribs
7
2
scapula
5
1
1
1
2
humerus
1
1
radius
1
4
1
ulna
3
1
radius+ulna
1
mc
1
1
pelvis
1
1
3
femur
2
1
tibia
3
4
2
talus
2
calcaneus
3
ct
1
mt
5
mp
1
ph 1
2
ph 2
1
long bone
1
5
5
indet
32
Total
31
13
6
2
20
9
39
Table 7. Carnivore gnawing marks. LU = large ungulate, SU = small ungulate.
177
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
Phase
Feature
Context
1
1015, ditch
1017
1
1
1020, ditch
1021
3
1
1317, ditch
1315
1
1
9
4
12
5
1012, 1024, 1027, 1029, 1030, 1031, 1076, 1103, 1130, 1198, 1199, 1237, 1238 1261, 1353, 1353
cattle sheep/goat pig horse LU SU indet Total
2
1
2
2
5
4
11
%
1
0.4
3
8
1.5
7
10
1.5
2
17
41
2.5
5
8
45
1.7
2
1023, enclosure ditch
2
1260, cemetery ditch
2
1359, ditch
1360
1
1
3
1375, pit
1472
1
1
0.6
I
SK113
1489
1
1
2
I
SK085/086
1384
1
3
4
II
SK036
1195
1
1
N/A
subsoil, cemetery
1098
1
1
1
1
4
0.4
N/A
subsoil
1001
1
1
2
0.9
Total
31
13
6
2
20
9
39
120
Table 8. Carnivore gnawing marks in features (NISP) and their proportion in the whole assemblage (features with NISP over 100). LU= large ungulate, SU=small ungulate. Butchery A total of 76 specimens showed butchery marks (Tables 9‐12). Most of the chop marks would have resulted from cutting up the carcass into smaller pieces for consumption – the most common elements being treated this way were the high utility skeletal elements like vertebrae and ribs. Long bones and pelvises of cattle have also been treated this way. Horn cores were chopped to remove them from the rest of the skull. Sheep or goat skulls were split to gain access to the brain. A total of 17 bones showed evidence of filleting, most of which were ribs. Cattle femur, radius and mandible had marks indicative of dismemberment.
cattle sheep/goat large ungulate indet Total
mandible
1
1
2
vert thor
1
1
Rib
2
2
Mc
2
2
Pelvis
1
1
Talus
2
2
long bone
2
2
Indet
1
1
Total
6
1
5
1
13
Table 9. Other butchery marks.
178
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
cattle large ungulate small ungulate indet Total
rib
8
5
13
scapula
1
1
pelvis
1
1
long bone
1
1
2
Total
1
8
7
1
17
Table 10. Filleting.
cattle
sheep/goat
Total
horn core
1
1
mandible
1
1
radius
1
1
femur
1
1
Total
3
1
4
Table 11. Dismembering.
cattle sheep sheep/goat pig large ungulate Total
skull
1
1
horn core
2
3
3
8
mandible
1
1
vert cerv
4
3
7
vert thor
3
3
vert lumb
3
1
4
vert indet
2
2
sternum
1
1
rib
3
3
humerus
2
2
radius
2
1
3
radius‐ulna
1
1
mc
1
1
pelvis
2
2
4
long bone
1
1
10
3
17
1
11
42
Total
Table 12. Chopping.
179
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
Phase
Feature
Context
chopped
dismembering
filleting
other
Total
1
1015, ditch
1
1
1
1317, ditch
1
3
3
7
1
1372, gully
1
1
2
1023, enclosure ditch
2
2
2
1
7
2
1260, cemetery ditch
36
1
8
7
52
2
1475, ditch
1017 1315, 1316 1373 1012, 1029, 1031, 1076, 1112, 1239 1261, 1353, 1367 1477
1
1
3
1375m pit
1397
1
1
I
SK085/86
1384
1
1
I
SK100
1437
1
1
III
SK116
1516
1
1
N/A
subsoil, cemetery
1098
1
1
2
N/A
subsoil
1001
1
1
Total
42
4
17
13
76
Table 13. Distribution of butchery marks in features Pathology and non‐metrical variation Several specimens exhibited pathological changes or abnormal development (Table 36, 213). A set of abnormal cattle mandibular molars was recovered from ditch 1023 (c.1030). These teeth, unworn or almost unworn, have fully developed roots but their crowns are abnormally short, approximately 2‐ 2.5 cm high. Other pathological cattle bones included a femoral head with mild arthritic changes, a metacarpal with a small pit in the proximal surface, the cause of which is unknown, and two fused tarsal bones (Ct and T2+3). Sheep bones exhibiting pathological changes were two fused tarsal bones (Ct and T2+3) and a humerus, which had a small extra bone growth on its distal end. The axis (second cervical vertebra) identified as sheep or goat had a possible healed break in the proximal articular facet. This type of break can be caused by two fighting rams or bucks for example. An extra, oval bone growth with a groove in the middle was found in the basal margin of the pig mandible. Extra bone is more porous in structure than the rest of the mandible. The cause of the pathology is unknown. Some non‐metrical traits (rare, genetically determined anomalies) were observed in the material. Sheep bones included three specimens of polycerated (multiple horns splitting off from one base, in this case double) sheep horns from at least two different individuals. All specimens were recovered from cemetery ditch 1260, and it cannot be excluded that some of these specimens could belong to the complete sheep skeletons. These skulls fragments exhibited two horn cores on each side of the skull, with the larger one in the front and the smaller one behind. Polycerated sheep horn cores are relatively common in early medieval Irish sites. (McCormick 1998, 829‐30). One lumbar vertebra of sheep or goat had small extra growths in the ventral margin of the articular surfaces. In addition, the assemblage included two dog bones with skeletal abnormalities. One humerus had two nutrient
180
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
foramens, elongated to grooves of approximately 2 cm long. One mandible had an extra, tiny, peg‐ like tooth behind M3. Size Several measurements were taken from the bones to examine the size of the animals (Table 37, Appendix 13). The fragmented state of the bone material lowered the number of possible measurements taken. Therefore it was not possible to examine the measurements in different phases. Only two cattle metacarpals were available for withers heights reconstruction. Both were determined to have derived from females and gained withers heights of approximately 105 cm and 110 cm. Sheep bone measurement analysis is complicated because of the articulated skeletons. There is a very high possibility that several measured bones derive from the same individuals. However, it is possible to examine the size range of the sheep. Measurements from sheep bones belonging to complete skeletons are summarized in Table 37, Appendix 12. Sheep size is discussed in Section 4.9.1. One horse metatarsal could be used for withers height estimation. The bone derives from a pony‐ sized animal with a withers height of approximately 138 cm. Two pig taluses gave withers heights of approximately 66 cm and 72 cm. Unfortunately no complete dog long bones were available for length measurements and thus no withers heights could be estimated. However, some other measurements could to be taken from the dog bones. The physical examination of the remains shows that the dog skeletons derive from large specimens. One proximal humerus depth measurement (Dp 51.6) was compared with measurements of dog bones from Early Medieval Waterford. The largest humerus in this assemblage measured a withers height of 60.4 cm and its Dp was only 47.5 mm (McCormick 1998, 847). Age The best indicators for ageing mammal osteological material are usually obtained from an examination of the wear and eruption of mandibular teeth (Table 42, Appendix 12). The epiphyseal fusion evidence can also be used for age structure analysis, thus it is usually seen as a more unreliable method. Cattle Cattle age data from mandibles show an interesting pattern (Figure 12). Young and elderly animals are represented, but not young adults between them. However, there are differences between the Phases 1‐2 (phase 3 is represented by only 1 mandible). In Phase 1 there are both young and old mandibles, but in phase 2 all the mandibles derive from young cattle.
181
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
Figure 12. Cattle age data from mandibles. Age categories according to O'Connor (2003): N= neonatal, J = juvenile, I = immature, SA = sub-adult, A = Adult, E = elderly.
2
1
0 N
J
I
SA 1
SA2
A1
A2
A3
E
Epiphyseal data for cattle show an abnormal curve (turning upwards again between 1.5‐3 years) (Figure 13, Table 14). Different epiphyseal groups represent different skeletal elements. The abnormal figure might be due to the different destruction or transportation of the elements. It is also possible that there is one complete but dispersed young animal among the material, causing lower numbers in the earliest fusing epiphysis group (see articulated elements discussion below). The latest fusing epiphysis group had approximately half of the epiphyses fused, indicating that half of the animals consumed at the site derive from mature cattle. Only Phase 2 includes enough epiphyses for closer examination. Here 53% of the epiphyses in the late ageing group are fused, thus most of the bones derive from adult animals.
Figure 13. Age distribution of cattle according to epihyses data in phases 1 and 2.
100 90 80 % fused
70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
Age in years
These results appear contradictory. Most of the epiphyses seem to derive from mature animals, most of the mandibles from subadults. This might be caused by different factors. Open epiphyses can be
182
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
more easily destroyed than the closed ones. The material was only moderately well preserved, so part of the discrepancy might be due to this. However, it seems unlikely that preservation would be the only factor causing the difference.
O
C
F
Scapula tuber
1
9
Humerus dist
4
7
Radius prox
1
7
Total
6
23
Mc dist
5
Mt dist
4
Tibia dist
1
7
Total Humerus prox
1
16
1
2
Radius dist
2
2
Ulna prox
1
1
Femur prox
1
3
Femur dist
3
1
Tibia prox
1
Calcaneus
1
2
Total
10
11
Table 14. Epiphyses fusing data for cattle, Phases 1 and 2. O = open, C = closing, F = fused. The difference in the depositional pattern of the elements might also have caused the different age curves. Adult animal bones might derive from cattle slaughtered somewhere else, and only high utility skeletal elements were therefore deposited into the features. The high number of high utility skeletal elements in Phase 2 could support this idea. Sheep / goat Excluding ditch 1260 – i.e. the cemetery ditch ‐ and its articulated skeletons, only three sheep or goat mandibles could be used for age determination. All of these derive from adult animals (O’Connor’s age classes A2 or A3). Approximately half of epiphyses in the latest closing epiphyses group from the material, excluding ditch 1260, were fused (Figure 14, Table 15). Thus, approximately half the animals reached adult age. No comparisons between phases or features could be made because of the limited amount of material. The age distribution of articulated skeletons will be discussed later.
183
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
Figure 14. Age distribution of sheep or goat according to epiphyses data in phases 1 and 2 (excluding ditch 1260).
100
% fused
80 60 40 20 0 0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
Age in years
184
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
O
Scapula tuber Humerus dist
C
F
1 1
Radius prox
Total
0
0
2
Mc dist
1
Mt dist
1
Tibia dist
4
Total
0
0
6
Humerus prox
Radius dist
1
Ulna prox
Femur prox
1
1
Femur dist
0
1
Tibia prox Calcaneus Total
2
Table 15. Epiphyses fusing data for sheep and goat, Phases 1 and 2 (excluding ditch 1260). O = open, C = closing, F = fused. Pig Only nine pig mandibles could be classified to age groups (according to O’Connor 2003) (Figure 15). Most of them derive from young adult animals. Almost half of pig epiphyses in the early fusing group are unfused, and no fused specimens were recorded in the late fusing group (Figure 16, Table 16). The number of older animals seems to be a little higher in the teeth data than in the epiphyses data. However, pigs were raised only for meat production and slaughtered relatively young.
185
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
Figure 15. Pig age data from mandibles. Age categories according to O'Connor (2003): N = neonatal, J = juvenile, I = immature, SA = sub-adult, A = adult, E = elderly.
3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 N
J
I1
I2
SA1
SA2
A1
A2
A3
E
Figure 16. Age distribution of pig according to epiphyses data in phases 1 and 2.
100 90 80
% fused
70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
Age in years
186
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
O
C
F
Scapula tuber
Humerus dist
2
1
Radius prox
4
Total
2
5
Mc dist
Mt dist
Tibia dist
1
Calcaneus
1
Total
2
Humerus prox
2
Radius dist
Ulna prox
1
Femur prox
1
Femur dist
1
Tibia prox
1
Total
6
Table 16. Epiphyses fusing data for pig, Phases 1 and 2. O = open, C = closing, F = fused. . Horse, dog and cat All horse epiphyses in the material were fused, and thus derive from adult animals. However, some loose molar teeth show very little wear. This indicates an age of only a couple of years. All recovered dog bones were those of adults (excluding an infant dog skeleton, described below). In addition to cat skeletons (described below), a juvenile cat humerus and a radius were found, indicating an age of less than 18 and 28 weeks respectively. Sex Few bones could be used for sex determination. One cattle horn core derives from a male, probably from an ox (which was likely to be utilised as a draught animal) due to its oval form and large basal circumference (Benecke 1988). Three medial edges of the pelvises of cattle were measured for sex assessment, all likely to have derived from females (value under 9.8, Wigh 2001, 66). These observations were confirmed by the morphological study of these pelvises. In addition, one more pelvis could be determined to be female and one to be male according to morphological criteria. Two metacarpal bones mentioned earlier derive from females according to criteria presented by Mennerich (1968). Three pig mandibles were identified as belonging to females and five to males according to the mandibular canine teeth. Sex determination of the sheep bones is presented below.
187
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
Articulated skeletons The recovered animal bones included articulated skeletons among the disarticulated material (Table 17). Only one was recognised in the field (an infant dog), the rest ended up among the disarticulated remains. Even if the articulated skeletons can be separated from the rest of the material, there are elements that are difficult to identify as part of a complete skeleton, especially ribs, mandibles and skulls. articulated skeletons
NISP
cat, enclosure ditch 1023
42
cat, grave 89
54
dog (infant), enclosure ditch 1023
36
sheep, cemetery ditch 1260
318
Table 17. Articulated skeletons (NISP). Sheep Animal bone material from cemetery ditch 1260 included a total of 318 sheep bones deriving from articulated skeletons. The minimum number of individuals counted from the bones is 11 (left distal humerus) (Table 18). As these skeletons were not recovered as articulated on site, the exact number of sheep in the ditch is difficult to reconstruct. Moreover, the ditch was not completely excavated but continued beyond the excavated area. Therefore the total number of sheep in this ditch might be considerably higher. On the other hand, there might be some disarticulated bones among the articulated ones, raising the MNI number. It seems that at least 11 complete or partial sheep skeletons were buried in this ditch. Most of the bones derive from context 1353 (base fill of the ditch), but some were also recovered from 1261 (main fill) and 1367 (upper fill). As pointed out above, there were difficulties in separating the articulated elements from the disarticulated. Articulated sheep bones were identified according to their colour and completeness. Articular surfaces of articulated skeletons do not dye to the same colour as the rest of the bones because they are protected by the adjoining bone. Also the colour of the bones belonging to complete burials often differs from disarticulated specimens, as the rotting carcass creates a distinct microenvironment around the skeleton. However, the fragmentary state of the bones made the identification more difficult. As can be seen from the MNE‐ numbers, some bones have been more easily identified as belonging to complete skeletons. It is possible that not all skeletons were complete when buried. Because the ditch was not excavated completely due to the site intake area, but sampled, there is a possibility that some of the bones belonging to the skeletons are missing. Missing small bones like carpals, tarsals and phalanxes are probably due to the recovery method used: hand picking. Some information is available about the age, sex and size of the buried skeletons. According to epiphyseal closure, all individuals were over ten months of age (fused distal epiphyses of the humeri). Five were under three and half years and four over it. At least one individual seemed to be just in the state of fusion of late fusing epiphyses, because one closing proximal humerus and distal femur were found. Mandibles recovered from the ditch represent similar age distribution (Figure 17), where approximately half of the animals derive from mature animals and half from younger (age group A3 derives from animals over four years). Most of these mandibles are likely to derive from the skeletons, even if only five could have been certainly assigned to them.
188
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
NISP
MNI
cranium
15
2
horn core
5
3
mandible
5
3
atlas
5
4
axis
2
2
vert cerv
7
2
vert thor
13
2
vert lumb
14
3
sacrum
2
2
vert caud
5
1
scapula
13
5
humerus
24
11
radius
13
9
ulna
9
5
carpals
4
1
metacarpal
13
6
os coxae
22
10
femur
21
9
patella
1
1
tibia
18
7
malleolare
1
1
talus
3
2
calcaneus
4
2
ct
6
3
tarsi
2
1
metatarsal
17
9
metapodial
1
phalanx 1
32
4
phalanx 2
14
2
phalanx 3
13
2
sesamoid
7
teeth
7
Total
318
Table 18. NISP and MNI values for complete sheep skeletons (highest MNI in bold).
189
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
Figure 17. Sheep skeleton age data from mandibles (ditch 1260, right mandibles with matching left pair excluded). Age categories according to O'Connor (2003). 5
4
3 n 2
1
0 N
J
I
SA 1
SA2
A1
A2
A3
E
Five pelvises were available for sex determination, three deriving from males and two from females. At least one horn core is likely to derive from an adult male, due to the massive horn core base present in the skull. One skull derives from a hornless female. One horn core has a very small basal circumference (70 mm) indicating that it probably belonged to a horned ewe. Estimated withers heights of these animals range from 52 cm to 62 cm (Table 38, Appendix 12). Average withers heights counted from the right metacarpals and the left metatarsals (to include only bones deriving from different animals) were 57 cm and 55 cm respectively. Measured elements not belonging to the articulated skeletons expand this range a little. Sheep talus from enclosure ditch 1023 gave an estimated withers height of 63 cm. Elements belonging to articulated skeletons were carefully examined to find any butchery or gnaw marks. Two bones showed gnaw marks; a radius and an ulna (articulated but not fused). Some butchery marks were noticed. Chop marks were recovered on the base of at least two horn cores. One pelvis bone showed chop marks, and some uncertain chop marks were recovered from a distal femur. All these marks are the result of primary butchery and dismemberment of animals.
190
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
Dog and cat Ditches may include other complete skeletons originally buried as articulated. Large, adult dog remains were recovered from the enclosure ditch 1023 and cemetery ditch 1260, but may derive from only one individual (MNI is 1). However, remains in each ditch are likely to have derived from separate individuals. Dog bones in ditch 1023 were more dispersed than those in 1260, where most of the bones were recovered in northwest part of the ditch. Specimens in ditch 1260 are likely to represent one dog burial. In ditch 1023 dog bones were dispersed in diffent parts of the ditch. These dog remains might represent several individuals, or the disturbed burial of one dog. Thirty‐six specimens belonging to an infant dog were recovered from the main fill of northeneast part of enclosure ditch 1023 (context 1029). The bones were not well preserved and consisted mostly of teeth and jaw fragments. According to the dental eruption and development, the puppy was approximately two months old. Enclosure ditch 1023 also included well preserved remains of an adult cat. All of the bones belonging to this individual derive from upper deposit (context 1197) from the southeast part of the ditch, Another cat skeleton was recovered, associated with grave 89 (to be discussed below). This animal had proximal humerus at closing state, indicating age of 1½ to 2 years. Possible articulated young cattle The material included some cattle remains, which could derive from partly articulated or dispersed, originally articulated skeletons. From cemetery ditch 1260, 16 fragments of vertebrae or ribs of large ungulate were recovered with a similar porous structure, indicating a young individual. These bones derived from base and main fill (contexts 1353 and 1261). Other remains belonging to young cattle were recovered from the same ditch: scapula, two distal humeri (left and right) and at least three pelvises (one right, two left), all unfused. These were recovered from contexts 1353, 1367 and 1261, which represent the base, main and upper fills of the ditch but from same part of the ditch. It is possible that part of these elements, such as the spine belong to the same individual. However, pelvises derive from at least two different individuals. Bones from cattle under 1½ years of age are present in other ditches, but are rare. Bones mentioned above have been included in the age diagram and have a possible distorting effect on it. Features and areas Enclosure ditch 1023: To examine the inner variation in enclosure ditch (1023), the material was divided in horizontal and vertical groups represented by sample ditch sections and contexts. Little variation was found between different horizontal parts of the ditch. The greatest numbers of high utility skeletal elements were recovered from the northeast part of the ditch (Figure 18). In this section the number of small ungulates was slightly higher than in the other sections, but the difference is very minimal (Figure 19). The material from ditch (1023) were also divided into base fill, main fill and upper fill representing different stages of the fillings (corresponding the Phases 2 a‐c). There seems to be little variation in the abundance of large
191
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
and small ungulates between different fills (Figure 20). However, horse bones are only Figure 18. Anatomical distribution of large (LU) and small (SU) ungulates in different parts of enclosure ditch 1023.
100%
80%
60%
teeth low utility high utility
40%
20%
0% NW LU
NW SU
NE LU
NE SU
SE LU
SE SU
present in the upper fill. Some variation is evident in the abundance of different skeletal elements between the fills (Figure 21). However, no clear pattern emerges, as the abundance of the high utility skeletal elements seems to vary inside each fill between large and small ungulates. Figure 19. Abundance of large (LU) and small (SU) ungulates in different Figure 21. Anatomical distribution (LU) and small (SU) ungulates in different parts of of large enclosure ditch 1023. fills in enclosure ditch 1023. 100% 100% 90%
80%
80% 70%
60%
te e th
60%
S low utility U
50%
40%
LU high utility 40% 30%
20%
20% 10%
0%
192
0%
base fill LU
baseNW fill SU main fill LU
main fill SU uppe r fill LUS Euppe r fill SU NE
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
The distribution of the bones from the soil samples was also examined in order to study the depositional history of the site. Most of the soil samples for the entire site were taken from enclosure ditch 1023. This gave rise to the largest sample of small animal bones. Mouse, shrew, bird and fish bones were recovered from all parts of the ditch, both vertically and horizontally (Tables 39‐40, Appendix 12). Mouse bones were also present in the other features, but in smaller quantities. This is at least partly caused by the extensive sampling of enclosure ditch 1023. Ditch 1317 exhibits a similar distribution of animals. Mouse bones were also found in ditch 1015 and in the pits 1051 and 1375. Bones from the cemetery Animal bones were recovered both from the cemetery subsoil and from the graves themselves. Animal bones in the cemetery area may derive from earlier features destroyed by later grave digging activities or from redeposited bones from the settlement area. There were plenty of isolated teeth in the graveyard subsoil material. This is unsurprising, as the material has been probably deposited several times and teeth resist these changes better than other bones. A number of animal bones associated with the graves were recovered (Table 41, Appendix 12). Some of these are likely to have derived from the grave fillings, but in some cases bones may have been deliberately deposited in the graves. A juvenile distal tibia of sheep or goat was recovered associated with a (human) skeleton in grave 72. Both shaft and loose epiphyses were recovered; the light colour of metaphysis surface indicating that bone was in its primary deposition.
193
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
Figure 20. Proportion of large (LU) and small (SU) ungulates in different fills in enclosure ditch 1023.
100% 90% 80% 70% 60% SU
50%
LU
40% 30% 20% 10% 0% base fill
main fill
uppe r fill
One complete cat skeleton was recovered from grave 89. No signs of burrowing or other later disturbance were noticed during the excavations. It is possible that this animal represents an intentional burial. However, as the skeleton was not noticed as articulated during the excavations, the relationship of the cat skeleton and the burial remains unclear. DISCUSSION General The bone material from Carrowkeel has provided a general picture of animal use on the site. The assemblage was characteristic of domestic waste, consisting of both high and low utility skeletal elements (both butchery remains and food debris). Domestic animals formed the basis of consumption on this site and no wild mammal specimens relating to subsistence were recovered. Cattle was the dominant species, followed by sheep, pig and horse. The role of goats in the economy was probably related to horn and skin production and it is not certain if goats were raised on the site. Osteological material included both articulated elements and disarticulated remains. Articulated remains derive from animals buried or discarded in the graves or ditch fills and thus not included in consumption. Material included several bones from infant animals, most of which were recovered from the soil samples. Infant cattle, sheep or goat and pig were identified. It is likely that these bones derive from animals raised on the site.
194
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
Phases and features Material from Carrowkeel was divided into three phases, representing different phases of use. Some differences between the phases were noticed, even if comparisons were hampered by the presence of complete sheep skeletons found in cemetery ditch 1260 and by the small amount of material associated with Phase 3. The number of cattle in the material is highest in the Phases 1 and 3. The role of pigs and sheep in subsistence is higher in Phase 2. However, cattle is the main meat animal in all phases. Higher number of sheep and pig in Phase 2 compared to Phase 1 might reflect a change in the subsistence strategy. This might relate to the change in the overall status of the settlement as it develepod into a cemetery settlement. However, this change might reflect a wider pattern of cattle decline during this period in Ireland. McCormick and Murray (2007, 106‐116) note a general decline in the cattle numbers in early medieval sites after the 8th century. They interpreted this change as a decline in the importance of cattle as currency. Differences were also found in features on site. Features from Phase 1 include generally more low utility skeletal elements than those from Phase 2. However, ditch 1317 (Phase 1) exhibits the highest number of high utility skeletal elements. The differences might represent different activity zones within the site and the location of cooking facilities. However, as the features were not dated the activities might be not contemporary. The origin of small mammal, bird and lizard bones is of interest. Small animal bones may be predator debris, deriving, for example, from regurgitated pellets of owls. However, the even distribution of the bones in the ditch does not support this hypothesis. Small mammals have been deposited in layers at every stage of the filling activities. Some small mammal bones may be the result of intrusion into the layers. The wood mouse does indeed dig deep tunnels into the ground (Siivonen & Sulkava 1994, 161). Also, pygmy shrew may build their nests underground, but that is not likely for the house mouse. Some of the bones may derive from animals searching for food in the ditch. Plant material from the ditch supports the idea that rubbish discarded in it lay exposed some time before being covered in soil (pers. comm. Susan Lyons). This was probably a tempting place for a small rodents, shrews and small birds to look for food. Viviparous lizards are found in dry habitats (D’Arcy 2006, 25). In addition, no frog or other amphibian bones were recovered from the ditch. Bones of small birds (thrush‐sized) may also partly derive from food waste, as the fish remains likely do. 5.3 Production and consumption in Carrowkeel According to Kelly (1997, 319) there is little evidence of trade in foodstuffs in texts of the early medieval period and these sources suggests that most food was consumed within the household that produced it. However, the food‐rent that a client paid to a king in return for a fief was an important transfer of foodstuff as a significant proportion of the food consumed in a king’s household was produced on the farms of his clients (Kelly 1997, 320). Food‐rent included both live animals and meat (Kelly 1997, 320). For example, young male cattle, wethers and young pigs were included in the rent (Kelly 1997, 59‐62, 72, 87), thus the food‐ rent included the surplus animals not needed for reproduction. Age and sex patterns of animal bones in early medieval sites are likely to be affected by this process as the animal bones found at the sites do not represent the complete unit of production and consumption. One form of food rent was feasting in the client’s household (Kelly 1997, 357). However, the
195
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
anatomical distribution created by feasting may be difficult to seperate from normal consumption as complete animals were consumed (c.f. McCormick 2002). Cattle Cattle had a particular status in early medieval society. They were kept for milk, meat and traction (as draught animals), with a special emphasis on milk cows (Kelly 1997, 25‐66). Young (male) animals not needed in traction or breeding were culled between their first and third year (Kelly 1997, 58‐63). The rest of the animals, kept for milk production or traction, reached an older age. Dairy cattle attained their highest value at the age of six with the birth of a third calf, with value declining after this period (Kelly 1997, 65). Cattle bones recovered from Carrowkeel present an interesting age distribution. Mandibles of young adults (between two and four years old) are missing in this assemblage. There is variation between different phases and data from epiphyses and mandibles are in disagreement. This is likely to be caused by the deposition processes of the elements. This could be due to the food‐rent system described above or the division of the animal carcasses inside the settlement. However, the animal age pattern seems to follow the cattle breeding pattern described in early medieval texts. Meat animals were culled when young ‐ as shown by mandibles belonging to age groups N‐SA1; however the very young calf mandible (N) might represent death by natural causes. These are likely to be males. Animals of a more advanced age (age groups A3‐E) represent milk cows and oxen. Most of the adult animals were female, as indicated by the sex distribution (only bones of mature cattle can be sexed). Mild arthritis noticed in cattle femoral head and fused tarsal bones might be related to either draught activities or the advanced age of the cows. The cattle in Carrowkeel were small, but the size is comparable to other early medieval results. Withers heights of 105 cm and 110 cm of cows are within the limits of the previous results of cattle withers height in early medieval Ireland (McCormick 1998, 827). Early medieval cattle have been compared to modern Kerry cattle in terms of size and build (Kelly 197, 31), however other than superficial observations, comparisons between ancient livestock and modern breeds are problematic. Literary sources describe cattle as black, crimson‐red, flame red, brown, brindled and white in colour (Kelly 1997, 31‐32). Sheep Ditch 1260 was used for the burial of up to eleven sheep. Most of the bones were recovered from the bottom of the ditch from a layer interpreted as a natural deposit (context 1353). Some were found in the fill above (1261). It seems likely that the ditch was already silting up when the sheep skeletons were buried in it. The good condition of the skeletons implies that they were intentionally covered and laid unexposed for a long period of time. These animals were probably not used in any way (except perhaps for their horn cores) but discarded in the ditch as complete carcasses. These sheep were apparently butchered only in limited amounts (horn cores were chopped off; some of them might have been partially dismembered). Dismembering might have been done in order to better fit the carcasses into the ditch. The presence of horn cores in these ditches is curious. Horn cores were often separated from the skulls for the removal of horn sheets. If the horn sheets were separated from the horn cores and these horn cores indeed belonged to articulated skeletons, then horn
196
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
cores were deliberately discarded in the same ditch some time later than the skeletons. These animals perished through a disease or in an accident. Gnaw marks on the radius and ulna bones may have been the result of dogs scavenging before the burial. As the whole ditch was not excavated due to the road landtake constraints, the recovered sheep might represent only part of the whole assemblage. These animals may represent natural deaths within the flock rather than deliberate slaughter. Therefore the sex and age division of the animals represents the breeding stock rather than the slaughtered animals. It is noteworthy that all animals were over ten months of age. Either the incident happened in early spring ‐ just before the lambing season – or the youngest part of the flock is missing in this assemblage for some reason. Kelly (1997, 68‐69) mentions that lambs were not allowed to pasture in common lands away from the farms before August because of wolves. Bones of fetal lambs might be missed in hand‐picking. Only a few soil samples were taken from ditch 1260, and did not include any fetal or infant lamb bones. Bones of young sheep are generally rare in the whole assemblage. It seems that animals were not consumed before their second year. However, in early medieval law texts, consumption of young wethers during their first year is described: wethers were part of the food‐rent which clients gave to their king (Kelly 1997, 69, 72). It is possible that young animals were transported from Carrowkeel to other consumers. Bone material from the early medieval Moynagh crannóg and from the Scandinavian levels of Dublin shows a peak in slaughter of sheep between one and two years of age (McCormick 1998, 828). In the early medieval monastery at Illaunloughan island young sheep are well represented, as well as in the high status crannóg settlement of Coolure Demesne (Butler 2005; Murray & McCormick 2005, 68). It seems possible that young sheep were transported from rural farmsteads to be consumed in ecclesiastical, urban or power centers. Sheep in early medieval Ireland were kept primarily for wool production (Kelly 1997, 67). The high number of adult animals, and particularly adult males in the Carrowkeel flock, represent the importance of wool production. Most of the male animals were probably castrated after weaning (Kelly 1997, 69). This would have kept the flock more steady, prevented fighting and enhanced wool production (Clutton‐Brock 1976,382; Ryder1983, 452, 465). Castration affects the horn core development; castrated male sheep have a smaller and more fragile horn core than intact ones (Hatting 1983). Therefore the large horn core recovered from ditch 1260 most likely belongs to a ram. Sheep breeding was not of great importance in early medieval Ireland (McCormick 1991, 42). Sheep were unimproved, small and of heterogeneous appearance. Sheep withers heights in Carrowkeel fall in the limits presented by McCormick (1998, 830) from early medieval Irish sites. Kelly (1997, 70 ‐ 71) presents data of sheep colours. White fleeces were valued, and dun‐ coloured and black sheep are mentioned in Early Medieval texts. A wide variety of horn types (polled, two‐horned, horned) found in this sample seem to be common in other materials (McCormick 1998, 829‐30). In Carrowkeel male sheep were probably horned; ewes were polled and had small horns. Pigs
197
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
Pig breeding’s only aim was meat production. Most of the animals were culled when young. In Carrowkeel there were no fused epiphyses in the latest fusing epiphysis group, indicating that only animals under 2 1/2 years were consumed at the site. However, some mandibles belonged to animals over two years (age group A 2). These were probably animals used for breeding purposes. Wild pigs were present in early medieval Ireland (Kelly 1997, 281) and their bones have previously been identified in archaeological excavations (McCormick 1998, 837). No signs of larger individuals that could represent wild pigs were present in the Carrowkeel material. Other species Wild mammals did not have an important role in the economy of Carrowkeel. Bones of red deer, wild boar, hare or fur‐bearing carnivores were not recovered from this assemblage. Some wild birds were likely to have been consumed. Their meaning in subsistence was probably higher than in the recovered assemblage, however, most of their bones were likely lost during the hand‐picking. Some hen bones were recovered in Carrowkeel. Hens are often mentioned in early medieval sources, along with geese and ducks (Kelly 1997, 102‐7). However, geese and ducks were not recovered from the bone material. The low proportion of the fish bones in the samples indicate that fish had only a minor role in the subsistence of Carrowkeel. Horse meat was possibly consumed in Carrowkeel to some degree. Other early medieval sites have provided evidence of horse meat consumption (McCormick 2005, 73). One horse withers height from Carrowkeel material, 138 cm, came from a pony sized individual, comparable to the results from previous studies (McCormick 1998, 832). Early medieval sources describe different types of dogs (Kelly 1997, 114). Large dogs were bred for guarding and fast ones for speed (Kelly 1997, 117). In addition, pet dogs and three types of herd dogs were distinguished (Kelly 1997, 119‐20). However, these breeds were not necessarily breeds in the modern sense with strict definitions of outer appearance and lineage. The most important thing was likely to be their performance. The large dogs recovered in Carrowkeel could have been bred as guard dogs. Kelly (1997, 115) states that these dogs were often associated with nobles and other powerful men. Cats were highly appreciated in early medieval society (Kelly 1997, 121). They were kept for their ability to kill mice and for their attractiveness as pets (Kelly 1997, 122). This was likely to be the function of the cats in Carrowkeel too. House mice bones recovered from soil samples are the earliest dated Irish house mice. The second Irish mouse species, wood mouse, was also represented in the sample. The house mouse tends to live near human populations and does not dig deeply into the ground, so there is every possibility that these bones derive from animals contemporary to the settlement. It is noteworthy that no rat bones were recovered from these layers. It seems that the house mouse entered Ireland before the rat.
198
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
6. REFERENCES Benecke, N 1988 Archäozoologische Untersuchungen an Tierknochen aus der frühmittelalterlichen Siedlung von Menzlin. Materialhefte zur Ur‐ und Frühgeschichte Meklenburgs. Band 3. Binford, L R 1978 Nunamiut Ethnoarchaeology, Academic Press: New York. Boessneck, J 1969 ‘Osteological differences between sheep (Ovis aries Linne) and goat (Capra hircus Linne)’, in Brothwell and Higgs (ed) Science in Archaeology 2, 331‐58. Thames and Hudson. Butler, V 2005 ‘The mammal bone’. In O’Sullivan, A, Kelly, E.P. & Sands, R. ‘Archaeological Investigations of a Crannog at Coolure Desmene, Co. Westmeath’. Report for licence 04E1076. Clutton‐Brock, J 1976 ‘The animal resources’, in Wilson, D M The Archaeology of Anglo‐Saxon England, 373‐392. D’Arcy, G 2006 The Animals of Ireland. Appletree Pocket Guides. Davis, S J M 1987 The Archaeology of Animals. New Haven, Yale University Press. Grant, A 1982 ‘ The use of tooth wear as a guide to the age of domestic ungulates’, in Wilson, B, Grigson, C and Payne, S (eds) ‘Ageing and Sexing Animal Bones from Archaeological Sites’, BAR British Series 109, 55‐71, Oxford. Harcourt, R 1974 ‘ The dog in Prehistoric and early historic Britain’, J Arch Sci, 1, 151‐75. Harland, J.F., Barrett, JH., Carrott, J., Dobney, K. and Jaques, D. 2003. ʹThe York System: An integrated zooarchaeological database for research and teachingʹ, Internet Archaeology Hatting, T 1983 ‘Osteological investigations on Ovis Aries L’, Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening. Bind 144, 115‐135. Hughes, J 2004 Report on the Animal bones from Cashel, Excavation Licence no. 03E0396. Unpublished report Headland Archaeology Ltd, Ireland. Kelly, F 1997 ‘Early Irish farming. A study based mainly on the law texts of the 7th and 8th centuries AD. Early Irish Law Series vol IV. Kiesewalter, L 1888 Skelettmessungen am Pferde. Inaug. Diss. Leipzig. Matolsci, J 1970 ‘Historische Erforschung der Körpengrösse des Rindes auf Grund von Ungarischem Knochenmaterial. Zeitschrift für Tierzüchtung und Züchtungsbiologie 87, 89‐137.
199
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
McCormick, F 1991 ‘The effect of the Anglo‐Norman settlement on Ireland’s wild and domesticated fauna’, in Crabtree, P & Ryan, K (eds) Animal use and culture change, Masca Research Papers in Science and Archaeology, supp. 10 vol 8, 41‐52. McCormick, F 1998 ‘ The animal bones’, in Barry, T, Cleary, R M & Hurley, M F (eds) Late Viking Age & Medieval Waterford Excavations, 1986‐1992, 819‐45. McCormick, F 2002 ‘The distribution of meat in a Hierarchical Society: The Irish Evidence’ in Miracle, P and Milner, N (eds) Consuming passions and patterns of consumption. Cambridge, McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, 25‐31. McCormick, F & Murray, E 2007 ‘Knowth and the zooarchaeology of Early Christian Ireland’ Excavations at Knowth 3. Royal Irish Academy, Dublin. Mennerich, G 1968 Römerzeitliche Tierknochen aus drei Fundorten des Niederrheingebiets. Diss. München. Murray, E & McCormick, F 2005 ‘ Environmental analysis and the food supply’ in Marshall, J W & Walsh, C Illaunloughan Island. An Early Medieval Monastery in Countly Kerry, 67‐80 O’Connor, T P 2003 ‘The analysis of urban animal bone assemblages: a handbook for archaeologists’ The Archaeology of York Principles and Methods 19/2. Payne, S 1975 ‘Morphological distinctions between the mandibular teeth of young sheep, Ovis and goats, Capra, J Arch Sci 12, 139‐147. Reitz, E J & Wing, E S 1999: ‘Zooarchaeology’, Cambridge manuals in archaeology Ryder, M L 1983 Sheep & Man. London. Siivonen, L & Sulkava, S 1999 Pohjolan nisäkkäät (Mammals of Northern Europe). Otavan Kirjapaino oy, Keuruu. Silver, I 1969 ‘The ageing of domestic animals’, in Brothwell and Higgs (ed) Science in Archaeology 2, 331‐58. Thames and Hudson. Teichert, M 1969 ’Osteometrische Untersuchungen zur Berechnung der Wiederristhöhe bei vor‐ und frühgeschichtlichen Schweinen’ Ethnogr.‐Archäol. Zeitschrift 10, 517‐525. Teichert, M 1975 ‘ Osteometrische Untersuchungen zur Berechnung der Widerristhöhe bei Schafen’, in A T Clason (ed) Archaeolozoological studies, 51‐69, Amsterdam. von den Driesch, A 1976 A Guide to the Measurement of Animal Bones from Archaeological Sites, Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology: Harvard University. Vretemark, M 1997 ’Från ben till boskap. Kosthåll och djurhållning med utgångspunkt i medeltida benmaterial från Skara. Del 1’, Skrifter från Länsmuseet Skara nr 25 Wigh, B 2001 ‘Animal Husbandry in the Viking Age Town of Birka and its Hinterland. Excavations in the Black Earth 1990‐95’, Birka Studies 7.
200
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
Appendix 15. Animal bone data.
Cattle, sheep, goat Early
Intermediate Late
Scapula tuber
Mc distal
Humerus proximal
Humerus distal
Mt distal
Radius distal
Radius proximal Tibia distal
Ulna proximal
Femur proximal
Femur distal
Tibia proximal
Calcaneus
Pig
Early
Intermediate Late
Scapula tuber
Mc distal
Humerus proximal
Humerus distal
Mt distal
Radius distal
Radius proximal Tibia distal
Ulna proximal
Calcaneus
Femur proximal
Femur distal
Tibia proximal
Table 19. Division of epiphyses in early, intermediate and late fusing groups (Vretemark 1997).
High utility:
Atlas, axis, cervical vertebrae, thoracic vertebrae, lumbar vertebrae, sacrum, ribs, sternum, scapula, humerus, radius, ulna, pelvis, femur, patella, tibia, fibula.
Low utility:
Skull, horn cores, mandible, tail bones, carpals, metacarpal, phalanxes, calcaneus, talus, tarsals, metatarsal.
Table 20. Division of the skeletal elements to high and low utility skeletal parts.
201
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
cattle sheep goat sh/g pig horse cat dog
LU
SU
rabbit rat mouse bird SM carnivore indet Total
cranium
48
52
21
1
2
48
2
312
486
horn core
7
12
1
6
57
83
mandible
47
3
57
30
1
1
2
105
4
1
17
268
atlas
4
1
1
1
1
8
axis
3
2
1
2
8
vert cerv
13
4
31
1
49
vert thor
5
5
30
9
1
50
vert lumb
8
1
1
17
7
34
sacrum
1
7
8
vert caud
1
2
3
vert indet
30
13
28
71
sternum
3
1
4
ribs
5
1
23
1
6
29
547
scapula
27
1
19
4
1
54
15
2
6
129
humerus
26
9
5
2
1
2
6
2
10
5
68
radius
18
12
3
3
1
1
6
1
1
1
47
ulna
11
1
7
1
5
1
4
30
radius‐ulna
3
1
2
6
carpals
11
11
metacarpal
20
9
3
1
3
36
os coxae
25
11
3
2
1
15
2
1
1
61
femur
16
8
3
1
8
1
1
3
3
44
patella
2
1
3
199 283
202
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
tibia
26
4
23
6
1
3
2
1
2
1
1
70
fibula
3
1
1
5
talus
14
2
4
5
1
26
calcaneus
15
1
2
1
19
ct
4
1
5
tarsi
4
10
14
metatarsal
29
6
1
1
7
44
metapodial
15
5
6
1
1
1
29
phalanx 1
24
6
4
16
2
1
53
phalanx 2
16
1
1
2
20
phalanx 3
3
1
4
os. ses.
3
3
long bone
127
61
2
26
216
teeth
198
88
22
6
1
315
teeth
152
66
6
7
1
232
indet
4694
4694
coracoid
3
3
hyoideum
9
2
1
12
teeth
44
11
32
2
1
7
72
169
Total
828
45
1
418
182
31
4
55
8
1
1
41
2
6
5266
7987
699 399
Table 21. Anatomical distribution of the animal bones in hand picked material.
203
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
ditch 1015, Phase 1
species
Total
cattle
32
sheep/goat
5
pig
3
horse
1
dog
1
large ungulate
32
unidentified
161
Total
235
Table 22. Species representation in ditch 1015.
ditch 1020, Phase 1
species/section
1
2
cattle
48
19
3
70
sheep
1
1
sheep/goat
6
6
1
13
pig
8
9
17
horse
2
2
large ungulate
55
20
3
78
5
small ungulate unidentified carnivore Total
210 137
2
335 193
1 2 Total
5
6
353
2
13
541
Table 23. Species representation in ditch 1020.
204
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
enclosure ditch 1023, Phase 2
species/section cattle
1
2
3
5
5
33
4
19
sheep
1
2
2
sheep/goat
5
7
4
6
pig
2
7
5
horse
1
cat
1
6
7
8
9
13
14 16 n/a Total
10
17
9
4
6
4
15
1
127
4
1
10
3
10
2
1
1
4
4
47
3
1
15
5
1
6
2
47
1
3
1
3
2
11
2
3
dog
3
1
5
2
7
12
30
large ungulate
5
14
10
10
14
23
5
6
10
6
2
105
small ungulate
6
3
8
14
5
3
1
1
41
unidentified
35 149 261 123 100 158 52 18
1200
bird
3
1
2
3
4
1
14
small mammal
1
1
1
carnivore Total
40 193
71
58 266 101 76 189 357 154 118 186 89 36
1
1
1637
Table 24. Species representation in ditch 1023.
cemetery ditch 1260, Phase 2
species/section
2
4
5
6
1,2,3,
2 3
3 4
4 5
Total
cattle
30
19
24
32
51
30
16
47
249
sheep
3
4
2
4
2
2
4
21
goat
1
1
sheep/goat
12
29
39
29
29
12
14
88
252
pig
2
3
5
9
5
4
2
9
39
horse
1
1
1
1
4
dog
1
1
21
23
12
47
27
30
66
17
10
50
259
22
large ungulate small ungulate
3
58
20
36
21
6
110
276
unidentified
37
284 134 126
435
123
44
292
1475
1
2
13
bird carnivore Total
10
100 455 255 247
2
1
3
629
231
94
604
2615
Table 25. Species representation in ditch 1260.
205
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
ditch 1317, Phase 1
species/section
1
2
3
4 n/a
cattle
12
6
28
Total 46
sheep
1
1
sheep/goat
2
1
8
11
pig
3
6
6
15
horse
1
2
3
cat
1
1
large ungulate
1 17 17 2
42
79
small ungulate
20
34
unidentified
1 49 44 2 359
455
bird
1
1
small mammal
1
1
Total
2 90 84 4 467
4
10
647
Table 26. Species representation in ditch 1317.
pit 1375, Phase 3
cattle
41
sheep/goat
3
pig
1
large ungulate
8
small ungulate
2
rabbit
6
unidentified
119
Total
180
Table 27. Species representation in pit 1375.
206
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
Feature cattle sheep sh/g pig dog LU SU mouse rodent bird fish SM shrew
SA
lizard indet Total
1015
1
4
50
55
1020
1
1
9
1
191
203
1023
12
3
5
9
3
7
9
159
3
112
16
9
41
179
22
2338
2927
1045
1
1
1047
3
3
1049
1
24
25
1051
2
49
51
1057
3
3
1066
7
7
1260
1
2
2
233
238
1292
1
7
8
1317
3
1
2
8
8
18
10
13
8
5
10
920
1006
1330
1
1
50
52
1346
4
2
107
113
1363
42
42
1372
6
15
21
1375
1
2
1
2
2
2
2
299
311
1390
2
2
1475
30
30
1502
5
5
1528
1
7
8
1534
3
7
10
natural
17
17
SK 46
4
4
SK 5
2
2
sk 67
1
1
sk 68
3
3
sk 69
46
46
18
4
14
14
3
29
26
187
3
131
29
17
46
192
22
4459
5194
Total
Table 28. Bones from the soil samples.
207
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
ditch 1015, Phase 1 cattle sh/g pig horse dog LU indet Total skull
1
3
1
3
8
mandible
9
1
22
32
vert cerv
1
1
vert lumb
1
1
ribs
2
2
scapula
3
4
7
humerus
2
1
1
4
mc
2
2
pelvis
1
1
tibia
2
2
mt
1
1
ph 1
1
1
long bone
1
2
3
teeth, mand
10
1
11
teeth, max
2
1
3
indet
155
155
teeth
1
1
Total
32
5
3
1
1
32
161
235
Table 29. Anatomical distribution of species in ditch 1015.
208
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
ditch 1020, Phase 1 cattle sheep sh/g pig horse LU SU indet carnivore Total skull
1
1
12
22
36
mandible
4
1
4
30
39
atlas
1
1
axis
1
1
vert cerv
2
2
vert thor
1
1
vert lumb
2
2
sacrum
2
2
vert
3
3
rib
11
3
2
16
scapula
2
2
1
5
humerus
3
1
1
5
radius
2
2
1
1
6
ulna
1
1
1
3
carpal
1
1
metacarpal
1
1
pelvis
2
1
1
4
femur
1
1
1
2
5
tibia
1
1
2
talus
1
1
metatarsal
4
4
metapodial
1
1
ph 1
1
1
2
long bone
8
2
10
teeth mand
18
2
3
1
24
teeth max
25
4
29
indet
327
327
teeth
2
3
3
8
Total
70
1
13
17
2
78
5
353
2
541
Table 30. Anatomical distribution of species in ditch 1020.
209
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
enclosure ditch 1023, Phase 2
cattl e
shee p
sh/ g
pi g
hors e
ca t
do g
L U
S U
inde t
bir d
S M
carnivo re
Tota l
skull
7
8
2
2
34
53
horn core
3
1
1
19
24
mandible
8
3
7
1
1
2
10
2
34
atlas
1
1
2
axis
1
1
1
3
vert cerv
3
4
4
11
vert thor
5
5
1
1
12
vert lumb
1
1
2
4
vert caud
1
1
vert
6
4
10
rib
5
19
24
3
1
52
scapula
7
1
5
7
20
humerus
2
1
1
1
1
2
5
13
radius
1
3
2
1
1
2
1
11
ulna
3
2
1
1
7
rad+ulna
2
2
carpal
7
7
metacarpal
3
2
1
1
1
8
pelvis
1
1
1
6
9
femur
1
2
1
2
1
1
8
patella
1
1
2
tibia Fibula /malleolare
5
1
1
1
1
9
1
1
talus
2
2
1
3
8
calcaneus
1
1
ct
1
1
2
tarsi
1
1
metatarsal
7
3
3
13
metapodial
1
1
1
1
4
ph 1
6
2
3
9
2
1
23
ph 2
7
2
9
ph 3
1
1
sesamoid
2
2
long bone
33
8
12
2
55
teeth mand
20
15
5
40
teeth max
26
6
1
3
36
indet
1097
1097
teeth
3
5
1
7
26
42
Total
127
10
47
47
11
3
30
10 5
41
1200
14
1
1
1637
Table 31. Anatomical distribution of species in ditch 1023.
210
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
cemetery ditch 1260, Phase 2
cattl e
shee p
goa t
sh/ g
pi g
hors e
do g
L U
SU
inde t
bir d
carnivo re
Tota l
skull
17
48
7
20
1
167
260
horn core
3
7
1
5
35
51
mandible
11
3
47
7
22
10
100
atlas
1
1
axis
1
1
2
vert cerv
7
17
24
vert thor
5
23
6
34
vert lumb
7
11
6
24
sacrum
1
2
3
vert caud
1
1
2
vert
18
12
21
51
sternum
3
1
4
rib
4
1
18
76
21 3
16
3
331
scapula
8
1
17
1
24
6
2
2
61
humerus
12
2
2
1
1
2
20
radius
6
4
1
3
14
ulna
3
1
2
2
8
rad+ulna
3
3
carpal
2
2
metacarpal
8
3
1
2
14
pelvis
13
8
1
1
4
1
1
29
femur
8
4
1
1
2
16
patella
1
1
tibia
15
2
13
3
1
1
1
36
fibula/malleolare
1
1
talus
4
2
1
7
calcaneus
4
2
6
ct
1
1
tarsi
3
3
metatarsal
8
2
1
1
12
metapodial
6
1
2
1
10
ph 1
7
3
1
1
12
ph 2
1
1
ph 3
1
1
long bone
36
30
2
68
teeth mand
65
40
5
1
1
112
teeth max
34
31
1
66
indet
1207
1207
coracoid
2
2
hyoideum
1
1
1
3
teeth
1
1
1
12
249
21
1
252
39
4
23
27 6
9
Total
25 9
1475
13
3
2615
Table 32. Anatomical distribution of species in ditch 1260.
211
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
ditch 1317, Phase 1 cattle sheep sh/g pig horse cat LU SU indet bird SM Total skull
3
1
21
25
horn core
3
3
mandible
3
2
5
9
2
1
22
axis
1
1
vert cerv
2
2
vert thor
1
1
vert lumb
2
2
rib
52
30
3
1
86
scapula
1
8
1
1
11
humerus
2
1
3
radius
3
1
1
5
ulna
1
1
2
metacarpal
2
1
3
pelvis
3
3
femur
1
1
tibia
2
1
1
1
1
6
fibula
1
1
talus
1
1
calcaneus
1
1
metatarsal
4
1
5
metapodial
1
1
2
ph 1
1
1
long bone
3
3
6
teeth mand
19
3
2
24
teeth max
2
1
1
4
indet
420
420
teeth
2
1
3
6
Total
46
1
11
15
3
1
79
34
455
1
1
647
Table 33. Anatomical distribution of species in ditch 1317.
212
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
pit 1375, Phase 3
cattle sh/g pig LU SU indet rabbit Total
skull
13
44
57
horn core
1
1
mandible
1
1
2
vert cerv
1
1
rib
3
1
4
scapula
1
1
2
humerus
1
1
radius
2
1
1
4
ulna
1
1
2
pelvis
1
2
3
femur
1
1
tibia
1
1
fibula/malleolare
1
1
talus
1
1
2
calcaneus
1
1
mt
1
1
metapodial
1
1
sesamoid
1
1
long bone
1
1
teeth mand
7
1
8
teeth max
8
8
indet
74
74
teeth
2
1
3
Total
41
3
1
8
2
119
6
180
Table 34. Anatomical distribution of species in pit 1375.
213
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
Phase 1
Phase 1
cattle
MNE MAU %MAU sheep/goat
Phase 1
MNE MAU %MAU pig
cranium
1
1.0
33.3
cranium
1
1.0
66.7
cranium
horn core
0
0.0
0.0
horn core
0
0.0
0.0
mandible
mandible
6
3.0
100.0
mandible
2
1.0
66.7
atlas
Phase 2 MNE MAU %MAU cattle cranium 1 1.0 28.6 horn core 7 3.5 100.0 mandible 0 0.0 0.0
atlas
1
1.0
33.3
atlas
0
0.0
0.0
axis
0
0.0
0.0
axis
1
1.0
33.3
axis
0
0.0
0.0
vert cerv
0
0.0
0.0
vert cerv
1
0.2
6.7
vert cerv
2
0.4
26.7
vert thor
0
0.0
0.0
vert thor
1
0.1
2.6
vert thor
0
0.0
0.0
vert lumb
0
0.0
0.0
vert lumb
1
0.2
5.6
vert lumb
0
0.0
0.0
sacrum
0
0.0
0.0
sacrum
1
1.0
33.3
sacrum
0
0.0
0.0
ribs
0
0.0
0.0
ribs
2
0.1
2.6
ribs
0
0.0
0.0
scapula
0
0.0
0.0
scapula
4
2.0
66.7
scapula
0
0.0
0.0
humerus
2
1.0
28.6
humerus
4
2.0
66.7
humerus
2
1.0
66.7
radius
1
0.5
14.3
radius
5
2.5
83.3
radius
3
1.5
100.0
ulna
1
0.5
14.3
ulna
2
1.0
33.3
ulna
0
0.0
0.0
carpals
0
0.0
0.0
carpals
2
0.2
5.6
carpals
1
0.1
5.6
metacarpal
1
0.5
14.3
metacarpal
3
1.5
50.0
metacarpal
0
0.0
0.0
os coxae
1
0.5
14.3
os coxae
2
1.0
33.3
os coxae
2
1.0
66.7
femur
1
0.5
14.3
femur
1
0.5
16.7
femur
1
0.5
33.3
patella
0
0.0
0.0
patella
0
0.0
0.0
patella
0
0.0
0.0
tibia
1
0.5
14.3
tibia
3
1.5
50.0
tibia
3
1.5
100.0
fibula
1
0.5
14.3
malleolare
1
0.5
16.7
malleolare
0
0.0
0.0
talus
0
0.0
0.0
talus
2
1.0
33.3
talus
0
0.0
0.0
calcaneus
0
0.0
0.0
calcaneus
1
0.5
16.7
calcaneus
0
0.0
0.0
tarsi
0
0.0
0.0
tarsi
0
0.0
0.0
tarsi
0
0.0
0.0
metatarsal
0
0.0
0.0
metatarsal
5
2.5
83.3
metatarsal
0
0.0
0.0
phalanx 1
1
0.1
1.8
phalanx 1
3
0.4
12.5
phalanx 1
1
0.1
8.3
phalanx 2
phalanx 2
0
0.0
0.0
phalanx 2
0
0.0
0.0
phalanx 3
phalanx 3
1
0.1
4.2
phalanx 3
0
0.0
0.0
1
0.1
0
1.8
0.0
0.0
Phase 2
MNE MAU %MAU pig
MNE MAU %MAU 4 4.0 57.1
2.0
2.0
40.0
cranium
2
1.0
15.4
mandible
14
7.0
100.0
3
1.5
23.1
atlas
0
0.0
0.0
atlas axis
9
4.5
69.2
axis
0
0.0
0.0
2
2.0
30.8
vert cerv
0
0.0
0.0
vert cerv vert thor
1
1.0
15.4
vert thor
0
0.0
0.0
5
1.0
15.4
vert lumb
0
0.0
0.0
vert lumb sacrum
4
0.3
4.7
sacrum
0
0.0
0.0
2
0.3
5.1
ribs
1
0.0
0.5
ribs scapula humerus radius
1
1.0
15.4
scapula
1
0.5
7.1
10
0.4
5.9
humerus
2
1.0
14.3
6
3.0
46.2
radius
3
1.5
21.4
9
4.5
69.2
ulna
2
1.0
14.3
ulna carpals
5
2.5
38.5
carpals
0
0.0
0.0
5
2.5
38.5
metacarpal
2
0.3
3.6
metacarpal os coxae femur
8
0.7
10.3
os coxae
1
0.5
7.1
patella tibia malleolare talus calcaneus tarsi metatarsal phalanx 1 phalanx 2 phalanx 3
8
4.0
61.5
femur
1
0.5
7.1
7
3.5
53.8
patella
0
0.0
0.0
7
3.5
53.8
tibia
3
1.5
21.4
2
1.0
15.4
fibula
0
0.0
0.0
13
6.5
100.0
talus
3
1.5
21.4
1
0.5
7.7
calcaneus
1
0.5
7.1
5
2.5
38.5
tarsi
0
0.0
0.0
4
2.0
30.8
metatarsal
0
0.0
0.0
6
1.0
15.4
phalanx 1
10
0.6
8.9
10
5.0
76.9
phalanx 2
3
0.2
2.7
9
1.1
17.3
phalanx 3
0
0.0
0.0
5
0.6
9.6
Table 35. MNE, MAU and %MAUvalues.
214
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
Sample Context nro Species element description 26 1130 272 dog humerus Foramina nutricium (2) on the caudal side of the shaft are elongated as grooves, app. 2 cm long 36 1024 332 sh/g axis On the left side of the procimal articular facet there is a cleft and some bone remodeling around it. Break? 54 1238 528 dog mandible Large dog mandible with extra molar behind M3‐ very small peg‐like teeth. No crowding. 91 1315 653 cattle mc In proximal medial articular facet a hole, approx. 1 cm x 0,5 cm, with sharp edges, There is only very little signs of bone remodelling around the edges and on the bottom of the pit. Cause unknown. 65 1261 738 sheep horn core Polycerated sheep horn and fragment of skull. Nuchal horn complete, strait, flat and about 3,5 cm long. Nasal horn is almost completely missing. Horns are completely separated, nasal one pointing upwards, nuchal one slightly backwards. 98 1315 770 pig mandible Oval and flat extra bone growth in basal margin of mandibular corpus, size appro. 2 x 1 cm. In middle of the extra bone is groove. Extra bone is more porous than other bone tissue. There is no polish in the groove and rest of the mandible seems to be unaffected. Cause unknown. 110 1367 1092 cattle femur In the margin of the caudal side of proximal articular surface some porous extra bone growth. Above these part of the articular surface shows some polishing. These indicate mild arthritis. 114 1261 1121 sheep horn core Polycerated sheep horn. Both horns are incomplete, only the base remaining. Nasal horn seems to larger, approx 2,8 x 2,2 cm at the base, nuchal 2,4 x 1,8 cm. Otherwise compare description in 738. 121 1367 1295 sh/g vert lum Small bone outgrowths in ventral part of both cranial and caudal articular surfaces. Ageing / stress? 122 1353 1331 sheep humerus Small extra bone growth in the lateral side of distal throclea. Ageing / stress? 17 1030 189‐191 cattle mand teeth Set of abnormal cattle mandibular teeth. Teeth resemble cattle mandibular molars but are abnormally short – crown being only approximately 2‐2,5 cm high, unworn or almost unworn with well developed roots. Two dx and one sin. 108 1353 1818 sheep ct Fusion between Ct and T2+3 108 1353 1827 sheep horn core Polycerated sheep horn. Nasal horn larger and well developed, 3 x 2 cm in base and very flat and approximately 7,5 cm long. Nuchal one smaller, 2 x 1,5 cm and approximately 5 cm long. Clearly separated from the base. 159 1386 2302 cattle ct Ct and C 2+3 fused togerher
Table 36. Pathological bones.
215
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
Species Sample Context
Element
GL /GLpe Bp/Dp Bd/BT/Ld SD/MBS DD/DLS
L
B
GB
med edge GLl/Ll GLm Horn base Greatest diameter Least diameter Horncore length Withers height (cm)
Cattle
110
1367
horn core
174
67
43.5
179
122
1353
humerus
74.4
90
1021
humerus
74.3
7
1016
humerus
67.8
110
1367
humerus
67.1
65a
1261
mc
182
51.3
52.7
28.4
20.3
109.7
5
1017
mc
52.6
87
1021
mc
51.7
51
1098
mc
174
46.8
50.7
27.1
18.8
104.9
65a
1261
pelvis
7.6
149
1477
pelvis
5.4
92
1353
pelvis
4.9
122
1353
femur
87
109
1261
tibia
63.4
149
1477
tibia
58.4
88
1316
tibia
57.7
154
1477
tibia
55.9
128
1367
tibia
52.9
115
1367
tibia
52.8
87
1021
talus
41.5
64.1
57.7
106
1315
talus
43.1
64.0
58.8
4
1027
talus
37.1
61.2
54.5
115
1367
talus
38.6
61.0
55.5
51
1098
talus
59.7
100
1384
talus
34.7
129
1261
talus
39.7
62.1
56.9
184
SK3
talus
34.4
55.0
50.2
106
1315
calcaneus
121
120
1261
calcaneus
121
116
1353
mt
46.9
17
1030
mt
46.7
129
1261
ph 1
53.6
26.7
128
1367
ph 1
53.2
25.9
5
1017
ph 1
52.7
120
1261
ph 2
38.0
20.3
39
1029
ph 2
18.8
7.5
119
1353
ph 3
50.9
22.5
69.6
36
1024
ph 3
49.5
22.2
62.5
216
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
Sheep
103
1261
horn core
80
25.8
20.9
83
154
1477
horn core
156
57.9
42.4
95
1329
horn core
84
29.1
23.4
95
95
1330
horn core
81
28.3
22.2
90
92
1353
mc
24.9
15
1076
mc
21.6
101
SK90
mc
22.9
65a
1261
tibia
* 173
23.6
* 52,1
106
1315
tibia
24.4
117
1261
tibia
23.8
85
1021
tibia
23.6
41
1099
tibia
24.7
52
1037
tibia
25.1
35
1029
talus
17.5
27.9
26.2
63.3
4
1027
talus
15.5
26.5
25
60.1
36
1024
ph 1
32.1
9.6
109
1261
ph 1
32.6
9.9
65
1261
ph 1
32.3
9.6
92
1353
ph 1
32.2
9.7
20
1001
ph 1
31.9
10.3
4
1027
ph 1
31.4
20
1001
ph 2
18.6
7.4
Dog
47
1197
upper P4
19.1
8
10
47
1197
upper P4
18.9
7.8
10.3
47
1197
upper M1
13.6 16.1
54
1238
lower M1
23.3
109
1261
lower M1
26.2 10.6
54
1238
lower M2
10.3
7.6
116
1353
humerus
51.6
42.6
18
1024
humerus
33.8
116
1353
talus
31.9
Horse
122
1353
radius
70.6
129
1261
metatarsal
259
45.1
44.9
28.2
258
137.5
Pig
9
36
1024
upper M3
32.3 17.9
6
1018
upper M3
18.2
88
1316
upper M3
33.2 18.3
217
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
51
1098
upper M3
17.5
14
1030
lower M3
32.8 14.4
121
1367
lower M3
32.8 14.9
121
1367
lower M3
32.6 15.4
35
1029
lower M3
32.1 13.9
36
1024
lower M3
30.9 14.2
129
1261
lower M3
15.1
53
1237
lower M3
13.9
80
1329
lower M3
32.5 14.6
129
1261
lower M3
34.2 14.6
36
1024
talus
23.8
40.3
36.9
72.1
35
1029
talus
36.8
34.5
65.9
20
1001
ph 1
30.9
13.6
36
1024
ph 2
22.1
13
Cat
47
1197
humerus
99.3
16.4
19.9
6.5
159
1386
humerus
15.1
47
1197
femur
20.9
47
1197
tibia
19.6
47
1197
tibia
15.1
50
1200
tibia
19.7
159
1386
tibia
12.4
159
1386
calcaneus
22.8
Table 37. Measurements. Withers heights of sheep according to Teichert (1975), dog Hardcourt (1974), cattle Matolsci (1970), pig Teichert (1969), horse Kiesewalter (1888). *in two pieces.
218
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
.
Nro
Sample Context
Elem
Side
GL/GLl/Glpe
Bp/GLm
SD/DLS
DD/Ld
1033
109
1261
humerus
l
121
33.1
1389
122
1353
humerus
l
1775
108
1353
humerus
l
1862
122
1353
humerus
l
1334
122
1353
humerus
l
1860
122
1353
humerus
l
1534
130
1353
humerus
l
1774
108
1353
humerus
1333
122
1353
humerus
1861
122
1353
1331
122
1710 1532
Bd/BT/MBS med edge withers heights 26.3
24
24.4
24.5
25.9
25.9
27.1
l
27.4
l
27.7
humerus
l
28.9
1353
humerus
r
134
27
122
1353
humerus
r
23.9
130
1353
humerus
r
24.8
1773
108
1353
humerus
r
25.4
1035
109
1261
humerus
r
26.4
953
104
1353
humerus
r
27.5
1711
122
1353
humerus
r
27.6
1866
122
1353
radius
l
134
53.9
1714
122
1353
radius
r
128
51.5
1535
130
1353
radius
r
141
56.7
1873
122
1353
mc
l
112
19.9
13.3
9.4
22.7
54.8
1784
108
1353
mc
l
112
21.9
14.3
10.2
24.1
54.8
1407
122
1353
mc
l
114
20.5
13.6
9.2
23.9
55.7
1785
108
1353
mc
l
118
21
13.4
9.2
23.8
57.7
1787
108
1353
mc
l
23
1408
122
1353
mc
l
22.1
Bp
24.9
1340
122
1353
mc
r
113
19.5
12.3
8.8
22.6
55.3
1405
122
1353
mc
r
114
20.7
13.4
9
24.2
55.7
1038
109
1261
mc
r
117
23.5
14.4
9.4
25.5
57.2
956
104
1353
mc
r
120
21.2
13.5
9.1
23.8
58.7
1406
122
1353
mc
r
121
21.8
13.8
8.9
24.8
59.2
1857
122
1353
pelvis
l
3.2
1856
122
1353
pelvis
l
3.9
1855
122
1353
pelvis
l
5.9
1868
122
1353
femur
l
33.3
1041
109
1261
femur
r
146
39.9
33
51.5
959
104
1353
femur
r
34.1
1540
130
1353
femur
r
35.6
1781
108
1353
femur
r
35.8
1338
122
1353
femur
r
36.5
1541
130
1353
femur
r
36.5
1716
122
1353
femur
r
41.7
219
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
958
104
1353
tibia
l
22.4
957
104
1353
tibia
l
22.5
1545
130
1353
tibia
l
23.7
1253
120
1261
tibia
l
23.8
1252
120
1261
tibia
l
23.9
1872
122
1353
tibia
l
25
1871
122
1353
tibia
l
39.8
25.1
1782
108
1353
tibia
r
177
23.3
53.3
1296
121
1367
tibia
r
23
1717
122
1353
tibia
r
25
1874
122
1353
talus
l
25.8
24.9
16.9
58.5
1793
108
1353
talus
l
26.5
25.2
16.7
60.1
1344
122
1353
talus
r
27.4
26.6
17.8
62.1
1794
108
1353
calcaneus
l
50.5
57.6
1722
122
1353
calcaneus
r
51.4
58.6
1792
108
1353
mt
l
118
17.9
10.5
9.2
21.7
53.6
1414
122
1353
mt
l
118
19.4
10.9
9.5
22.1
53.6
1413
122
1353
mt
l
120
18.8
11.3
9.3
22.8
54.5
1163
116
1353
mt
l
122
19.9
11.7
9.2
23.4
55.4
1415
122
1353
mt
l
129
20.3
12
8.6
23.5
58.6
1179
117
1261
mt
l
18.1
22.2
1790
108
1353
mt
r
117
20.1
11.3
9.7
22.1
53.1
1791
108
1353
mt
r
119
17.9
10.6
9.1
21.7
54.0
1409
122
1353
mt
r
124
20.9
12.4
9.4
25.5
56.3
1411
122
1353
mt
r
21.5
1162
116
1353
mt
r
21.7
1410
122
1353
mt
r
23
1420
122
1353
ph 1
29.9
9.1
1731
122
1353
ph 1
30.6
9.6
1798
108
1353
ph 1
30.7
10.3
1799
108
1353
ph 1
30.9
9.6
1424
122
1353
ph 1
30.9
10.5
1800
108
1353
ph 1
31
9.4
1727
122
1353
ph 1
31
10.6
1802
108
1353
ph 1
31.1
10.3
1797
108
1353
ph 1
31.3
9.9
1803
108
1353
ph 1
31.4
9.4
1417
122
1353
ph 1
31.4
11
1730
122
1353
ph 1
31.4
10.1
1801
108
1353
ph 1
31.8
9.8
1426
122
1353
ph 1
31.8
10
1341
122
1353
ph 1
32
10.6
1425
122
1353
ph 1
32.6
11
1796
108
1353
ph 1
32.7
9.7
1726
122
1353
ph 1
33
11.1
1804
108
1353
ph 1
33.4
220
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
1423
122
1353
ph 1
33.5
11.1
1725
122
1353
ph 1
33.5
10.3
1422
122
1353
ph 1
33.6
10.7
1728
122
1353
ph 1
33.6
10.7
1418
122
1353
ph 1
33.7
10
1421
122
1353
ph 1
33.7
11.8
1729
122
1353
ph 1
33.8
11.4
1029
109
1261
ph 1
33.9
1298
121
1367
ph 1
34
10.3
1039
109
1261
ph 1
34.1
11.5
1419
122
1353
ph 1
34.3
10.5
1342
122
1353
ph 2
19.1
9
1300
121
1367
ph 2
19.1
8.1
1429
122
1353
ph 2
19.1
7.3
1807
108
1353
ph 2
19.4
8.4
1428
122
1353
ph 2
19.8
7.9
1809
108
1353
ph 2
19.9
8.1
1808
108
1353
ph 2
20
9.1
1732
122
1353
ph 2
20
8.4
1805
108
1353
ph 2
20.1
8.2
1299
121
1367
ph 2
20.2
7.9
1430
122
1353
ph 2
20.3
8.2
1810
108
1353
ph 2
20.4
8
1806
108
1353
ph 2
20.5
8.1
1427
122
1353
ph 2
20.5
8.9
1812
108
1353
ph 3
24.1
20
6
1816
108
1353
ph 3
24.1
20.3
5.2
1813
108
1353
ph 3
24.4
19.7
6.2
1815
108
1353
ph 3
24.6
19.9
6.4
1733
122
1353
ph 3
24.8
20.6
5.2
1343
122
1353
ph 3
25.5
21.8
5.8
1814
108
1353
ph 3
25.5
21.5
6
1432
122
1353
ph 3
25.5
21.8
6.1
1301
121
1367
ph 3
25.7
18.6
6.5
1302
121
1367
ph 3
25.7
18.9
6.4
1811
108
1353
ph 3
27
22.3
6
1433
122
1353
ph 3
27.1
22.1
6
1431
122
1353
ph 3
28
21.5
5.6
Nro 1906
Sample Context 122
1353
Elem
Side Basal diameter Gratest diameter Least diameter Horncore length
horn core
l
70
26
18.6
76
Table 38. Measurements from complete sheep skeletons from cemetery ditch 1260.
221
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
Section cattle sheep sheep/goat pig dog LU SU mouse rodent bird fish SM shrew
SA
lizard indet Total
1
16
1
2
67
86
2
2
1
2
3
1
2
26
22
2
3
48
21
591
724
3
1
3
6
5
7
1
7
295
325
4
1
1
1
1
1
12
4
5
27
21
250
324
5
2
1
5
2
1
4
245
260
6
1
1
1
1
1
3
21
29
7
1
1
1
10
7
1
15
105
141
8
3
1
1
1
1
21
2
21
1
1
15
338
406
9
4
10
3
1
10
74
102
10
48
2
1
3
12
86
152
11
1
1
1
7
10
12
1
3
7
11
13
3
1
2
21
27
14
2
1
2
10
4
2
13
73
107
15
1
2
1
20
2
25
140
191
16 Total
5
5
1
2
1
18
32
12
3
5
9
3
7
9
159
3
112
16
9
41
179
22
2338
2927
Table 39. Animal bones from the soil samples from enclosure ditch 1023 in different sample ditch sections. LU = large ungulate, SU = small ungulate, SM = small mammal, SA = small animal.
222
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
Context cattle sheep sheep/goat pig dog LU SU mouse rodent bird fish SM shrew
SA
lizard indet Total
1005
1
1
1
3
1006
3
3
1008
8
8
1024
2
1
3
1
2
3
9
7
2
21
1
349
401
1025
1
12
5
1
4
136
159
1026
1
1
1
2
82
87
1027
2
1
1
1
1
3
6
2
2
298
317
1029
5
10
5
27
28
145
220
1031
1
2
47
50
1032
1
3
4
8
1033
1
1
2
1034
1
1
1035
11
11
1036
2
12
14
1037
1
1
1
13
7
25
20
67
135
1038
1
1
2
1
1
125
131
1072
1
2
1
18
2
25
129
178
1073
1
16
2
9
1
1
1
105
136
1074
1
7
4
12
1075
2
2
4
1076
2
1
1
3
2
1
1
231
242
1077
1
1
1078
1
2
1
6
17
27
1079
7
10
17
1092
3
3
223
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
1093
16
17
33
1099
1
1
3
3
3
2
101
114
1100
1
12
13
1102
3
6
9
1103
1
1
1
10
7
1
12
71
104
1111
1
2
37
40
1113
1
1
4
1
3
76
86
1123
2
2
3
26
33
1125
5
4
1
2
6
18
1179
48
2
2
12
65
129
1191
10
10
1192
1
1
11
13
1197
3
1
1
13
18
1199
1
3
7
11
1200
2
2
3
20
27
1201
1
1
6
1
1
10
44
64
1209
1
1
1210
2
2
1213
1
1
2
4
1214
3
3
1220
4
4
1234
1
3
3
7
1239
4
10
14
Total
12
3
5
9
3
7
9
159
3
112
16
9
41
179
22
2338
2927
Table 40. Animal bones from the soil samples from enclosure ditch 1023 in different sample contexts.LU = large ungulate, SU = small ungulate, SM = small mammal, SA = small animal.
224
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
Phase
Feature
LU
SU
1
1015
cattle sheep goat sheep/goat pig horse cat dog 32
5
3
1
1
32
indet rabbit rat mouse bird SM carnivore Total 161
235
1
1020
70
1
13
17
2
78
5
353
2
541
1
1051
1
2
3
1
1302
1
1
1
3
6
1
1317
46
1
11
15
3
1
79
34
455
1
1
647
1
1330
11
2
1
4
3
60
81
1
1372
3
5
1
12
16
10
47
2
1023
127
10
47
47
11
3
30
105
41
1200
14
1
1
1637
2
1260
249
21
1
252
39
4
23
259 276
1475
13
3
2615
2
1292
11
2
9
2
24
2
1346
5
3
1
25
34
2
1359
5
1
1
1
8
16
2
1363
5
5
2
1475
22
1
1
2
2
3
3
37
71
2
1482
1
1
2
1485
1
1
2
1487
4
4
2
1498
1
1
3
1375
41
3
1
8
2
119
6
180
I
SK003
5
2
13
1
62
83
I
SK042
1
3
4
I
SK049
5
4
1
1
21
32
I
SK052
1
1
2
1
5
10
I
SK069
3
1
5
9
I
SK072
2
1
1
1
4
19
28
I
SK085/86
4
1
2
2
1
55
65
I
SK088
3
18
21
I
SK100
1
2
1
13
17
I
SK102
2
1
1
13
17
I
SK106
1
1
I
SK107
1
1
I
SK113
1
3
4
8
I
SK114
2
2
I
SK115
2
1
3
I
SK125
1
1
I
SK001
3
1
2
17
23
II
SK018
2
2
1
3
8
II
SK017
2
2
II
SK031
2
1
62
65
II
SK035
1
1
II
SK036
3
2
5
II
SK039
1
1
1
1
4
II
SK068
1
1
10
12
225
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
II
SK071
1
8
9
II
SK075
2
2
II
SK084
1
1
II
SK090
3
1
1
1
1
5
11
23
II
SK091
1
1
II
SK097
2
2
II
SK105
1
1
2
4
II
SK108
8
8
II
SK121
1
1
17
19
III
SK044
1
1
1
1
2
12
18
III
SK047
1
1
III
SK079
2
1
2
5
III
SK089
3
1
2
1
8
2
40
57
III
SK110
1
1
III
SK116
1
1
N/A
1229
1
1
N/A
gvsubsoil
124
1
39
15
6
1
51
9
772
2
1
1021
N/A
subsoil
24
2
12
14
19
7
147
1
226
N/A
topsoil
Total
828
45
1
418
182
31
4
55
699 399
16
16
5266
8
1
1
41
2
6
7987
Table 41. Distribution of hand‐picked material in different features.
226
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
Species sample context nro I 1 cattle 7 1016 42 cattle 7 1016 43 cattle 9 1036 55 cattle 5 1017 60 cattle 5 1017 61 cattle 5 1017 62 cattle 5 1017 78 cattle 17 1030 189 cattle 21 1031 238 cattle 38 1103 372 A cattle 49 1199 482 cattle 65 1261 665 cattle 98 1315 765 cattle 85 1021 791 cattle 85 1021 792 cattle 103 1261 900 cattle 114 1261 1104 cattle 120 1261 1221 cattle 129 1261 1483 cattle 129 1261 1485 cattle 132 1472 2197 cattle 132 1472 2203 cattle 134 1396 2236 cattle 145 1512 2262 sheep 65 1261 681 sheep 120 1261 1234 P sheep 122 1353 1312 sheep 122 1353 1844 P C sheep 122 1353 1845 sheep 122 1353 1846 A sheep 122 1353 1847 A sheep 122 1353 1847 A sheep 122 1353 1894 sheep 122 1353 1895 sheep 122 1353 1896 sheep 122 1353 1897 sheep 122 1353 1898 sheep/goat 91 1315 657 sheep/goat 65 1261 682 sheep/goat 65 1261 694 sheep/goat 85 1021 808 sheep/goat 103 1261 901 sheep/goat 104 1353 944 sheep/goat 104 1353 945 sheep/goat 104 1353 946 sheep/goat 114 1261 1111
I 2 A A A A A A A
I 3 A A A A A A A
C PM 1 PM 2 PM 3 PM 4 M 1 M 2 M P g P U A M M j P g A A A A A A P j P j M P P P P (abnormal) P (abnormal) M H M U P V A M M M j P d P M M M j P U M M M j P g P d P P P c A A M M M M j P f M M M f A M M A P P P g P l P j M M P E A A A M l P g P f A A M M h P g P c A A M g P f P H A A A M g P g A M h P g A V P P j P m P h A A A P j P k P g A A P P j P k P g P P P P P P P P M M A M M M A P P P P P P g P g P g P E P P a P g P g P P P P P P P P P C A M A A
M 3 L P f P C A P k P C P j P ‐ P g P f P P P g P d P b P P
227
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
sheep/goat sheep/goat sheep/goat sheep/goat sheep/goat sheep/goat sheep/goat sheep/goat sheep/goat sheep/goat sheep/goat sheep/goat sheep/goat sheep/goat sheep/goat sheep/goat sheep/goat sheep/goat pig pig pig pig pig pig pig pig pig pig pig pig pig pig pig pig pig pig pig pig pig pig pig pig pig pig pig pig pig pig
118 119 120 122 122 122 122 122 122 129 130 130 130 20 122 108 108 89 6 14 14 15 26 35 35 36 36 53 53 69 76 76 91 98 98 85 85 114 115 121 129 129 129 130 154 20 51 80
1367 1353 1261 1353 1353 1353 1353 1353 1353 1261 1353 1353 1353 1001 1353 1353 1353 1373 1018 1030 1030 1076 1130 1029 1029 1024 1024 1237 1237 1304 1328 1328 1315 1315 1315 1021 1021 1261 1367 1367 1261 1261 1261 1353 1477 1001 1098 1329
1190 1203 1235 1313 1366 1367 1368 1380 1381 1486 1505 1506 1516 1606 1690 1765 1766 2091 36 130 131 151 267 301 302 329 330 506 507 567 611 612 649 769 770 809 810 1112 1137 1383 1487 1488 1489 1518 1587 1612 1988 2066
A A A A A A P P A
P E A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A P E A A A P P A P P P A P P A A A P A A
A
A A A A M A P A P A L P A A P A A P V A A A A A
P A P A A M P P P P P P P P P P P A P V P A P A A P P A A P
P j P g A M M P h P g P g P g P e A P g P P c P P b P U P a A P a P c P d A P
P k P h P f P P j P g A P g P g P h P k P P h P c P P d P P d A P h A P f P j P P m A P
P g P g P E P H P g P g P g P g P f P g P h P P e P U P P j P P U P a P d A A P a P g P P f A P
P g P g P g P d P d A A P e P g P P a P a P H P c P b P C A P A P b P C P c A P a P V
228
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
pig pig cat cat dog dog dog dog dog dog dog
83 92 35 159 41 41 41 42 47 47 54
1350+51 2079 1201 2863 1029 315 1386 2312 1029 402 1029 403 1029 408 1976 416 1197 440 1197 441 1238 528
A
A
A A
P P V V P A
A
M P M M M P P
M P P M M P P
M f P b P M P P P P
P j P P A P P
P d P P P P
P P + P
Table 42. Teeth recording sheet. M = milk, P = permanent, C = crypt, V = visible, E = erupting, H = half erupted, A= alveoli, L=ante‐mortem loss. Tooth wear (a‐o) according to Grant 1982.
229
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
Completeness
0
fragment (less than 50%)
35
angle
1
complete (more than 95%)
36
premaxilla
2
prox epi
37
maxilla
3
prox epi + prox diaf
38
nasal
4
prox epi +prox diaf+ shaft
39
maxilla
5
prox epi + prox diaf + shaft+ dist diaf 40 41
frontal
6
dist epi
zygomaticum
7
dist epi + dist diaf
8
dist epi +dist diaf+ shaft
43
occipital condyle
9
dist epi + dist diaf + shaft+ prox diaf
44
horncore base
10
prox diaf
45
horncore tip
11
shaft
12
dist diaf
13
prox diaf + shaft
14
dist diaf + shaft
15
prox diaf + shaft + dist diaf
16
lateral side
17
medial side
18
right side
19
left side
20
prox part
21
dist part
22
arcus
23
acetabulum
24
ace ilium
25
ace ischii
26
ace pubis
27
pubis
28
ilium
29
ischii
30
supraglanoid tubercle
31
glenoid cavity
32
toothrow
33
condlylar process
34
coracoid process
42 temporal articular facet
Table 43.Animal bone recording sheet: codes for completeness.
230
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
Phase
Feature
recovery
Nro
Sample
context
N of S
Side
Epi p
Epi d
Comp
Marks
Butc
Sex
Meas 1
Meas 2
Meas 3
Meas 4
Other
NA
topsoil
hc
2253
135
1000
unidentified
Spec
unidentified
Elem
16
0
NA
subsoil
hc
1643
20
1001
bird
metatarsal
1
fused
fused
1
NA
subsoil
hc
1592
20
1001
cattle
teeth
1
right
0
M 3
NA
subsoil
hc
1593
20
1001
cattle
teeth
1
right
0
M 1/2
NA
subsoil
hc
1594
20
1001
cattle
teeth
1
right
0
i / c
NA
subsoil
hc
1595
20
1001
cattle
teeth
2
left
0
i / c
NA
subsoil
hc
1596
20
1001
cattle
teeth
1
1
pd 2
NA
subsoil
hc
1597
20
1001
cattle
teeth
2
0
M 1/2
NA
subsoil
hc
1598
20
1001
cattle
teeth
3
0
M 1/2
NA
subsoil
hc
1599
20
1001
cattle
teeth
2
0
NA
subsoil
hc
1600
20
1001
cattle
teeth
1
right
0
M 3
NA
subsoil
hc
1613
20
1001
cattle
mandible
1
0
NA
subsoil
hc
1614
20
1001
cattle
mandible
1
right
33
NA
subsoil
hc
1619
20
1001
cattle
metacarpal
1
left
fused
4
NA
subsoil
hc
1620
20
1001
cattle
metapodial
2
open
0
NA
subsoil
hc
1622
20
1001
cattle
calcaneus
1
0
NA
subsoil
hc
1623
20
1001
cattle
femur
1
left
open
6
NA
subsoil
hc
1624
20
1001
cattle
carpi
1
1
C4
NA
subsoil
hc
1625
20
1001
cattle
phalanx 1
1
open
2
NA
subsoil
hc
1626
20
1001
cattle
phalanx 2
1
open
fused
9
NA
subsoil
hc
1616
20
1001
large ungulate
scapula
1
31
NA
subsoil
hc
1617
20
1001
large ungulate
scapula
2
0
NA
subsoil
hc
1618
20
1001
large ungulate
skull
1
left
0
gnawed
NA
subsoil
hc
1621
20
1001
large ungulate
radius
1
fused
0
NA
subsoil
hc
1636
20
1001
large ungulate
shaft
8
0
NA
subsoil
hc
1639
20
1001
large ungulate
ribs
6
0
NA
subsoil
hc
1607
20
1001
pig
teeth
1
left
0
female
NA
subsoil
hc
1608
20
1001
pig
teeth
3
0
M
NA
subsoil
hc
1609
20
1001
pig
teeth
4
0
PM
NA
subsoil
hc
1610
20
1001
pig
teeth
1
0
pd 4
NA
subsoil
hc
1612
20
1001
pig
mandible
1
right
32
chopped
NA
subsoil
hc
1630
20
1001
pig
scapula
1
right
fused
31
NA
subsoil
hc
1631
20
1001
pig
phalanx 1
1
fused
fused
1
Glpe 30,9
Bd 13,6
NA
subsoil
hc
1632
20
1001
pig
phalanx 1
1
open
fused
9
NA
subsoil
hc
1633
20
1001
pig
atlas
1
no side
1
in 2 pieces
NA
subsoil
hc
1634
20
1001
sheep
phalanx 1
1
fused
fused
1
Glpe 31,9
Bd 10,3
NA
subsoil
hc
1635
20
1001
sheep
phalanx 2
1
fused
fused
1
Glpe 18,6
Bd 7,4
NA
subsoil
hc
1601
20
1001
sheep/goat
teeth
1
right
1
M 1 /2
NA
subsoil
hc
1602
20
1001
sheep/goat
teeth
4
0
M 1/2
NA
subsoil
hc
1603
20
1001
sheep/goat
teeth
1
1
PM
NA
subsoil
hc
1604
20
1001
sheep/goat
teeth
1
0
PM
NA
subsoil
hc
1605
20
1001
sheep/goat
teeth
1
0
NA
subsoil
hc
1606
20
1001
sheep/goat
mandible
1
left
32
NA
subsoil
hc
1627
20
1001
sheep/goat
radius
1
left
11
gnawed
231
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
NA
subsoil
hc
1628
20
1001
sheep/goat
tibia
1
left
10
NA
subsoil
hc
1629
20
1001
sheep/goat
tibia
1
left
11
NA
subsoil
hc
1637
20
1001
small ungulate shaft
5
0
NA
subsoil
hc
1640
20
1001
small ungulate ribs
2
0
NA
subsoil
hc
1611
20
1001
unidentified
teeth
7
0
NA
subsoil
hc
1615
20
1001
unidentified
mandible
2
0
NA
subsoil
hc
1638
20
1001
unidentified
vert
2
no side
0
NA
subsoil
hc
1641
20
1001
unidentified
ribs
2
0
NA
subsoil
hc
1642
20
1001
unidentified
skull
1
0
NA
subsoil
hc
1644
20
1001
unidentified
unidentified
2
0
burnt
NA
subsoil
hc
1645
20
1001
unidentified
unidentified
131
0
2
1023
1
2906
100
1005
bird
ulna
1
fused
4
2
1023
1
2907
100
1005
lizard
shaft
1
0
2
1023
1
2908
100
1005
unidentified
unidentified
1
0
2
1023
1
2909
101
1006
unidentified
unidentified
3
0
2
1023
1
2910
103
1008
unidentified
unidentified
1
0
burnt
2
1023
1
2911
103
1008
unidentified
unidentified
7
0
2
1023
hc
417
43
1012
cattle
humerus
1
left
fused
6
in 2 pieces
2
1023
hc
418
43
1012
cattle
phalanx 1
1
fused
fused
1
2
1023
hc
419
43
1012
cattle
phalanx 2
4
fused
fused
1
2
1023
hc
420
43
1012
cattle
phalanx 2
1
fused
fused
0
gnawed
2
1023
hc
421
43
1012
cattle
carpi
2
1
C 2+3
2
1023
hc
422
43
1012
cattle
carpi
2
1
Ca and C4
2
1023
hc
423
43
1012
cattle
metatarsal
1
right
fused
3
2
1023
hc
424
43
1012
cattle
metatarsal
1
right
12
gnawed
2
1023
hc
425
43
1012
cattle
phalanx 1
1
open
infant
9
2
1023
hc
1956
43
1012
cattle
teeth
1
0
2
1023
hc
1958
43
1012
large ungulate
mandible
3
0
2
1023
hc
427
43
1012
pig
phalanx 1
1
closing
fused
1
2
1023
hc
430
43
1012
pig
tibia
1
right
open
10
2
1023
hc
426
43
1012
sheep/goat
phalanx 1
1
fused
fused
1
goat?
2
1023
hc
428
43
1012
sheep/goat
radius
1
right
fused
open
9
2
1023
hc
429
43
1012
sheep/goat
vert lumb
1
open
19
chopped
2
1023
hc
1957
43
1012
sheep/goat
teeth
1
0
2
1023
hc
431
43
1012
small ungulate ribs
1
0
2
1023
hc
432
43
1012
unidentified
skull
2
0
2
1023
hc
433
43
1012
unidentified
shaft
6
0
2
1023
hc
434
43
1012
unidentified
unidentified
8
0
2
1023
hc
1959
43
1012
unidentified
unidentified
2
0
1
1015
hc
42
7
1016
cattle
mandible
1
left
0
1
1015
hc
43
7
1016
cattle
mandible
1
left
32
in pieces
1
1015
hc
44
7
1016
cattle
teeth
1
right
0
M 1/2
1
1015
hc
46
7
1016
cattle
humerus
1
left
fused
0
BT 67,8
1
1015
hc
45
7
1016
large ungulate
mandible
1
left
0
1
1015
1
3062
152
1016
mouse
teeth
4
1
I
1
1015
1
3063
152
1016
sheep/goat
phalanx 1
1
7
1
1015
1
3064
152
1016
unidentified
teeth
1
0
no side closing
232
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
1
1015
1
3065
152
1016
unidentified
unidentified
6
0
burnt
1
1015
1
3066
152
1016
unidentified
unidentified
41
0
1
1015
hc
60
5
1017
cattle
mandible
1
right
32
1
1015
hc
61
5
1017
cattle
mandible
1
right
32
in 4 pieces
1
1015
hc
62
5
1017
cattle
mandible
1
left
32
1
1015
hc
63
5
1017
cattle
teeth
2
right
1
pd 4
1
1015
hc
64
5
1017
cattle
teeth
1
1
pd 3
1
1015
hc
65
5
1017
cattle
teeth
1
left
1
M 1/ 2
1
1015
hc
66
5
1017
cattle
teeth
2
left
0
M 1/ 2
1
1015
hc
67
5
1017
cattle
teeth
1
1
PM
1
1015
hc
68
5
1017
cattle
mandible
2
right
33
1
1015
hc
69
5
1017
cattle
mandible
1
left
33
1
1015
hc
70
5
1017
cattle
mandible
1
34
1
1015
hc
71
5
1017
cattle
teeth
3
0
1
1015
hc
73
5
1017
cattle
scapula
2
right
fused
31
1
1015
hc
74
5
1017
cattle
scapula
1
left
0
gnawed
1
1015
hc
76
5
1017
cattle
pelvis
1
left
24
in two pieces
1
1015
hc
77
5
1017
cattle
teeth
1
right
1
pd 4
1
1015
hc
78
5
1017
cattle
skull
1
right
32
1
1015
hc
79
5
1017
cattle
humerus
1
right
open
12
1
1015
hc
80
5
1017
cattle
metacarpal
1
right
fused
3
1
1015
hc
81
5
1017
cattle
metacarpal
1
right
fused
7
Bd 52,6
1
1015
hc
82
5
1017
cattle
phalanx 1
1
right
fused
fused
1
Glpe 52,7
1
1015
hc
72
5
1017
large ungulate
mandible
20
0
pieces from cattle
1
1015
hc
75
5
1017
large ungulate
scapula
4
0
1
1015
hc
83
5
1017
large ungulate
humerus
1
fused
0
1
1015
hc
84
5
1017
large ungulate
ribs
2
0
1
1015
hc
85
5
1017
large ungulate
vert cerv
1
no side
open
21
chopped
1
1015
hc
86
5
1017
large ungulate
shaft
1
0
1
1015
hc
87
5
1017
large ungulate
skull
1
0
1
1015
hc
88
5
1017
pig
skull
1
left
40
1
1015
hc
89
5
1017
pig
skull
1
left
42
1
1015
hc
90
5
1017
sheep/goat
humerus
1
right
fused
6
1
1015
hc
91
5
1017
sheep/goat
mandible
1
right
33
1
1015
hc
92
5
1017
sheep/goat
teeth
1
right
0
M 1/2
1
1015
hc
93
5
1017
sheep/goat
tibia
1
right
11
1
1015
hc
94
5
1017
sheep/goat
tibia
1
right
10
1
1015
hc
95
5
1017
unidentified
teeth
1
0
1
1015
hc
96
5
1017
unidentified
skull
1
1015
hc
97
5
1017
unidentified
unidentified
1
1015
hc
1578
151
1017
dog
1
1015
hc
1577
151
1017
1
1015
hc
37
6
1018
1
1015
hc
38
6
1
1015
hc
36
1
1015
hc
39
1
1015
hc
40
2
0
143
0
vert lumb
1
no side
fused
fused
1
big
horse
teeth
1
1
cattle
metatarsal
1
left
14
in 2 pieces
1018
large ungulate
mandible
1
0
6
1018
pig
skull
1
left
39
B 18,2
in 2 pieces
6
1018
unidentified
skull
1
0
6
1018
unidentified
shaft
2
0
233
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
1
1015
hc
41
6
1018
unidentified
unidentified
12
0
1
1015
1
3067
154
1018
unidentified
unidentified
2
0
1
1020
hc
614
76
1021
carnivore
ribs
1
21
in 2 pieces
1
1020
hc
615
76
1021
carnivore
ribs
1
0
1
1020
hc
598
76
1021
cattle
teeth
2
0
M 1/2
1
1020
hc
605
76
1021
cattle
metatarsal
1
left
12
in 2 pieces
1
1020
hc
606
76
1021
cattle
metatarsal
1
left
11
gnawed
1
1020
hc
607
76
1021
cattle
metatarsal
1
0
1
1020
hc
608
76
1021
cattle
metatarsal
1
right
fused
0
1
1020
hc
609
76
1021
cattle
atlas
1
no side
0
in 2 pieces
1
1020
hc
599
76
1021
large ungulate
mandible
1
right
33
1
1020
hc
600
76
1021
large ungulate
mandible
3
0
1
1020
hc
617
76
1021
large ungulate
ribs
3
0
1
1020
hc
618
76
1021
large ungulate
shaft
2
0
1
1020
hc
604
76
1021
pig
teeth
1
1
pd
1
1020
hc
610
76
1021
pig
pelvis
1
right
24
1
1020
hc
611
76
1021
pig
mandible
1
left
32
male
in 4 pieces
1
1020
hc
612
76
1021
pig
mandible
1
right
32
in 3 pieces
1
1020
hc
613
76
1021
pig
phalanx 1
1
open
fused
9
II / V
1
1020
hc
601
76
1021
sheep/goat
teeth
1
right
1
M 1/2
1
1020
hc
602
76
1021
sheep/goat
teeth
1
1
pd 3
1
1020
hc
603
76
1021
sheep/goat
teeth
1
1
PM
1
1020
hc
616
76
1021
unidentified
scapula
1
0
1
1020
hc
619
76
1021
unidentified
skull
17
0
1
1020
hc
620
76
1021
unidentified
unidentified
95
0
1
1020
hc
791
85
1021
cattle
mandible
1
right
32
1
1020
hc
792
85
1021
cattle
mandible
2
left
32
1
1020
hc
793
85
1021
cattle
teeth
3
right
1
M 1/2
1
1020
hc
794
85
1021
cattle
teeth
1
left
1
M 1/2
1
1020
hc
795
85
1021
cattle
teeth
1
0
M 1/2
1
1020
hc
796
85
1021
cattle
teeth
1
1
PM
1
1020
hc
797
85
1021
cattle
teeth
1
0
pd 2
1
1020
hc
798
85
1021
cattle
teeth
1
right
1
pd 4
1
1020
hc
801
85
1021
cattle
teeth
2
right
1
M 1/2
1
1020
hc
802
85
1021
cattle
teeth
1
right
1
M 3
1
1020
hc
803
85
1021
cattle
teeth
2
left
1
M 1/2
1
1020
hc
804
85
1021
cattle
teeth
1
1
pd 3
1
1020
hc
807
85
1021
cattle
teeth
1
0
pd 4
1
1020
hc
819
85
1021
cattle
radius
1
left
fused
open
5
1
1020
hc
822
85
1021
cattle
radius
1
right
infant
11
1
1020
hc
838
85
1021
cattle
skull
1
right
0
1
1020
hc
840
85
1021
cattle
mandible
1
right
33
1
1020
hc
806
85
1021
horse
teeth
1
left
1
PM / M
1
1020
hc
820
85
1021
horse
radius
1
right
fused
7
1
1020
hc
799
85
1021
large ungulate
mandible
2
right
0
1
1020
hc
800
85
1021
large ungulate
mandible
1
left
0
1
1020
hc
805
85
1021
large ungulate
mandible
13
0
234
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
1
1020
hc
817
85
1021
large ungulate
scapula
1
right
0
small catt / Deer
1
1020
hc
818
85
1021
large ungulate
pelvis
1
25
1
1020
hc
821
85
1021
large ungulate
femur
2
open
6
likely blg tgh
1
1020
hc
823
85
1021
large ungulate
tibia
1
0
1
1020
hc
828
85
1021
large ungulate
sacrum
2
no side
fused
fused
0
1
1020
hc
829
85
1021
large ungulate
vert lumb
1
no side
fused
fused
1
1
1020
hc
830
85
1021
large ungulate
vert thor
1
no side
22
1
1020
hc
831
85
1021
large ungulate
ribs
2
0
gnawed
1
1020
hc
832
85
1021
large ungulate
shaft
6
0
1
1020
hc
835
85
1021
large ungulate
scapula
1
0
1
1020
hc
836
85
1021
large ungulate
vert lumb
1
no side
0
1
1020
hc
837
85
1021
large ungulate
vert
2
no side
0
1
1020
hc
809
85
1021
pig
mandible
1
left
32
1
1020
hc
810
85
1021
pig
mandible
1
right
32
1
1020
hc
811
85
1021
pig
teeth
1
right
1
female
1
1020
hc
812
85
1021
pig
teeth
1
0
male
1
1020
hc
813
85
1021
pig
teeth
1
0
I
1
1020
hc
814
85
1021
pig
teeth
2
0
PM
1
1020
hc
826
85
1021
pig
femur
1
0
1
1020
hc
827
85
1021
sheep
tibia
1
left
fused
8
Bd 23,6
1
1020
hc
808
85
1021
sheep/goat
mandible
1
right
32
in 3 pieces
1
1020
hc
815
85
1021
sheep/goat
teeth
1
0
M 1/2
1
1020
hc
824
85
1021
sheep/goat
pelvis
1
left
25
1
1020
hc
825
85
1021
sheep/goat
femur
1
left
fused
2
1
1020
hc
841
85
1021
sheep/goat
pelvis
1
right
24
1
1020
hc
833
85
1021
small ungulate shaft
2
0
1
1020
hc
834
85
1021
small ungulate ribs
3
0
1
1020
hc
816
85
1021
unidentified
teeth
2
0
1
1020
hc
839
85
1021
unidentified
skull
4
0
1
1020
hc
842
85
1021
unidentified
unidentified
2
0
gnawed
1
1020
hc
843
85
1021
unidentified
unidentified
133
0
1
1020
hc
621
87
1021
cattle
teeth
1
right
1
M 1/2
1
1020
hc
622
87
1021
cattle
teeth
1
0
M
1
1020
hc
623
87
1021
cattle
teeth
2
0
M
1
1020
hc
624
87
1021
cattle
teeth
1
0
PM
1
1020
hc
625
87
1021
cattle
teeth
1
0
pd 4
1
1020
hc
626
87
1021
cattle
teeth
1
1
pd 3
1
1020
hc
632
87
1021
cattle
phalanx 1
1
fused
fused
1
gnawed
in 2 pieces
1
1020
hc
633
87
1021
cattle
talus
1
left
1
GLl 64,1
GLm 57,7
Bd 41,5
1
1020
hc
640
87
1021
cattle
metacarpal
1
right
9
Bd 51,7
1
1020
hc
641
87
1021
cattle
carpi
1
1
Cr
1
1020
hc
643
87
1021
cattle
ulna
1
right
0
gnawed
1
1020
hc
628
87
1021
large ungulate
mandible
1
right
33
small catt /deer
1
1020
hc
629
87
1021
large ungulate
mandible
2
0
1
1020
hc
630
87
1021
large ungulate
skull
1
left
41
in 2 pieces
1
1020
hc
631
87
1021
large ungulate
skull
1
right
42
1
1020
hc
642
87
1021
large ungulate
ulna
1
0
235
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
1
1020
hc
644
87
1021
large ungulate
ribs
5
0
1
1020
hc
636
87
1021
pig
radius
1
left
fused
4
1
1020
hc
637
87
1021
pig
ulna
1
left
11
1
1020
hc
638
87
1021
pig
humerus
1
left
open
fused
9
1
1020
hc
639
87
1021
pig
skull
1
no side
0
1
1020
hc
627
87
1021
sheep/goat
teeth
1
right
1
M 3
1
1020
hc
634
87
1021
sheep/goat
humerus
1
right
fused
9
1
1020
hc
635
87
1021
sheep/goat
radius
1
right
11
1
1020
hc
645
87
1021
unidentified
skull
1
0
1
1020
hc
646
87
1021
unidentified
unidentified
23
0
1
1020
hc
875
90
1021
cattle
teeth
2
left
1
pd 4
1
1020
hc
876
90
1021
cattle
teeth
1
right
1
pd 4
1
1020
hc
877
90
1021
cattle
teeth
2
right
1
M 1/2
1
1020
hc
878
90
1021
cattle
teeth
1
right
1
M 3
1
1020
hc
879
90
1021
cattle
teeth
5
0
M 1/2
1
1020
hc
880
90
1021
cattle
teeth
2
1
pd 3
1
1020
hc
881
90
1021
cattle
teeth
1
left
1
M 1/2
1
1020
hc
882
90
1021
cattle
teeth
2
1
pd 2
1
1020
hc
883
90
1021
cattle
teeth
1
1
PM 2
1
1020
hc
884
90
1021
cattle
teeth
2
0
M
1
1020
hc
887
90
1021
cattle
scapula
1
left
fused
31
1
1020
hc
888
90
1021
cattle
humerus
1
left
fused
7
BT 74,3
1
1020
hc
889
90
1021
cattle
humerus
1
left
12
1
1020
hc
890
90
1021
cattle
humerus
1
left
fused
2
1
1020
hc
892
90
1021
cattle
metapodial
1
0
1
1020
hc
894
90
1021
cattle
axis
1
no side
fused
open
20+19
in 2 pieces
1
1020
hc
885
90
1021
large ungulate
mandible
2
right
33
1
1020
hc
886
90
1021
large ungulate
mandible
5
0
1
1020
hc
891
90
1021
large ungulate
skull
1
right
41
1
1020
hc
895
90
1021
large ungulate
vert cerv
1
no side
0
1
1020
hc
896
90
1021
large ungulate
skull
9
0
pieces of maxilla
1
1020
hc
893
90
1021
sheep/goat
radius
1
12
1
1020
hc
897
90
1021
unidentified
unidentified
69
0
1
1020
hc
1935
96
1021
cattle
teeth
2
0
M
1
1020
hc
1938
96
1021
cattle
scapula
1
left
fused
31
in 2 pieces
1
1020
hc
1939
96
1021
large ungulate
vert cerv
1
no side
0
1
1020
hc
1940
96
1021
large ungulate
ribs
1
0
1
1020
hc
1941
96
1021
large ungulate
vert
1
no side
0
1
1020
hc
1936
96
1021
sheep/goat
teeth
1
0
M
1
1020
hc
1937
96
1021
unidentified
teeth
1
0
1
1020
hc
1942
96
1021
unidentified
unidentified
4
0
1
1020
hc
1943
96
1021
unidentified
unidentified
1
0
gnawed
1
1020
1
2924
107
1021
large ungulate
vert lumb
2
no side
0
1
1020
1
2925
107
1021
large ungulate
scapula
1
0
1
1020
1
2926
107
1021
large ungulate
teeth
1
0
1
1020
1
2927
107
1021
unidentified
unidentified
14
0
1
1020
1
2928
107
1021
unidentified
unidentified
4
0
burnt
236
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
1
1020
1
2931
109
1021
cattle
hyoideum
1
0
1
1020
1
2932
109
1021
unidentified
unidentified
14
0
1
1020
1
2967
123
1021
large ungulate
skull
2
0
1
1020
1
2968
123
1021
large ungulate
mandible
2
0
1
1020
1
2969
123
1021
large ungulate
ribs
1
0
1
1020
1
2970
123
1021
small ungulate shaft
1
0
1
1020
1
2971
123
1021
unidentified
unidentified
137
0
2
1023
hc
119
11
1024
cattle
mandible
1
right
33
in three pieces
2
1023
hc
122
11
1024
cattle
horn core
1
left
44
in 5 pieces
2
1023
hc
123
11
1024
cattle
teeth
2
left
0
M 1/2
2
1023
hc
124
11
1024
cattle
phalanx 1
1
open
fused
9
alm inf
2
1023
hc
120
11
1024
large ungulate
humerus
2
0
2
1023
hc
121
11
1024
large ungulate
pelvis
1
0
2
1023
hc
127
11
1024
large ungulate
shaft
1
0
2
1023
hc
125
11
1024
sheep/goat
teeth
1
left
1
M 3
2
1023
hc
126
11
1024
unidentified
skull
1
0
2
1023
hc
128
11
1024
unidentified
unidentified
21
0
2
1023
1
2489
17
1024
bird
radius
1
fused
8
wader‐size
2
1023
1
2490
17
1024
bird
phalanx 1
1
8
2
1023
1
2491
17
1024
bird
phalanx 1
1
4
wing ph
2
1023
1
2492
17
1024
bird
vert
1
1
2
1023
1
2495
17
1024
mouse
tibia
2
15
2
1023
1
2496
17
1024
mouse
humerus
1
fused
8
2
1023
1
2497
17
1024
mouse
vert caud
1
no side
open
open
1
2
1023
1
2498
17
1024
mouse
phalanx 1
2
fused
1
2
1023
1
2499
17
1024
mouse
phalanx 1
1
8
2
1023
1
2488
17
1024
pig
skull
2
infant
37
inf
2
1023
1
2485
17
1024
sheep
phalanx 3
1
1
2
1023
1
2493
17
1024
shrew
humerus
1
fused
8
2
1023
1
2494
17
1024
shrew
mandible
1
right
1
picture
2
1023
1
2500
17
1024
small animal
vert
1
no side
1
rodent/shrew
2
1023
1
2501
17
1024
small animal
shaft
3
0
2
1023
1
2502
17
1024
small animal
unidentified
3
0
2
1023
1
2503
17
1024
small ungulate ulna
1
open
infant
10
2
1023
1
2486
17
1024
unidentified
ribs
2
0
2
1023
1
2487
17
1024
unidentified
unidentified
4
0
burnt
2
1023
1
2504
17
1024
unidentified
unidentified
131
0
2
1023
1
2507
18
1024
bird
shaft
1
0
juv
2
1023
1
2509
18
1024
bird
ribs
1
0
ext tiny!
2
1023
1
2505
18
1024
dog
humerus
1
left
fused
6
Bd 33,8
2
1023
1
2508
18
1024
lizard
humerus
1
fused
fused
1
2
1023
1
2511
18
1024
mouse
calcaneus
1
fused
1
2
1023
1
2510
18
1024
small animal
vert
2
no side
1
2
1023
1
2512
18
1024
small animal
unidentified
11
0
2
1023
1
2506
18
1024
unidentified
vert
1
no side
infant
open
0
very inf
2
1023
1
2513
18
1024
unidentified
teeth
1
0
2
1023
1
2514
18
1024
unidentified
unidentified
1
0
burnt
237
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
2
1023
1
2515
18
1024
unidentified
unidentified
52
0
2
1023
hc
237
19
1024
bird
humerus
1
fused
7
Corvus frugilegus/corone
2
1023
hc
209
19
1024
cattle
teeth
1
0
M
2
1023
hc
212
19
1024
cattle
humerus
1
right
fused
7
2
1023
hc
213
19
1024
cattle
metatarsal
1
right
fused
3
2
1023
hc
218
19
1024
cattle
skull
5
0
2
1023
hc
222
19
1024
cattle
teeth
1
right
1
M 3
2
1023
hc
223
19
1024
cattle
phalanx 2
1
fused
fused
1
2
1023
hc
224
19
1024
cattle
talus
1
0
2
1023
hc
225
19
1024
cattle
femur
1
left
fused
3
in 2 pieces
2
1023
hc
227
19
1024
cattle
metacarpal
1
1
mc V
2
1023
hc
228
19
1024
cattle
sesamoid
1
1
2
1023
hc
216
19
1024
large ungulate
shaft
3
0
2
1023
hc
219
19
1024
large ungulate
ribs
1
0
2
1023
hc
234
19
1024
large ungulate
radius
1
0
2
1023
hc
235
19
1024
large ungulate
shaft
1
0
2
1023
hc
210
19
1024
pig
teeth
1
left
0
female
2
1023
hc
211
19
1024
pig
teeth
1
1
2
1023
hc
214
19
1024
pig
radius
1
right
fused
3
2
1023
hc
230
19
1024
pig
teeth
1
left
0
male
2
1023
hc
231
19
1024
sheep/goat
teeth
1
left
1
PM 3/4
2
1023
hc
232
19
1024
sheep/goat
teeth
1
left
1
M 1/2
2
1023
hc
229
19
1024
small ungulate shaft
1
0
2
1023
hc
233
19
1024
small ungulate ribs
2
0
2
1023
hc
215
19
1024
unidentified
radius
1
fused
0
2
1023
hc
217
19
1024
unidentified
teeth
4
0
2
1023
hc
220
19
1024
unidentified
teeth
2
0
2
1023
hc
221
19
1024
unidentified
unidentified
25
0
2
1023
hc
226
19
1024
unidentified
mandible
1
right
33
2
1023
hc
236
19
1024
unidentified
unidentified
22
0
2
1023
hc
352
36
1024
bird
shaft
1
0
2
1023
hc
323
36
1024
cattle
scapula
1
left
0
gnawed
2
1023
hc
324
36
1024
cattle
phalanx 3
1
fused
fused
1
DLS 62,5
Ld49,5
MBS 22,2
2
1023
hc
327
36
1024
cattle
tibia
1
right
12
2
1023
hc
341
36
1024
cattle
tarsi
1
1
T 2+3
2
1023
hc
342
36
1024
cattle
carpi
2
1
C4 + Ca
2
1023
hc
343
36
1024
cattle
phalanx 1
1
open
infant
9
2
1023
hc
322
36
1024
large ungulate
pelvis
1
0
in 2 pieces
2
1023
hc
325
36
1024
large ungulate
mandible
1
0
2
1023
hc
326
36
1024
large ungulate
phalanx 1
2
0
2
1023
hc
346
36
1024
large ungulate
vert lumb
1
no side
0
2
1023
hc
347
36
1024
large ungulate
shaft
2
0
2
1023
hc
348
36
1024
large ungulate
ribs
1
0
gnawed
2
1023
hc
349
36
1024
large ungulate
ribs
1
0
2
1023
hc
329
36
1024
pig
skull
1
right
32
L 32,3
B 17,9
2
1023
hc
330
36
1024
pig
mandible
1
left
32
gnawed
L 30,9
B 14,2
2
1023
hc
331
36
1024
pig
teeth
1
1
Pm
238
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
2
1023
hc
333
36
1024
pig
skull
1
right
40
in 8 pieces
2
1023
hc
336
36
1024
pig
talus
1
left
0
2
1023
hc
337
36
1024
pig
talus
1
right
1
GLl 40,3
GLm 36,9
Bd 23,8
2
1023
hc
338
36
1024
pig
phalanx 1
1
fused
fused
1
II / V
2
1023
hc
339
36
1024
pig
phalanx 2
1
fused
fused
1
GLpe 22,1
Bd 13,0
2
1023
hc
334
36
1024
sheep
metatarsal
1
right
fused
0
2
1023
hc
340
36
1024
sheep
phalanx 1
1
fused
fused
1
GLpe32,1
Bd 9,6
2
1023
hc
355
36
1024
sheep
metatarsal
1
right
fused
0
2
1023
hc
328
36
1024
sheep/goat
teeth
1
right
1
M 1/2
2
1023
hc
332
36
1024
sheep/goat
axis
1
no side
fused
fused
1
pathological
2
1023
hc
335
36
1024
sheep/goat
vert cerv
1
no side
open
open
1
blg tgt with 332?
2
1023
hc
344
36
1024
small ungulate ribs
4
0
2
1023
hc
345
36
1024
small ungulate shaft
1
0
2
1023
hc
350
36
1024
unidentified
skull
6
0
2
1023
hc
351
36
1024
unidentified
teeth
5
0
2
1023
hc
353
36
1024
unidentified
unidentified
2
0
gnawed
2
1023
hc
354
36
1024
unidentified
unidentified
132
0
2
1023
1
2598
39
1024
large ungulate
shaft
1
0
burnt
2
1023
1
2596
39
1024
small ungulate shaft
1
0
2
1023
1
2597
39
1024
small ungulate ribs
1
0
burnt
2
1023
1
2599
39
1024
unidentified
unidentified
48
0
2
1023
1
2600
39
1024
unidentified
unidentified
21
0
burnt
2
1023
1
2633
44
1024
pig
teeth
1
0
2
1023
1
2636
44
1024
small animal
shaft
1
0
2
1023
1
2634
44
1024
unidentified
teeth
1
0
2
1023
1
2635
44
1024
unidentified
coracoid
10
0
2
1023
1
2676
49
1024
bird
ulna
1
fused
7
2
1023
1
2678
49
1024
cattle
mandible
1
34
2
1023
1
2679
49
1024
cattle
skull
1
0
nasale
2
1023
1
2680
49
1024
large ungulate
shaft
1
0
2
1023
1
2677
49
1024
mouse
radius
1
fused
4
2
1023
1
2681
49
1024
unidentified
unidentified
6
0
burnt
2
1023
1
2682
49
1024
unidentified
unidentified
71
0
2
1023
1
2585
38
1025
bird
sternum
1
0
tiny!
2
1023
1
2586
38
1025
bird
shaft
1
0
2
1023
1
2594
38
1025
bird
tibia
1
fused
6
2
1023
1
2588
38
1025
mouse
ulna
1
fused
5
2
1023
1
2589
38
1025
mouse
tibia
1
fused
7
2
1023
1
2590
38
1025
mouse
metapodial
1
fused
1
2
1023
1
2587
38
1025
shrew
mandible
1
right
1
2
1023
1
2591
38
1025
small animal
shaft
2
0
2
1023
1
2592
38
1025
unidentified
vert
1
no side
infant
open
0
inf vert caud?
2
1023
1
2593
38
1025
unidentified
unidentified
66
0
2
1023
1
2595
38
1025
unidentified
unidentified
6
0
burnt
2
1023
1
2653
47
1025
bird
metacarpal
1
fused
3
2
1023
1
2654
47
1025
bird
vert
1
no side
0
2
1023
1
2645
47
1025
mouse
vert cerv
1
no side
1
239
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
2
1023
1
2646
47
1025
mouse
vert thor
1
no side
1
2
1023
1
2647
47
1025
mouse
ribs
2
0
2
1023
1
2648
47
1025
mouse
radius
1
15
2
1023
1
2649
47
1025
mouse
ulna
1
fused
5
2
1023
1
2650
47
1025
mouse
phalanx 1
1
fused
1
2
1023
1
2651
47
1025
mouse
tibia
1
11
in 2 pieces
2
1023
1
2652
47
1025
mouse
calcaneus
1
1
2
1023
1
2655
47
1025
small animal
shaft
2
0
2
1023
1
2656
47
1025
small ungulate ribs
1
0
2
1023
1
2657
47
1025
unidentified
unidentified
14
0
burnt
2
1023
1
2658
47
1025
unidentified
unidentified
49
0
2
1023
1
2637
45
1026
large ungulate
shaft
1
0
2
1023
1
2638
45
1026
unidentified
unidentified
6
0
burnt
2
1023
1
2639
45
1026
unidentified
unidentified
13
0
2
1023
1
2686
50
1026
fish
unidentified
1
0
2
1023
1
2683
50
1026
mouse
humerus
1
fused
8
2
1023
1
2684
50
1026
small animal
atlas
1
no side
0
2
1023
1
2685
50
1026
small animal
unidentified
1
0
2
1023
1
2687
50
1026
unidentified
teeth
3
0
2
1023
1
2688
50
1026
unidentified
unidentified
1
0
burnt
2
1023
1
2689
50
1026
unidentified
unidentified
59
0
2
1023
hc
33
4
1027
bird
humerus
1
fused
fused
1
passeriforme
2
1023
hc
4
4
1027
cattle
teeth
1
right
1
M 3 , in 2 pieces
2
1023
hc
5
4
1027
cattle
teeth
1
right
1
M 1/2
2
1023
hc
6
4
1027
cattle
teeth
1
right
0
M 1/2
2
1023
hc
7
4
1027
cattle
teeth
1
left
1
M 1/2
2
1023
hc
8
4
1027
cattle
teeth
2
left
0
M 1/2
2
1023
hc
9
4
1027
cattle
teeth
1
0
PM 3/4
2
1023
hc
10
4
1027
cattle
teeth
1
0
M
2
1023
hc
11
4
1027
cattle
teeth
1
right
0
pd 4
2
1023
hc
12
4
1027
cattle
teeth
1
left
0
i
2
1023
hc
13
4
1027
cattle
skull
1
right
0
2
1023
hc
14
4
1027
cattle
talus
1
right
1
GLl 61,2
GLm 54,5
Bd 37,1
belong tgh with 15
2
1023
hc
15
4
1027
cattle
calcaneus
1
right
0
gnawed
0
belong tgh with 14
2
1023
hc
18
4
1027
cattle
teeth
1
1
PM
2
1023
hc
26
4
1027
large ungulate
mandible
3
0
2
1023
hc
27
4
1027
large ungulate
skull
0
0
gnawed
2
1023
hc
28
4
1027
large ungulate
shaft
2
0
2
1023
hc
21
4
1027
pig
phalanx 1
1
open
fused
9
2
1023
hc
22
4
1027
pig
phalanx 1
1
fused
fused
1
II/V
2
1023
hc
25
4
1027
pig
ulna
1
left
0
2
1023
hc
19
4
1027
sheep
talus
1
left
1
GLl 26,5
GLm 25,0
Bd 15,5
2
1023
hc
20
4
1027
sheep
phalanx 1
1
fused
fused
1
Glpe 31,4
2
1023
hc
16
4
1027
sheep/goat
teeth
1
left
1
M 1/2
2
1023
hc
17
4
1027
sheep/goat
teeth
2
0
M 1/2
2
1023
hc
23
4
1027
sheep/goat
scapula
1
right
0
gnawed
2
1023
hc
24
4
1027
sheep/goat
tibia
1
right
fused
7
abraded
240
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
2
1023
hc
29
4
1027
unidentified
ribs
2
0
2
1023
hc
30
4
1027
unidentified
skull
1
0
2
1023
hc
31
4
1027
unidentified
vert
1
no side
0
2
1023
hc
32
4
1027
unidentified
shaft
1
infant
0
2
1023
hc
34
4
1027
unidentified
shaft
1
0
small mammal ?
2
1023
hc
35
4
1027
unidentified
unidentified
7
0
2
1023
1
2544
35
1027
bird
metatarsal
1
fused
3
passeriforme
2
1023
1
2545
35
1027
bird
vert
1
no side
1
2
1023
1
2546
35
1027
bird
phalanx 1
2
fused
1
2
1023
1
2555
35
1027
bird
vert
1
no side
1
tiny
2
1023
1
2550
35
1027
cattle
teeth
1
0
2
1023
1
2556
35
1027
pig
phalanx 2
1
open
infant
9
2
1023
1
2549
35
1027
sheep/goat
vert lumb
1
no side
fused
fused
1
2
1023
1
2548
35
1027
small mammal shaft
2
0
2
1023
1
2551
35
1027
small ungulate femur
1
0
2
1023
1
2547
35
1027
unidentified
unidentified
3
infant
0
really tiny
2
1023
1
2552
35
1027
unidentified
mandible
1
0
gnawed
2
1023
1
2553
35
1027
unidentified
unidentified
8
0
burnt
2
1023
1
2554
35
1027
unidentified
unidentified
125
0
2
1023
1
2640
46
1027
cattle
skull
1
0
pars petrosa
2
1023
1
2642
46
1027
dog
vert caud
1
no side
fused
4
2
1023
1
2641
46
1027
unidentified
skull
5
0
2
1023
1
2643
46
1027
unidentified
unidentified
4
0
burnt
2
1023
1
2644
46
1027
unidentified
unidentified
47
0
2
1023
1
2690
51
1027
bird
femur
1
open
3
2
1023
1
2691
51
1027
mouse
mandible
1
right
32
mus musculus
2
1023
1
2692
51
1027
mouse
tibia
1
11
2
1023
1
2693
51
1027
mouse
metapodial
1
fused
1
2
1023
1
2694
51
1027
small animal
shaft
2
infant
0
bird?
2
1023
1
2695
51
1027
unidentified
teeth
1
0
2
1023
1
2696
51
1027
unidentified
unidentified
104
0
2
1023
hc
47
8
1029
sheep/goat
humerus
1
left
11
gnawed
2
1023
hc
52
8
1029
sheep/goat
atlas
1
no side
0
2
1023
hc
48
8
1029
small ungulate scapula
1
0
2
1023
hc
49
8
1029
small ungulate scapula
1
right
0
gnawed
2
1023
hc
50
8
1029
small ungulate scapula
1
0
filleting
2
1023
hc
51
8
1029
small ungulate ribs
2
0
other in 2 pieces
2
1023
hc
53
8
1029
unidentified
vert thor
1
no side
0
2
1023
hc
54
8
1029
unidentified
unidentified
28
0
2
1023
hc
284
27
1029
cattle
patella
1
1
2
1023
hc
285
27
1029
cattle
tibia
1
right
0
2
1023
hc
286
27
1029
large ungulate
skull
1
right
0
2
1023
hc
287
27
1029
large ungulate
axis
1
no side
0
2
1023
hc
288
27
1029
large ungulate
vert cerv
1
no side
open
open
1
2
1023
hc
289
27
1029
large ungulate
vert thor
1
no side
0
2
1023
hc
290
27
1029
large ungulate
ribs
1
0
2
1023
hc
293
27
1029
large ungulate
shaft
1
0
241
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
2
1023
hc
283
27
1029
sheep/goat
2
1023
hc
291
27
1029
2
1023
hc
292
27
2
1023
hc
294
27
2
1023
hc
295
2
1023
hc
2
1023
2
1023
2
teeth
1
right
1
M 3
small ungulate ribs
1
0
1029
unidentified
vert
1
no side
0
1029
unidentified
skull
1
0
27
1029
unidentified
unidentified
35
0
319
35
1029
bird
metatarsal
1
fused
fused
1
Charadriiformes
hc
320
35
1029
bird
humerus
1
fused
3
Charadriiformes
hc
315
35
1029
cat
mandible
1
left
32
1023
hc
316
35
1029
cat
teeth
1
right
1
2
1023
hc
298
35
1029
cattle
teeth
1
0
M 1/2
2
1023
hc
299
35
1029
cattle
teeth
1
left
1
M 1/2
2
1023
hc
311
35
1029
cattle
fibula/malleolare
1
1
malleolare
2
1023
hc
312
35
1029
dog
femur
1
left
fused
10
2
1023
hc
313
35
1029
dog
tibia
1
left
15
in 2 pieces
2
1023
hc
314
35
1029
dog
ribs
3
0
2
1023
hc
296
35
1029
horse
radius
1
right
fused
3
blg tgt with 297!
2
1023
hc
297
35
1029
horse
ulna
1
right
10
gnawed
blg tgt with 296!
2
1023
hc
300
35
1029
large ungulate
mandible
1
0
horse ?
2
1023
hc
303
35
1029
large ungulate
radiusulna
1
0
horse?
2
1023
hc
317
35
1029
large ungulate
shaft
2
0
2
1023
hc
301
35
1029
pig
mandible
1
left
32
L 32,1
B 13,9
in two pieces
2
1023
hc
302
35
1029
pig
mandible
1
left
32
blg thg with 301?
2
1023
hc
308
35
1029
pig
metacarpal
1
left
fused
open
5
gnawed
III
2
1023
hc
309
35
1029
pig
talus
1
right
1
GLl 36,8
GLm34,5
2
1023
hc
310
35
1029
sheep
talus
1
left
1
GLl 27,9
GLm 26,2
Bd 17,5
2
1023
hc
307
35
1029
sheep/goat
metapodial
1
0
2
1023
hc
304
35
1029
small ungulate vert caud
1
no side
open
open
1
2
1023
hc
305
35
1029
small ungulate scapula
1
left
0
2
1023
hc
306
35
1029
small ungulate scapula
2
0
2
1023
hc
318
35
1029
small ungulate shaft
1
0
2
1023
hc
321
35
1029
unidentified
unidentified
56
0
2
1023
hc
385
39
1029
cattle
horn core
1
44
in 19 pieces
2
1023
hc
386
39
1029
cattle
radius
1
right
fused
0
2
1023
hc
389
39
1029
cattle
phalanx 2
1
fused
fused
1
Glpe 18,8
Bd 7,5
2
1023
hc
387
39
1029
large ungulate
pelvis
1
0
2
1023
hc
388
39
1029
large ungulate
vert cerv
1
no side
0
chopped
2
1023
hc
390
39
1029
sheep/goat
ct
1
1
2
1023
hc
391
39
1029
unidentified
unidentified
46
0
2
1023
hc
402
41
1029
dog
mandible
1
right
32
inf dog
2
1023
hc
403
41
1029
dog
mandible
1
left
32
inf dog
2
1023
hc
404
41
1029
dog
mandible
1
right
32
inf dog
2
1023
hc
405
41
1029
dog
mandible
1
34
inf dog
2
1023
hc
406
41
1029
dog
teeth
20
0
inf dog
2
1023
hc
407
41
1029
dog
skull
1
right
37
inf dog
2
1023
hc
408
41
1029
dog
vert cerv
1
no side
infant
open
0
inf dog
2
1023
hc
409
41
1029
dog
shaft
6
infant
0
inf dog
2
1023
hc
410
41
1029
dog
ribs
1
20
inf dog
242
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
2
1023
hc
411
41
1029
dog
phalanx 1
1
open
open
9
inf dog
2
1023
hc
412
41
1029
dog
vert
1
no side
0
inf dog
2
1023
hc
413
41
1029
dog
skull
1
0
inf dog
2
1023
hc
414
41
1029
dog
metapodial
1
fused
7
2
1023
hc
415
41
1029
unidentified
unidentified
42
0
2
1023
1
2665
48
1029
bird
phalanx 1
1
fused
1
2
1023
1
2666
48
1029
bird
vert
1
no side
0
2
1023
1
2672
48
1029
fish
vert
5
no side
1
2
1023
1
2659
48
1029
mouse
humerus
1
fused
9
2
1023
1
2660
48
1029
mouse
humerus
1
fused
7
2
1023
1
2661
48
1029
mouse
skull
1
39
2
1023
1
2662
48
1029
shrew
humerus
1
fused
8
2
1023
1
2663
48
1029
shrew
femur
1
fused
5
2
1023
1
2664
48
1029
shrew
tibia
25
fused
9
2
1023
1
2667
48
1029
small animal
vert
2
no side
1
2
1023
1
2668
48
1029
small animal
shaft
6
0
2
1023
1
2669
48
1029
small animal
phalanx 1
1
1
2
1023
1
2670
48
1029
small animal
unidentified
9
0
2
1023
1
2671
48
1029
unidentified
unidentified
1
infant
0
inf
2
1023
1
2673
48
1029
unidentified
mandible
1
0
2
1023
1
2674
48
1029
unidentified
unidentified
8
0
burnt
2
1023
1
2675
48
1029
unidentified
unidentified
91
0
2
1023
1
2768
72
1029
bird
sternum
1
no side
0
2
1023
1
2769
72
1029
bird
pelvis
1
23
2
1023
1
2770
72
1029
bird
scapula
1
5
2
1023
1
2771
72
1029
bird
metacarpal
1
fused
fused
1
2
1023
1
2772
72
1029
bird
tibia
1
fused
6
2
1023
1
2773
72
1029
bird
fibula/malleolare
1
fused
1
2
1023
1
2774
72
1029
bird
shaft
2
0
2
1023
1
2775
72
1029
mouse
femur
1
open
12
2
1023
1
2776
72
1029
mouse
pelvis
1
right
1
2
1023
1
2777
72
1029
small animal
vert
1
no side
1
2
1023
1
2778
72
1029
small animal
skull
1
37
2
1023
1
2779
72
1029
small animal
shaft
7
0
2
1023
1
2780
72
1029
small animal
unidentified
1
0
2
1023
1
2781
72
1029
unidentified
unidentified
44
0
2
1023
hc
138
14
1030
bird
metatarsal
1
fused
fused
1
Lagopus lagopus (?)
2
1023
hc
139
14
1030
bird
humerus
1
fused
8
Charadriiformes
2
1023
hc
129
14
1030
cattle
teeth
1
0
M 1/2
2
1023
hc
134
14
1030
large ungulate
femur
1
0
2
1023
hc
130
14
1030
pig
mandible
1
left
32
female
in 4 pieces
2
1023
hc
131
14
1030
pig
mandible
1
left
32
L 32,8
B 14,4
belong 130?
2
1023
hc
132
14
1030
pig
teeth
1
1
c
2
1023
hc
133
14
1030
small ungulate scapula
1
right
0
gnawed
2
1023
hc
135
14
1030
unidentified
vert
1
0
2
1023
hc
136
14
1030
unidentified
skull
1
0
2
1023
hc
137
14
1030
unidentified
unidentified
16
0
243
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
2
1023
hc
192
17
1030
bird
metacarpal
1
fused
fused
1
Corvus frugilegus/corone
2
1023
hc
193
17
1030
bird
phalanx 1
1
fused
fused
1
Corvus sp
2
1023
hc
166
17
1030
cattle
metatarsal
1
right
fused
fused
1
Bd 46,7
in 4 pieces
2
1023
hc
167
17
1030
cattle
metacarpal
1
left
fused
2
2
1023
hc
169
17
1030
cattle
teeth
1
left
0
M 1/2
2
1023
hc
170
17
1030
cattle
teeth
2
0
M 1/2
2
1023
hc
171
17
1030
cattle
teeth
2
0
2
1023
hc
173
17
1030
cattle
teeth
1
1
PM
2
1023
hc
180
17
1030
cattle
ulna
1
right
10
same as 181?
2
1023
hc
181
17
1030
cattle
ulna
1
right
11
same as 180?
2
1023
hc
182
17
1030
cattle
scapula
1
right
0
2
1023
hc
189
17
1030
cattle
mandible
1
right
32
pathology
2
1023
hc
190
17
1030
cattle
teeth
1
0
pathology
2
1023
hc
191
17
1030
cattle
teeth
1
0
pathology
2
1023
hc
168
17
1030
horse
teeth
1
1
2
1023
hc
183
17
1030
large ungulate
vert thor
3
no side
0
2
1023
hc
184
17
1030
large ungulate
ribs
3
0
2
1023
hc
185
17
1030
large ungulate
shaft
2
0
2
1023
hc
174
17
1030
pig
teeth
1
0
M
2
1023
hc
177
17
1030
pig
phalanx 1
1
open
fused
9
II/V
2
1023
hc
176
17
1030
sheep
horn core
1
right
45
2
1023
hc
172
17
1030
sheep/goat
teeth
1
left
1
M 1/2
2
1023
hc
178
17
1030
sheep/goat
mandible
1
right
33
2
1023
hc
179
17
1030
sheep/goat
mandible
1
left
33
2
1023
hc
186
17
1030
small ungulate ribs
2
0
2
1023
hc
175
17
1030
unidentified
horn core
3
0
2
1023
hc
187
17
1030
unidentified
skull
1
0
2
1023
hc
188
17
1030
unidentified
teeth
4
0
2
1023
hc
194
17
1030
unidentified
unidentified
72
0
2
1023
hc
392
40
1030
cattle
teeth
1
right
1
PM 3/4
2
1023
hc
393
40
1030
horse
teeth
1
left
1
M 3
2
1023
hc
394
40
1030
large ungulate
femur
1
0
2
1023
hc
395
40
1030
large ungulate
pelvis
1
0
2
1023
hc
396
40
1030
large ungulate
vert
1
no side
fused
0
2
1023
hc
397
40
1030
large ungulate
vert cerv
1
no side
0
2
1023
hc
398
40
1030
pig
skull
1
right
41
in 2 pieces
2
1023
hc
399
40
1030
small ungulate vert thor
1
no side
22
2
1023
hc
400
40
1030
small ungulate shaft
2
0
2
1023
hc
401
40
1030
unidentified
unidentified
12
0
2
1023
hc
114
10
1031
bird
metapodial
1
fused
fused
1
tiny‐modern?
2
1023
hc
115
10
1031
bird
femur
1
fused
7
Charadriiformes
2
1023
hc
98
10
1031
cattle
teeth
1
right
0
M 1/2
2
1023
hc
99
10
1031
cattle
teeth
2
0
M 1/2
2
1023
hc
101
10
1031
cattle
tibia
1
right
10
2
1023
hc
105
10
1031
cattle
phalanx 1
1
0
2
1023
hc
106
10
1031
cattle
ulna
1
left
0
gnawed
2
1023
hc
107
10
1031
cattle
tibia
1
right
12
PM/ M
244
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
2
1023
hc
100
10
1031
horse
mandible
1
right
0
in 5 pieces
2
1023
hc
102
10
1031
large ungulate
scapula
1
right
0
gnawed
small bos/cervus?
2
1023
hc
103
10
1031
large ungulate
pelvis
1
left
0
gnawed
small bos/cervus?
2
1023
hc
104
10
1031
large ungulate
ribs
4
0
2
1023
hc
108
10
1031
large ungulate
vert
2
no side
0
2
1023
hc
111
10
1031
large ungulate
shaft
5
0
2
1023
hc
116
10
1031
large ungulate
ulna
1
0
2
1023
hc
109
10
1031
pig
metapodial
1
fused
2
2
1023
hc
110
10
1031
sheep/goat
radius
1
right
0
2
1023
hc
112
10
1031
small ungulate ribs
2
0
2
1023
hc
113
10
1031
unidentified
shaft
1
0
gnawed
filleting
2
1023
hc
117
10
1031
unidentified
unidentified
104
0
2
1023
hc
118
10
1031
unidentified
unidentified
4
0
gnawed
2
1023
hc
195
18
1031
cattle
teeth
1
left
1
M 3
2
1023
hc
196
18
1031
cattle
teeth
1
right
1
pd 4
2
1023
hc
197
18
1031
cattle
teeth
1
right
1
pd 3
2
1023
hc
198
18
1031
cattle
teeth
1
0
M
2
1023
hc
201
18
1031
cattle
horn core
1
45
2
1023
hc
204
18
1031
pig
phalanx 1
1
fused
8
2
1023
hc
203
18
1031
sheep
metatarsal
1
right
12
2
1023
hc
199
18
1031
sheep/goat
teeth
1
right
0
M 1/2
2
1023
hc
200
18
1031
sheep/goat
teeth
1
1
pd 4
2
1023
hc
205
18
1031
small ungulate shaft
1
0
2
1023
hc
202
18
1031
unidentified
horn core
11
0
belong to 201?
2
1023
hc
206
18
1031
unidentified
skull
9
0
2
1023
hc
207
18
1031
unidentified
unidentified
37
0
2
1023
hc
208
18
1031
unidentified
unidentified
1
0
other
2
1023
hc
238
21
1031
cattle
mandible
1
right
32
in 4 parts, pd 4 missing
2
1023
hc
239
21
1031
cattle
teeth
1
right
0
M 1/2
2
1023
hc
240
21
1031
cattle
ct
1
0
PM
2
1023
hc
244
21
1031
cattle
scapula
1
right
0
gnawed
2
1023
hc
245
21
1031
cattle
scapula
1
left
0
gnawed
2
1023
hc
246
21
1031
large ungulate
scapula
2
0
2
1023
hc
247
21
1031
large ungulate
metacarpal
1
0
gnawed
2
1023
hc
252
21
1031
large ungulate
vert cerv
1
no side
0
2
1023
hc
253
21
1031
large ungulate
ribs
1
0
2
1023
hc
243
21
1031
pig
teeth
1
0
M 2
2
1023
hc
251
21
1031
pig
skull
1
right
infant
40
2
1023
hc
250
21
1031
sheep
metacarpal
1
left
11
2
1023
hc
241
21
1031
sheep/goat
teeth
2
0
M 1/2
2
1023
hc
242
21
1031
sheep/goat
teeth
1
0
pd 4
2
1023
hc
248
21
1031
sheep/goat
vert cerv
1
no side
open
open
1
in 2 pieces
2
1023
hc
249
21
1031
sheep/goat
vert cerv
1
no side
open
open
18
2
1023
hc
254
21
1031
unidentified
unidentified
39
0
2
1023
hc
255
21
1031
unidentified
teeth
1
0
2
1023
1
2540
33
1031
fish
vert
1
no side
1
2
1023
1
2541
33
1031
small animal
shaft
2
0
245
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
2
1023
1
2542
33
1031
unidentified
unidentified
3
0
burnt
2
1023
1
2543
33
1031
unidentified
unidentified
44
0
2
1023
1
2706
57
1032
mouse
vert caud
1
no side
1
2
1023
1
2707
57
1032
small animal
phalanx 1
1
fused
1
2
1023
1
2708
57
1032
small animal
unidentified
2
0
2
1023
1
2709
57
1032
unidentified
unidentified
4
0
2
1023
1
2704
56
1033
rodent
vert thor
1
1
2
1023
1
2705
56
1033
unidentified
unidentified
1
0
2
1023
1
2703
55
1034
unidentified
unidentified
1
0
2
1023
1
2702
54
1035
unidentified
unidentified
11
0
2
1023
hc
55
9
1036
cattle
mandible
1
left
32
in four pieces
2
1023
hc
56
9
1036
cattle
teeth
1
right
1
M1/2
2
1023
hc
57
9
1036
cattle
carpi
1
1
C u
2
1023
hc
58
9
1036
unidentified
skull
1
0
2
1023
hc
59
9
1036
unidentified
unidentified
6
0
2
1023
1
2700
53
1036
unidentified
teeth
1
0
2
1023
1
2701
53
1036
unidentified
unidentified
3
0
2
1023
1
2884
97
1036
bird
coracoid
1
fused
7
2
1023
1
2885
97
1036
bird
shaft
1
0
juv
2
1023
1
2882
97
1036
unidentified
unidentified
1
0
burnt
2
1023
1
2883
97
1036
unidentified
unidentified
5
0
2
1023
1
2886
97
1036
unidentified
unidentified
2
0
2
1023
hc
1
3
1037
dog
radius
1
right
fused
5
in 4 pieces
2
1023
hc
2
3
1037
small ungulate ribs
1
0
2
1023
hc
3
3
1037
unidentified
unidentified
4
0
2
1023
1
2448
8
1037
bird
phalanx 1
1
fused
4
burnt
charred
2
1023
1
2449
8
1037
bird
mandible
1
33
2
1023
1
2447
8
1037
unidentified
unidentified
5
0
2
1023
1
2567
37
1037
bird
humerus
1
fused
7
passeriformes
2
1023
1
2568
37
1037
bird
sternum
2
no side
0
passeriformes
2
1023
1
2569
37
1037
bird
pelvis
1
23
2
1023
1
2570
37
1037
bird
vert
1
no side
1
2
1023
1
2566
37
1037
lizard
humerus
1
fused
5
2
1023
1
2581
37
1037
lizard
mandible
3
0
2
1023
1
2582
37
1037
lizard
unidentified
16
0
2
1023
1
2571
37
1037
mouse
tibia
1
15
2
1023
1
2572
37
1037
mouse
humerus
2
fused
9
2
1023
1
2573
37
1037
mouse
ulna
1
fused
5
2
1023
1
2574
37
1037
mouse
femur
1
open
6
2
1023
1
2575
37
1037
mouse
vert lumb
1
no side
open
open
1
2
1023
1
2576
37
1037
mouse
femur
1
left
15
2
1023
1
2577
37
1037
mouse
teeth
1
1
I
2
1023
1
2578
37
1037
mouse
calcaneus
1
1
2
1023
1
2579
37
1037
mouse
metapodial
3
0
2
1023
1
2580
37
1037
mouse
phalanx 1
1
fused
1
2
1023
1
xxxx
37
1037
small animal
vert
25
no side
1
2
1023
1
2583
37
1037
unidentified
teeth
1
0
246
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
2
1023
1
2584
37
1037
unidentified
unidentified
58
0
2
1023
1
2697
52
1037
cattle
metatarsal
1
open
fused
9
2
1023
1
2699
52
1037
sheep
tibia
1
left
fused
7
Bd 25,1
2
1023
1
2698
52
1037
sheep/goat
metatarsal
1
open
fused
9
2
1023
1
2880
96
1037
unidentified
teeth
1
0
fish tooth?
2
1023
1
2881
96
1037
unidentified
unidentified
2
0
2
1023
1
2557
36
1038
bird
femur
1
fused
2
passeriforme
2
1023
1
2561
36
1038
cattle
phalanx 1
1
0
2
1023
1
2558
36
1038
mouse
tibia
1
fused
7
2
1023
1
2559
36
1038
mouse
ulna
1
15
2
1023
1
2562
36
1038
sheep/goat
ulna
1
right
infant
10
same as 2503?
2
1023
1
2560
36
1038
small animal
shaft
1
0
2
1023
1
2563
36
1038
unidentified
teeth
3
0
2
1023
1
2564
36
1038
unidentified
unidentified
8
0
burnt
2
1023
1
2565
36
1038
unidentified
unidentified
114
0
g
SK001
1
2482
15
1042
mouse
teeth
2
1
I
g
SK001
1
2483
15
1042
unidentified
unidentified
3
0
burnt
g
SK001
1
2484
15
1042
unidentified
unidentified
43
0
g
SK001
hc
1949
23
1042
pig
teeth
1
1
g
SK001
hc
1950
23
1042
sheep/goat
teeth
1
0
in 2 pieces
g
SK001
hc
1951
23
1042
sheep/goat
teeth
1
right
1
I
g
SK001
hc
1952
23
1042
sheep/goat
mandible
1
left
33
g
SK001
hc
1953
23
1042
small ungulate ribs
1
0
g
SK001
hc
1954
23
1042
small ungulate vert lumb
1
no side
0
g
SK001
hc
1955
23
1042
unidentified
unidentified
17
0
1
1045
1
2439
3
1046
pig
teeth
1
1
1
1047
1
2437
2
1048
unidentified
teeth
1
0
1
1047
1
2438
2
1048
unidentified
unidentified
2
0
1
1049
1
2440
4
1050
mouse
teeth
1
1
I
1
1049
1
2441
4
1050
unidentified
unidentified
14
0
1
1049
1
2442
4
1050
unidentified
unidentified
10
0
burnt
1
1051
hc
1590
1
1052
cattle
fibula/malleolare
1
1
malleolare
1
1051
hc
1591
1
1052
unidentified
unidentified
2
0
1
1051
1
2436
1
1052
unidentified
unidentified
3
0
burnt
1
1057
1
2443
5
1058
unidentified
unidentified
1
0
burnt
1
1057
1
2444
5
1058
unidentified
unidentified
2
0
2
1066
1
2445
6
1067
unidentified
unidentified
1
0
burnt
2
1066
1
2446
6
1067
unidentified
unidentified
6
0
2
1023
1
2887
99
1072
bird
vert
5
no side
0
2
1023
1
2888
99
1072
bird
femur
3
fused
2
all diff. sizes
2
1023
1
2889
99
1072
bird
tibia
2
fused
7
diff. sizes
2
1023
1
2890
99
1072
bird
coracoid
1
5
juv?
2
1023
1
2891
99
1072
bird
coracoid
2
fused
fused
3
2
1023
1
2892
99
1072
bird
phalanx 1
1
fused
1
2
1023
1
2893
99
1072
bird
phalanx 1
3
0
2
1023
1
2894
99
1072
bird
phalanx 3
1
1
2
1023
1
2895
99
1072
fish
unidentified
2
0
247
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
2
1023
1
2896
99
1072
mouse
teeth
1
1
I
2
1023
1
2897
99
1072
pig
ulna
1
infant
4
2
1023
1
2903
99
1072
pig
teeth
1
0
2
1023
1
2898
99
1072
sheep/goat
metapodial
1
infant
11
half of diaf, open
2
1023
1
2900
99
1072
small animal
phalanx 1
2
0
2
1023
1
2901
99
1072
small animal
shaft
17
0
2
1023
1
2902
99
1072
small animal
unidentified
6
0
2
1023
1
2899
99
1072
unidentified
vert
3
no side
infant
0
2
1023
1
2904
99
1072
unidentified
unidentified
1
0
burnt
2
1023
1
2905
99
1072
unidentified
unidentified
125
0
2
1023
1
2450
9
1073
bird
humerus
1
fused
4
passeriforme
2
1023
1
2451
9
1073
bird
ulna
1
fused
4
wader‐size
2
1023
1
2452
9
1073
bird
phalanx 1
1
1
wing ph
2
1023
1
2453
9
1073
bird
vert
2
no side
1
2
1023
1
2454
9
1073
bird
vert caud
1
no side
1
tiny
2
1023
1
2455
9
1073
bird
shaft
1
0
2
1023
1
2456
9
1073
bird
humerus
1
fused
2
wader‐size
2
1023
1
2462
9
1073
fish
unidentified
1
0
2
1023
1
2457
9
1073
mouse
vert caud
5
no side
fused
fused
1
2
1023
1
2458
9
1073
mouse
teeth
6
1
I
2
1023
1
2459
9
1073
mouse
mandible
2
21
2
1023
1
2460
9
1073
mouse
skull
3
0
2
1023
1
2463
9
1073
sheep/goat
teeth
1
right
0
unvorn crown
2
1023
1
2464
9
1073
shrew
femur
1
right
fused
4
2
1023
1
2461
9
1073
small animal
phalanx 1
1
fused
1
2
1023
1
2465
9
1073
unidentified
unidentified
103
0
2
1023
1
2466
9
1073
unidentified
unidentified
1
0
burnt
2
1023
1
2467
13
1073
bird
phalanx 1
1
fused
1
wader‐size
2
1023
1
2468
13
1073
rodent
teeth
1
1
M, rat?
2
1023
1
2469
13
1073
rodent
teeth
1
1
I, rat?
2
1023
1
2470
13
1073
unidentified
unidentified
1
0
2
1023
hc
165
16
1073
bird
shaft
1
11
2
1023
hc
159
16
1073
cattle
teeth
1
right
1
M 3
2
1023
hc
162
16
1073
cattle
metatarsal
1
0
2
1023
hc
160
16
1073
sheep/goat
teeth
1
0
I
2
1023
hc
161
16
1073
unidentified
femur
1
open
0
2
1023
hc
163
16
1073
unidentified
skull
2
0
2
1023
hc
164
16
1073
unidentified
unidentified
23
0
2
1023
1
2743
63
1074
bird
skull
1
no side
39
bill
2
1023
1
2744
63
1074
bird
sternum
1
no side
0
2
1023
1
2745
63
1074
bird
ulna
1
fused
3
2
1023
1
2746
63
1074
bird
femur
1
fused
3
2
1023
1
2747
63
1074
bird
tibia
1
fused
4
2
1023
1
2748
63
1074
bird
metatarsal
1
fused
4
2
1023
1
2749
63
1074
bird
metatarsal
1
fused
7
2
1023
1
2750
63
1074
cattle
skull
1
right
43
2
1023
1
2751
63
1074
unidentified
unidentified
4
0
248
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
2
1023
1
2752
64
1075
bird
tibia
1
fused
3
2
1023
1
2753
64
1075
bird
tibia
1
fused
8
2
1023
1
2754
64
1075
unidentified
unidentified
2
0
2
1023
1
2477
14
1076
bird
phalanx 1
1
fused
1
tiny
2
1023
1
2474
14
1076
dog
teeth
1
1
I
2
1023
1
2471
14
1076
large ungulate
ribs
1
0
2
1023
1
2475
14
1076
mouse
pelvis
1
23
2
1023
1
2476
14
1076
mouse
teeth
1
1
I
2
1023
1
2480
14
1076
mouse
tibia
1
open
7
2
1023
1
2478
14
1076
small animal
shaft
1
0
2
1023
1
2472
14
1076
unidentified
skull
11
0
2
1023
1
2473
14
1076
unidentified
teeth
1
0
2
1023
1
2479
14
1076
unidentified
unidentified
4
0
burnt
2
1023
1
2481
14
1076
unidentified
unidentified
151
0
2
1023
hc
156
15
1076
bird
humerus
1
fused
9
Rallus aquaticus
2
1023
hc
140
15
1076
cattle
scapula
1
right
fused
31
2
1023
hc
141
15
1076
cattle
mandible
1
right
0
dismembering
2
1023
hc
142
15
1076
cattle
mandible
1
0
2
1023
hc
143
15
1076
cattle
skull
1
right
41
2
1023
hc
144
15
1076
cattle
teeth
1
right
1
M 1/2
2
1023
hc
148
15
1076
cattle
phalanx 1
1
fused
0
gnawed
2
1023
hc
145
15
1076
large ungulate
skull
1
0
2
1023
hc
146
15
1076
large ungulate
scapula
1
right
0
2
1023
hc
147
15
1076
large ungulate
ribs
2
0
2
1023
hc
151
15
1076
pig
mandible
1
right
32
2
1023
hc
152
15
1076
pig
teeth
1
1
pd
2
1023
hc
153
15
1076
sheep
metacarpal
1
left
fused
7
Bd 21,6
2
1023
hc
150
15
1076
sheep/goat
femur
1
fused
0
gnawed
2
1023
hc
149
15
1076
small ungulate ribs
3
0
2
1023
hc
158
15
1076
small ungulate ribs
1
0
2
1023
hc
154
15
1076
unidentified
skull
5
0
2
1023
hc
155
15
1076
unidentified
teeth
2
0
2
1023
hc
157
15
1076
unidentified
unidentified
72
0
2
1023
1
2523
27
1076
unidentified
unidentified
24
0
2
1023
1
2524
27
1076
unidentified
unidentified
4
0
burnt
2
1023
hc
416
42
1076
dog
mandible
1
left
32
in over 20 pieces
2
1023
1
2737
61
1076
bird
metacarpal
1
fused
3
2
1023
1
2738
61
1076
cattle
teeth
1
1
pd 3
2
1023
1
2739
61
1076
cattle
tibia
1
fused
0
2
1023
1
2740
61
1076
unidentified
skull
1
0
2
1023
1
2741
61
1076
unidentified
unidentified
31
0
2
1023
1
2782
67
1076
shrew
skull
1
no side
1
in pieces
2
1023
1
2783
67
1076
unidentified
unidentified
4
0
2
1023
1
2742
62
1077
unidentified
unidentified
1
0
2
1023
1
2760
66
1078
bird
sternum
1
no side
0
2
1023
1
2761
66
1078
mouse
calcaneus
1
1
2
1023
1
2762
66
1078
mouse
teeth
1
1
I
249
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
2
1023
1
2763
66
1078
pig
phalanx 3
1
infant
1
inf
2
1023
1
2764
66
1078
small animal
shaft
3
0
2
1023
1
2765
66
1078
small animal
unidentified
3
0
2
1023
1
2766
66
1078
unidentified
unidentified
1
0
burnt
2
1023
1
2767
66
1078
unidentified
unidentified
16
0
2
1023
1
2755
65
1079
small animal
unidentified
6
0
2
1023
1
2756
65
1079
small animal
phalanx 1
1
0
2
1023
1
2757
65
1079
unidentified
unidentified
1
0
burnt
2
1023
1
2758
65
1079
unidentified
ribs
1
0
burnt
2
1023
1
2759
65
1079
unidentified
unidentified
8
0
2
1023
1
2525
30
1092
unidentified
unidentified
3
0
2
1023
1
2526
31
1093
mouse
mandible
1
left
1
Apodemus sylvaticus
2
1023
1
2527
31
1093
mouse
atlas
1
no side
1
2
1023
1
2528
31
1093
mouse
vert cerv
1
no side
1
2
1023
1
2529
31
1093
mouse
vert thor
2
no side
1
2
1023
1
2530
31
1093
mouse
ribs
2
20
2
1023
1
2531
31
1093
mouse
scapula
1
30
2
1023
1
2532
31
1093
mouse
sternum
1
no side
1
2
1023
1
2533
31
1093
mouse
ribs
2
0
2
1023
1
2534
31
1093
mouse
teeth
1
0
2
1023
1
2535
31
1093
mouse
mandible
1
0
2
1023
1
2536
31
1093
mouse
phalanx 1
1
fused
1
2
1023
1
2537
31
1093
mouse
metapodial
1
fused
1
2
1023
1
2538
31
1093
mouse
metapodial
1
open
5
2
1023
1
2539
31
1093
unidentified
unidentified
17
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1646
22
1098
cattle
teeth
1
right
1
M 1/2
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1647
22
1098
cattle
teeth
2
0
PM
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1648
22
1098
cattle
teeth
1
0
M 1/2
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1650
22
1098
cattle
mandible
1
right
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1652
22
1098
cattle
humerus
1
left
fused
7
in 3 pieces
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1662
22
1098
cattle
teeth
3
0
M
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1663
22
1098
cattle
teeth
7
0
M
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1664
22
1098
cattle
teeth
1
0
pd 4
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1665
22
1098
cattle
teeth
2
0
PM
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1666
22
1098
cattle
teeth
1
0
PM
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1667
22
1098
cattle
teeth
1
1
pd 2
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1668
22
1098
cattle
teeth
1
0
pd 4
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1669
22
1098
cattle
teeth
8
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1670
22
1098
cattle
teeth
1
right
1
i/c
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1682
22
1098
cattle
phalanx 2
1
fused
fused
1
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1684
22
1098
cattle
mandible
1
left
43
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1685
22
1098
cattle
skull
1
right
42
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1651
22
1098
large ungulate
mandible
4
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1653
22
1098
large ungulate
humerus
2
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1655
22
1098
large ungulate
ribs
1
0
filleting
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1656
22
1098
large ungulate
ribs
3
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1657
22
1098
large ungulate
vert cerv
1
no side
fused
20
250
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1658
22
1098
large ungulate
vert cerv
2
no side
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1677
22
1098
pig
teeth
1
0
M
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1678
22
1098
pig
teeth
1
0
pd
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1679
22
1098
pig
teeth
1
0
I
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1680
22
1098
pig
teeth
1
0
female
C
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1681
22
1098
pig
teeth
1
left
1
male
C
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1671
22
1098
sheep/goat
teeth
1
right
0
M 3
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1672
22
1098
sheep/goat
teeth
2
0
M 1/2
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1673
22
1098
sheep/goat
teeth
2
0
M 1/2
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1674
22
1098
sheep/goat
teeth
1
0
pd 4
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1675
22
1098
sheep/goat
teeth
1
1
PM
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1683
22
1098
sheep/goat
phalanx 2
1
fused
fused
1
burnt
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1654
22
1098
small ungulate femur
1
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1659
22
1098
small ungulate shaft
1
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1686
22
1098
small ungulate shaft
1
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1687
22
1098
small ungulate vert thor
1
no side
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1649
22
1098
unidentified
teeth
2
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1660
22
1098
unidentified
unidentified
64
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1661
22
1098
unidentified
unidentified
1
0
gnawed
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1676
22
1098
unidentified
teeth
9
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1688
22
1098
unidentified
unidentified
1
0
burnt
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1689
22
1098
unidentified
unidentified
128
0
g
gvsubsoil
1
2516
24
1098
unidentified
unidentified
2
0
burnt
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1960
46
1098
cattle
teeth
1
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1961
46
1098
cattle
teeth
10
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1964
46
1098
cattle
calcaneus
1
left
21
in 2 pieces, 50%
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1965
46
1098
horse
teeth
1
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1967
46
1098
large ungulate
shaft
1
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1968
46
1098
large ungulate
scapula
1
right
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1969
46
1098
large ungulate
ribs
1
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1970
46
1098
pig
pelvis
1
left
25
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1971
46
1098
rabbit
teeth
1
1
I
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1962
46
1098
sheep/goat
teeth
2
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1963
46
1098
sheep/goat
teeth
1
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1966
46
1098
unidentified
teeth
3
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1972
46
1098
unidentified
unidentified
36
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1973
51
1098
cattle
mandible
1
right
33,34,35
in 4 pieces
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1974
51
1098
cattle
mandible
1
left
33.34
in 2 pieces
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1975
51
1098
cattle
mandible
3
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1976
51
1098
cattle
teeth
5
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1977
51
1098
cattle
teeth
1
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1978
51
1098
cattle
teeth
1
left
1
i
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1979
51
1098
cattle
teeth
2
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1980
51
1098
cattle
talus
1
left
1
GLl 59,7
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1981
51
1098
cattle
metacarpal
1
right
fused
1
GL 174
Bp 46,8
SD 27,1
DD 18,8 Bd 50,7
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1982
51
1098
cattle
radius
1
right
fused
2
in 2 pieces
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1983
51
1098
cattle
ulna
1
right
10
251
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1984
51
1098
cattle
calcaneus
1
left
0
30 % middle
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1985
51
1098
cattle
phalanx 2
1
6
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1993
51
1098
large ungulate
shaft
5
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1994
51
1098
large ungulate
scapula
1
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1995
51
1098
large ungulate
pelvis
1
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1996
51
1098
large ungulate
ulna
1
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1997
51
1098
large ungulate
mandible
3
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1986
51
1098
pig
scapula
1
left
31
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1987
51
1098
pig
teeth
3
1
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1988
51
1098
pig
skull
1
right
37
M3 B17,5
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1989
51
1098
sheep/goat
humerus
1
left
12
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1990
51
1098
sheep/goat
teeth
2
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1991
51
1098
small ungulate ribs
1
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1992
51
1098
small ungulate shaft
1
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1998
51
1098
unidentified
skull
9
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1999
51
1098
unidentified
unidentified
127
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2000
56
1098
cattle
teeth
1
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2001
56
1098
sheep/goat
teeth
1
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2002
59
1098
cattle
teeth
11
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2003
59
1098
cattle
teeth
2
0
I, i
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2004
59
1098
cattle
teeth
3
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2005
59
1098
cattle
teeth
3
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2007
59
1098
cattle
phalanx 1
2
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2008
59
1098
cattle
metapodial
1
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2006
59
1098
horse
teeth
1
0
I
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2011
59
1098
pig
metapodial
1
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2014
59
1098
rabbit
humerus
1
left
fused
6
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2015
59
1098
rat
femur
1
right
closing
open
5
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2009
59
1098
sheep/goat
teeth
3
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2010
59
1098
sheep/goat
teeth
4
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2013
59
1098
small ungulate ribs
1
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2012
59
1098
unidentified
unidentified
16
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2016
59
1098
unidentified
shaft
2
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2017
59
1098
unidentified
teeth
1
0
malformed cattle I?
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2018
59
1098
unidentified
unidentified
112
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2020
61
1098
unidentified
unidentified
1
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2021
62
1098
cattle
scapula
1
right
fused
31
in 4 pieces
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2022
62
1098
unidentified
unidentified
8
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2023
64
1098
cattle
teeth
2
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2024
64
1098
cattle
teeth
1
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2025
64
1098
cattle
teeth
1
0
I
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2027
64
1098
cattle
teeth
3
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2026
64
1098
sheep/goat
teeth
1
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2028
64
1098
unidentified
unidentified
2
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2037
74
1098
cattle
pelvis
1
left
24
burnt
in 3 pieces, charred
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2039
74
1098
large ungulate
skull
1
0
in 2 pieces, orbita
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2038
74
1098
sheep/goat
teeth
1
1
M3
252
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2040
74
1098
unidentified
unidentified
4
0
burnt
charred (pelvis)
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2122
99
1098
cattle
talus
1
right
1
gnawed
other
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2123
99
1098
cattle
axis
1
no side
20
in 3 pieces
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2124
99
1098
cattle
phalanx 1
1
open
9
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2125
99
1098
cattle
phalanx 2
1
fused
1
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2126
99
1098
cattle
teeth
2
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2132
99
1098
large ungulate
shaft
4
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2130
99
1098
pig
teeth
1
1
I
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2131
99
1098
pig
phalanx 1
2
open
9
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2127
99
1098
sheep/goat
teeth
1
1
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2128
99
1098
sheep/goat
teeth
1
1
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2129
99
1098
sheep/goat
skull
1
right
42
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2133
99
1098
unidentified
skull
1
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2134
99
1098
unidentified
unidentified
12
0
g
gvsubsoil
1
2920
105
1098
mouse
mandible
1
right
1
g
gvsubsoil
1
2921
105
1098
unidentified
unidentified
3
0
g
gvsubsoil
1
2922
105
1098
unidentified
unidentified
46
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2254
136
1098
sheep/goat
teeth
1
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2255
136
1098
unidentified
unidentified
4
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2264
146
1098
cattle
mandible
1
right
33
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2265
146
1098
cattle
teeth
5
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2266
146
1098
cattle
teeth
5
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2267
146
1098
cattle
ct
1
1
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2268
146
1098
cattle
skull
1
left
42
in 2 pieces
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2269
146
1098
cattle
skull
1
left
41
front part 30
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2271
146
1098
cattle
humerus
1
left
0
in 2 pieces
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2272
146
1098
cattle
humerus
1
right
open
10
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2270
146
1098
horse
humerus
1
left
fused
12
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2273
146
1098
horse
pelvis
1
left
26
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2274
146
1098
horse
teeth
1
0
M
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2275
146
1098
horse
teeth
1
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2282
146
1098
large ungulate
scapula
3
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2283
146
1098
large ungulate
mandible
1
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2284
146
1098
large ungulate
skull
5
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2285
146
1098
large ungulate
sacrum
3
no side
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2286
146
1098
large ungulate
shaft
3
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2276
146
1098
sheep
metacarpal
1
left
open
14
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2277
146
1098
sheep/goat
tibia
1
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2278
146
1098
sheep/goat
tibia
1
0
gnawed
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2279
146
1098
sheep/goat
teeth
4
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2280
146
1098
sheep/goat
teeth
1
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2281
146
1098
small ungulate shaft
1
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2287
146
1098
small ungulate shaft
1
0
gnawed
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2288
146
1098
unidentified
unidentified
65
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2394
179
1098
cattle
teeth
1
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2395
179
1098
cattle
phalanx 1
1
7
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2397
179
1098
dog
calcaneus
1
right
fused
0
70%, very worn
253
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2396
179
1098
large ungulate
pelvis
1
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2401
179
1098
large ungulate
ulna
1
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2402
179
1098
large ungulate
ribs
1
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2398
179
1098
sheep/goat
talus
1
right
1
very worn
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2399
179
1098
sheep/goat
metapodial
1
fused
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2400
179
1098
sheep/goat
teeth
2
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2403
179
1098
unidentified
teeth
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2404
179
1098
unidentified
unidentified
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2431
188
1098
cattle
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2432
188
1098
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2433
188
1098
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2434
188
g
2
0
145
0
calcaneus
1
left
open
13
cattle
teeth
1
0
large ungulate
ribs
1
0
1098
unidentified
teeth
1
0
gvsubsoil
hc
2435
188
1098
unidentified
unidentified
16
0
2
1023
1
2606
41
1099
bird
vert
3
no side
1
tiny
2
1023
1
2605
41
1099
large ungulate
mandible
1
0
2
1023
1
2608
41
1099
mouse
teeth
1
1
I
2
1023
1
2610
41
1099
mouse
skull
1
39
2
1023
1
2611
41
1099
mouse
teeth
1
1
I
2
1023
1
2604
41
1099
sheep
tibia
1
left
fused
7
Bd 24,7
2
1023
1
2609
41
1099
small animal
unidentified
2
0
2
1023
1
2607
41
1099
small ungulate ribs
1
infant
20
inf
2
1023
1
2613
41
1099
small ungulate shaft
1
0
burnt
2
1023
1
2614
41
1099
small ungulate ribs
1
0
burnt
2
1023
1
2612
41
1099
unidentified
teeth
2
0
2
1023
1
2615
41
1099
unidentified
unidentified
21
0
2
1023
1
2616
41
1099
unidentified
unidentified
78
0
2
1023
1
2601
40
1100
large ungulate
femur
1
0
2
1023
1
2602
40
1100
unidentified
unidentified
11
0
2
1023
1
2603
40
1100
unidentified
unidentified
1
0
burnt
2
1023
hc
356
37
1101
cattle
teeth
1
0
M 1/2
2
1023
hc
358
37
1101
cattle
teeth
1
left
0
I/C
2
1023
hc
363
37
1101
horse
humerus
1
0
2
1023
hc
365
37
1101
large ungulate
shaft
5
0
2
1023
hc
359
37
1101
pig
phalanx 1
1
fused
fused
1
II / V
2
1023
hc
360
37
1101
pig
phalanx 1
1
open
fused
9
2
1023
hc
362
37
1101
pig
teeth
1
1
i
2
1023
hc
357
37
1101
sheep/goat
teeth
1
0
in 2 pieces
2
1023
hc
361
37
1101
sheep/goat
talus
1
0
2
1023
hc
364
37
1101
small ungulate ribs
1
0
2
1023
hc
366
37
1101
unidentified
teeth
1
0
2
1023
hc
367
37
1101
unidentified
unidentified
16
0
2
1023
1
2733
60
1102
small animal
shaft
2
0
2
1023
1
2734
60
1102
small animal
unidentified
1
0
2
1023
1
2735
60
1102
unidentified
unidentified
2
0
burnt
2
1023
1
2736
60
1102
unidentified
unidentified
4
0
2
1023
hc
368
38
1103
cattle
scapula
1
right
fused
31
in three pieces
2
1023
hc
369
38
1103
cattle
sesamoid
1
1
254
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
2
1023
hc
370
38
1103
cattle
tibia
1
open
0
2
1023
hc
371
38
1103
cattle
metatarsal
1
left
11
in two pieces
2
1023
hc
372
38
1103
cattle
mandible
1
right
32
in 9 pieces
2
1023
hc
374
38
1103
large ungulate
pelvis
1
right
0
2
1023
hc
375
38
1103
large ungulate
radius
1
0
2
1023
hc
377
38
1103
large ungulate
shaft
2
0
2
1023
hc
381
38
1103
large ungulate
ribs
1
0
2
1023
hc
373
38
1103
sheep/goat
teeth
1
0
M 1/2
2
1023
hc
376
38
1103
sheep/goat
femur
1
left
12
2
1023
hc
380
38
1103
sheep/goat
phalanx 1
1
fused
6
2
1023
hc
383
38
1103
sheep/goat
phalanx 1
1
fused
3
blg tgt with 380?
2
1023
hc
378
38
1103
small ungulate ribs
2
0
2
1023
hc
379
38
1103
small ungulate shaft
1
0
2
1023
hc
382
38
1103
unidentified
teeth
6
0
2
1023
hc
384
38
1103
unidentified
unidentified
37
0
2
1023
1
2710
59
1103
bird
humerus
1
fused
3
passeriforme
2
1023
1
2711
59
1103
bird
humerus
1
fused
6
passeriforme
2
1023
1
2712
59
1103
bird
femur
1
fused
3
Coturnix coturnix
2
1023
1
2713
59
1103
bird
femur
1
fused
4
passeriforme
2
1023
1
2714
59
1103
bird
tibia
1
fused
4
2
1023
1
2715
59
1103
bird
scapula
1
no side
0
furcula, passeriforme
2
1023
1
2716
59
1103
bird
phalanx 1
1
1
from wing
2
1023
1
2730
59
1103
cattle
tibia
1
right
0
in 2 pieces
2
1023
1
2731
59
1103
large ungulate
mandible
1
0
2
1023
1
2717
59
1103
mouse
humerus
2
fused
7
2
1023
1
2718
59
1103
mouse
humerus
1
open
fused
9
2
1023
1
2719
59
1103
mouse
radius
1
fused
5
2
1023
1
2720
59
1103
mouse
pelvis
3
0
2
1023
1
2721
59
1103
mouse
skull
1
37
2
1023
1
2722
59
1103
mouse
vert caud
1
no side
1
2
1023
1
2723
59
1103
mouse
vert
1
no side
1
2
1023
1
2729
59
1103
pig
radius
1
right
fused
4
gnawed
2
1023
1
2724
59
1103
shrew
femur
1
open
15
2
1023
1
2725
59
1103
small animal
shaft
10
0
2
1023
1
2726
59
1103
small animal
axis
1
no side
0
2
1023
1
2727
59
1103
small animal
unidentified
1
0
2
1023
1
2728
59
1103
unidentified
unidentified
1
0
burnt
2
1023
1
2732
59
1103
unidentified
unidentified
70
0
2
1023
1
2617
42
1111
mouse
tibia
1
11
2
1023
1
2618
42
1111
small animal
vert
1
no side
1
2
1023
1
2619
42
1111
small animal
shaft
1
0
2
1023
1
2620
42
1111
unidentified
skull
1
0
2
1023
1
2621
42
1111
unidentified
unidentified
21
0
2
1023
1
2622
42
1111
unidentified
unidentified
15
0
2
1023
hc
257
25
1112
cattle
teeth
1
0
M 1/2
2
1023
hc
256
25
1112
large ungulate
radiusulna
1
right
12
Horse?
2
1023
hc
260
25
1112
large ungulate
shaft
1
0
255
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
2
1023
hc
258
25
1112
sheep/goat
teeth
1
right
1
M 1/2
2
1023
hc
259
25
1112
sheep/goat
horn core
1
right
33
dismembering
2
1023
hc
261
25
1112
unidentified
skull
2
0
2
1023
hc
262
25
1112
unidentified
unidentified
3
0
2
1023
1
2623
43
1113
bird
vert
2
no side
1
2
1023
1
2624
43
1113
bird
phalanx 3
1
1
2
1023
1
2625
43
1113
bird
unidentified
1
0
2
1023
1
2629
43
1113
fish
unidentified
1
0
2
1023
1
2627
43
1113
mouse
humerus
1
open
fused
9
2
1023
1
2626
43
1113
small animal
phalanx 1
1
1
2
1023
1
2628
43
1113
small animal
shaft
2
0
2
1023
1
2630
43
1113
small ungulate ribs
1
0
2
1023
1
2631
43
1113
unidentified
unidentified
3
0
burnt
2
1023
1
2632
43
1113
unidentified
unidentified
73
0
2
1023
1
2784
71
1123
bird
humerus
1
fused
2
2
1023
1
2785
71
1123
bird
ulna
1
fused
7
2
1023
1
2786
71
1123
mouse
skull
1
0
2
1023
1
2787
71
1123
mouse
teeth
1
1
I
2
1023
1
2788
71
1123
small mammal vert
1
no side
1
2
1023
1
2789
71
1123
small mammal ribs
1
0
in 2 pieces
2
1023
1
2790
71
1123
small mammal metapodial
1
1
long and small
2
1023
1
2791
71
1123
unidentified
unidentified
24
0
2
1023
1
2792
71
1123
unidentified
unidentified
2
0
burnt
3
1124
1
2912
104
1125
bird
metacarpal
1
fused
fused
1
passeriforme
3
1124
1
2913
104
1125
bird
shaft
3
0
3
1124
1
2914
104
1125
mouse
humerus
1
fused
9
3
1124
1
2915
104
1125
mouse
teeth
4
1
I, M
3
1124
1
2917
104
1125
shrew
humerus
1
open
13
3
1124
1
2918
104
1125
shrew
humerus
1
fused
7
3
1124
1
2916
104
1125
small mammal phalanx 1
1
1
3
1124
1
2919
104
1125
unidentified
unidentified
6
0
2
1023
hc
275
26
1130
cat
humerus
1
right
open
open
15
2
1023
hc
264
26
1130
cattle
metatarsal
1
left
fused
5
gnawed
2
1023
hc
272
26
1130
dog
humerus
1
left
15
pathological
2
1023
hc
273
26
1130
dog
teeth
1
left
0
2
1023
hc
274
26
1130
dog
teeth
1
right
0
2
1023
hc
263
26
1130
large ungulate
mandible
1
right
0
2
1023
hc
280
26
1130
large ungulate
ribs
1
0
2
1023
hc
265
26
1130
pig
ulna
1
right
10
2
1023
hc
266
26
1130
pig
radius
1
right
fused
3
2
1023
hc
267
26
1130
pig
skull
1
right
39
2
1023
hc
268
26
1130
pig
teeth
1
1
M2
2
1023
hc
269
26
1130
pig
skull
1
0
2
1023
hc
270
26
1130
sheep/goat
teeth
1
left
0
M 1/2
2
1023
hc
271
26
1130
small ungulate ribs
2
0
2
1023
hc
276
26
1130
unidentified
shaft
2
0
gnawed
2
1023
hc
277
26
1130
unidentified
shaft
1
0
256
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
2
1023
hc
278
26
1130
unidentified
unidentified
1
0
burnt
2
1023
hc
279
26
1130
unidentified
skull
1
0
inf ?
2
1023
hc
281
26
1130
unidentified
unidentified
4
0
gnawed
2
1023
hc
282
26
1130
unidentified
unidentified
20
0
natural
1
2943
117
1170
unidentified
unidentified
17
0
2
1023
1
2822
76
1179
bird
vert
2
no side
0
2
1023
1
2794
76
1179
mouse
humerus
2
open
fused
9
2
1023
1
2795
76
1179
mouse
ulna
1
fused
5
2
1023
1
2796
76
1179
mouse
calcaneus
3
1
2
1023
1
2797
76
1179
mouse
vert lumb
1
no side
1
2
1023
1
2798
76
1179
mouse
vert caud
6
no side
0
2
1023
1
2799
76
1179
mouse
talus
1
1
2
1023
1
2800
76
1179
mouse
axis
1
no side
1
2
1023
1
2801
76
1179
mouse
vert cerv
4
no side
1
2
1023
1
2802
76
1179
mouse
vert thor
1
no side
1
2
1023
1
2803
76
1179
mouse
pelvis
1
right
23
2
1023
1
2804
76
1179
mouse
metapodial
1
fused
1
2
1023
1
2805
76
1179
mouse
metapodial
1
open
5
2
1023
1
2806
76
1179
mouse
phalanx 1
2
right
fused
1
2
1023
1
2807
76
1179
mouse
teeth
1
1
2
1023
1
2808
76
1179
mouse
scapula
1
right
fused
1
2
1023
1
2809
76
1179
mouse
scapula
1
right
fused
31
2
1023
1
2810
76
1179
mouse
scapula
2
left
fused
31
2
1023
1
2811
76
1179
mouse
skull
1
0
2
1023
1
2812
76
1179
mouse
teeth
3
1
2
1023
1
2813
76
1179
mouse
ulna
1
15
2
1023
1
2814
76
1179
mouse
femur
1
fused
open
5
2
1023
1
2815
76
1179
mouse
femur
1
open
6
2
1023
1
2816
76
1179
mouse
vert
3
no side
1
2
1023
1
2817
76
1179
mouse
teeth
6
0
I
2
1023
1
2818
76
1179
mouse
mandible
1
left
1
mus musculus
2
1023
1
2819
76
1179
mouse
skull
1
left
37
0
mus musculus
2
1023
1
2820
76
1179
shrew
mandible
1
right
1
2
1023
1
2821
76
1179
shrew
ulna
1
15
2
1023
1
2823
76
1179
small animal
vert
1
no side
1
2
1023
1
2824
76
1179
small animal
ribs
6
0
2
1023
1
2825
76
1179
small animal
shaft
5
0
2
1023
1
2826
76
1179
unidentified
ribs
1
infant
0
inf
2
1023
1
2827
76
1179
unidentified
unidentified
64
0
2
1023
1
2793
75
1191
unidentified
unidentified
10
0
2
1023
1
2828
77
1192
fish
vert
1
no side
0
2
1023
1
2829
77
1192
shrew
humerus
1
open
fused
9
2
1023
1
2830
77
1192
unidentified
unidentified
11
0
2
1023
hc
442
47
1197
cat
vert thor
1
no side
fused
fused
1
cat skeleton
2
1023
hc
443
47
1197
cat
vert lumb
2
no side
fused
fused
1
cat skeleton
2
1023
hc
444
47
1197
cat
vert lumb
1
no side
fused
fused
18‐19
cat skeleton
2
1023
hc
445
47
1197
cat
vert lumb
1
no side
22
cat skeleton
g
257
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
2
1023
hc
446
47
1197
cat
sacrum
1
no side
fused
20
cat skeleton
2
1023
hc
447
47
1197
cat
vert cerv
1
no side
fused
fused
18
cat skeleton
2
1023
hc
448
47
1197
cat
vert caud
4
no side
fused
fused
1
cat skeleton
2
1023
hc
449
47
1197
cat
sternum
1
no side
1
cat skeleton
2
1023
hc
450
47
1197
cat
radius
1
right
fused
3
cat skeleton
2
1023
hc
451
47
1197
cat
ulna
1
11
cat skeleton
2
1023
hc
452
47
1197
cat
tibia
1
right
fused
4
Bp 19,6
cat skeleton
2
1023
hc
453
47
1197
cat
tibia
1
left
fused
7
Bd 15,1
cat skeleton
2
1023
hc
454
47
1197
cat
fibula/malleolare
1
0
cat skeleton
2
1023
hc
455
47
1197
cat
femur
1
right
fused
fused
1
Bp 20,9
cat skeleton
2
1023
hc
456
47
1197
cat
humerus
1
left
fused
fused
1
GL 99,3
Bp16,4
Bd 19,9
SD 6,5
cat skeleton
2
1023
hc
457
47
1197
cat
ribs
2
21
cat skeleton
2
1023
hc
458
47
1197
cat
ribs
6
0
cat skeleton
2
1023
hc
459
47
1197
cat
metacarpal
4
fused
4
cat skeleton
2
1023
hc
460
47
1197
cat
phalanx 1
1
fused
fused
1
cat skeleton
2
1023
hc
461
47
1197
cat
phalanx 1
1
fused
4
cat skeleton
2
1023
hc
462
47
1197
cat
metatarsal
1
fused
fused
1
cat skeleton
2
1023
hc
463
47
1197
cat
metatarsal
1
fused
4
cat skeleton
2
1023
hc
464
47
1197
cat
metatarsal
2
fused
7
cat skeleton
2
1023
hc
465
47
1197
cat
talus
1
right
1
cat skeleton
2
1023
hc
466
47
1197
cat
unidentified
1
1
cat skeleton, c/t
2
1023
hc
469
47
1197
cat
ribs
1
20
cat skeleton
2
1023
hc
435
47
1197
cattle
scapula
1
right
0
in 2 pieces
2
1023
hc
436
47
1197
cattle
teeth
1
right
1
2
1023
hc
438
47
1197
cattle
pelvis
1
0
2
1023
hc
440
47
1197
dog
skull
1
right
39
P4L 18,9
P4B 7,8
P4GB 10,3
M1L 13,6
M1B 16,1
2
1023
hc
441
47
1197
dog
skull
1
left
39
P4L 19,1
P4B 8,0
P4GB 10,0
2
1023
hc
437
47
1197
large ungulate
vert thor
1
no side
22
2
1023
hc
467
47
1197
large ungulate
ribs
1
0
2
1023
hc
468
47
1197
large ungulate
shaft
2
0
2
1023
hc
439
47
1197
unidentified
horn core
5
0
small pieces
2
1023
hc
470
47
1197
unidentified
skull
1
0
2
1023
hc
471
47
1197
unidentified
unidentified
96
0
2
1023
1
2847
90
1197
bird
vert
1
no side
0
piece of synsacrum
2
1023
1
2848
90
1197
mouse
scapula
1
right
fused
31
2
1023
1
2849
90
1197
mouse
teeth
1
1
I
2
1023
1
2850
90
1197
mouse
metapodial
1
fused
1
2
1023
1
2851
90
1197
shrew
femur
1
fused
5
2
1023
1
2852
90
1197
unidentified
unidentified
13
0
2
1023
hc
472
48
1198
cattle
metacarpal
1
right
fused
7
2
1023
hc
477
48
1198
cattle
teeth
1
0
pd 4
2
1023
hc
480
48
1198
dog
teeth
5
1
C, 2 I, 2 PM, large
2
1023
hc
473
48
1198
horse
pelvis
1
right
23
gnawed
in 4 pieces
2
1023
hc
474
48
1198
horse
vert lumb
1
no side
fused
fused
18
2
1023
hc
475
48
1198
large ungulate
vert
1
no side
fused
fused
0
horse?
2
1023
hc
476
48
1198
large ungulate
vert lumb
1
no side
22
horse?
2
1023
hc
478
48
1198
large ungulate
vert
1
no side
0
258
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
2
1023
hc
479
48
1198
unidentified
ribs
1
0
2
1023
hc
481
48
1198
unidentified
unidentified
14
0
2
1023
hc
487
49
1199
cat
ulna
1
left
10
blg tgr with 451
2
1023
hc
482
49
1199
cattle
mandible
1
left
32
in 3 piecs
2
1023
hc
486
49
1199
horse
atlas
1
no side
1
in three pieces
2
1023
hc
483
49
1199
large ungulate
mandible
1
0
2
1023
hc
485
49
1199
large ungulate
ribs
1
0
2
1023
hc
484
49
1199
sheep/goat
pelvis
1
right
23
in two pieces
2
1023
hc
488
49
1199
unidentified
unidentified
1
0
gnawed
2
1023
hc
489
49
1199
unidentified
unidentified
20
0
2
1023
1
2865
93
1199
fish
vert
3
no side
1
2
1023
1
2866
93
1199
mouse
teeth
1
1
2
1023
1
2867
93
1199
unidentified
unidentified
1
0
burnt
2
1023
1
2868
93
1199
unidentified
unidentified
6
0
2
1023
hc
490
50
1200
cat
tibia
1
left
fused
4
Bp 19,7
blg tgt with 453
2
1023
hc
492
50
1200
large ungulate
ribs
1
0
2
1023
hc
491
50
1200
small mammal tibia
1
right
11
cat?ext abraded
2
1023
hc
493
50
1200
unidentified
unidentified
20
0
2
1023
1
2846
88
1200
unidentified
unidentified
3
0
2
1023
1
2873
95
1200
cattle
phalanx 1
1
fused
0
2
1023
1
2874
95
1200
cattle
teeth
1
0
2
1023
1
2877
95
1200
small animal
shaft
2
0
2
1023
1
2878
95
1200
small animal
unidentified
1
0
2
1023
1
2875
95
1200
small mammal vert cerv
1
no side
0
2
1023
1
2876
95
1200
small mammal ribs
1
0
2
1023
1
2879
95
1200
unidentified
unidentified
17
0
2
1023
1
2844
86
1201
shrew
humerus
1
fused
9
2
1023
1
2845
86
1201
unidentified
unidentified
5
0
2
1023
1
2853
92
1201
bird
vert
2
no side
1
2
1023
1
2854
92
1201
bird
femur
1
0
2
1023
1
2855
92
1201
bird
humerus
1
15
2
1023
1
2856
92
1201
bird
coracoid
1
fused
3
2
1023
1
2857
92
1201
bird
metatarsal
1
fused
3
2
1023
1
2858
92
1201
fish
vert
1
no side
1
2
1023
1
2859
92
1201
mouse
skull
1
37
2
1023
1
2863
92
1201
pig
mandible
1
right
32
in 8 pieces
2
1023
1
2860
92
1201
small animal
vert
3
0
2
1023
1
2861
92
1201
small animal
shaft
6
0
2
1023
1
2862
92
1201
small animal
unidentified
1
0
2
1023
1
2864
92
1201
unidentified
unidentified
39
0
2
1023
1
2831
78
1209
small animal
shaft
1
0
2
1023
1
2832
79
1210
unidentified
unidentified
2
0
2
1023
1
2834
81
1213
bird
phalanx 1
1
1
2
1023
1
2835
81
1213
small mammal metapodial
1
1
2
1023
1
2836
81
1213
unidentified
unidentified
1
0
burnt
2
1023
1
2837
81
1213
unidentified
unidentified
1
0
2
1023
1
2833
80
1214
unidentified
unidentified
3
0
259
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
2
1023
1
2842
85
1220
unidentified
unidentified
1
0
burnt
2
1023
1
2843
85
1220
unidentified
unidentified
3
0
g
1229
hc
2019
60
1230
mouse
mandible
1
right
32
2
1023
1
2838
84
1234
shrew
mandible
1
0
2
1023
1
2839
84
1234
small animal
phalanx 1
2
fused
1
2
1023
1
2840
84
1234
small animal
phalanx 1
1
fused
7
2
1023
1
2841
84
1234
unidentified
unidentified
3
0
2
1023
hc
494
52
1236
cattle
teeth
1
right
1
pd 4, in 2 pieces
2
1023
hc
495
52
1236
dog
vert cerv
1
no side
fused
20
2
1023
hc
496
52
1236
dog
vert cerv
1
no side
22
2
1023
hc
497
52
1236
dog
vert thor
1
no side
fused
fused
18+19
2
1023
hc
498
52
1236
unidentified
unidentified
5
0
2
1023
hc
521
53
1237
bird
metatarsal
1
fused
5
Charadriiformes
2
1023
hc
512
53
1237
carnivore
ribs
1
0
2
1023
hc
499
53
1237
cattle
teeth
2
0
M 1/2
2
1023
hc
500
53
1237
cattle
teeth
1
left
1
pd 4
2
1023
hc
501
53
1237
cattle
teeth
1
left
1
M 1/2
2
1023
hc
513
53
1237
dog
vert cerv
1
no side
fused
fused
1
2
1023
hc
514
53
1237
dog
vert cerv
1
no side
fused
21
2
1023
hc
515
53
1237
dog
vert thor
2
no side
fused
fused
1
2
1023
hc
516
53
1237
dog
vert thor
2
no side
22
2
1023
hc
504
53
1237
horse
teeth
1
1
M / PM
2
1023
hc
517
53
1237
large ungulate
shaft
4
0
2
1023
hc
505
53
1237
pig
skull
1
0
2
1023
hc
506
53
1237
pig
skull
1
left
37
2
1023
hc
507
53
1237
pig
mandible
1
right
32
B 13,9
2
1023
hc
509
53
1237
pig
phalanx 1
1
closing
fused
1
II/V, blg tgh 510
2
1023
hc
510
53
1237
pig
phalanx 2
1
fused
fused
1
II/V, blg tgh 509
2
1023
hc
502
53
1237
sheep/goat
teeth
1
0
M 1/2
2
1023
hc
503
53
1237
sheep/goat
mandible
1
right
33
2
1023
hc
508
53
1237
sheep/goat
radius
1
left
0
gnawed
2
1023
hc
511
53
1237
sheep/goat
patella
1
1
2
1023
hc
519
53
1237
small ungulate shaft
1
0
2
1023
hc
518
53
1237
unidentified
mandible
1
0
2
1023
hc
520
53
1237
unidentified
teeth
1
0
2
1023
hc
522
53
1237
unidentified
unidentified
2
0
gnawed
2
1023
hc
523
53
1237
unidentified
unidentified
27
0
2
1023
hc
528
54
1238
dog
mandible
1
right
32
M1L 23,3
M1B 9,0
M2L10,3
M2B 7,6
in 3 pieces
2
1023
hc
529
54
1238
dog
ribs
1
10
2
1023
hc
530
54
1238
dog
ribs
1
0
2
1023
hc
526
54
1238
horse
axis
1
no side
fused
20
in 2 pieces
2
1023
hc
524
54
1238
large ungulate
scapula
1
right
0
2
1023
hc
525
54
1238
large ungulate
vert
1
no side
0
gnawed
horse axis?
2
1023
hc
527
54
1238
pig
teeth
1
right
1
female
2
1023
hc
531
54
1238
unidentified
vert
1
no side
0
gnawed
2
1023
hc
532
54
1238
unidentified
unidentified
15
0
2
1023
1
2869
94
1239
bird
metatarsal
1
9
9
fused
7
9
chop &
9
260
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
2
1023
1
2870
94
1239
bird
metatarsal
1
fused
6
2
1023
1
2871
94
1239
bird
shaft
2
0
2
1023
1
2872
94
1239
unidentified
unidentified
10
0
2
1023
1
2517
25
1243
unidentified
unidentified
4
0
burnt
2
1260
1
2518
26
1261
sheep/goat
teeth
1
1
2
1260
1
2519
26
1261
sheep/goat
teeth
1
left
1
i
2
1260
1
2520
26
1261
unidentified
unidentified
9
0
burnt
2
1260
1
2521
26
1261
unidentified
skull
5
0
2
1260
1
2522
26
1261
unidentified
unidentified
160
0
2
1260
hc
752
65
1261
carnivore
ribs
2
0
2
1260
hc
665
65
1261
cattle
mandible
1
left
32
2
1260
hc
666
65
1261
cattle
mandible
2
right
33
2
1260
hc
667
65
1261
cattle
mandible
1
left
33
2
1260
hc
670
65
1261
cattle
teeth
1
right
1
M 1/2
2
1260
hc
671
65
1261
cattle
teeth
1
left
1
M3
2
1260
hc
672
65
1261
cattle
teeth
1
left
0
M3
2
1260
hc
673
65
1261
cattle
teeth
2
right
1
M 1/2
2
1260
hc
674
65
1261
cattle
teeth
3
left
0
M 1/2
2
1260
hc
675
65
1261
cattle
teeth
1
left
1
pd 4
2
1260
hc
676
65
1261
cattle
teeth
2
1
pd 4
2
1260
hc
677
65
1261
cattle
teeth
4
0
M
2
1260
hc
678
65
1261
cattle
teeth
1
0
pd 2
2
1260
hc
679
65
1261
cattle
teeth
1
1
PM
2
1260
hc
680
65
1261
cattle
teeth
1
0
M
2
1260
hc
695
65
1261
cattle
teeth
1
0
pd 4
2
1260
hc
696
65
1261
cattle
teeth
1
0
I
2
1260
hc
699
65
1261
cattle
skull
4
right
40
2
1260
hc
700
65
1261
cattle
skull
1
right
42
2
1260
hc
701
65
1261
cattle
skull
1
left
41
2
1260
hc
702
65
1261
cattle
pelvis
2
left
24
2
1260
hc
703
65
1261
cattle
pelvis
1
left
0
chopped
2
1260
hc
704
65
1261
cattle
pelvis
1
left
25
2
1260
hc
705
65
1261
cattle
scapula
1
left
0
2
1260
hc
708
65
1261
cattle
femur
1
right
open
3
2
1260
hc
709
65
1261
cattle
femur
1
right
14
2
1260
hc
710
65
1261
cattle
humerus
1
right
fused
7
2
1260
hc
711
65
1261
cattle
tibia
1
left
open
7
2
1260
hc
712
65
1261
cattle
ulna
1
left
open
10
2
1260
hc
713
65
1261
cattle
tibia
1
right
9
gnawed
2
1260
hc
714
65
1261
cattle
metacarpal
1
right
11
2
1260
hc
715
65
1261
cattle
metacarpal
1
right
fused
0
2
1260
hc
716
65
1261
cattle
metatarsal
1
right
fused
3
2
1260
hc
717
65
1261
cattle
tarsi
2
1
Ct T2+3 blg tgh
2
1260
hc
718
65
1261
cattle
phalanx 1
2
fused
fused
1
2
1260
hc
730
65
1261
cattle
patella
1
1
2
1260
hc
731
65
1261
cattle
carpi
1
1
Cu
2
1260
hc
736
65
1261
cattle
horn core
1
left
44
261
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
2
1260
hc
728
65
1261
dog
pelvis
1
right
24
2
1260
hc
668
65
1261
large ungulate
mandible
8
0
2
1260
hc
706
65
1261
large ungulate
scapula
1
left
0
2
1260
hc
707
65
1261
large ungulate
scapula
3
0
2
1260
hc
739
65
1261
large ungulate
vert cerv
1
no side
fused
fused
18+19
horse?
2
1260
hc
740
65
1261
large ungulate
vert cerv
4
no side
0
horse?
2
1260
hc
741
65
1261
large ungulate
vert thor
1
no side
open
20
2
1260
hc
742
65
1261
large ungulate
vert thor
1
no side
0
other
2
1260
hc
743
65
1261
large ungulate
vert thor
4
no side
0
2
1260
hc
744
65
1261
large ungulate
vert lumb
1
no side
open
open
18+19
2
1260
hc
745
65
1261
large ungulate
vert lumb
4
no side
0
2
1260
hc
746
65
1261
large ungulate
vert
3
no side
0
2
1260
hc
748
65
1261
large ungulate
ribs
1
20
2
1260
hc
749
65
1261
large ungulate
ribs
11
0
2
1260
hc
750
65
1261
large ungulate
ribs
2
21
2
1260
hc
754
65
1261
large ungulate
shaft
3
0
2
1260
hc
760
65
1261
large ungulate
skull
17
0
2
1260
hc
761
65
1261
large ungulate
femur
1
0
2
1260
hc
697
65
1261
pig
teeth
1
0
I, in 2 pieces
2
1260
hc
698
65
1261
pig
calcaneus
1
left
0
male
2
1260
hc
719
65
1261
pig
scapula
1
right
0
gnawed
2
1260
hc
725
65
1261
pig
tibia
1
right
15
gnawed
2
1260
hc
726
65
1261
pig
femur
1
left
15
2
1260
hc
681
65
1261
sheep
mandible
1
left
32
in 2 pieces
2
1260
hc
727
65
1261
sheep
metatarsal
1
right
12
2
1260
hc
733
65
1261
sheep
phalanx 1
1
fused
fused
3
Glpe 32,3
Bd 9,6
2
1260
hc
738
65
1261
sheep
horn core
1
right
1
polycerated
2
1260
hc
682
65
1261
sheep/goat
mandible
1
right
32
2
1260
hc
683
65
1261
sheep/goat
mandible
1
left
33
2
1260
hc
684
65
1261
sheep/goat
mandible
7
0
2
1260
hc
685
65
1261
sheep/goat
teeth
3
right
1
M 1/2
2
1260
hc
686
65
1261
sheep/goat
teeth
2
right
1
M 3
2
1260
hc
687
65
1261
sheep/goat
teeth
1
right
1
M 3
2
1260
hc
688
65
1261
sheep/goat
teeth
1
right
1
M 1/2
2
1260
hc
689
65
1261
sheep/goat
teeth
2
left
1
M 3
2
1260
hc
690
65
1261
sheep/goat
teeth
1
left
1
M 1/2
2
1260
hc
691
65
1261
sheep/goat
teeth
2
left
1
PM 3/4
2
1260
hc
692
65
1261
sheep/goat
teeth
1
left
1
M 1/2
2
1260
hc
693
65
1261
sheep/goat
teeth
1
left
1
M 3
2
1260
hc
694
65
1261
sheep/goat
skull
1
left
37
2
1260
hc
723
65
1261
sheep/goat
tibia
1
right
13
2
1260
hc
724
65
1261
sheep/goat
radius
1
right
15
2
1260
hc
729
65
1261
sheep/goat
pelvis
1
right
24
2
1260
hc
732
65
1261
sheep/goat
talus
1
left
1
2
1260
hc
751
65
1261
sheep/goat
metapodial
1
0
2
1260
hc
720
65
1261
small ungulate scapula
1
right
31
2
1260
hc
721
65
1261
small ungulate scapula
1
right
0
262
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
2
1260
hc
734
65
1261
small ungulate skull
1
0
2
1260
hc
735
65
1261
small ungulate vert lumb
1
no side
fused
fused
1
2
1260
hc
747
65
1261
small ungulate vert lumb
2
no side
0
2
1260
hc
753
65
1261
small ungulate shaft
7
0
2
1260
hc
756
65
1261
small ungulate ribs
2
20
2
1260
hc
757
65
1261
small ungulate ribs
1
0
gnawed
2
1260
hc
758
65
1261
small ungulate ribs
20
0
2
1260
hc
669
65
1261
unidentified
mandible
5
0
2
1260
hc
722
65
1261
unidentified
scapula
2
0
2
1260
hc
737
65
1261
unidentified
horn core
11
0
2
1260
hc
755
65
1261
unidentified
shaft
1
0
2
1260
hc
759
65
1261
unidentified
skull
57
0
2
1260
hc
762
65
1261
unidentified
femur
1
9
infant
11
foetal pig?
2
1260
hc
763
65
1261
unidentified
unidentified
1
0
gnawed
2
1260
hc
764
65
1261
unidentified
unidentified
357
0
2
1260
hc
898
103
1261
cattle
teeth
1
right
1
pd 4
2
1260
hc
899
103
1261
cattle
teeth
2
left
1
M 1/2
2
1260
hc
900
103
1261
cattle
skull
1
right
37
2
1260
hc
906
103
1261
cattle
humerus
1
left
fused
2
2
1260
hc
907
103
1261
cattle
femur
1
right
fused
2
dismembering
2
1260
hc
908
103
1261
cattle
radiusulna
1
left
fused
3
gnawed
chopped
ulna no epi, art surf
2
1260
hc
909
103
1261
cattle
tibia
1
left
11
in 2 pieces
2
1260
hc
915
103
1261
horse
metapodial
1
fused
3
in 2 pieces, II/IV
2
1260
hc
903
103
1261
large ungulate
mandible
2
0
2
1260
hc
904
103
1261
large ungulate
pelvis
1
0
gnawed
2
1260
hc
905
103
1261
large ungulate
scapula
1
0
2
1260
hc
919
103
1261
large ungulate
shaft
5
0
2
1260
hc
920
103
1261
large ungulate
ribs
1
0
chopped
2
1260
hc
921
103
1261
large ungulate
ribs
1
0
2
1260
hc
913
103
1261
pig
ulna
1
left
open
15
2
1260
hc
916
103
1261
sheep
horn core
1
right
1
40 8,0
41 25,8
42 20,9
43 83
2
1260
hc
901
103
1261
sheep/goat
mandible
1
left
32+33
in 4 pieces
2
1260
hc
902
103
1261
sheep/goat
teeth
1
left
1
M 3
2
1260
hc
910
103
1261
sheep/goat
tibia
1
left
fused
2
2
1260
hc
911
103
1261
sheep/goat
tibia
1
left
10
blg to 910?
2
1260
hc
912
103
1261
sheep/goat
radius
1
right
12
2
1260
hc
914
103
1261
sheep/goat
tibia
1
12
blg to 911?
2
1260
hc
923
103
1261
sheep/goat
radius
1
right
0
gnawed
2
1260
hc
922
103
1261
small ungulate shaft
1
0
2
1260
hc
917
103
1261
unidentified
tibia
1
0
2
1260
hc
918
103
1261
unidentified
femur
1
0
2
1260
hc
924
103
1261
unidentified
unidentified
34
0
2
1260
hc
1076
109
1261
bird
pelvis
1
no side
1
Corvus frugilegus/corone
2
1260
hc
1077
109
1261
bird
sternum
1
no side
1
Corvus frugilegus/corone
2
1260
hc
1078
109
1261
bird
humerus
1
fused
3
Corvus frugilegus/corone
2
1260
hc
1079
109
1261
bird
humerus
1
fused
7
Corvus frugilegus/corone
2
1260
hc
1080
109
1261
bird
ulna
1
fused
fused
1
Corvus frugilegus/corone
263
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
2
1260
hc
1081
109
1261
bird
coracoid
2
fused
fused
1
Corvus frugilegus/corone
2
1260
hc
1082
109
1261
bird
metacarpal
1
fused
fused
1
Corvus frugilegus/corone
2
1260
hc
1083
109
1261
bird
scapula
2
fused
fused
1
Corvus frugilegus/corone
2
1260
hc
1008
109
1261
cattle
teeth
1
left
1
pd 4
2
1260
hc
1009
109
1261
cattle
teeth
1
right
1
I/C
2
1260
hc
1010
109
1261
cattle
teeth
1
0
M
2
1260
hc
1015
109
1261
cattle
scapula
1
right
fused
31
2
1260
hc
1016
109
1261
cattle
pelvis
1
right
0
2
1260
hc
1017
109
1261
cattle
pelvis
1
right
open
25
in 2 pieces
2
1260
hc
1019
109
1261
cattle
tibia
1
right
fused
7
Bd 63,4
2
1260
hc
1020
109
1261
cattle
tibia
1
left
12
2
1260
hc
1021
109
1261
cattle
femur
1
open
0
2
1260
hc
1022
109
1261
cattle
metapodial
1
open
0
gnawed
2
1260
hc
1054
109
1261
dog
teeth
1
left
1
L 26,2
B 10,6
M 1
2
1260
hc
1013
109
1261
large ungulate
mandible
2
0
2
1260
hc
1018
109
1261
large ungulate
pelvis
1
0
2
1260
hc
1055
109
1261
large ungulate
ribs
1
20
other
2
1260
hc
1056
109
1261
large ungulate
ribs
3
20
2
1260
hc
1057
109
1261
large ungulate
ribs
13
0
2
1260
hc
1063
109
1261
large ungulate
shaft
1
0
2
1260
hc
1064
109
1261
large ungulate
vert cerv
1
no side
open
open
1
young, porous
2
1260
hc
1065
109
1261
large ungulate
vert cerv
1
no side
open
open
18+19
young, porous
2
1260
hc
1066
109
1261
large ungulate
sacrum
2
no side
0
young, porous
2
1260
hc
1067
109
1261
large ungulate
vert lumb
2
no side
0
2
1260
hc
1068
109
1261
large ungulate
vert thor
4
no side
22
2
1260
hc
1069
109
1261
large ungulate
vert thor
1
no side
22
gnawed
2
1260
hc
1070
109
1261
large ungulate
vert lumb
1
no side
fused
fused
1
gnawed
2
1260
hc
1072
109
1261
large ungulate
vert
2
no side
0
chopped
2
1260
hc
1014
109
1261
pig
mandible
1
right
33
2
1260
hc
1051
109
1261
pig
phalanx 1
1
open
fused
9
2
1260
hc
1052
109
1261
pig
skull
1
right
open
fused
9
2
1260
hc
1027
109
1261
sheep
metacarpal
1
right
fused
open
5
2
1260
hc
1029
109
1261
sheep
phalanx 1
1
fused
fused
1
Glpe 33,9
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1030
109
1261
sheep
phalanx 1
1
fused
fused
1
Glpe 32,6
Bd 9,9
2
1260
hc
1031
109
1261
sheep
scapula
1
right
fused
31
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1032
109
1261
sheep
scapula
1
left
fused
31
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1033
109
1261
sheep
humerus
1
left
fused
fused
1
GL 121
Bp 33,1
BT 26,3
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1034
109
1261
sheep
humerus
1
left
fused
9
3
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1035
109
1261
sheep
humerus
1
right
fused
7
Bd 26,4
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1036
109
1261
sheep
ulna
1
right
fused
3
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1037
109
1261
sheep
pelvis
1
left
24+25
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1038
109
1261
sheep
metacarpal
1
right
fused
fused
1
GL 117
Bp 23,5
SD 14,4
DD 9,4 Bd 25,5
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1039
109
1261
sheep
phalanx 1
1
fused
fused
1
Glpe 34,1
Bd 11,5
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1040
109
1261
sheep
tibia
1
right
fused
3
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1041
109
1261
sheep
femur
1
right
fused
fused
1
GL 146
Bp 39,9
Bd 33,0
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1042
109
1261
sheep
femur
1
left
closing
7
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1050
109
1261
sheep
horn core
1
left
1
alm inf, orbita
264
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
2
1260
hc
1011
109
1261
sheep/goat
teeth
1
1
M 1/2
2
1260
hc
1023
109
1261
sheep/goat
pelvis
1
right
23
male
in three pieces
2
1260
hc
1024
109
1261
sheep/goat
scapula
1
right
fused
30
2
1260
hc
1025
109
1261
sheep/goat
scapula
6
0
2
1260
hc
1026
109
1261
sheep/goat
tibia
1
left
open
12
2
1260
hc
1028
109
1261
sheep/goat
tibia
1
right
15
in 2 pieces
2
1260
hc
1043
109
1261
sheep/goat
vert thor
1
no side
fused
fused
1
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1044
109
1261
sheep/goat
vert thor
1
no side
fused
fused
18+19
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1045
109
1261
sheep/goat
vert thor
2
no side closing closing
19
chopped
2
1260
hc
1046
109
1261
sheep/goat
vert lumb
1
no side
fused
fused
18
chopped
2
1260
hc
1047
109
1261
sheep/goat
vert lumb
1
no side
fused
fused
1
2
1260
hc
1048
109
1261
sheep/goat
pelvis
1
no side
fused
fused
1
chopped
2
1260
hc
1049
109
1261
sheep/goat
vert thor
2
no side
22
2
1260
hc
1053
109
1261
sheep/goat
sternum
1
no side
1
in 2 pieces, juv
2
1260
hc
1060
109
1261
sheep/goat
ribs
2
20
2
1260
hc
1058
109
1261
small ungulate ribs
16
0
2
1260
hc
1059
109
1261
small ungulate ribs
1
0
gnawed
2
1260
hc
1012
109
1261
unidentified
teeth
2
0
2
1260
hc
1061
109
1261
unidentified
ribs
8
0
2
1260
hc
1062
109
1261
unidentified
shaft
1
0
gnawed
2
1260
hc
1071
109
1261
unidentified
vert
9
no side
0
2
1260
hc
1073
109
1261
unidentified
skull
12
0
2
1260
hc
1074
109
1261
unidentified
horn core
3
0
2
1260
hc
1075
109
1261
unidentified
fibula/malleolare
1
0
cat fibula?
2
1260
hc
1084
109
1261
unidentified
unidentified
144
0
2
1260
hc
1102
114
1261
cattle
scapula
1
right
fused
31
2
1260
hc
1104
114
1261
cattle
mandible
1
right
32
in 5 pieces
2
1260
hc
1105
114
1261
cattle
teeth
1
right
1
M 1/2
2
1260
hc
1106
114
1261
cattle
teeth
1
0
M 1/2
2
1260
hc
1108
114
1261
cattle
teeth
1
1
pd 3
2
1260
hc
1109
114
1261
cattle
skull
1
left
43
2
1260
hc
1115
114
1261
cattle
skull
1
left
42
2
1260
hc
1116
114
1261
cattle
tibia
1
left
11
2
1260
hc
1117
114
1261
cattle
tibia
1
right
12
2
1260
hc
1118
114
1261
cattle
metacarpal
1
right
fused
3
2
1260
hc
1103
114
1261
large ungulate
scapula
1
0
2
1260
hc
1110
114
1261
large ungulate
pelvis
1
0
2
1260
hc
1126
114
1261
large ungulate
ribs
2
0
2
1260
hc
1127
114
1261
large ungulate
shaft
2
0
2
1260
hc
1112
114
1261
pig
skull
1
left
37
2
1260
hc
1121
114
1261
sheep
horn core
1
left
44
polycerated
2
1260
hc
1107
114
1261
sheep/goat
teeth
1
left
1
M 3, very worn
2
1260
hc
1111
114
1261
sheep/goat
mandible
1
left
32
in 2 pieces
2
1260
hc
1119
114
1261
sheep/goat
femur
1
left
open
open
5
2
1260
hc
1120
114
1261
sheep/goat
skull
1
no side
0
2
1260
hc
1122
114
1261
sheep/goat
pelvis
1
left
24+25
in 2 pieces
2
1260
hc
1123
114
1261
sheep/goat
pelvis
1
left
24+25
chopped
in 3 pieces
265
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
2
1260
hc
1113
114
1261
small ungulate scapula
1
0
2
1260
hc
1124
114
1261
small ungulate ribs
1
0
filleting
2
1260
hc
1125
114
1261
small ungulate ribs
4
0
2
1260
hc
1114
114
1261
unidentified
mandible
1
0
2
1260
hc
1128
114
1261
unidentified
skull
16
0
2
1260
hc
1129
114
1261
unidentified
unidentified
60
0
2
1260
hc
1175
117
1261
cattle
humerus
1
right
10
2
1260
hc
1176
117
1261
cattle
radius
1
0
2
1260
hc
1181
117
1261
cattle
ct
1
right
0
gnawed
2
1260
hc
1177
117
1261
sheep
tibia
1
left
fused
8
Bd 23,8
2
1260
hc
1179
117
1261
sheep
metatarsal
1
left
fused
fused
1
Bd 22,2
Bp 18,1
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1180
117
1261
sheep
metapodial
1
left
fused
4
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1178
117
1261
sheep/goat
tibia
1
left
11
gnawed
2
1260
hc
1182
117
1261
sheep/goat
skull
1
right
0
in 2 pieces
2
1260
hc
1183
117
1261
small ungulate ribs
1
0
2
1260
hc
1184
117
1261
unidentified
unidentified
2
0
2
1260
hc
1221
120
1261
cattle
mandible
1
right
32
2
1260
hc
1222
120
1261
cattle
teeth
1
right
1
M 1/2
2
1260
hc
1223
120
1261
cattle
teeth
1
0
M 1/2
2
1260
hc
1224
120
1261
cattle
teeth
1
0
M 1/2
2
1260
hc
1225
120
1261
cattle
teeth
2
1
pd 4
2
1260
hc
1226
120
1261
cattle
teeth
1
1
pd 3
2
1260
hc
1227
120
1261
cattle
teeth
1
0
pd 4
2
1260
hc
1239
120
1261
cattle
radius
1
right
fused
0
chopped
blg tgh 1240
2
1260
hc
1240
120
1261
cattle
ulna
1
right
fused
3
blg tgh 1239
2
1260
hc
1241
120
1261
cattle
metatarsal
1
left
13
gnawed
2
1260
hc
1242
120
1261
cattle
metapodial
2
0
2
1260
hc
1243
120
1261
cattle
tibia
1
left
14
gnawed
2
1260
hc
1244
120
1261
cattle
tibia
1
left
0
2
1260
hc
1245
120
1261
cattle
calcaneus
1
left
open
0
gnawed
2
1260
hc
1246
120
1261
cattle
phalanx 1
1
fused
fused
1
2
1260
hc
1247
120
1261
cattle
phalanx 2
1
fused
fused
1
Glpe 38,0
Bd 20,3
2
1260
hc
1248
120
1261
cattle
calcaneus
1
left
fused
1
GL 121
2
1260
hc
1249
120
1261
cattle
horn core
1
right
45
chopped
very oval
2
1260
hc
1255
120
1261
cattle
hyoideum
1
0
2
1260
hc
1237
120
1261
large ungulate
mandible
1
0
2
1260
hc
1238
120
1261
large ungulate
scapula
4
0
2
1260
hc
1261
120
1261
large ungulate
ribs
3
0
2
1260
hc
1263
120
1261
large ungulate
vert cerv
1
no side
0
chopped
2
1260
hc
1264
120
1261
large ungulate
vert cerv
2
no side
0
2
1260
hc
1265
120
1261
large ungulate
vert thor
1
no side
open
open
1
young, porous
2
1260
hc
1266
120
1261
large ungulate
vert cerv
1
no side
open
21
2
1260
hc
1267
120
1261
large ungulate
vert lumb
1
no side
open
21
chopped
2
1260
hc
1269
120
1261
large ungulate
shaft
6
0
2
1260
hc
1236
120
1261
pig
skull
1
right
37
PM 3/4
2
1260
hc
1256
120
1261
pig
hyoideum
1
no side
1
2
1260
hc
1257
120
1261
pig
metapodial
2
fused
open
5
266
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
2
1260
hc
1258
120
1261
pig
ribs
1
20
2
1260
hc
1234
120
1261
sheep
mandible
1
left
32
in 2 pieces
2
1260
hc
1229
120
1261
sheep/goat
mandible
1
left
33
in 2 pieces
2
1260
hc
1230
120
1261
sheep/goat
teeth
1
right
1
2
1260
hc
1231
120
1261
sheep/goat
teeth
1
left
0
M 3
2
1260
hc
1232
120
1261
sheep/goat
teeth
1
1
M 1/2
2
1260
hc
1233
120
1261
sheep/goat
teeth
1
0
PM
2
1260
hc
1235
120
1261
sheep/goat
mandible
1
right
32
2
1260
hc
1250
120
1261
sheep/goat
tibia
1
left
10
2
1260
hc
1251
120
1261
sheep/goat
tibia
1
left
13
2
1260
hc
1252
120
1261
sheep/goat
tibia
1
left
fused
7
Bd 23,9
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1253
120
1261
sheep/goat
tibia
1
left
fused
7
Bd 23,8
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1254
120
1261
sheep/goat
skull
1
left
36
2
1260
hc
1259
120
1261
small ungulate ribs
1
20
2
1260
hc
1260
120
1261
small ungulate ribs
10
0
2
1260
hc
1270
120
1261
small ungulate shaft
1
0
2
1260
hc
1228
120
1261
unidentified
teeth
3
0
2
1260
hc
1262
120
1261
unidentified
ribs
5
0
2
1260
hc
1268
120
1261
unidentified
vert
3
no side
0
2
1260
hc
1271
120
1261
unidentified
unidentified
4
0
burnt
2
1260
hc
1272
120
1261
unidentified
skull
4
0
2
1260
hc
1273
120
1261
unidentified
unidentified
1
0
gnawed
2
1260
hc
1274
120
1261
unidentified
unidentified
43
0
2
1260
hc
1482
129
1261
cattle
teeth
1
right
1
2
1260
hc
1483
129
1261
cattle
mandible
1
left
32
2
1260
hc
1484
129
1261
cattle
teeth
2
left
1
M
2
1260
hc
1485
129
1261
cattle
skull
1
left
37
2
1260
hc
1491
129
1261
cattle
humerus
1
right
12
chopped
2
1260
hc
1492
129
1261
cattle
humerus
1
right
12
2
1260
hc
1493
129
1261
cattle
humerus
1
right
fused
0
chopped
2
1260
hc
1494
129
1261
cattle
scapula
1
left
0
2
1260
hc
1495
129
1261
cattle
tibia
1
left
0
2
1260
hc
1497
129
1261
cattle
phalanx 1
1
fused
fused
1
Glpe 53,6
Bd 26,7
2
1260
hc
1498
129
1261
cattle
phalanx 1
1
fused
fused
1
burnt
2
1260
hc
1499
129
1261
cattle
talus
1
right
1
2
1260
hc
2180
129
1261
cattle
teeth
2
0
2
1260
hc
2181
129
1261
cattle
mandible
1
right
33
other
2
1260
hc
2182
129
1261
cattle
talus
1
right
1
gnawed
GLl 62,1
GLm 56,9
Bd 39,7
2
1260
hc
1500
129
1261
horse
metatarsal
1
left
fused
fused
1
GL 259
Ll258
Bp 45,1
Bd 44,9
SD 28,2
2
1260
hc
1496
129
1261
large ungulate
shaft
2
0
2
1260
hc
1501
129
1261
large ungulate
ribs
3
0
2
1260
hc
1502
129
1261
large ungulate
ribs
1
21
other
2
1260
hc
2186
129
1261
large ungulate
scapula
1
0
in 2 pieces
2
1260
hc
2187
129
1261
large ungulate
pelvis
1
0
gnawed
2
1260
hc
2188
129
1261
large ungulate
vert cerv
1
no side
0
gnawed
2
1260
hc
2189
129
1261
large ungulate
shaft
3
0
2
1260
hc
2190
129
1261
large ungulate
ribs
3
0
one in 2 pieces
267
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
2
1260
hc
1487
129
1261
pig
mandible
1
left
32
2
1260
hc
1488
129
1261
pig
mandible
1
left
32
B 15,1
M 3
2
1260
hc
1489
129
1261
pig
skull
1
left
37
2
1260
hc
2184
129
1261
pig
teeth
1
left
1
M3 L 34,2
M3 B 14,6
2
1260
hc
1486
129
1261
sheep/goat
mandible
1
left
32
2
1260
hc
1490
129
1261
sheep/goat
scapula
1
right
0
2
1260
hc
2183
129
1261
sheep/goat
mandible
1
left
33
2
1260
hc
2185
129
1261
sheep/goat
tibia
1
right
10
gnawed
2
1260
hc
2191
129
1261
small ungulate shaft
1
0
gnawed
2
1260
hc
2192
129
1261
small ungulate shaft
1
0
filleting
2
1260
hc
2193
129
1261
small ungulate ribs
4
0
2
1260
hc
1503
129
1261
unidentified
teeth
1
0
2
1260
hc
1504
129
1261
unidentified
unidentified
1
0
2
1260
hc
2194
129
1261
unidentified
ribs
1
0
2
1260
hc
2195
129
1261
unidentified
skull
1
0
2
1260
hc
2196
129
1261
unidentified
unidentified
12
0
2
1260
hc
533
65a
1261
cattle
teeth
1
left
1
M 1/2
2
1260
hc
534
65a
1261
cattle
teeth
4
0
M 1/2
2
1260
hc
535
65a
1261
cattle
teeth
1
left
1
pd 4
2
1260
hc
536
65a
1261
cattle
teeth
1
0
pd 4
2
1260
hc
537
65a
1261
cattle
teeth
1
1
pd 3
2
1260
hc
538
65a
1261
cattle
teeth
2
left
1
2
1260
hc
543
65a
1261
cattle
teeth
1
0
2
1260
hc
544
65a
1261
cattle
metacarpal
1
left
fused
fused
1
GL 182
Bp 51,3
Bd 52,7
SD 28,4
DD 20,3
2
1260
hc
545
65a
1261
cattle
pelvis
1
right
23
filleting
female
me ed 7,6
in 3 pieces
2
1260
hc
547
65a
1261
cattle
pelvis
1
left
open
24
2
1260
hc
548
65a
1261
cattle
skull
1
right
41
2
1260
hc
549
65a
1261
cattle
skull
1
left
42
2
1260
hc
550
65a
1261
cattle
radiusulna
1
right
fused
8
in 2 pieces
2
1260
hc
551
65a
1261
cattle
calcaneus
1
right
0
2
1260
hc
552
65a
1261
cattle
mandible
1
right
0
2
1260
hc
553
65a
1261
cattle
tarsi
1
1
2
1260
hc
555
65a
1261
horse
teeth
1
left
1
alm no wear
2
1260
hc
546
65a
1261
large ungulate
mandible
1
34
2
1260
hc
558
65a
1261
large ungulate
vert thor
1
no side
fused
fused
1
horse ?
2
1260
hc
561
65a
1261
large ungulate
ribs
1
0
2
1260
hc
554
65a
1261
pig
skull
1
left
42
2
1260
hc
557
65a
1261
sheep
tibia
1
left
fused
fused
1
GL * 173
Bd 23,6
in 2 pieces*
2
1260
hc
539
65a
1261
sheep/goat
teeth
1
left
1
M 1/2
2
1260
hc
540
65a
1261
sheep/goat
teeth
1
left
1
M 3
2
1260
hc
541
65a
1261
sheep/goat
teeth
1
1
M 1/2
2
1260
hc
542
65a
1261
sheep/goat
teeth
1
1
pd 4
2
1260
hc
556
65a
1261
sheep/goat
femur
1
left
open
open
15
in 2 pieces
2
1260
hc
564
65a
1261
sheep/goat
mandible
2
0
2
1260
hc
562
65a
1261
small ungulate ribs
2
0
2
1260
hc
559
65a
1261
unidentified
skull
1
0
2
1260
hc
560
65a
1261
unidentified
vert
1
no side
0
gnawed
268
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
2
1260
hc
563
65a
1261
unidentified
ribs
1
0
2
1260
hc
565
65a
1261
unidentified
unidentified
21
0
2
1292
hc
2029
70
1293
cattle
teeth
1
0
2
1292
hc
2030
70
1293
cattle
hyoideum
8
0
2
1292
hc
2031
71
1294
cattle
femur
1
right
12
fossa plantaris
2
1292
hc
2035
72
1295
bird
humerus
1
1
tiny
2
1292
hc
2036
72
1295
bird
coracoid
1
1
tiny
2
1292
hc
2032
72
1295
cattle
atlas
1
no side
1
in 2 pieces
2
1292
hc
2033
72
1295
large ungulate
vert
2
no side
0
2
1292
hc
2034
72
1295
unidentified
unidentified
9
0
2
1292
1
3020
129
1295
cattle
femur
1
0
in 3 pieces
2
1292
1
3021
131
1297
unidentified
unidentified
7
0
burnt
1
1302
hc
566
69
1304
cattle
humerus
1
right
open
12
1
1302
hc
568
69
1304
large ungulate
ribs
1
0
1
1302
hc
567
69
1304
pig
mandible
1
left
0
male
in 2 pieces
1
1302
hc
569
69
1304
unidentified
unidentified
3
0
1
1317
hc
570
73
1315
cattle
teeth
1
right
1
M 3
1
1317
hc
571
73
1315
cattle
teeth
1
left
1
I
1
1317
hc
572
73
1315
cattle
teeth
1
0
pd 4
1
1317
hc
573
73
1315
cattle
teeth
1
0
I
1
1317
hc
575
73
1315
cattle
scapula
1
left
31
in 2 pieces
1
1317
hc
579
73
1315
cattle
humerus
1
left
0
1
1317
hc
574
73
1315
horse
teeth
1
1
I
1
1317
hc
578
73
1315
horse
skull
1
right
1
in 2 pieces
1
1317
hc
576
73
1315
large ungulate
scapula
2
0
in 2 pieces
1
1317
hc
577
73
1315
large ungulate
scapula
2
0
1
1317
hc
589
73
1315
large ungulate
ribs
1
21
1
1317
hc
590
73
1315
large ungulate
ribs
1
0
gnawed
1
1317
hc
591
73
1315
large ungulate
ribs
10
0
1
1317
hc
592
73
1315
large ungulate
ribs
3
0
filleting
1
1317
hc
593
73
1315
large ungulate
ribs
2
20
1
1317
hc
581
73
1315
pig
mandible
2
right
0
1
1317
hc
582
73
1315
sheep/goat
mandible
1
left
0
1
1317
hc
583
73
1315
sheep/goat
mandible
1
34
1
1317
hc
587
73
1315
sheep/goat
skull
1
left
42
1
1317
hc
588
73
1315
sheep/goat
skull
2
no side
0
1
1317
hc
585
73
1315
small ungulate mandible
2
no side
open
0
1
1317
hc
586
73
1315
small ungulate tibia
1
0
1
1317
hc
594
73
1315
small ungulate ribs
8
0
1
1317
hc
580
73
1315
unidentified
mandible
1
0
1
1317
hc
584
73
1315
unidentified
horn core
3
0
1
1317
hc
595
73
1315
unidentified
teeth
2
0
1
1317
hc
596
73
1315
unidentified
skull
20
0
1
1317
hc
597
73
1315
unidentified
unidentified
243
0
1
1317
hc
647
91
1315
large ungulate
ribs
1
0
in 2 pieces
1
1317
hc
648
91
1315
unidentified
ribs
1
0
1
1317
hc
765
98
1315
cattle
mandible
1
right
32
269
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
1
1317
hc
766
98
1315
cattle
teeth
1
1
pd 4
1
1317
hc
773
98
1315
cattle
humerus
1
right
open
10
1
1317
hc
774
98
1315
cattle
radius
1
left
fused
3
1
1317
hc
776
98
1315
cattle
metatarsal
1
left
14
1
1317
hc
777
98
1315
cattle
metatarsal
1
fused
0
1
1317
hc
767
98
1315
large ungulate
mandible
2
0
1
1317
hc
775
98
1315
large ungulate
tibia
1
0
1
1317
hc
778
98
1315
large ungulate
axis
1
no side
0
1
1317
hc
784
98
1315
large ungulate
ribs
11
0
1
1317
hc
785
98
1315
large ungulate
vert cerv
1
no side
0
1
1317
hc
786
98
1315
large ungulate
vert thor
1
no side
22
1
1317
hc
769
98
1315
pig
mandible
1
right
32
male
in 3 pieces
1
1317
hc
770
98
1315
pig
mandible
1
right
32
pathological
1
1317
hc
771
98
1315
pig
mandible
1
0
1
1317
hc
772
98
1315
pig
teeth
1
left
1
male
1
1317
hc
779
98
1315
pig
ulna
1
left
open
14
in 2 pieces
1
1317
hc
780
98
1315
pig
humerus
1
right
open
open
15
1
1317
hc
781
98
1315
sheep/goat
radius
1
right
11
gnawed
1
1317
hc
768
98
1315
small ungulate scapula
1
left
0
in 2 pieces
1
1317
hc
782
98
1315
small ungulate ribs
1
20
1
1317
hc
783
98
1315
small ungulate ribs
8
0
1
1317
hc
787
98
1315
unidentified
shaft
1
0
gnawed
1
1317
hc
788
98
1315
unidentified
shaft
2
0
1
1317
hc
789
98
1315
unidentified
unidentified
2
0
gnawed
1
1317
hc
790
98
1315
unidentified
unidentified
39
0
1
1317
hc
973
106
1315
cattle
teeth
1
right
1
M 3
1
1317
hc
974
106
1315
cattle
teeth
2
right
1
i/c
1
1317
hc
975
106
1315
cattle
teeth
1
left
1
M 1/2
1
1317
hc
976
106
1315
cattle
teeth
1
right
1
i/c
1
1317
hc
977
106
1315
cattle
teeth
2
0
pd 4
1
1317
hc
978
106
1315
cattle
teeth
1
0
M
1
1317
hc
979
106
1315
cattle
teeth
4
0
M
1
1317
hc
985
106
1315
cattle
pelvis
1
left
24
1
1317
hc
985
106
1315
cattle
pelvis
1
left
26
blg tgt with 985‐6?
1
1317
hc
986
106
1315
cattle
pelvis
1
left
25
1
1317
hc
986
106
1315
cattle
radius
1
right
open
10
1
1317
hc
987
106
1315
cattle
metatarsal
1
right
fused
3
1
1317
hc
988
106
1315
cattle
tibia
1
left
fused
8
in 2 pieces
1
1317
hc
989
106
1315
cattle
radius
1
left
fused
3
dismembering
blg tgh with 990
1
1317
hc
990
106
1315
cattle
ulna
1
left
10
gnawed
blg tgh with 989
1
1317
hc
991
106
1315
cattle
calcaneus
1
left
fused
1
GL 121
blg tgh with 992
1
1317
hc
992
106
1315
cattle
talus
1
left
1
GLl 64,0
GLm 58,8
Bd 43,1
blg tgh with 991
1
1317
hc
982
106
1315
large ungulate
mandible
4
0
1
1317
hc
983
106
1315
large ungulate
scapula
4
0
1
1317
hc
999
106
1315
large ungulate
ribs
11
0
1
1317
hc
1000
106
1315
large ungulate
vert lumb
2
no side
0
1
1317
hc
981
106
1315
pig
teeth
2
1
M
270
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
1
1317
hc
993
106
1315
pig
metacarpal
1
left
fused
open
1
IV
1
1317
hc
995
106
1315
pig
fibula/malleolare
1
0
1
1317
hc
994
106
1315
sheep
tibia
1
left
fused
8
Bd 24,4
1
1317
hc
980
106
1315
sheep/goat
teeth
1
1
I /C
1
1317
hc
996
106
1315
sheep/goat
femur
1
open
0
1
1317
hc
1002
106
1315
sheep/goat
metapodial
1
infant
0
half of diaf, open
1
1317
hc
1001
106
1315
small mammal ribs
1
21
1
1317
hc
997
106
1315
small ungulate ribs
8
0
1
1317
hc
998
106
1315
small ungulate ribs
1
21
1
1317
hc
984
106
1315
unidentified
teeth
1
0
1
1317
hc
1003
106
1315
unidentified
skull
1
0
1
1317
hc
1004
106
1315
unidentified
unidentified
4
0
gnawed
1
1317
hc
1005
106
1315
unidentified
unidentified
84
0
1
1317
1
2938
114
1315
unidentified
unidentified
1
0
1
1317
1
2939
114
1315
unidentified
unidentified
3
0
burnt
1
1317
1
2944
119
1315
bird
phalanx 1
5
fused
1
Gallus gallus?
1
1317
1
2945
119
1315
bird
phalanx 2
2
fused
1
1
1317
1
2956
119
1315
bird
radius
1
fused
3
1
1317
1
2947
119
1315
fish
unidentified
1
0
and scale
1
1317
1
2948
119
1315
large ungulate
ribs
1
0
1
1317
1
2952
119
1315
small animal
phalanx 1
1
1
1
1317
1
2953
119
1315
small animal
unidentified
2
0
1
1317
1
2946
119
1315
unidentified
unidentified
13
0
bird sesamoids
1
1317
1
2949
119
1315
unidentified
shaft
1
0
gnawed
1
1317
1
2950
119
1315
unidentified
teeth
2
0
1
1317
1
2951
119
1315
unidentified
sacrum
1
open
open
0
epi
1
1317
1
2954
119
1315
unidentified
unidentified
111
0
1
1317
1
2955
119
1315
unidentified
unidentified
54
0
1
1317
1
2975
125
1315
bird
vert
2
no side
1
bigger than hen?
1
1317
1
2996
125
1315
cattle
ulna
1
11
1
1317
1
2997
125
1315
cattle
carpi
1
1
Ca
1
1317
1
2998
125
1315
cattle
teeth
1
1
1
1317
1
2976
125
1315
fish
vert
6
no side
1
1
1317
1
2977
125
1315
fish
unidentified
6
0
ribs
1
1317
1
2999
125
1315
large ungulate
vert thor
1
no side
0
1
1317
1
3000
125
1315
large ungulate
vert
1
no side
infant
open
0
1
1317
1
3001
125
1315
large ungulate
skull
3
0
1
1317
1
3002
125
1315
large ungulate
ribs
1
0
1
1317
1
2983
125
1315
mouse
teeth
6
1
I and M
1
1317
1
2984
125
1315
mouse
skull
3
37
1
1317
1
2985
125
1315
mouse
radius
1
open
15
1
1317
1
2986
125
1315
mouse
vert caud
6
no side
1
1
1317
1
2987
125
1315
mouse
calcaneus
1
1
1
1317
1
3006
125
1315
mouse
teeth
1
1
1
1317
1
2991
125
1315
pig
phalanx 2
1
fused
1
1
1317
1
2992
125
1315
sheep/goat
carpi
1
1
Ci
1
1317
1
2978
125
1315
shrew
mandible
1
right
1
271
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
1
1317
1
2979
125
1315
shrew
pelvis
1
right
2
1
1317
1
2980
125
1315
shrew
femur
1
fused
open
5
1
1317
1
2981
125
1315
shrew
tibia
1
fused
9
1
1317
1
2982
125
1315
shrew
tibia
1
fused
3
1
1317
1
2989
125
1315
small animal
shaft
2
0
1
1317
1
2990
125
1315
small animal
unidentified
2
0
1
1317
1
3011
125
1315
small animal
unidentified
3
0
1
1317
1
2988
125
1315
small mammal metapodial
1
fused
1
1
1317
1
3007
125
1315
small mammal metapodial
2
fused
1
1
1317
1
3008
125
1315
small mammal phalanx 1
1
fused
1
1
1317
1
3009
125
1315
small mammal vert caud
2
1
1
1317
1
3010
125
1315
small mammal vert cerv
1
0
1
1317
1
2993
125
1315
small ungulate ribs
5
0
1
1317
1
2994
125
1315
small ungulate ribs
1
0
filleting
1
1317
1
2995
125
1315
small ungulate scapula
1
0
1
1317
1
3003
125
1315
small ungulate shaft
1
0
1
1317
1
3004
125
1315
unidentified
teeth
10
0
1
1317
1
3005
125
1315
unidentified
unidentified
1
0
other
1
1317
1
3012
125
1315
unidentified
unidentified
515
0
1
1317
1
3013
125
1315
unidentified
unidentified
186
0
burnt
1
1317
hc
871
88
1316
bird
metatarsal
1
fused
fused
1
male
in two pieces
1
1317
hc
863
88
1316
cat
radius
1
right
open
13
1
1317
hc
845
88
1316
cattle
teeth
1
left
0
I/C
1
1317
hc
846
88
1316
cattle
teeth
1
0
pd 4
1
1317
hc
847
88
1316
cattle
teeth
1
0
M
1
1317
hc
848
88
1316
cattle
teeth
1
right
1
i/c
1
1317
hc
854
88
1316
cattle
metacarpal
1
right
fused
3
in 2 pieces
1
1317
hc
855
88
1316
cattle
metacarpal
1
fused
0
other
1
1317
hc
856
88
1316
cattle
metatarsal
1
fused
0
1
1317
hc
857
88
1316
cattle
mandible
1
right
0
1
1317
hc
858
88
1316
cattle
mandible
1
left
0
1
1317
hc
860
88
1316
cattle
phalanx 1
1
fused
fused
1
1
1317
hc
861
88
1316
cattle
tibia
1
right
fused
8
Bd 57,7
1
1317
hc
872
88
1316
cattle
metapodial
1
0
1
1317
hc
853
88
1316
horse
teeth
1
1
PM / M
1
1317
hc
859
88
1316
large ungulate
mandible
1
0
1
1317
hc
864
88
1316
large ungulate
vert cerv
1
no side
0
1
1317
hc
865
88
1316
large ungulate
shaft
2
0
other
1
1317
hc
866
88
1316
large ungulate
shaft
1
0
1
1317
hc
867
88
1316
large ungulate
ribs
11
0
1
1317
hc
868
88
1316
large ungulate
ribs
1
0
burnt
1
1317
hc
851
88
1316
pig
teeth
1
left
1
L 33,2
B 18,3
1
1317
hc
852
88
1316
pig
teeth
1
1
I
1
1317
hc
862
88
1316
pig
tibia
1
right
11
1
1317
hc
849
88
1316
sheep/goat
teeth
1
1
M 1/2
1
1317
hc
850
88
1316
sheep/goat
teeth
1
right
0
M 3
1
1317
hc
869
88
1316
small ungulate ribs
4
0
272
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
1
1317
hc
870
88
1316
unidentified
ribs
2
0
1
1317
hc
873
88
1316
unidentified
scapula
1
0
burnt
1
1317
hc
874
88
1316
unidentified
unidentified
46
0
1
1317
1
2940
115
1316
large ungulate
sacrum
1
0
1
1317
1
2941
115
1316
unidentified
unidentified
2
0
burnt
1
1317
1
2942
115
1316
unidentified
unidentified
6
0
1
1317
1
3014
126
1316
pig
metapodial
1
0
McIV
1
1317
1
3015
126
1316
small mammal ribs
1
0
1
1317
1
3016
126
1316
unidentified
2
0
burnt
1
unidentified
1317
1
3017
126
1316
unidentified
unidentified
8
0
g
SK069
hc
2041
75
1320
cattle
phalanx 1
1
fused
1
g
SK069
hc
2042
75
1320
cattle
atlas
1
no side
0
40% left
g
SK069
hc
2043
75
1320
cattle
skull
1
left
41
60% middle
g
SK069
hc
2044
75
1320
small ungulate shaft
1
0
g
SK069
hc
2045
75
1320
unidentified
unidentified
5
0
g
SK072
hc
2048
78
1328
cattle
femur
1
left
14
g
SK072
hc
2055
78
1328
cattle
teeth
1
1
pd 3
g
SK072
hc
2054
78
1328
pig
teeth
1
right
1
almost complete
g
SK072
hc
2053
78
1328
sheep
horn core
1
right
1
in 2 pieces
g
SK072
hc
2051
78
1328
sheep/goat
tibia
1
left
open
8
in 2 pieces
g
SK072
hc
2052
78
1328
small ungulate vert thor
1
no side
22
g
SK072
hc
2056
78
1328
small ungulate ribs
3
0
g
SK072
hc
2049
78
1328
unidentified
scapula
2
0
g
SK072
hc
2050
78
1328
unidentified
ribs
2
0
g
SK072
hc
2057
78
1328
unidentified
skull
2
0
g
SK072
hc
2058
78
1328
unidentified
unidentified
13
0
1
1330
hc
2059
80
1329
cattle
metatarsal
1
right
5
1
1330
hc
2060
80
1329
cattle
teeth
1
0
1
1330
hc
2061
80
1329
cattle
teeth
1
0
1
1330
hc
2062
80
1329
cattle
skull
1
0
pars petrosa
1
1330
hc
2063
80
1329
cattle
phalanx 3
1
3
1
1330
hc
2064
80
1329
cattle
pelvis
1
left
32
male
in 5 pieces
1
1330
hc
2065
80
1329
cattle
tibia
1
right
fused
0
1
1330
hc
2067
80
1329
large ungulate
scapula
1
right
0
1
1330
hc
2068
80
1329
large ungulate
ribs
1
0
1
1330
hc
2066
80
1329
pig
mandible
1
right
33.32
M3 L 32,5
M3 B 14,6
in 4 pieces
1
1330
hc
2069
80
1329
small ungulate ribs
2
0
1
1330
hc
2070
80
1329
unidentified
skull
3
0
1
1330
hc
2071
80
1329
unidentified
unidentified
39
0
1
1330
hc
2109
94
1329
cattle
tibia
1
left
13
in 5 pieces
1
1330
hc
2110
94
1329
cattle
humerus
1
left
fused
6
1
1330
hc
2112
94
1329
cattle
teeth
1
0
M3, very worn
1
1330
hc
2113
94
1329
cattle
metatarsal
1
12
in 2 pieces
1
1330
hc
2118
94
1329
large ungulate
shaft
2
0
1
1330
hc
2116
94
1329
small ungulate skull
1
0
pars petrosa
1
1330
hc
2111
94
1329
unidentified
humerus
5
0
1
1330
hc
2114
94
1329
unidentified
vert cerv
1
no side
22
273
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
1
1330
hc
2115
94
1329
unidentified
mandible
1
0
1
1330
hc
2117
94
1329
unidentified
vert
1
no side
0
1
1330
hc
2119
94
1329
unidentified
tarsi
10
0
1
1330
hc
2120
95
1329
sheep
horn core
1
right
1
40 84
41 29,1
42 23,4
43 95
same as next?
1
1330
hc
2121
95
1329
sheep
horn core
1
left
1
40 81
41 28,3
42 22,2
43 90
same as above?
1
1330
1
2923
106
1329
bird
coracoid
1
fused
4
1
1330
1
2972
124
1329
small animal
shaft
1
0
1
1330
1
2973
124
1329
unidentified
unidentified
24
0
1
1330
1
2974
124
1329
unidentified
unidentified
26
0
g
SK075
hc
2046
77
1337
cattle
teeth
1
1
pd 4
g
SK075
hc
2047
77
1337
cattle
ulna
1
left
2
2
1346
hc
2083
84
1349
small ungulate vert
1
no side
open
0
burnt
sacrum/caud
2
1346
hc
2084
84
1349
unidentified
unidentified
13
0
burnt
2
1346
1
2934
111
1351
large ungulate
ribs
4
0
burnt
2
1346
1
2935
111
1351
small ungulate ribs
2
0
2
1346
1
2933
111
1351
unidentified
unidentified
1
0
burnt
human/animal
2
1346
1
2936
111
1351
unidentified
unidentified
6
0
2
1346
1
2937
111
1351
unidentified
unidentified
100
0
2
1260
hc
651
92
1353
cattle
teeth
1
1
M 1/2
2
1260
hc
652
92
1353
cattle
teeth
1
left
0
M 3
2
1260
hc
653
92
1353
cattle
metacarpal
1
left
fused
3
other
path
2
1260
hc
654
92
1353
cattle
pelvis
1
left
23
female
me ed 4,9
2
1260
hc
650
92
1353
large ungulate
scapula
3
0
2
1260
hc
663
92
1353
large ungulate
shaft
1
0
2
1260
hc
649
92
1353
pig
mandible
1
right
32
female
in 5 pieces
2
1260
hc
655
92
1353
sheep
metacarpal
1
left
fused
8
Bd 24,9
2
1260
hc
658
92
1353
sheep
phalanx 1
1
fused
fused
1
Glpe 32,2
Bd 9,7
blg to 655
2
1260
hc
656
92
1353
sheep/goat
mandible
1
right
0
with M 1/2
2
1260
hc
657
92
1353
sheep/goat
skull
1
right
39
2
1260
hc
659
92
1353
sheep/goat
vert cerv
1
no side
open
open
1
with epi
2
1260
hc
660
92
1353
sheep/goat
vert lumb
1
no side
open
20
2
1260
hc
661
92
1353
sheep/goat
vert lumb
1
no side
0
2
1260
hc
662
92
1353
small ungulate vert caud
1
no side
open
open
1
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
664
92
1353
unidentified
unidentified
5
0
2
1260
hc
925
104
1353
cattle
scapula
1
right
0
in 2 pieces
2
1260
hc
927
104
1353
cattle
metatarsal
1
left
15
2
1260
hc
928
104
1353
cattle
tibia
1
right
12
gnawed
2
1260
hc
930
104
1353
cattle
radius
1
right
0
gnawed
2
1260
hc
946
104
1353
goat
horn core
1
left
1
young
2
1260
hc
926
104
1353
large ungulate
mandible
1
0
2
1260
hc
929
104
1353
large ungulate
radius
1
right
12
gnawed
chopped
2
1260
hc
931
104
1353
large ungulate
shaft
1
0
2
1260
hc
932
104
1353
large ungulate
humerus
1
0
2
1260
hc
969
104
1353
large ungulate
ribs
5
0
2
1260
hc
965
104
1353
pig
ulna
1
right
open
12
2
1260
hc
947
104
1353
sheep
horn core
1
left
0
chopped
2
1260
hc
953
104
1353
sheep
humerus
1
right
fused
7
BT 27,5
sheep skeletons
274
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
2
1260
hc
954
104
1353
sheep
radius
1
left
fused
fused
1
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
955
104
1353
sheep
ulna
1
left
10
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
956
104
1353
sheep
metacarpal
1
right
fused
fused
1
GL 120
Bp 21,2
SD 13,5
DD 9,1 Bd 23,8
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
957
104
1353
sheep
tibia
1
left
open
fused
9
Bd 22,5
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
958
104
1353
sheep
tibia
1
left
open
fused
1
Bd 22,4
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
959
104
1353
sheep
femur
1
right
fused
7
Bd 34,1
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
933
104
1353
sheep/goat
teeth
1
left
1
M 1/2
2
1260
hc
934
104
1353
sheep/goat
teeth
1
left
1
M 3
2
1260
hc
935
104
1353
sheep/goat
teeth
1
1
M 1/2
2
1260
hc
936
104
1353
sheep/goat
teeth
1
right
1
M 1/2
2
1260
hc
937
104
1353
sheep/goat
skull
1
right
43
2
1260
hc
938
104
1353
sheep/goat
skull
1
left
43
chopped
2
1260
hc
939
104
1353
sheep/goat
skull
1
left
42
2
1260
hc
940
104
1353
sheep/goat
skull
1
right
42
2
1260
hc
941
104
1353
sheep/goat
skull
1
left
41
2
1260
hc
942
104
1353
sheep/goat
skull
14
0
f e 4 pars petr
2
1260
hc
943
104
1353
sheep/goat
skull
1
right
39
2
1260
hc
944
104
1353
sheep/goat
skull
1
left
39
2
1260
hc
945
104
1353
sheep/goat
skull
1
left
39
2
1260
hc
948
104
1353
sheep/goat
teeth
1
left
1
M 1/2
2
1260
hc
949
104
1353
sheep/goat
pelvis
2
right
23
female
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
950
104
1353
sheep/goat
pelvis
1
left
25
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
951
104
1353
sheep/goat
scapula
1
right
0
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
952
104
1353
sheep/goat
atlas
1
no side
20
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
960
104
1353
sheep/goat
femur
1
left
open
3
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
961
104
1353
sheep/goat
vert cerv
1
no side
open
open
1
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
962
104
1353
sheep/goat
vert lumb
3
no side
open
open
1
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
963
104
1353
sheep/goat
calcaneus
1
left
fused
0
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
964
104
1353
sheep/goat
tibia
1
0
2
1260
hc
966
104
1353
small ungulate shaft
2
0
2
1260
hc
967
104
1353
small ungulate ribs
6
20
2
1260
hc
968
104
1353
small ungulate ribs
9
0
2
1260
hc
970
104
1353
unidentified
skull
14
0
sheep skull?
2
1260
hc
971
104
1353
unidentified
unidentified
25
0
2
1260
hc
972
104
1353
unidentified
unidentified
1
0
burnt
2
1260
hc
1768
108
1353
cattle
teeth
1
1
pd 3
2
1260
hc
1771
108
1353
cattle
humerus
1
right
open
12
2
1260
hc
1769
108
1353
large ungulate
mandible
1
0
2
1260
hc
1772
108
1353
large ungulate
scapula
1
0
2
1260
hc
1835
108
1353
large ungulate
vert thor
1
no side
22
porous
2
1260
hc
1836
108
1353
large ungulate
vert cerv
2
no side
0
porous
2
1260
hc
1837
108
1353
large ungulate
vert
2
no side
0
porous
2
1260
hc
1838
108
1353
large ungulate
ribs
1
20
porous
2
1260
hc
1841
108
1353
large ungulate
shaft
1
0
2
1260
hc
1773
108
1353
sheep
humerus
1
right
fused
fused
1
BT 25,4
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1774
108
1353
sheep
humerus
1
left
closing
fused
1
BT 27,4
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1775
108
1353
sheep
humerus
1
left
open
fused
9
BT 24,4
sheep skeletons
275
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
2
1260
hc
1776
108
1353
sheep
radius
1
right
fused
3
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1777
108
1353
sheep
ulna
1
right
fused
3
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1778
108
1353
sheep
radius
1
right
fused
7
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1779
108
1353
sheep
ulna
1
right
fused
7
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1780
108
1353
sheep
femur
1
right
open
10
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1781
108
1353
sheep
femur
1
right
fused
7
Bd 35,8
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1782
108
1353
sheep
tibia
1
right
fused
fused
1
GL 177
Bd 23,3
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1783
108
1353
sheep
metacarpal
1
right
fused
fused
1
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1784
108
1353
sheep
metacarpal
1
left
fused
fused
1
GL 112
Bp 21,9
SD 14,3
DD 10,2 Bd 24,1
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1785
108
1353
sheep
metacarpal
1
left
fused
fused
1
GL 118
Bp 21,0
SD 13,4
DD 9,2 Bd 23,8
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1786
108
1353
sheep
metacarpal
1
left
fused
3
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1787
108
1353
sheep
metacarpal
1
left
fused
7
Bd 23,0
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1788
108
1353
sheep
metatarsal
1
right
fused
open
5
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1789
108
1353
sheep
metatarsal
1
right
fused
4
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1790
108
1353
sheep
metatarsal
1
right
fused
fused
1
GL 117
Bp 20,1
SD 11,3
DD 9,7 Bd 22,1
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1791
108
1353
sheep
metatarsal
1
right
fused
fused
1
GL 119
Bp 17,9
SD 10,6
DD 9,1 Bd 21,7
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1792
108
1353
sheep
metatarsal
1
left
fused
fused
1
GL 118
Bp 17,9
SD 10,5
DD 9,2 Bd 21,7
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1793
108
1353
sheep
talus
1
left
1
GLl 26,5
GLm 25,2
Bd 16,7
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1794
108
1353
sheep
calcaneus
1
left
fused
1
GL 50,5
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1795
108
1353
sheep
phalanx 1
1
open
fused
9
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1796
108
1353
sheep
phalanx 1
1
fused
fused
1
Glpe 32,7
Bd 9,7
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1797
108
1353
sheep
phalanx 1
1
fused
fused
1
Glpe 31,3
Bd 9,9
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1798
108
1353
sheep
phalanx 1
1
fused
fused
1
Glpe 30,7
Bd 10,3
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1799
108
1353
sheep
phalanx 1
1
fused
fused
1
Glpe 30,9
Bd 9,6
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1800
108
1353
sheep
phalanx 1
1
fused
fused
1
Glpe 31,0
Bd 9,4
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1801
108
1353
sheep
phalanx 1
1
fused
fused
1
Glpe 31,8
Bd 9,8
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1802
108
1353
sheep
phalanx 1
1
fused
fused
1
Glpe 31,1
Bd 10,3
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1803
108
1353
sheep
phalanx 1
1
fused
fused
1
Glpe 31,4
Bd 9,4
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1804
108
1353
sheep
phalanx 1
1
fused
fused
1
Glpe 33,4
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1805
108
1353
sheep
phalanx 2
1
fused
fused
1
Glpe 20,1
Bd 8,2
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1806
108
1353
sheep
phalanx 2
1
fused
fused
1
Glpe 20,5
Bd 8,1
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1807
108
1353
sheep
phalanx 2
1
fused
fused
1
Glpe 19,4
Bd 8,4
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1808
108
1353
sheep
phalanx 2
1
fused
fused
1
Glpe 20,0
Bd 9,1
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1809
108
1353
sheep
phalanx 2
1
fused
fused
1
Glpe 19,9
Bd 8,1
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1810
108
1353
sheep
phalanx 2
1
fused
fused
1
Glpe 20,4
Bd 8,0
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1811
108
1353
sheep
phalanx 3
1
fused
fused
1
DLS 27,0
Ld 22,3
MBS 6,0
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1812
108
1353
sheep
phalanx 3
1
fused
fused
1
DLS 24,1
Ld 20,0
MBS 6,0
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1813
108
1353
sheep
phalanx 3
1
fused
fused
1
DLS 24,4
Ld 19,7
MBS 6,2
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1814
108
1353
sheep
phalanx 3
1
fused
fused
1
DLS 25,5
Ld 21,5
MBS 6,0
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1815
108
1353
sheep
phalanx 3
1
fused
fused
1
DLS 24,6
Ld 19,9
MBS 6,4
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1816
108
1353
sheep
phalanx 3
1
fused
fused
1
DLS 24,1
Ld 20,3
MBS 5,2
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1817
108
1353
sheep
ct
2
1
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1818
108
1353
sheep
ct
1
1
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1819
108
1353
sheep
patella
1
1
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1820
108
1353
sheep
fibula/malleolare
1
1
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1821
108
1353
sheep
carpi
4
1
Cr, Ci,Cu,C2+3
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1822
108
1353
sheep
tarsi
1
1
T2+3
sheep skeletons
276
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
2
1260
hc
1823
108
1353
sheep
sesamoid
7
2
1260
hc
1824
108
1353
sheep
vert thor
2
2
1260
hc
1825
108
1353
sheep
vert lumb
2
1260
hc
1826
108
1353
sheep
sacrum
2
1260
hc
1827
108
1353
sheep
horn core
2
1260
hc
1765
108
1353
sheep/goat
2
1260
hc
1766
108
1353
2
1260
hc
1767
108
1353
2
1260
hc
1770
108
2
1260
hc
1828
2
1260
hc
1832
2
1260
hc
2
1260
2
1260
2
1
sheep skeletons
no side closing
open
1
sheep skeletons
3
no side
fused
fused
18+19
sheep skeletons
1
no side
fused
fused
20
sheep skeletons
1
left
1
chopped
pathological
mandible
1
left
32
sheep/goat
mandible
1
left
32
sheep/goat
mandible
1
left
33
1353
sheep/goat
scapula
1
0
108
1353
sheep/goat
ribs
1
20
108
1353
sheep/goat
vert thor
1
no side
open
open
19
chopped
1829
108
1353
small ungulate ribs
1
21
hc
1830
108
1353
small ungulate ribs
18
0
hc
1831
108
1353
small ungulate shaft
4
0
1260
hc
1833
108
1353
small ungulate vert
11
no side
0
2
1260
hc
1834
108
1353
small ungulate vert thor
4
no side
22
2
1260
hc
1840
108
1353
small ungulate tibia
1
open
0
2
1260
hc
1839
108
1353
unidentified
horn core
2
0
2
1260
hc
1842
108
1353
unidentified
teeth
1
0
2
1260
hc
1843
108
1353
unidentified
unidentified
46
0
2
1260
hc
1174
116
1353
bird
metatarsal
1
fused
7
Gallus gallus
2
1260
hc
1152
116
1353
cattle
teeth
1
0
M
2
1260
hc
1153
116
1353
cattle
teeth
1
1
pd 3
2
1260
hc
1154
116
1353
cattle
teeth
1
1
pd 4
2
1260
hc
1156
116
1353
cattle
humerus
1
left
12
2
1260
hc
1158
116
1353
cattle
metatarsal
1
left
fused
8
Bd 46,9
2
1260
hc
1172
116
1353
cattle
skull
2
0
2
1260
hc
1164
116
1353
dog
humerus
1
right
fused
fused
1
Dp 51,6
Bd 42,6
big in 5 pieces
2
1260
hc
1165
116
1353
dog
talus
1
right
1
GL 31,9
big
2
1260
hc
1166
116
1353
dog
vert caud
1
no side
fused
fused
1
big
2
1260
hc
1167
116
1353
dog
ribs
9
20
2
1260
hc
1168
116
1353
dog
ribs
3
21
2
1260
hc
1169
116
1353
dog
ribs
6
0
2
1260
hc
1155
116
1353
large ungulate
scapula
1
0
2
1260
hc
1157
116
1353
large ungulate
radius
1
left
11
eroded
2
1260
hc
1171
116
1353
large ungulate
ribs
1
0
gnawed
2
1260
hc
1159
116
1353
sheep
scapula
1
right
fused
31
2
1260
hc
1162
116
1353
sheep
metatarsal
1
right
fused
fused
1
Bd 21,7
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1163
116
1353
sheep
metatarsal
1
left
fused
fused
1
GL 122
Bp 19,9
SD 11,7
DD 9,2 Bd 23,4
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1160
116
1353
sheep/goat
pelvis
1
right
25
2
1260
hc
1161
116
1353
sheep/goat
pelvis
1
right
0
2
1260
hc
1170
116
1353
small ungulate ribs
14
0
2
1260
hc
1173
116
1353
unidentified
unidentified
13
0
2
1260
hc
1201
119
1353
cattle
teeth
1
right
1
M 3
2
1260
hc
1202
119
1353
cattle
teeth
1
right
0
M 3
2
1260
hc
1209
119
1353
cattle
ulna
1
right
13
2
1260
hc
1210
119
1353
cattle
radius
1
left
12
chopped
277
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
2
1260
hc
1211
119
1353
cattle
humerus
1
right
0
2
1260
hc
1212
119
1353
cattle
phalanx 3
1
1
LDS 69,6
Ld 50,9
MBS 22,5
2
1260
hc
1208
119
1353
large ungulate
mandible
2
0
2
1260
hc
1216
119
1353
large ungulate
ribs
3
0
2
1260
hc
1217
119
1353
large ungulate
vert thor
1
no side
22
gnawed
2
1260
hc
1218
119
1353
large ungulate
shaft
1
0
2
1260
hc
1214
119
1353
pig
skull
1
left
40
2
1260
hc
1215
119
1353
pig
metacarpal
1
left
fused
open
5
III
2
1260
hc
1213
119
1353
sheep
metacarpal
1
right
open
12
2
1260
hc
1203
119
1353
sheep/goat
mandible
1
left
32
2
1260
hc
1204
119
1353
sheep/goat
teeth
1
left
1
Pm
2
1260
hc
1205
119
1353
sheep/goat
teeth
2
left
1
M 1/2
2
1260
hc
1206
119
1353
sheep/goat
teeth
1
left
1
M 3
2
1260
hc
1207
119
1353
sheep/goat
mandible
5
0
2
1260
hc
1219
119
1353
small ungulate shaft
1
0
gnawed
2
1260
hc
1220
119
1353
small ungulate shaft
2
0
2
1260
hc
1362
122
1353
bird
ulna
1
open
7
Corvus frugilegus/corone
2
1260
hc
1456
122
1353
bird
metacarpal
1
fused
fused
1
Corvus frugilegus/corone
2
1260
hc
1359
122
1353
carnivore
ribs
1
0
dog?
2
1260
hc
1317
122
1353
cattle
sacrum
1
left
open
26
2
1260
hc
1318
122
1353
cattle
femur
1
right
fused
7
gnawed
Bd 87
2
1260
hc
1319
122
1353
cattle
humerus
1
left
fused
7
BT 74,4
2
1260
hc
1320
122
1353
cattle
metacarpal
1
right
fused
4
2
1260
hc
1322
122
1353
cattle
atlas
1
no side
18
2
1260
hc
1386
122
1353
cattle
femur
1
0
2
1260
hc
1387
122
1353
cattle
skull
1
right
42
2
1260
hc
1694
122
1353
cattle
teeth
1
right
1
M 3
2
1260
hc
1912
122
1353
cattle
mandible
1
left
33
2
1260
hc
1914
122
1353
cattle
skull
1
left
43
2
1260
hc
1915
122
1353
cattle
teeth
1
1
M
2
1260
hc
1916
122
1353
cattle
tibia
1
left
11
2
1260
hc
1917
122
1353
cattle
metapodial
1
fused
0
2
1260
hc
1921
122
1353
cattle
metatarsal
1
fused
0
2
1260
hc
1321
122
1353
horse
radius
1
left
fused
8
Bd 70,6
2
1260
hc
1349
122
1353
large ungulate
vert cerv
1
no side
open
open
18+19
young, porous
2
1260
hc
1350
122
1353
large ungulate
vert thor
1
no side
open
open
1
young, porous
2
1260
hc
1351
122
1353
large ungulate
vert thor
1
no side
22
2
1260
hc
1352
122
1353
large ungulate
vert
4
no side
0
2
1260
hc
1355
122
1353
large ungulate
ribs
1
20
2
1260
hc
1360
122
1353
large ungulate
shaft
1
0
gnawed
2
1260
hc
1361
122
1353
large ungulate
shaft
1
0
2
1260
hc
1446
122
1353
large ungulate
ribs
1
20
chopped
2
1260
hc
1447
122
1353
large ungulate
ribs
1
20
2
1260
hc
1449
122
1353
large ungulate
vert
3
no side
0
young, porous
2
1260
hc
1741
122
1353
large ungulate
ribs
1
0
2
1260
hc
1911
122
1353
large ungulate
mandible
3
34
2
1260
hc
1913
122
1353
large ungulate
scapula
1
0
278
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
2
1260
hc
1918
122
1353
large ungulate
ribs
1
20
chopped
2
1260
hc
1312
122
1353
sheep
mandible
1
right
32
2
1260
hc
1323
122
1353
sheep
horn core
1
left
44
2
1260
hc
1330
122
1353
sheep
metatarsal
1
left
fused
9
5
2
1260
hc
1331
122
1353
sheep
humerus
1
right
fused
fused
1
GL 134
BT 27,0
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1332
122
1353
sheep
scapula
1
right
fused
31
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1333
122
1353
sheep
humerus
1
left
open
7
BT 27,7
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1334
122
1353
sheep
humerus
1
left
open
7
BT 25,9
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1335
122
1353
sheep
radius
1
right
fused
7
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1336
122
1353
sheep
tibia
1
left
open
3
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1337
122
1353
sheep
tibia
1
left
open
2
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1338
122
1353
sheep
femur
1
right
fused
7
Bd 36,5
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1339
122
1353
sheep
metatarsal
1
right
fused
3
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1340
122
1353
sheep
metacarpal
1
right
fused
fused
1
GL 113
Bp 19,5
SD 12,3
DD 8,8 Bd 22,6
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1341
122
1353
sheep
phalanx 1
1
fused
fused
1
Glpe 32,0
Bd 10,6
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1342
122
1353
sheep
phalanx 2
1
fused
fused
1
Glpe 19,1
Bd 9,0
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1343
122
1353
sheep
phalanx 3
1
fused
fused
1
DLS 25,5
Ld 21,8
MBS 5,8
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1344
122
1353
sheep
talus
1
right
1
GLl 27,4
GLm 26,6
Bd 17,8
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1388
122
1353
sheep
scapula
1
left
fused
31
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1389
122
1353
sheep
humerus
1
left
open
fused
9
BT 24,0
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1389
122
1353
sheep
humerus
1
left
fused
3
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1390
122
1353
sheep
humerus
1
right
open
2
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1390
122
1353
sheep
radius
1
left
fused
open
5
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1391
122
1353
sheep
ulna
1
right
open
10
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1392
122
1353
sheep
ulna
1
left
open
10
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1393
122
1353
sheep
ulna
1
left
fused
3
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1394
122
1353
sheep
pelvis
1
right
23
male
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1395
122
1353
sheep
pelvis
1
left
24
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1396
122
1353
sheep
pelvis
1
left
25
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1397
122
1353
sheep
pelvis
1
left
26
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1398
122
1353
sheep
pelvis
1
left
29
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1399
122
1353
sheep
femur
1
right
open
open
5
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1400
122
1353
sheep
femur
1
right
open
10
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1401
122
1353
sheep
femur
1
left
open
10
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1402
122
1353
sheep
femur
1
left
open
7
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1403
122
1353
sheep
tibia
1
left
fused
4
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1404
122
1353
sheep
tibia
1
left
open
3
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1405
122
1353
sheep
metacarpal
1
right
fused
fused
1
GL 114
Bp 20,7
SD 13,4
DD 9,0 Bd 24,2
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1406
122
1353
sheep
metacarpal
1
right
fused
fused
1
GL 121
Bp 21,8
SD 13,8
DD 8,9 Bd 24,8
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1407
122
1353
sheep
metacarpal
1
left
fused
fused
1
GL 114
Bp 20,5
SD 13,6
DD 9,2 Bd 23,9
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1408
122
1353
sheep
metacarpal
1
left
fused
fused
1
Bp 22,1
Bd 24,9
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1409
122
1353
sheep
metatarsal
1
right
fused
fused
1
GL 124
Bp 20,9
SD 12,4
DD 9,4 Bd 25,5
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1410
122
1353
sheep
metatarsal
1
right
fused
fused
1
Bd 23,0
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1411
122
1353
sheep
metatarsal
1
right
fused
7
Bd 21,5
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1412
122
1353
sheep
metatarsal
1
left
fused
open
5
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1413
122
1353
sheep
metatarsal
1
left
fused
fused
1
GL 120
Bp 18,8
SD 11,3
DD 9,3 Bd 22,8
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1414
122
1353
sheep
metatarsal
1
left
fused
fused
1
GL 118
Bp 19,4
SD 10,9
DD 9,5 Bd 22,1
sheep skeletons
279
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
2
1260
hc
1415
122
1353
sheep
metatarsal
1
left
fused
fused
1
GL 129
Bp 20,3
SD 12,0
DD 8,6 Bd 23,5
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1416
122
1353
sheep
ct
2
1
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1417
122
1353
sheep
phalanx 1
1
fused
fused
1
Glpe 31,4
Bd 11,0
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1418
122
1353
sheep
phalanx 1
1
fused
fused
1
Glpe 33,7
Bd 10,0
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1419
122
1353
sheep
phalanx 1
1
fused
fused
1
Glpe 34,3
Bd 10,5
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1420
122
1353
sheep
phalanx 1
1
fused
fused
1
Glpe 29,9
Bd 9,1
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1421
122
1353
sheep
phalanx 1
1
fused
fused
1
Glpe 33,7
Bd 11,8
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1422
122
1353
sheep
phalanx 1
1
fused
fused
1
Glpe 33,6
Bd 10,7
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1423
122
1353
sheep
phalanx 1
1
fused
fused
1
Glpe 33,5
Bd 11,1
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1424
122
1353
sheep
phalanx 1
1
fused
fused
1
Glpe 30,9
Bd 10,5
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1425
122
1353
sheep
phalanx 1
1
fused
fused
1
Glpe 32,6
Bd 11,0
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1426
122
1353
sheep
phalanx 1
1
fused
fused
1
Glpe 31,8
Bd 10,0
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1427
122
1353
sheep
phalanx 2
1
fused
fused
1
Glpe 20,5
Bd 8,9
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1428
122
1353
sheep
phalanx 2
1
fused
fused
1
Glpe 19,8
Bd 7,9
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1429
122
1353
sheep
phalanx 2
1
fused
fused
1
Glpe 19,1
Bd 7,3
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1430
122
1353
sheep
phalanx 2
1
fused
fused
1
Glpe 20,3
Bd 8,2
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1431
122
1353
sheep
phalanx 3
1
fused
fused
1
DLS 28,0
Ld 21,5
MBS 5,6
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1432
122
1353
sheep
phalanx 3
1
fused
fused
1
DLS 25,5
Ld 21,8
MBS 6,1
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1433
122
1353
sheep
phalanx 3
1
fused
fused
1
DLS 27,1
Ld 22,1
MBS 6,0
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1434
122
1353
sheep
axis
1
no side
fused
fused
1
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1435
122
1353
sheep
vert cerv
1
no side
fused
open
1
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1705
122
1353
sheep
pelvis
1
left
24
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1706
122
1353
sheep
pelvis
1
left
25
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1707
122
1353
sheep
pelvis
1
left
26
female
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1708
122
1353
sheep
pelvis
1
left
0
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1709
122
1353
sheep
scapula
1
left
0
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1710
122
1353
sheep
humerus
1
right
open
fused
9
BT 23,9
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1711
122
1353
sheep
humerus
1
right
fused
7
BT 27,6
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1712
122
1353
sheep
humerus
1
left
open
2
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1713
122
1353
sheep
radius
1
left
open
6
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1714
122
1353
sheep
radius
1
right
fused
fused
1
GL 128
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1715
122
1353
sheep
ulna
1
right
fused
3
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1716
122
1353
sheep
femur
1
right
fused
4
Bp 41,7
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1717
122
1353
sheep
tibia
1
right
fused
8
Bd 25,0
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1718
122
1353
sheep
metatarsal
1
right
fused
fused
1
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1719
122
1353
sheep
vert cerv
1
no side
fused
fused
1
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1720
122
1353
sheep
vert thor
2
no side
open
open
18+19
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1721
122
1353
sheep
femur
1
right
open
0
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1722
122
1353
sheep
calcaneus
1
right
fused
1
GL 51,4
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1723
122
1353
sheep
ct
1
1
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1724
122
1353
sheep
phalanx 1
1
open
fused
9
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1725
122
1353
sheep
phalanx 1
1
fused
fused
1
Glpe 33,5
Bd 10,3
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1726
122
1353
sheep
phalanx 1
1
fused
fused
1
Glpe 33,0
Bd 11,1
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1727
122
1353
sheep
phalanx 1
1
fused
fused
1
Glpe 31,0
Bd 10,6
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1728
122
1353
sheep
phalanx 1
1
fused
fused
1
Glpe 33,6
Bd 10,7
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1729
122
1353
sheep
phalanx 1
1
fused
fused
1
Glpe 33,8
Bd 11,4
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1730
122
1353
sheep
phalanx 1
1
fused
fused
1
Glpe 31,4
Bd 10,1
sheep skeletons
280
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
2
1260
hc
1731
122
1353
sheep
phalanx 1
1
fused
fused
1
Glpe 30,6
Bd 9,6
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1732
122
1353
sheep
phalanx 2
1
fused
fused
1
Glpe 20,0
Bd 8,4
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1733
122
1353
sheep
phalanx 3
1
fused
fused
1
DLS 24,8
MBS 5,2
Ld 20,6
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1844
122
1353
sheep
mandible
1
right
32
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1845
122
1353
sheep
mandible
1
right
32
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1846
122
1353
sheep
mandible
1
left
32
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1847
122
1353
sheep
mandible
1
no side
32
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1848
122
1353
sheep
mandible
1
34
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1849
122
1353
sheep
scapula
3
left
fused
31
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1850
122
1353
sheep
scapula
1
left
31
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1851
122
1353
sheep
scapula
2
right
fused
31
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1852
122
1353
sheep
pelvis
1
right
24+25
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1853
122
1353
sheep
pelvis
1
right
0
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1854
122
1353
sheep
pelvis
1
left
23
male
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1855
122
1353
sheep
pelvis
1
left
23
male
me ed 5,9
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1856
122
1353
sheep
pelvis
1
left
23
chopped
male
me ed 3,9
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1857
122
1353
sheep
pelvis
1
left
23
me ed 3,2
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1858
122
1353
sheep
pelvis
1
left
24+25
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1859
122
1353
sheep
humerus
1
right
open
3
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1860
122
1353
sheep
humerus
1
left
open
fused
9
BT 25,9
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1861
122
1353
sheep
humerus
1
left
fused
7
BT 28,9
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1862
122
1353
sheep
humerus
1
left
fused
7
BT 24,5
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1863
122
1353
sheep
radius
1
right
fused
open
5
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1864
122
1353
sheep
radius
1
left
fused
open
5
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1865
122
1353
sheep
radius
1
left
open
12
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1866
122
1353
sheep
radius
1
left
fused
fused
1
GL 134
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1867
122
1353
sheep
femur
1
right
open
6
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1868
122
1353
sheep
femur
1
left
fused
7
Bd 33,3
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1869
122
1353
sheep
femur
2
open
0
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1870
122
1353
sheep
tibia
1
right
11
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1871
122
1353
sheep
tibia
1
left
fused
fused
1
Bp 39,8
Bd 25,1
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1872
122
1353
sheep
tibia
1
left
fused
7
Bd 25,0
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1873
122
1353
sheep
metacarpal
1
left
fused
fused
1
GL 112
Bp 19,9
SD 13,3
DD 9,4 Bd 22,7
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1874
122
1353
sheep
talus
1
left
1
GLl 25,8
GLm 24,9
Bd 16,9
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1875
122
1353
sheep
calcaneus
1
right
fused
0
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1876
122
1353
sheep
atlas
1
no side
1
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1877
122
1353
sheep
atlas
2
no side
19
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1878
122
1353
sheep
axis
1
no side
fused
21
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1879
122
1353
sheep
vert cerv
4
no side
fused
fused
1
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1880
122
1353
sheep
vert thor
1
no side closing
open
1
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1881
122
1353
sheep
vert thor
2
no side
open
open
1
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1882
122
1353
sheep
vert thor
1
no side
open
open
18+19
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1883
122
1353
sheep
vert thor
2
no side
22
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1884
122
1353
sheep
vert lumb
1
no side
open
open
1
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1885
122
1353
sheep
vert lumb
1
no side
fused
fused
1
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1886
122
1353
sheep
vert lumb
2
no side closing
open
1
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1887
122
1353
sheep
sacrum
1
no side
closing
20
sheep skeletons
fused
281
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
2
1260
hc
1888
122
1353
sheep
vert
5
no side
0
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1889
122
1353
sheep
teeth
5
1
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1890
122
1353
sheep
teeth
2
1
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1891
122
1353
sheep
skull
1
right
43
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1892
122
1353
sheep
skull
1
left
43
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1893
122
1353
sheep
skull
1
right
42
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1894
122
1353
sheep
skull
1
right
39
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1895
122
1353
sheep
skull
1
right
39
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1896
122
1353
sheep
skull
1
left
39
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1897
122
1353
sheep
skull
1
left
39
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1898
122
1353
sheep
skull
1
left
39
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1899
122
1353
sheep
skull
1
no side
0
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1900
122
1353
sheep
skull
2
right
41
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1901
122
1353
sheep
skull
1
no side
40
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1902
122
1353
sheep
skull
1
left
41
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1903
122
1353
sheep
skull
1
right
36
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1904
122
1353
sheep
skull
1
right
40+44
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1905
122
1353
sheep
horn core
1
right
1
chopped
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1906
122
1353
sheep
horn core
1
left
1
chopped
40 70
41 26,0
42 18,6
43 76
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1907
122
1353
sheep
horn core
3
0
chopped
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1313
122
1353
sheep/goat
mandible
1
left
32
2
1260
hc
1314
122
1353
sheep/goat
mandible
1
right
33
2
1260
hc
1315
122
1353
sheep/goat
mandible
1
right
35
2
1260
hc
1324
122
1353
sheep/goat
horn core
2
0
2
1260
hc
1325
122
1353
sheep/goat
horn core
1
0
chopped
2
1260
hc
1326
122
1353
sheep/goat
skull
1
no side
43
gnawed
2
1260
hc
1327
122
1353
sheep/goat
skull
1
0
gnawed
2
1260
hc
1328
122
1353
sheep/goat
skull
1
0
2
1260
hc
1329
122
1353
sheep/goat
ulna
1
right
open
9
10
2
1260
hc
1345
122
1353
sheep/goat
teeth
1
right
0
M 3
2
1260
hc
1346
122
1353
sheep/goat
vert cerv
1
no side
open
open
19
chopped
2
1260
hc
1347
122
1353
sheep/goat
vert cerv
1
no side
open
open
18
chopped
2
1260
hc
1348
122
1353
sheep/goat
vert cerv
1
no side
fused
open
19
chopped
2
1260
hc
1353
122
1353
sheep/goat
radius
1
left
11
2
1260
hc
1354
122
1353
sheep/goat
ribs
1
20
2
1260
hc
1366
122
1353
sheep/goat
mandible
1
left
32
in 2 pieces
2
1260
hc
1367
122
1353
sheep/goat
mandible
1
right
32
2
1260
hc
1368
122
1353
sheep/goat
mandible
1
right
32
2
1260
hc
1369
122
1353
sheep/goat
mandible
2
left
33
2
1260
hc
1370
122
1353
sheep/goat
mandible
3
0
2
1260
hc
1371
122
1353
sheep/goat
teeth
1
right
1
M 3
2
1260
hc
1372
122
1353
sheep/goat
teeth
1
right
0
M 3
2
1260
hc
1373
122
1353
sheep/goat
teeth
1
left
1
M 3
2
1260
hc
1374
122
1353
sheep/goat
teeth
1
1
PM
2
1260
hc
1375
122
1353
sheep/goat
teeth
2
0
M1/2
2
1260
hc
1376
122
1353
sheep/goat
teeth
1
right
1
M 3
2
1260
hc
1377
122
1353
sheep/goat
teeth
1
left
1
M 3
282
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
2
1260
hc
1378
122
1353
sheep/goat
teeth
2
left
1
M 1/2
2
1260
hc
1379
122
1353
sheep/goat
teeth
1
left
1
PM
2
1260
hc
1380
122
1353
sheep/goat
skull
1
right
37
2
1260
hc
1381
122
1353
sheep/goat
skull
1
right
37
2
1260
hc
1382
122
1353
sheep/goat
skull
1
no side
43
in 2 pieces
2
1260
hc
1383
122
1353
sheep/goat
skull
1
left
42
2
1260
hc
1384
122
1353
sheep/goat
skull
2
0
2
1260
hc
1385
122
1353
sheep/goat
scapula
5
0
2
1260
hc
1436
122
1353
sheep/goat
axis
1
no side
19
2
1260
hc
1437
122
1353
sheep/goat
vert lumb
1
no side
open
open
1
2
1260
hc
1438
122
1353
sheep/goat
vert lumb
1
no side
fused
20
chopped
2
1260
hc
1439
122
1353
sheep/goat
sternum
1
no side
0
2
1260
hc
1440
122
1353
sheep/goat
horn core
1
45
chopped
2
1260
hc
1451
122
1353
sheep/goat
skull
1
right
38
2
1260
hc
1453
122
1353
sheep/goat
skull
2
0
2
1260
hc
1690
122
1353
sheep/goat
mandible
1
right
32
other
in 3 pieces
2
1260
hc
1691
122
1353
sheep/goat
mandible
1
34
2
1260
hc
1692
122
1353
sheep/goat
mandible
1
right
33
2
1260
hc
1693
122
1353
sheep/goat
mandible
1
0
2
1260
hc
1695
122
1353
sheep/goat
teeth
1
left
1
M 1/2
2
1260
hc
1696
122
1353
sheep/goat
teeth
1
right
1
M 1/2
2
1260
hc
1697
122
1353
sheep/goat
skull
1
right
37
2
1260
hc
1698
122
1353
sheep/goat
skull
1
right
36
2
1260
hc
1699
122
1353
sheep/goat
skull
2
left
41
2
1260
hc
1700
122
1353
sheep/goat
skull
1
0
2
1260
hc
1701
122
1353
sheep/goat
horn core
1
left
45
chopped
2
1260
hc
1702
122
1353
sheep/goat
vert cerv
1
no side
fused
open
19
chopped
2
1260
hc
1703
122
1353
sheep/goat
vert cerv
1
no side
open
open
19
2
1260
hc
1704
122
1353
sheep/goat
vert cerv
1
no side
open
21
2
1260
hc
1737
122
1353
sheep/goat
humerus
1
0
2
1260
hc
1738
122
1353
sheep/goat
femur
1
0
2
1260
hc
1740
122
1353
sheep/goat
sternum
1
no side
0
chopped
2
1260
hc
1316
122
1353
small ungulate scapula
1
0
2
1260
hc
1356
122
1353
small ungulate ribs
1
20
2
1260
hc
1357
122
1353
small ungulate ribs
7
0
2
1260
hc
1358
122
1353
small ungulate ribs
1
21
2
1260
hc
1441
122
1353
small ungulate ribs
1
20
filleting
2
1260
hc
1442
122
1353
small ungulate ribs
6
20
2
1260
hc
1443
122
1353
small ungulate ribs
30
0
2
1260
hc
1444
122
1353
small ungulate ribs
2
0
filleting
2
1260
hc
1445
122
1353
small ungulate ribs
2
21
2
1260
hc
1448
122
1353
small ungulate vert thor
2
no side
22
2
1260
hc
1452
122
1353
small ungulate shaft
1
left
0
2
1260
hc
1734
122
1353
small ungulate ribs
13
0
2
1260
hc
1735
122
1353
small ungulate ribs
1
20
2
1260
hc
1736
122
1353
small ungulate ribs
1
21
2
1260
hc
1739
122
1353
small ungulate shaft
1
0
283
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
2
1260
hc
1742
122
1353
small ungulate vert lumb
1
no side
0
2
1260
hc
1908
122
1353
small ungulate ribs
6
20
2
1260
hc
1909
122
1353
small ungulate ribs
2
21
2
1260
hc
1910
122
1353
small ungulate ribs
17
0
2
1260
hc
1919
122
1353
small ungulate shaft
1
0
2
1260
hc
1363
122
1353
unidentified
skull
7
0
2
1260
hc
1364
122
1353
unidentified
horn core
2
0
2
1260
hc
1365
122
1353
unidentified
unidentified
9
0
2
1260
hc
1450
122
1353
unidentified
vert
3
no side
0
2
1260
hc
1454
122
1353
unidentified
horn core
6
0
2
1260
hc
1455
122
1353
unidentified
skull
6
0
2
1260
hc
1457
122
1353
unidentified
unidentified
39
0
2
1260
hc
1743
122
1353
unidentified
skull
1
0
2
1260
hc
1744
122
1353
unidentified
unidentified
3
0
2
1260
hc
1920
122
1353
unidentified
horn core
1
0
2
1260
hc
1922
122
1353
unidentified
unidentified
1
0
gnawed
2
1260
hc
1923
122
1353
unidentified
skull
31
0
2
1260
hc
1924
122
1353
unidentified
unidentified
92
0
2
1260
hc
1510
130
1353
cattle
teeth
1
left
1
I/C
2
1260
hc
1512
130
1353
cattle
teeth
1
right
1
M 1/2
2
1260
hc
1513
130
1353
cattle
teeth
1
left
1
M 1/2
2
1260
hc
1523
130
1353
cattle
pelvis
1
left
open
25
2
1260
hc
1524
130
1353
cattle
scapula
1
right
open
31
in 2 pieces
2
1260
hc
1525
130
1353
cattle
femur
1
right
open
12
2
1260
hc
1526
130
1353
cattle
skull
1
right
40
calv
2
1260
hc
1551
130
1353
large ungulate
vert thor
1
no side
fused
fused
18+19
2
1260
hc
1554
130
1353
large ungulate
ribs
1
0
2
1260
hc
1518
130
1353
pig
mandible
1
left
32
female
2
1260
hc
1527
130
1353
pig
skull
1
left
42
2
1260
hc
1530
130
1353
sheep
scapula
1
left
fused
31
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1531
130
1353
sheep
humerus
1
right
fused
3
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1532
130
1353
sheep
humerus
1
right
fused
8
BT 24,8
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1533
130
1353
sheep
humerus
1
left
fused
3
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1534
130
1353
sheep
humerus
1
left
fused
7
BT 27,1
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1535
130
1353
sheep
radius
1
right
fused
fused
1
gnawed
GL 141
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1536
130
1353
sheep
ulna
1
right
10
gnawed
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1537
130
1353
sheep
pelvis
1
left
26
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1538
130
1353
sheep
pelvis
1
left
25
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1539
130
1353
sheep
femur
1
right
fused
7
chopped
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1540
130
1353
sheep
femur
1
right
fused
7
Bd 35,6
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1541
130
1353
sheep
femur
1
right
fused
7
Bd 36,5
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1542
130
1353
sheep
femur
1
left
open
10
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1543
130
1353
sheep
tibia
1
left
open
13
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1544
130
1353
sheep
tibia
1
right
open
15
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1545
130
1353
sheep
tibia
1
left
fused
7
Bd 23,7
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1546
130
1353
sheep
atlas
1
no side
3
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1547
130
1353
sheep
vert lumb
2
no side closing
open
1
sheep skeletons
284
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
2
1260
hc
1548
130
1353
sheep
vert lumb
1
no side
fused
fused
1
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1505
130
1353
sheep/goat
mandible
1
left
32
in 6 pieces
2
1260
hc
1506
130
1353
sheep/goat
mandible
1
right
32
in 2 pieces
2
1260
hc
1507
130
1353
sheep/goat
mandible
1
left
33
in 3 pieces
2
1260
hc
1508
130
1353
sheep/goat
mandible
1
34
2
1260
hc
1509
130
1353
sheep/goat
teeth
3
left
1
M 1/2
2
1260
hc
1511
130
1353
sheep/goat
teeth
1
1
PM
2
1260
hc
1514
130
1353
sheep/goat
teeth
2
left
1
M3
2
1260
hc
1515
130
1353
sheep/goat
teeth
3
left
1
M 1/2
2
1260
hc
1516
130
1353
sheep/goat
skull
1
left
37
2
1260
hc
1517
130
1353
sheep/goat
teeth
1
0
2
1260
hc
1520
130
1353
sheep/goat
scapula
3
0
2
1260
hc
1521
130
1353
sheep/goat
skull
1
left
0
2
1260
hc
1528
130
1353
sheep/goat
skull
1
left
42
2
1260
hc
1529
130
1353
sheep/goat
skull
1
0
2
1260
hc
1549
130
1353
sheep/goat
tibia
1
0
2
1260
hc
1550
130
1353
sheep/goat
pelvis
1
left
0
2
1260
hc
1552
130
1353
small ungulate vert lumb
2
no side
0
2
1260
hc
1556
130
1353
small ungulate ribs
5
0
2
1260
hc
1557
130
1353
small ungulate ribs
1
21
2
1260
hc
1558
130
1353
small ungulate shaft
4
0
2
1260
hc
1519
130
1353
unidentified
mandible
2
0
2
1260
hc
1522
130
1353
unidentified
pelvis
1
0
2
1260
hc
1553
130
1353
unidentified
vert
1
no side
0
2
1260
hc
1555
130
1353
unidentified
ribs
1
0
2
1260
hc
1559
130
1353
unidentified
horn core
9
0
2
1260
hc
1560
130
1353
unidentified
skull
10
0
2
1260
hc
1561
130
1353
unidentified
unidentified
64
0
2
1260
1
3022
137
1353
sheep
metatarsal
1
fused
7
2
1260
1
3023
137
1353
small ungulate vert
1
no side
0
2
1260
1
3026
137
1353
small ungulate ribs
1
0
2
1260
1
3024
137
1353
unidentified
unidentified
5
0
burnt
2
1260
1
3025
137
1353
unidentified
teeth
1
0
2
1260
1
3027
137
1353
unidentified
unidentified
53
0
2
1359
hc
2072
81
1360
cattle
femur
1
left
open
10
2
1359
hc
2073
81
1360
cattle
scapula
1
left
0
gnawed
in 2 pieces
2
1359
hc
2074
81
1360
unidentified
unidentified
5
0
2
1359
hc
2154
105
1360
cattle
metatarsal
1
right
open
5
2
1359
hc
2155
105
1360
pig
mandible
1
0
2
1359
hc
2156
105
1360
unidentified
unidentified
2
0
other in 4 pieces
2
1359
hc
2157
111
1360
cattle
teeth
1
1
2
1359
hc
2158
111
1360
cattle
teeth
1
left
1
I
2
1359
hc
2159
111
1360
large ungulate
shaft
1
0
2
1359
hc
2160
111
1360
small ungulate ribs
1
0
2
1359
hc
2161
111
1360
unidentified
ribs
1
0
2
1363
hc
2075
82
1364
unidentified
unidentified
5
0
2
1363
1
2929
108
1364
unidentified
unidentified
38
0
285
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
2
1363
1
2930
108
1364
unidentified
unidentified
4
0
2
1260
hc
1925
93
1367
cattle
teeth
1
0
M
2
1260
hc
1926
93
1367
cattle
teeth
1
0
pd 4
2
1260
hc
1927
93
1367
cattle
scapula
1
left
fused
31
2
1260
hc
1928
93
1367
cattle
radius
1
right
fused
fused
1
in 2 pieces
2
1260
hc
1929
93
1367
cattle
metatarsal
1
left
fused
5
2
1260
hc
1930
93
1367
cattle
metacarpal
1
right
fused
4
2
1260
hc
1931
93
1367
large ungulate
radius
1
0
2
1260
hc
1932
93
1367
large ungulate
vert thor
2
no side
0
2
1260
hc
1933
93
1367
large ungulate
skull
2
0
2
1260
hc
1934
93
1367
unidentified
unidentified
8
0
2
1260
hc
1745
102
1367
cattle
teeth
6
0
M
2
1260
hc
1746
102
1367
cattle
teeth
2
0
M
2
1260
hc
1747
102
1367
cattle
teeth
1
0
PM
2
1260
hc
1751
102
1367
cattle
talus
1
left
0
2
1260
hc
1752
102
1367
cattle
metacarpal
1
left
fused
3
chopped
2
1260
hc
1753
102
1367
cattle
scapula
1
right
fused
0
2
1260
hc
1754
102
1367
large ungulate
scapula
1
0
2
1260
hc
1757
102
1367
large ungulate
ribs
3
0
2
1260
hc
1758
102
1367
large ungulate
ribs
2
0
gnawed
2
1260
hc
1762
102
1367
large ungulate
shaft
1
0
2
1260
hc
1749
102
1367
pig
teeth
1
0
I
2
1260
hc
1750
102
1367
pig
calcaneus
1
left
open
0
2
1260
hc
1755
102
1367
pig
tibia
1
left
0
2
1260
hc
1748
102
1367
sheep/goat
teeth
3
1
M
2
1260
hc
1756
102
1367
sheep/goat
humerus
1
right
12
2
1260
hc
1759
102
1367
small ungulate ribs
3
0
one in 2 pieces
2
1260
hc
1761
102
1367
small ungulate shaft
1
0
gnawed
2
1260
hc
1760
102
1367
unidentified
skull
1
0
2
1260
hc
1763
102
1367
unidentified
unidentified
56
0
2
1260
hc
1764
102
1367
unidentified
unidentified
1
0
gnawed
2
1260
hc
1085
110
1367
cattle
teeth
1
right
1
M 1/2
2
1260
hc
1086
110
1367
cattle
teeth
1
0
pd 4
2
1260
hc
1087
110
1367
cattle
teeth
1
1
PM 2
2
1260
hc
1091
110
1367
cattle
femur
1
left
fused
3
path
2
1260
hc
1092
110
1367
cattle
humerus
1
left
fused
7
BT 67,1
2
1260
hc
1093
110
1367
cattle
radiusulna
1
left
fused
4
ulna only shaft
2
1260
hc
1094
110
1367
cattle
horn core
1
left
1
chopped
44,174
45 67,2
46 43,5
47,179
very oval in form
2
1260
hc
1089
110
1367
large ungulate
mandible
1
0
2
1260
hc
1090
110
1367
large ungulate
scapula
1
right
0
2
1260
hc
1099
110
1367
large ungulate
shaft
1
0
2
1260
hc
1096
110
1367
sheep
radius
1
right
fused
fused
1
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1088
110
1367
sheep/goat
teeth
1
0
M 1/2
2
1260
hc
1095
110
1367
sheep/goat
femur
1
right
open
12
2
1260
hc
1097
110
1367
small ungulate ribs
1
0
2
1260
hc
1098
110
1367
small ungulate shaft
1
0
2
1260
hc
1100
110
1367
unidentified
1
0
horn core
286
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
2
1260
hc
1101
110
1367
unidentified
unidentified
54
0
2
1260
hc
1130
115
1367
cattle
teeth
2
right
1
M 1/2
2
1260
hc
1131
115
1367
cattle
teeth
3
right
1
M 1/2
2
1260
hc
1132
115
1367
cattle
teeth
2
left
1
M 1/2
2
1260
hc
1133
115
1367
cattle
teeth
1
1
PM
2
1260
hc
1140
115
1367
cattle
tibia
1
left
open
fused
9
Bd 52,8
in 3 pieces
2
1260
hc
1141
115
1367
cattle
tibia
1
left
open
2
blg not 1140?
2
1260
hc
1142
115
1367
cattle
humerus
1
left
open
12
in 2 pieces
2
1260
hc
1143
115
1367
cattle
calcaneus
1
left
0
2
1260
hc
1145
115
1367
cattle
talus
1
right
1
GLl 61,0
GLm 55,5
Bd 38,6
2
1260
hc
1138
115
1367
large ungulate
scapula
3
0
2
1260
hc
1146
115
1367
large ungulate
ribs
3
0
2
1260
hc
1147
115
1367
large ungulate
vert thor
1
no side
22
2
1260
hc
1149
115
1367
large ungulate
shaft
1
0
5
2
1260
hc
1136
115
1367
pig
teeth
1
0
blg 1137?
2
1260
hc
1137
115
1367
pig
mandible
1
right
32
male
2
1260
hc
1144
115
1367
pig
pelvis
1
left
23
in 2 pieces
2
1260
hc
1134
115
1367
sheep/goat
teeth
4
1
M 1/2
2
1260
hc
1139
115
1367
small ungulate scapula
1
right
31
2
1260
hc
1135
115
1367
unidentified
hyoideum
1
0
2
1260
hc
1148
115
1367
unidentified
vert
4
no side
0
2
1260
hc
1150
115
1367
unidentified
skull
1
0
2
1260
hc
1151
115
1367
unidentified
unidentified
27
0
2
1260
hc
1185
118
1367
cattle
teeth
1
right
1
M 1/2
2
1260
hc
1186
118
1367
cattle
teeth
1
right
1
M 3
2
1260
hc
1187
118
1367
cattle
teeth
1
right
1
M 1/2
2
1260
hc
1190
118
1367
cattle
mandible
1
left
35
in 3 pieces
2
1260
hc
1192
118
1367
cattle
pelvis
1
right
26
other
female
2
1260
hc
1193
118
1367
cattle
pelvis
1
left
open
25
2
1260
hc
1194
118
1367
cattle
pelvis
1
left
0
gnawed
2
1260
hc
1195
118
1367
large ungulate
shaft
2
0
2
1260
hc
1196
118
1367
large ungulate
skull
1
0
2
1260
hc
1188
118
1367
sheep/goat
teeth
1
left
1
M 1/2
2
1260
hc
1189
118
1367
sheep/goat
mandible
1
right
32
in 4 pieces
2
1260
hc
1197
118
1367
sheep/goat
vert thor
1
no side
fused
fused
1
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1198
118
1367
small ungulate vert
1
no side
0
2
1260
hc
1199
118
1367
small ungulate ribs
1
21
2
1260
hc
1191
118
1367
unidentified
mandible
2
0
2
1260
hc
1200
118
1367
unidentified
unidentified
40
0
2
1260
hc
1275
121
1367
cattle
teeth
4
0
M 1/2
2
1260
hc
1276
121
1367
cattle
teeth
1
0
pd 4
2
1260
hc
1277
121
1367
cattle
teeth
1
0
pd 3
2
1260
hc
1285
121
1367
cattle
metatarsal
2
fused
0
2
1260
hc
1286
121
1367
cattle
radius
1
left
open
6
2
1260
hc
1287
121
1367
cattle
metapodial
1
0
2
1260
hc
1289
121
1367
cattle
axis
1
no side
fused
open
18+19
2
1260
hc
1290
121
1367
cattle
phalanx 1
1
fused
fused
1
287
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
2
1260
hc
1303
121
1367
large ungulate
vert cerv
2
no side
22
2
1260
hc
1304
121
1367
large ungulate
vert
3
no side
0
2
1260
hc
1307
121
1367
large ungulate
ribs
1
0
filleting
2
1260
hc
1308
121
1367
large ungulate
ribs
2
0
2
1260
hc
1309
121
1367
large ungulate
shaft
1
0
2
1260
hc
1283
121
1367
pig
mandible
1
right
32
L 32,6
B 15,4
M 3
2
1260
hc
1284
121
1367
pig
teeth
1
left
1
L 32,8
B 14,9
M3
2
1260
hc
1288
121
1367
pig
tibia
1
right
open
14
gnawed
in 2 pieces
2
1260
hc
1294
121
1367
pig
humerus
1
right
12
2
1260
hc
1296
121
1367
sheep
tibia
1
right
fused
7
Bd 23,0
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1298
121
1367
sheep
phalanx 1
1
fused
fused
1
Glpe 34,0
Bd 10,3
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1299
121
1367
sheep
phalanx 2
1
fused
fused
1
Glpe 20,2
Bd 7,9
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1300
121
1367
sheep
phalanx 2
1
fused
fused
1
Glpe 19,1
Bd 8,1
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1301
121
1367
sheep
phalanx 3
1
fused
fused
1
DLS 25,7
Ld 18,6
MBS 6,5
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1302
121
1367
sheep
phalanx 3
1
fused
fused
1
DLS 25,7
Ld 18,9
MBS 6,4
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1278
121
1367
sheep/goat
teeth
1
right
0
M 3
2
1260
hc
1279
121
1367
sheep/goat
teeth
1
0
M 1/2
2
1260
hc
1280
121
1367
sheep/goat
teeth
1
0
M 1/2
2
1260
hc
1281
121
1367
sheep/goat
teeth
1
right
1
M3
2
1260
hc
1291
121
1367
sheep/goat
phalanx 1
1
fused
7
2
1260
hc
1292
121
1367
sheep/goat
talus
1
0
2
1260
hc
1293
121
1367
sheep/goat
vert lumb
1
no side
fused
fused
18+19
2
1260
hc
1295
121
1367
sheep/goat
vert lumb
1
no side
fused
fused
1
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1297
121
1367
sheep/goat
tarsi
1
1
sheep skeletons, ct
2
1260
hc
1306
121
1367
small ungulate ribs
1
0
filleting
2
1260
hc
1282
121
1367
unidentified
teeth
2
0
2
1260
hc
1305
121
1367
unidentified
skull
5
0
2
1260
hc
1310
121
1367
unidentified
unidentified
19
0
2
1260
hc
1311
121
1367
unidentified
unidentified
2
0
gnawed
2
1260
hc
1458
128
1367
cattle
teeth
1
left
1
M 1/2
2
1260
hc
1459
128
1367
cattle
teeth
1
left
1
PM
2
1260
hc
1460
128
1367
cattle
teeth
1
left
0
pd 4
2
1260
hc
1461
128
1367
cattle
teeth
1
0
M 1/2
2
1260
hc
1467
128
1367
cattle
phalanx 1
1
fused
fused
1
Glpe 53,2
Bd 25,9
2
1260
hc
1468
128
1367
cattle
carpi
1
1
Ci
2
1260
hc
1469
128
1367
cattle
tibia
1
left
fused
7
Bd 52,9
2
1260
hc
1471
128
1367
cattle
metapodial
1
0
2
1260
hc
1465
128
1367
large ungulate
scapula
2
0
2
1260
hc
1470
128
1367
large ungulate
tibia
1
0
2
1260
hc
1475
128
1367
large ungulate
shaft
1
0
chopped
2
1260
hc
1476
128
1367
large ungulate
shaft
1
0
2
1260
hc
1477
128
1367
large ungulate
vert thor
2
no side
0
2
1260
hc
1478
128
1367
large ungulate
vert lumb
2
no side
0
2
1260
hc
1479
128
1367
large ungulate
vert
1
no side
0
2
1260
hc
1480
128
1367
large ungulate
ribs
3
0
2
1260
hc
1463
128
1367
pig
teeth
1
1
M 1/2
2
1260
hc
1464
128
1367
pig
teeth
1
1
M 1/2
288
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
g
2
1260
hc
1472
128
1367
pig
humerus
1
left
open
7
gnawed
2
1260
hc
1462
128
1367
sheep/goat
teeth
1
1
M 1/2
2
1260
hc
1473
128
1367
sheep/goat
tibia
1
11
2
1260
hc
1466
128
1367
small ungulate scapula
1
0
2
1260
hc
1474
128
1367
small ungulate shaft
1
0
2
1260
hc
1481
128
1367
unidentified
unidentified
22
0
1
1020
1
2957
120
1369
sheep/goat
teeth
1
1
pd4
1
1020
1
2958
120
1369
unidentified
teeth
3
0
1
1020
1
2959
120
1369
unidentified
unidentified
13
0
1
1020
1
2960
120
1369
unidentified
unidentified
3
0
burnt
1
1020
hc
844
86
1370
cattle
femur
1
right
open
14
in 2 pieces, small
1
1020
1
2961
121
1370
unidentified
unidentified
3
0
1
1372
hc
2098
89
1373
bird
ulna
1
open
open
1
blg tgh with 2 next?
1
1372
hc
2099
89
1373
bird
femur
1
8
blg tgh with pre and next?
1
1372
hc
2100
89
1373
bird
metatarsal
1
7
blg tgh with 2 above?
1
1372
hc
2101
89
1373
bird
femur
1
left
fused
fused
1
hen?
1
1372
hc
2102
89
1373
bird
humerus
1
right
fused
fused
1
hen?
1
1372
hc
2103
89
1373
bird
humerus
1
left
fused
fused
1
hen?
1
1372
hc
2104
89
1373
bird
radius
1
fused
8
hen?
1
1372
hc
2105
89
1373
bird
ulna
1
fused
fused
1
hen?
1
1372
hc
2106
89
1373
bird
tibia
1
right
fused
fused
1
hen?
1
1372
hc
2107
89
1373
bird
tibia
1
left
fused
fused
1
hen?
1
1372
hc
2085
89
1373
cattle
teeth
1
0
1
1372
hc
2086
89
1373
cattle
scapula
1
left
31
1
1372
hc
2087
89
1373
cattle
femur
1
0
1
1372
hc
2088
89
1373
large ungulate
femur
3
0
1
1372
hc
2095
89
1373
large ungulate
ribs
1
0
filleting
1
1372
hc
2096
89
1373
large ungulate
ribs
7
0
1
1372
hc
2097
89
1373
large ungulate
pelvis
1
0
1
1372
hc
2089
89
1373
pig
femur
1
right
open
open
9
in 2 pieces
1
1372
hc
2090
89
1373
sheep/goat
tibia
1
right
12
1
1372
hc
2091
89
1373
sheep/goat
mandible
1
left
32
in 2 pieces
1
1372
hc
2092
89
1373
sheep/goat
vert cerv
1
no side
fused
fused
1
articulates with 2093?
1
1372
hc
2093
89
1373
sheep/goat
vert cerv
1
no side
fused
open
1
articulates with 2092?
1
1372
hc
2094
89
1373
sheep/goat
vert cerv
1
no side
open
0
1
1372
hc
2108
89
1373
unidentified
unidentified
16
0
1
1372
1
2962
122
1373
bird
skull
4
no side
43
Gallus gallus
1
1372
1
2963
122
1373
bird
vert
1
no side
1
1
1372
1
2964
122
1373
bird
unidentified
1
0
articulare, gallus
1
1372
1
2965
122
1373
unidentified
unidentified
14
0
1
1372
1
2966
122
1373
unidentified
unidentified
1
0
burnt
1
1317
hc
1006
107
1374
large ungulate
mandible
2
0
1
1317
hc
1007
107
1374
unidentified
unidentified
2
0
1
1317
1
3018
127
1374
unidentified
unidentified
4
0
3
1375
1
3039
141
1377
unidentified
unidentified
1
0
burnt
3
1375
1
3040
141
1377
unidentified
unidentified
13
0
SK085/86
hc
2135
100
1384
cattle
talus
1
right
1
other
Bd 34,7
blg tgt with 2136?
289
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
g
SK085/86
hc
2136
100
1384
cattle
calcaneus
1
right
8
gnawed
blg tgt with 2135?
g
SK085/86
hc
2137
100
1384
cattle
teeth
1
0
g
SK085/86
hc
2138
100
1384
cattle
phalanx 2
1
fused
1
g
SK085/86
hc
2142
100
1384
large ungulate
ribs
2
0
g
SK085/86
hc
2141
100
1384
pig
metapodial
1
0
g
SK085/86
hc
2143
100
1384
pig
ulna
1
0
g
SK085/86
hc
2140
100
1384
sheep/goat
teeth
1
0
g
SK085/86
hc
2139
100
1384
small ungulate scapula
1
0
g
SK085/86
hc
2144
100
1384
unidentified
unidentified
3
0
gnawed
g
SK085/86
hc
2145
100
1384
unidentified
unidentified
52
0
g
SK089
hc
2311
159
1386
cat
skull
3
0
grave cat
g
SK089
hc
2312
159
1386
cat
mandible
1
right
1
grave cat
g
SK089
hc
2313
159
1386
cat
vert cerv
1
no side
fused
fused
1
grave cat
g
SK089
hc
2314
159
1386
cat
vert thor
1
no side
fused
closing
1
grave cat
g
SK089
hc
2315
159
1386
cat
vert lumb
2
no side
fused
closing
1
grave cat
g
SK089
hc
2316
159
1386
cat
vert caud
1
no side
fused
fused
1
grave cat
g
SK089
hc
2317
159
1386
cat
sternum
1
no side
1
grave cat
g
SK089
hc
2318
159
1386
cat
ribs
1
1
grave cat
g
SK089
hc
2319
159
1386
cat
ribs
5
20
grave cat
g
SK089
hc
2320
159
1386
cat
ribs
5
21
grave cat
g
SK089
hc
2321
159
1386
cat
ribs
16
0
grave cat
g
SK089
hc
2322
159
1386
cat
humerus
1
right
fused
7
Bd 15,1
grave cat
g
SK089
hc
2323
159
1386
cat
humerus
1
right
closing
3
grave cat
g
SK089
hc
2324
159
1386
cat
radius
1
right
fused
3
grave cat
g
SK089
hc
2325
159
1386
cat
radius
1
right
fused
7
grave cat
g
SK089
hc
2326
159
1386
cat
ulna
1
right
fused
4
grave cat
g
SK089
hc
2327
159
1386
cat
ulna
1
left
fused
3
grave cat
g
SK089
hc
2328
159
1386
cat
tibia
1
left
fused
7
Bd 12,4
grave cat
g
SK089
hc
2329
159
1386
cat
calcaneus
1
right
fused
1
GL 22,8
grave cat
g
SK089
hc
2330
159
1386
cat
metacarpal
4
0
grave cat
g
SK089
hc
2331
159
1386
cat
metatarsal
4
fused
1
gravecat
g
SK089
hc
2332
159
1386
cat
metapodial
1
0
gravecat
g
SK089
hc
2301
159
1386
cattle
teeth
2
0
g
SK089
hc
2302
159
1386
cattle
ct
1
0
30%
g
SK089
hc
2307
159
1386
large ungulate
skull
2
0
g
SK089
hc
2308
159
1386
large ungulate
shaft
6
0
g
SK089
hc
2306
159
1386
pig
humerus
1
left
12
g
SK089
hc
2303
159
1386
sheep
metatarsal
1
right
5
g
SK089
hc
2304
159
1386
sheep/goat
teeth
1
0
g
SK089
hc
2305
159
1386
sheep/goat
radiusulna
1
0
g
SK089
hc
2309
159
1386
small ungulate mandible
2
0
g
SK089
hc
2310
159
1386
unidentified
unidentified
40
0
g
SK090
hc
2146
101
1387
cattle
calcaneus
1
open
2
g
SK090
hc
2149
101
1387
large ungulate
shaft
1
0
g
SK090
hc
2150
101
1387
large ungulate
skull
1
0
g
SK090
hc
2151
101
1387
large ungulate
ribs
1
0
g
SK090
hc
2152
101
1387
large ungulate
ribs
1
21
in 3 pieces
290
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
g
SK090
hc
2148
101
1387
sheep
metacarpal
1
right
closing
7
Bd 22,9
g
SK090
hc
2147
101
1387
sheep/goat
humerus
1
left
closing
6
g
SK090
hc
2153
101
1387
unidentified
unidentified
8
0
g
SK 89
1
3019
128
1390
small ungulate vert
2
no side
0
3
1375
hc
2233
134
1396
cattle
teeth
1
left
1
I
3
1375
hc
2234
134
1396
cattle
teeth
5
0
3
1375
hc
2235
134
1396
cattle
teeth
3
0
3
1375
hc
2236
134
1396
cattle
skull
1
left
37
3
1375
hc
2237
134
1396
cattle
skull
1
left
41
3
1375
hc
2240
134
1396
large ungulate
scapula
1
0
3
1375
hc
2241
134
1396
large ungulate
ribs
1
0
3
1375
hc
2242
134
1396
large ungulate
pelvis
1
0
3
1375
hc
2244
134
1396
rabbit
humerus
1
right
12
rabbit elbow
3
1375
hc
2245
134
1396
rabbit
radius
1
right
fused
4
rabbit elbow
3
1375
hc
2246
134
1396
rabbit
ulna
1
right
13
rabbit elbow
3
1375
hc
2247
134
1396
rabbit
pelvis
1
right
1
rabbit rear end
3
1375
hc
2248
134
1396
rabbit
pelvis
1
left
1
rabbit rear end
3
1375
hc
2249
134
1396
rabbit
tibia
1
right
fused
5
rabbit rear end
3
1375
hc
2238
134
1396
sheep/goat
teeth
1
0
3
1375
hc
2239
134
1396
sheep/goat
radius
1
left
14
3
1375
hc
2243
134
1396
small ungulate shaft
1
0
3
1375
hc
2250
134
1396
unidentified
skull
14
0
3
1375
hc
2251
134
1396
unidentified
teeth
1
0
3
1375
hc
2252
134
1396
unidentified
unidentified
20
0
3
1375
1
3033
139
1396
bird
metatarsal
1
fused
6
bigger than hen?
3
1375
1
3032
139
1396
mouse
teeth
1
1
I
3
1375
1
3034
139
1396
pig
phalanx 2
1
open
fused
9
3
1375
1
3035
139
1396
unidentified
unidentified
2
0
burnt
3
1375
1
3036
139
1396
unidentified
unidentified
43
0
3
1375
hc
2219
133
1397
cattle
teeth
1
0
3
1375
hc
2220
133
1397
cattle
teeth
1
0
3
1375
hc
2221
133
1397
cattle
teeth
1
0
3
1375
hc
2222
133
1397
cattle
metapodial
1
fused
0
3
1375
hc
2223
133
1397
cattle
radius
1
right
fused
0
3
1375
hc
2224
133
1397
cattle
radius
1
left
fused
0
3
1375
hc
2225
133
1397
large ungulate
mandible
1
0
3
1375
hc
2226
133
1397
large ungulate
ulna
1
11
3
1375
hc
2227
133
1397
large ungulate
vert cerv
1
no side
0
3
1375
hc
2228
133
1397
large ungulate
ribs
1
0
3
1375
hc
2229
133
1397
large ungulate
ribs
1
0
filleting
3
1375
hc
2230
133
1397
pig
talus
1
left
1
a bit broken.
3
1375
hc
2231
133
1397
unidentified
skull
4
0
3
1375
hc
2232
133
1397
unidentified
unidentified
7
0
3
1375
1
3028
138
1397
small ungulate shaft
1
0
3
1375
1
3029
138
1397
unidentified
skull
2
0
3
1375
1
3030
138
1397
unidentified
unidentified
138
0
3
1375
1
3031
138
1397
unidentified
unidentified
19
0
291
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
g
SK088
hc
2162
112
1409
cattle
pelvis
1
left
open
24
in 2pieces
g
SK088
hc
2163
112
1409
cattle
skull
1
left
41
50% front
g
SK088
hc
2164
112
1409
cattle
skull
1
0
g
SK088
hc
2165
112
1409
unidentified
shaft
1
0
g
SK088
hc
2166
112
1409
unidentified
unidentified
17
0
g
SK097
hc
2167
113
1430
cattle
teeth
2
0
g
SK100
hc
2168
123
1437
cattle
phalanx 2
1
fused
1
g
SK100
hc
2171
123
1437
large ungulate
ribs
1
0
filleting
g
SK100
hc
2169
123
1437
sheep/goat
metapodial
1
open
0
g
SK100
hc
2170
123
1437
sheep/goat
teeth
1
0
g
SK100
hc
2172
123
1437
unidentified
teeth
1
0
g
SK100
hc
2173
123
1437
unidentified
unidentified
12
0
g
SK102
hc
2174
124
1440
cattle
teeth
1
0
g
SK102
hc
2175
124
1440
cattle
teeth
1
0
g
SK102
hc
2176
124
1440
sheep
metacarpal
1
12
in 2 pieces
g
SK102
hc
2177
124
1440
sheep/goat
teeth
1
0
g
SK102
hc
2178
124
1440
unidentified
unidentified
13
0
g
SK106
hc
2179
125
1449
cattle
teeth
1
0
g
SK110
hc
2197
131
1458
cattle
teeth
1
0
3
1375
1
3048
145
1466
large ungulate
ribs
1
0
3
1375
1
3049
145
1466
pig
teeth
1
1
pd 4
3
1375
1
3050
145
1466
unidentified
unidentified
22
0
3
1375
1
3037
140
1468
bird
humerus
1
fused
5
wader‐sized modern?
3
1375
1
3038
140
1468
unidentified
unidentified
24
0
3
1375
1
3045
144
1471
small ungulate shaft
1
0
3
1375
1
3046
144
1471
unidentified
unidentified
2
0
burnt
3
1375
1
3047
144
1471
unidentified
unidentified
13
0
3
1375
hc
2201
132
1472
cattle
mandible
1
left
32
in 12 pieces
3
1375
hc
2202
132
1472
cattle
teeth
4
0
M 1‐3
3
1375
hc
2203
132
1472
cattle
skull
1
right
37
3
1375
hc
2204
132
1472
cattle
skull
3
0
3
1375
hc
2205
132
1472
cattle
skull
2
left
41
thus, 2 skulls
3
1375
hc
2206
132
1472
cattle
skull
5
0
3
1375
hc
2207
132
1472
cattle
horn core
1
left
44
juv
3
1375
hc
2208
132
1472
cattle
femur
1
left
12
gnawed
3
1375
hc
2209
132
1472
cattle
metatarsal
1
right
15
root etching?
3
1375
hc
2210
132
1472
cattle
scapula
1
left
0
3
1375
hc
2211
132
1472
cattle
teeth
1
0
3
1375
hc
2212
132
1472
cattle
talus
1
right
14
3
1375
hc
2213
132
1472
cattle
sesamoid
1
1
3
1375
hc
2214
132
1472
cattle
fibula/malleolare
1
1
malleolare
3
1375
hc
2215
132
1472
sheep/goat
calcaneus
1
left
14
3
1375
hc
2216
132
1472
small ungulate ribs
1
0
3
1375
hc
2217
132
1472
unidentified
skull
26
0
cattle
3
1375
hc
2218
132
1472
unidentified
unidentified
47
0
3
1375
1
3041
142
1472
mouse
teeth
1
1
I
3
1375
1
3043
142
1472
sheep/goat
metatarsal
1
7
292
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
g
3
1375
1
3042
142
1472
small animal
unidentified
2
0
3
1375
1
3044
142
1472
unidentified
unidentified
20
0
2
1475
hc
1562
149
1477
cattle
teeth
3
0
M
2
1475
hc
1563
149
1477
cattle
radius
1
right
fused
3
2
1475
hc
1564
149
1477
cattle
ulna
1
left
10
2
1475
hc
1566
149
1477
cattle
phalanx 2
2
fused
fused
1
2
1475
hc
1567
149
1477
cattle
calcaneus
1
left
open
1
2
1475
hc
1568
149
1477
cattle
tibia
1
right
fused
7
Bd 58,4
2
1475
hc
1569
149
1477
cattle
pelvis
1
left
23
female
me ed 5,4
2
1475
hc
1572
149
1477
cattle
teeth
2
right
1
i/c
2
1475
hc
1573
149
1477
cattle
teeth
1
1
pd 3
2
1475
hc
1570
149
1477
horse
teeth
1
1
almost unworn
2
1475
hc
1571
149
1477
large ungulate
mandible
1
0
2
1475
hc
1565
149
1477
pig
mandible
1
left
33
in 3 pieces
2
1475
hc
1575
149
1477
small ungulate shaft
3
0
2
1475
hc
1574
149
1477
unidentified
teeth
3
0
2
1475
hc
1576
149
1477
unidentified
unidentified
24
0
2
1475
hc
1944
150
1477
cattle
teeth
1
0
M
2
1475
hc
1945
150
1477
large ungulate
mandible
1
0
2
1475
hc
1946
150
1477
large ungulate
ribs
1
0
2
1475
hc
1947
150
1477
unidentified
ribs
1
0
in 3 pieces
2
1475
hc
1948
150
1477
unidentified
unidentified
4
0
2
1475
1
3060
151
1477
unidentified
unidentified
11
0
2
1475
1
3061
151
1477
unidentified
unidentified
1
0
burnt
2
1475
hc
1579
154
1477
cattle
teeth
1
0
M 1/2
2
1475
hc
1580
154
1477
cattle
teeth
2
1
pd 4
2
1475
hc
1581
154
1477
cattle
teeth
1
1
pd 3
2
1475
hc
1582
154
1477
cattle
metacarpal
1
right
fused
fused
1
2
1475
hc
1583
154
1477
cattle
tibia
1
right
fused
8
Bd 55,9
in 2 pieces
2
1475
hc
1584
154
1477
cattle
scapula
1
left
0
2
1475
hc
1586
154
1477
cattle
skull
1
left
41
2
1475
hc
1585
154
1477
horse
scapula
1
right
0
2
1475
hc
1587
154
1477
pig
skull
1
left
37
in 2 pieces
2
1475
hc
1588
154
1477
sheep
horn core
1
right
44
chopped
40,156
41 57,9
42 42,4
2
1475
hc
1589
154
1477
unidentified
unidentified
3
0
2
1475
hc
2294
155
1477
sheep/goat
humerus
1
left
12
2
1475
hc
2295
155
1477
unidentified
unidentified
2
0
2
1475
1
3068
155
1477
unidentified
unidentified
17
0
2
1475
1
3069
155
1477
unidentified
unidentified
1
0
burnt
2
1482
hc
2256
137
1483
unidentified
unidentified
1
0
burnt
2
1485
hc
2257
138
1486
unidentified
unidentified
1
0
2
1487
hc
2258
139
1488
unidentified
unidentified
4
0
2
1498
hc
2259
140
1499
unidentified
unidentified
1
0
2
1502
1
3051
147
1503
unidentified
teeth
1
0
2
1502
1
3052
147
1503
unidentified
unidentified
1
0
burnt
2
1502
1
3053
147
1503
unidentified
unidentified
3
0
SK114
hc
2260
141
1508
cattle
teeth
1
0
293
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
g
SK114
hc
2261
141
1508
cattle
scapula
1
left
0
in 2 pieces
g
SK115
hc
2262
145
1512
cattle
mandible
1
left
32
g
SK115
hc
2263
145
1512
sheep/goat
teeth
1
0
g
sk122
1
3054
148
1528
cattle
teeth
1
0
g
sk123
1
3055
148
1528
unidentified
unidentified
1
0
burnt
g
sk124
1
3056
148
1528
unidentified
unidentified
6
0
g
SK121
hc
2289
148
1531
cattle
teeth
1
left
1
I
g
SK121
hc
2290
148
1531
pig
teeth
1
0
g
SK121
hc
2291
148
1531
unidentified
shaft
3
0
g
SK121
hc
2292
148
1531
unidentified
unidentified
14
0
1
1534
1
3057
149
1533
sheep/goat
teeth
2
0
1
1534
1
3058
149
1533
sheep/goat
radius
1
left
0
1
1534
1
3059
149
1533
unidentified
unidentified
7
0
SK125
hc
2293
152
1543
pig
metapodial
1
0
2
1346
hc
2076
83
1350+51 cattle
teeth
4
0
2
1346
hc
2077
83
1350+51 cattle
radius
1
right
11
2
1346
hc
2079
83
1350+51 pig
mandible
1
right
32
male
in 6 pieces
2
1346
hc
2080
83
1350+51 pig
teeth
2
1
unerupted
2
1346
hc
2078
83
1350+51 unidentified
ribs
1
0
2
1346
hc
2081
83
1350+51 unidentified
skull
2
0
2
1346
hc
2082
83
1350+51 unidentified
unidentified
9
0
g
SK 018
hc
2360
171
SK 18
cattle
teeth
2
0
g
SK 018
hc
2359
171
SK 18
horse
teeth
1
0
g
SK 018
hc
2363
171
SK 18
large ungulate
shaft
3
0
g
SK 018
hc
2361
171
SK 18
pig
mandible
1
0
g
SK 018
hc
2362
171
SK 18
pig
teeth
1
0
g
SK105
hc
2298
157
SK105
cattle
pelvis
1
0
g
SK105
hc
2299
157
SK105
large ungulate
shaft
2
0
g
SK105
hc
2297
157
SK105
sheep
atlas
1
no side
1
g
SK107
hc
2296
156
SK107
pig
teeth
1
1
I
g
SK108
hc
2342
162
SK108
sheep/goat
teeth
8
0
one tooth
g
SK113
hc
2337
161
SK113
large ungulate
ribs
2
0
g
SK113
hc
2338
161
SK113
large ungulate
shaft
1
0
g
SK113
hc
2339
161
SK113
sheep/goat
tibia
1
12
gnawed
g
SK113
hc
2340
161
SK113
small ungulate shaft
1
0
gnawed
g
SK113
hc
2341
161
SK113
small ungulate shaft
3
0
g
SK115
hc
2300
158
SK115
cattle
teeth
1
0
g
SK116
hc
2345
166
SK116
cattle
pelvis
1
left
0
chopped
g
SK017
hc
2426
185
SK17
pig
teeth
2
0
g
SK003
hc
2412
184
SK3
cattle
talus
1
left
1
GLl 55,0
GLm 50,2
Bd 34,4
g
SK003
hc
2413
184
SK3
cattle
teeth
2
0
g
SK003
hc
2414
184
SK3
cattle
teeth
1
0
g
SK003
hc
2416
184
SK3
cattle
metapodial
1
open
0
g
SK003
hc
2418
184
SK3
large ungulate
metatarsal
1
infant
0
half of shaft, unfused
g
SK003
hc
2419
184
SK3
large ungulate
vert cerv
1
no side
0
g
SK003
hc
2420
184
SK3
large ungulate
vert
1
no side
0
g
SK003
hc
2421
184
SK3
large ungulate
ribs
1
0
g
294
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
g
SK003
hc
2423
184
SK3
large ungulate
shaft
6
0
g
SK003
hc
2424
184
SK3
large ungulate
skull
3
0
g
SK003
hc
2415
184
SK3
pig
teeth
1
0
g
SK003
hc
2417
184
SK3
pig
phalanx 3
1
0
g
SK003
hc
2422
184
SK3
small ungulate ribs
1
0
g
SK003
hc
2425
184
SK3
unidentified
unidentified
62
0
g
SK031
hc
2429
187
SK31
large ungulate
ribs
1
0
g
SK031
hc
2427
187
SK31
pig
talus
1
left
0
g
SK031
hc
2428
187
SK31
pig
teeth
1
0
g
SK031
hc
2430
187
SK31
unidentified
unidentified
62
0
g
SK035
hc
2368
173
SK35
large ungulate
shaft
1
0
g
SK036
hc
2364
172
SK36
cattle
teeth
1
right
0
i
g
SK036
hc
2365
172
SK36
cattle
teeth
1
left
1
i
g
SK036
hc
2366
172
SK36
cattle
metatarsal
1
right
12
gnawed
in two pieces
g
SK036
hc
2367
172
SK36
unidentified
unidentified
2
0
g
SK039
hc
2373
175
SK39
large ungulate
shaft
1
0
g
SK039
hc
2371
175
SK39
pig
teeth
1
0
female
C
g
SK039
hc
2372
175
SK39
sheep/goat
ribs
1
20
g
SK039
hc
2374
175
SK39
unidentified
unidentified
1
0
g
SK042
hc
2369
174
SK42
cattle
skull
1
left
43
g
SK042
hc
2370
174
SK42
unidentified
unidentified
3
0
g
SK044
hc
2375
176
SK44
cattle
metacarpal
1
fused
0
g
SK044
hc
2377
176
SK44
large ungulate
ribs
1
21
g
SK044
hc
2376
176
SK44
sheep
metacarpal
1
left
12
g
SK044
hc
2378
176
SK44
small ungulate shaft
2
0
g
SK044
hc
2379
176
SK44
unidentified
shaft
1
0
in 2 pieces, inf?
g
SK044
hc
2380
176
SK44
unidentified
unidentified
11
0
g
SK044
hc
2407
182
SK44
sheep/goat
teeth
1
0
g
SK047
hc
2381
177
SK47
cattle
metapodial
1
0
in 3 pieces
g
SK049
hc
2382
178
SK49
cattle
calcaneus
1
left
open
9
g
SK049
hc
2383
178
SK49
cattle
phalanx 1
1
fused
1
g
SK049
hc
2384
178
SK49
cattle
pelvis
1
left
25
g
SK049
hc
2385
178
SK49
cattle
calcaneus
1
left
0
g
SK049
hc
2386
178
SK49
cattle
metapodial
1
0
g
SK049
hc
2391
178
SK49
large ungulate
ribs
1
0
g
SK049
hc
2388
178
SK49
pig
phalanx 1
1
open
9
g
SK049
hc
2387
178
SK49
sheep/goat
scapula
1
left
0
g
SK049
hc
2389
178
SK49
sheep/goat
teeth
1
0
g
SK049
hc
2390
178
SK49
sheep/goat
teeth
2
0
g
SK049
hc
2392
178
SK49
unidentified
skull
1
0
g
SK049
hc
2393
178
SK49
unidentified
unidentified
20
0
g
SK052
hc
2353
170
SK52
cattle
teeth
1
0
g
SK052
hc
2357
170
SK52
large ungulate
shaft
1
0
g
SK052
hc
2354
170
SK52
pig
scapula
1
left
31
g
SK052
hc
2355
170
SK52
pig
teeth
1
0
g
SK052
hc
2356
170
SK52
sheep/goat
humerus
1
right
13
g
SK052
hc
2358
170
SK52
unidentified
unidentified
5
0
295
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
g
SK068
hc
2409
183
SK68
large ungulate
scapula
1
0
in 2 pieces
g
SK068
hc
2408
183
SK68
pig
hyoideum
1
0
g
SK068
hc
2410
183
SK68
unidentified
mandible
1
0
g
SK068
hc
2411
183
SK68
unidentified
unidentified
9
0
g
SK071
hc
2405
181
SK71
sheep/goat
teeth
1
0
g
SK071
hc
2406
181
SK71
unidentified
unidentified
8
0
g
SK079
hc
2333
160
SK79
cattle
teeth
1
0
g
SK079
hc
2334
160
SK79
cattle
talus
1
right
0
50% med
g
SK079
hc
2335
160
SK79
large ungulate
mandible
1
0
g
SK079
hc
2336
160
SK79
unidentified
unidentified
2
0
g
SK084
hc
2343
164
SK84
cattle
radius
1
left
11
g
SK090
hc
2346
167
SK90
cattle
phalanx 1
1
7
g
SK090
hc
2347
167
SK90
large ungulate
ribs
1
0
g
SK090
hc
2348
167
SK90
unidentified
skull
2
0
g
SK090
hc
2349
167
SK90
unidentified
unidentified
1
0
g
SK090
hc
2351
168
SK90
cattle
teeth
1
0
g
SK090
hc
2350
168
SK90
horse
teeth
1
0
g
SK090
hc
2352
169
SK90
pig
tibia
1
right
fused
7
SK091
hc
2344
165
SK91
sheep/goat
teeth
1
0
g
Table 44. Complete list of animal bones.
296
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
Appendix 16 Radiocarbon Dates Notes 1. All of the sample material from Carrowkeel is unburnt human bone from inhumation burials, apart from two samples of mouse bone recovered from the primary deposit of the main enclosure ditch (1023). 2. The calibration programme for dates from Carrowkeel is: Reimer et al 2004. Lab code
Site
Sample
Yrs BP
Calibrated date range
UB‐7410
Carrowkeel
Foetus
499 ± 29
one sigma AD 1415–1436 two sigma AD 1400–1477
UB‐7411
Carrowkeel
Child
1129 ± 31
one sigma AD 888–970 two sigma AD 782–989
UB‐7412
Carrowkeel
Adult
1186 ± 32
one sigma AD 781–885 two sigma AD 721–960
UB‐7413
Carrowkeel
Foetus
1148 ± 31
one sigma AD 785–968 two sigma AD 780–975
UB‐7414
Carrowkeel
Child
1156 ± 31
one sigma AD 783–960 two sigma AD779–971
UB‐7416
Carrowkeel
Infant
1125 ± 31
one sigma AD 890–970 two sigma AD 783–991
UB‐7417
Carrowkeel
Adult
1228 ± 31
one sigma AD 717–865 two sigma AD 689–884
UB‐7418
Carrowkeel
Infant
1214 ± 31
one sigma AD 774–871 two sigma AD 693–890
UB‐7419
Carrowkeel
Foetus
638 ± 30
one sigma AD 1293–1388 two sigma AD 1284–1396
UB‐7420
Carrowkeel
Adult
1264 ± 31
one sigma AD 689‐773 two sigma AD 667‐861
UB‐7422
Carrowkeel
Foetus
815 ± 31
one sigma AD 1211‐1261 two sigma AD 1169‐1269
UB‐7423
Carrowkeel
Adult
1244 ± 32
one sigma AD 688‐808
297
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
two sigma AD 682‐872 UB‐7424
Carrowkeel
Child
1182 ± 32
one sigma AD 781‐887 two sigma AD 726‐964
UB‐7425
Carrowkeel
Adolescent
1250 ± 34
one sigma AD 687‐802 two sigma AD 676‐870
UB‐7426
Carrowkeel
Infant
830 ± 31
one sigma AD 1186‐1254 two sigma AD 1159‐1265
UB‐7427
Carrowkeel
Adult
940 ± 31
one sigma AD 1034‐1153 two sigma AD 1024‐1161
UB‐7428
Carrowkeel
Adult
906 ± 31
one sigma AD 1045‐1170 two sigma AD 1038‐1208
UB‐7429
Carrowkeel
Child
1104 ± 31
one sigma AD 896‐981 two sigma AD 885‐1013
UB‐7430
Carrowkeel
Child
1185 ± 31
one sigma AD 781‐886 two sigma AD 723‐951
UB‐7431
Carrowkeel
Child
1193 ± 34
one sigma AD 779‐881 two sigma AD 710‐949
UB‐7432
Carrowkeel
Child
1261 ± 33
one sigma AD 688‐775 two sigma AD 668‐864
UB‐7433
Carrowkeel
Adult
954 ± 31
one sigma AD 1026‐1151 two sigma AD 1022‐1156
UB‐7434
Carrowkeel
Infant
1215 ± 32
one sigma AD 773‐873 two sigma AD 692‐890
UB‐7435
Carrowkeel
Child
1203 ± 32
one sigma AD 778‐870 two sigma AD 694‐936
UB‐7436
Carrowkeel
Adult
1193 ± 31
one sigma AD 780‐880 two sigma AD 716‐943
UB‐7437
Carrowkeel
Infant
949 ± 32
one sigma AD 1028‐1152 two sigma AD 1023‐1158
UB‐7438
Carrowkeel
Adult
935 ± 31
one sigma AD 1039‐1153 two sigma AD 1024‐1165
UB‐7439
Carrowkeel
Child
1168 ± 32
one sigma AD 781‐934 two sigma AD 775‐968
UB‐7440
Carrowkeel
Adult
1301 ± 31
one sigma AD 667‐766
298
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
two sigma AD 660‐772 UB‐7441
Carrowkeel
Adult
1182 ± 31
one sigma AD 781‐887 two sigma AD 728‐962
UB‐7442
Carrowkeel
Child
907 ± 30
one sigma AD 1045‐1168 two sigma AD 1037‐1207
UB‐7443
Carrowkeel
Adult
1305 ± 34
one sigma AD 665‐766 two sigma AD 658‐773
UB‐7444
Carrowkeel
Child
1113 ± 32
one sigma AD 894‐974 two sigma AD 832‐1015
UB‐7445
Carrowkeel
Adult
1196 ± 35
one sigma AD 779‐880 two sigma AD 694‐946
UB‐7446
Carrowkeel
Infant
1223 ± 33
one sigma AD 723‐869 two sigma AD 689‐887
UB‐7447
Carrowkeel
Foetus
1193 ± 33
one sigma AD 780‐881 two sigma AD 712‐947
UB‐7448
Carrowkeel
Human bone
1249 ± 31
one sigma AD 688‐801 two sigma AD 678‐869
UB‐7449
Carrowkeel
Human bone
1113 ± 32
one sigma AD 894‐974 two sigma AD 832‐1015
UB‐7482
UB‐7483
Carrowkeel
Carrowkeel
Human bone
Human bone
1127
±
one sigma AD 889‐971
1432
two sigma AD 782‐991
1227 ± 31
one sigma AD 718‐866 two sigma AD 689‐884
SUERC‐ 14057
Carrowkeel
Mouse Bone
1245 ± 45
one sigma AD 680‐820 two sigma AD 670‐890
(GU‐ 15326)
299
Appendix 14: General Site Matrix (1000) (1001)
PHASE 3
(1012) (1004) (1329) [1003] [1330]
(1202)
(1362) (1378) (1289)
(1324)
(1290)
(1312)
(1287)
(1306)
[1288]
[1323]
[1291]
[1311]
[1286]
[1305]
(1285) [1284]
PHASE 2C (1125) (1367) (1415) [1124] (1261) upper fill (1420) (1421)
upper fill (1479)
(1478)
(1269) main fill
PHASE 2B (1360)
(1388)
(1353)
(1476)
(1416)
(1422)
int slump
(1417)
(1423)
int slump
(1368)
(1477)
See ditch matrix
extslump extslump
basal fill
PHASE 2A (1014) (1012)
(1013) [1359]
[1260]
[1475]
[1023]
PHASE 1
(1304) (1021)
(1303) (1017)
(1369)
(1315) (1018) (1370) [1020]
(1016)
(1536) [1302]
[1535]
[1015]
(1316) (1533)
(1373)
[1534]
[1372]
(1002)
(1374)
(1376)
(1472) (1471) (1470) [1469] (1466)
(1468)
[1465]
[1467]
(1377)
(1056)
(1396)
(1055) (1063)
(1483)
(1366)
(1280)
(1230)
(1397)
(1065)
(1044)
(1069)
(1067)
(1503)
(1481)
(1499)
(1495)
(1497)
(1486)
(1501)
(1364)
[1064]
[1043]
[1068]
[1066]
[1502]
[1480]
[1498]
[1494]
[1496]
[1485]
[1500]
[1363]
(1048)
(1050)
(1052)
(1046)
[1047]
[1049]
[1051]
[1045]
(1054)
(1464)
[1062]
[1482]
[1365]
[1279]
[1229]
[1053]
(1453) (1474) (1343)
(1331)
(1333)
(1300)
(1172)
(1454)
[1344]
[1332]
[1334]
[1301]
[1171]
[1455]
[1473] [1375]
(1293) (1294)
(1347)
(1295)
(1348)
(1296)
(1349)
(1297)
(1350)
(1298)
(1351)
(1299)
(1352)
[1292]
[1346]
(1493) [1492] (1488)
(1058) (1505)
[1487]
[1057]
[1504]
Appendix 15: SK Area Matrix Foetus & Perinate Infant & Younger child Older child & Adolescent Young adult & Younger mid adu 1450 AD Older mid adult & Older adult
(1244) 1400-1447 SK 15
Radiocarbon dates
[1169]
1400 AD
PHASE 4
1350 AD
1300 AD
1250 AD
1200 AD
PHASE 3 SK 47
1150 AD
1100 AD
1050 AD
SK 4
(1144)
(1071)
SK 25
SK 26
[1143]
[1070]
1000 AD
PHASE 2 (1089)
950 AD
869-1015 SK 32 [1088]
900 AD
(1168)
(1177) 857 - 991 SK 33
SK 30
[1176]
SK 16 (1085)
(1087)
(1163)
(1141)
SK 6
SK 7
SK 11
SK 12
[1084]
[1086]
[1162]
[1140]
SK 21
SK 29
(1131) SK 31
SK 35
SK 36
SK 61
(1161)
SK 10
(1128) 857 - 989 SK 17
[1130]
[1127]
[1160]
SK 34
SK 8 [1167] (1206)
850 AD
(1155) 770 - 899 SK 22
(1254)
[1154]
[1253]
SK 52
SK 43 765 - 890 SK 53
761 - 884 SK 51
800 AD [1205] (1042) 678 - 832 SK 1 PHASE 1
750 AD
(1081) SK 3
[1040] [1080] (1061)
700 AD SK 2 [1059]
650 AD
SK 18
(1428)
1169-1269 SK 60
(1246) SK 44 [1245]
SK 80 SK 67
SK 46
(1390) SK 134 1022-1156 SK 89
SK 76
[1389]
(1393) SK 91
SK 39
[1392]
(1380) 885 - 999 SK 82 [1379] (1083) SK 45 SK 9
SK 19
804 - 975 SK 24
SK 40
(1539)
(1249)
(1310)
SK 123
SK 50
SK 66
[1538]
[1248]
[1309]
SK 28
SK 20 [1082]
SK 58
(1384) (1277) 770 - 899 SK 85
766 - 899 SK 86
SK 49 [[1276]]
(1543) 767 - 898 SK 125
(1409) SK 94 SK 88
(1325) 771 - 900 SK 70
(1437) 765 - 895 SK 100
[1326]
[1408] [1542]
[1436]
[1383]
(1224) 668 - 827 SK 87
(1440)
(1449)
SK 102
SK 106
[1439] [1223]
[1448]
(1320) 682 - 872 SK 69 [1319] (1263) 667 - 783 SK 57 SK 132 [1262]
SK 83
(1000)
(1395) 1038-1208 SK 79 (1458) 1023-1158 SK 110
[1394]
[1457] SK 59
SK 62 (1531)
SK 13 (1116)
(1395)
(1430)
(1446)
SK 128 869-1015 SK 121
SK 129
SK 135
[1530]
SK 5 [1115]
(1342) SK 75 [1341]
SK 130 SK 37
SK 38
SK 84 [1394]
(1414) SK 99
SK 92
SK 95 [1413]
SK 101
SK 97
SK 103
[1429]
SK 105
SK 108
(1546)
SK 109
SK 126
[1445]
[1545] (1528)
(1460) 768 - 897 SK 107 [1459]
SK 104
(1491) 775 - 903 SK 113
(1512) 771 - 900 SK 115
[1490]
[1511]
SK 96
[1527]
(1508)
(1002)
SK 127 765 - 898 SK 122
(1523) 658 - 773 SK 119
660 - 772 SK 114
SK 120
[1522]
[1507]
[1506]
SK 131
SK 14
SK 23
1340-1396 SK 54
(1371) 1159-1265 SK 74 [1339] SK 117
(1518)
1024-1161 SK 77
SK 78
SK 133 1037-1192 SK 116
(1463) 1024-1165 SK 111
[1517]
[1462]
SK 48
SK 55
SK 56
SK 59
SK 65
SK 71
SK 73
SK 118
SK 124
SK 136
859 - 991 SK 41 (1515)
(1282)
SK 63
SK 64
[1283]
[1281]
(1411) SK 68
SK 90 [1410]
798 - 906 SK 27 764 - 890 SK 93
761 - 884 SK 112
SK 42 (1098) (1328) 676 - 870 SK 72 [1327]
(1170)
(1261)
(1264)
Appendix 16: Main enclosure ditch matrix (1000) Topsoil
(1001)
(1031)
(1030)
(1030)
(1030)
(1031)
(1031)
(1031)
PHASE 2C
(1112) (1027) (1398) (1029)
(1029)
(1029)
(1399)
(1029)
(1029)
(1113) (1090)
(1038)
PHASE 2B
(1400) (1091)
(1092)
(1025)
(1027)
(1401)
(1093)
(1114) (1027)
(1026) ((1110))
Int. Int.
((1099))
Ext.
Ext.
Int.
Ext.
Int. Int.
PHASE 2A
(1076)
(1025)
((1111))
(1402)
(1024)
Ext.
Ext.
(1024)
(1024)
(1024)
(1026) Int. slump Slot 1
[1023]
Slot 1a
[1023]
Slot 2
[1023]
Slot 3
[1023]
Slot 4
[1023]
Slot 5
[1023]
(1030)
(1031)
(1101)
(1097)
(1030)
(1095)
(1073)
(1030)
(1188)
(1189)
(1186)
(1126) (1453) (1096)
(1185)
(1454) (1029) [1455]
(1190)
(1029)
(1029)
(1029)
(1029)
(1024)
(1034)
(1183) (1102)
(1103) (1035)
(1032)
Int.
Ext.
((1033))
(1078)
(1122)
(1123)
(1075)
(1079)
(1120)
(1121)
(1094)
(1179) (1077)
((1036))
(1074)
(1192) (1181)
(1076) Int. Int.
Int.
Ext.
Int.
Ext.
Ext.
(1179)
Ext. Int.
(1037)
Slot 6
[1023]
(1076)
Slot 7
[1023]
Slot 8
[1023]
Slot 9
(1076)
(1191)
[1023]
Slot 10 SE facing section
(1178)
[1023] NW facing sec
(1000)
(1196)
(1196)
(1030)
(1235) (1207)
(1217)
(1197)
(1031)
(1011)
(1236) (1208)
(1231) (1211)
(1237) (1198)
(1029)
(1232) (1215)
(1009)
(1010)
(1238)
(1208) (1218)
Int.
(1233)
Ext.
(1184) (1008) (1182) (1214)
(1239) (1219)
(1234)
(1220)
(1199)
(1200)
(1213)
(1039) (1199)
(1072)
(1007)
(1200) ((1006))
Int. Int.
(1180)
Ext.
Int.
Ext.
Int.
Ext.
Int.
Ext.
Ext.
Ext.
(1036) (1221)
(1201)
(1201)
(1005)
(1212)
(1210)
(1037)
(1209) Int. Slot 11 tion
Ext. [1023]
Slot 12
[1023]
Slot 13
[1023]
Slot 14
[1023]
Slot 15
[1023]
Slot 16
[1023]
N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2. Final Report on archaeological investigations at Site E2046, an enclosure ditch and cemetery in the townland of Carrowkeel, Co. Galway Volume II By: Brendon Wilkins and Susan Lalonde Excavation no.: E2046 Director: Brendon Wilkins NGR: 159326/223949 RMP No.: GA097‐066
Date: January 2009 Client: Galway County Council Project code: NGB05
N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2. Final Report on archaeological investigations at Site E2046, an enclosure ditch and cemetery in the townland of Carrowkeel, Co. Galway Volume II By: Brendon Wilkins and Susan lalonde Excavation no.: E2046 Director: Brendon Wilkins NGR: 159326/223949 RMP No.: GA097‐066
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
CONTENTS
PAGE
Summary
4
Introduction
4
Site description and location
5
Aims and methodology
5
Vol I. 1 2 3 4 5
6
7 8
Results The natural deposits Phase 1: features pre‐dating the main enclosure and cemetery Phase 1 ditches Phase 1 discrete features Phase 2: the main enclosure and associated features (excluding the cemetery) Phase 2: the cemetery Cemetery Phase 1 (c.650 – 850) Cemetery Phase 2 (c.850 – 1050) Cemetery Phase 3 (c.1050 – 1250) Cemerty Phase 4 (c.1340 – 1450) Phase 3: Linear cultivation, later agricultural and natural features Discussion Settlement/cemeteries Funerary practices Segregated burial in the early medieval period Archive References
5 6 6 7 7 14 14 15 15 16 16
16 18 19
20
21
157
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
List of Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 11 Figure 12 List of Plates Plate 1 Plate 2 Plate 3 Plate 4 Plate 5 Plate 6 Plate 7 Plate 8 Plate 9 Plate 10 Plate 11 Plate 12 Plate 13 Plate 14 Plate 15 Plate 16 Plate 17 Plate 18 Plate 19 Plate 20 Plate 21 Plate 22 Plate 23 Plate 24 Plate 25 Plate 26 Plate 27 Plate 28
Location map of the excavation enclosure site at Carrowkeel E2046 RMP extract of GA097‐066 indicating the enclosure site at Carrowkeel Overall site plan of the enclosure site at Carrowkeel E2046 Sections of the main enclosure ditch feature (1023) Section of Phase 1 enclosure ditch feature (1015) Section and plan of post‐hole feature (1051) Section and plan of kiln feature (1292) Sections of cemetery ditch features (1260) and (1359) Sections of cemetery ditch feature (1260) and (1359) Section of Phase 1 enclosure ditch feasture (1020) Metal artefacts Local medieval pottery
North‐facing section of ditch feature (1020) with fill 1021, Slot 2 Southeast facing section of ditch feature (1020) showing additional deposits (1369) and (1370) slot 1 North facing section of pit feature (1050) Southeast facing section of cooking pit feature (1292) East facing section of main enclosure ditch feature (1023) Slot 1 South facing section of main enclosure ditch feature (1023) Slot 8 North facing section of main enclosure ditch feature (1023) showing considerable slumping, Slot 8 Southeast facing section of main enclosure ditch feature (1023) truncating ditch feature (1015) Slot 5 East facing baulk showing buried soil horizon and leaching in bank Ditch feature (1023) and bank, Slot 16 West facing section of ditch feature (1260) Slot 6 and (1359) Slot 5 East facing section of ditch feature (1475) Slot 1 Working shot of modern pit feature (1375) Working shot of possible furrow feature main enclosure ditch featue (1023) and modern pit feature (1375) Modern pit feature (1375) Working shot, main enclosure ditch (1023), facing north Working shot, main enclosure ditch (1023), facing north Aerial view of northern ditches Aerial view of northern ditches Skeleton 27 Skeleton 49, with quartz Skeleton 119 Skeleton 126 Skeleton 72, within 1260 Skeleton 82, tightly crouched Skeleton 52 Skeleton 107
158
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
List of Tables Table 1: Main enclosure ditch (1023) described by ditch slot number Appendices Appendix 1 Context Register Appendix 2 Finds Registers Appendix 3 Sample Register Appendix 4 Bone Sample Register Appendix 5 Photographic Register Appendix 6 Drawing Register Appendix 7 The Lithic Assemblage by Torben Bjarke Ballin Appendix 8 Pottery Report by Niamh Doyle Appendix 9 Soil Sample Assessment by Susan Lyons Appendix 10 Human Remains Report by Susan Lalonde Appendix 11 Phased skeletal catalogue Appendix 12 Point‐Biserial Correlation for Sexual Diamorphism Appendix 13 Different Diagnosis
PAGE 23 55 60 64 70 82 90 94 96 99 150 155 156
Vol II. Appendix 11 Appendix 12 Appendix 13 Appendix 14 Appendix 15 Appendix 16
Faunal Remains Report by Auli Tourunen Faunal Remains Data Radiocarbon Dates General Site Matrix Cemetery Matrix Enclosure Ditch Matrix
160 201 297
159
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
Appendix 14: Faunal Remains Report By Auli Tourunen List of Figures Figure 1 Location on animal skeleton of terms referred to in text. Figure 2 Proportion of cattle (large ungulates), sheep or goat and pig in different phases (NISP). Figure 3 Proportion of cattle (large ungulates), pig and sheep or goat in features and areas. Figure 4 Proportion of large and small ungulates in features and areas. Figure 5 Proportion of high and low utility elements in different phases. LU= large ungulate, SU small ungulate. Figure 6 Proportion of high and low utility skeletal elements and teeth in small (SU) and large (LU) ungulates in ditches (1015, 1020, 1023, 1260, 1317), Cemetery subsoil (Cy Sub), subsoil (Sub) and Graves (G). Figure 7 Cattle anatomical distribution (MAU%‐values), phase 1. Figure 8 Sheep and goat anatomical distribution (MAU%‐values), phase 1. Figure 9 Pig anatomical distribution (MAU%‐values), phase 1. Figure 10 Cattle anatomical distribution (MAU%‐values), phase 2. Figure 11 Pig anatomical distribution (MAU%‐values), phase 2. Figure 12 Cattle age data from mandibles. Age categories according to O’Connor (2003): N = neonatal, J = juvenile, I = immature, SA = sub‐adult, A = adult, E = elderly. Figure 13 Age distribution of cattle according to epiphyses data in phases 1 and 2. Figure 14 Age distribution of sheep and goat according to epiphyses data in phases 1 and 2 (excluding ditch 1260). Figure 15 Pig age data from mandibles. Age categories according to O’Connor (2003): N = neonatal, J = juvenile, I = immature, SA = sub‐adult, A = adult, E = elderly. Figure 16 Age distribution of pig according to epiphyses data in phases 1 and 2. Figure 17 Sheep skeleton age data from mandibles (ditch 1260, right mandibles with matching left pair excluded) . Age categories according to O’Connor (2003): N = neonatal, J = juvenile, I = immature, SA = sub‐adult, A = adult, E = elderly. Figure 18 Anatomical distribution of large (LU) and small (SU) ungulates in different parts of enclosure ditch 1023. Figure 19 Abundance of large (LU) and small (SU) ungulates in different parts of enclosure ditch 1023. Figure 20 Proportion of large (LU) and small (SU) ungulates in different fills in enclosure ditch 1023. Figure 21 Anatomical distribution of large (LU) and small (SU) ungulates in different fills in enclosure ditch 1023. List of Tables Table 1 Species representation (NISP) in hand‐picked material. Specimens deriving from complete skeletons in brackets. Table 2 Species representation (NISP) in bones from soil samples. Table 3 Species representation of birds (NISP). Specimens deriving from complete skeletons in brackets. Probable modern specimens in italics. Table 4 Proportion of cattle, sheep or goat and pig in features and areas (%NISP). Table 5 Proportion of high and low utility skeletal elements in different phases (%NISP). LU=large ungulate, SU=small ungulate. Table 6 Burnt bones. LU = large ungulate, SU = small ungulate
160
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
Table 7 Table 8
Carnivore gnawing marks. LU = large ungulate, SU = small ungulate. Carnivore gnawing marks in features (NISP) and their proportion in the whole assemblage (features with NISP over 100). Table 9 Other butchery marks. Table 10 Filleting. Table 11 Dismembering. Table 12 Chopping. Table 13 Distribution of butchery marks in features. Table 14 Epiphyses fusing data for cattle, Phases 1 and 2. O = open, C = closing, F = fused. Table 15 Epiphyses fusing data for sheep and goat, Phases 1 and 2 (excluding ditch 1260). O = open, C = closing, F = fused. Table 16 Epiphyses fusing data for pig, Phases 1 and 2. O = open, C = closing, F = fused. Table 17 Articulated skeletons (NISP). Table 18 NISP and MNI values for complete sheep skeletons (highest MNI in bold). (Tables 19 ‐ 42 in Appendix 12) Table 19 Division of epiphyses in early, intermediate and late fusing groups (Vretemark 1997). Table 20 Division of the skeletal elements to high and low utility skeletal parts. Table 21 Anatomical distribution of the animal bones in hand‐picked material. Table 22 Species representation in ditch 1015. Table 23 Species representation in ditch 1020. Table 24 Species representation in ditch 1023. Table 25 Species representation in ditch 1260. Table 26 Species representation in ditch 1317. Table 27 Species representation in pit 1375. Table 28 Bones from the soil samples. Table 29 Anatomical distribution of species in ditch 1015. Table 30 Anatomical distribution of species in ditch 1020. Table 31 Anatomical distribution of species in ditch 1023. Table 32 Anatomical distribution of species in ditch 1260. Table 33 Anatomical distribution of species in ditch 1317. Table 34 Anatomical distribution of species in pit 1375. Table 35 MNE, MAU and %MAUvalues. Table 36 Pathological bones. Table 37 Measurements. Withers heights of sheep according to Teichert (1975), dog Hardcourt (1974), cattle Matolsci (1970), pig Teichert (1969), horse Kiesewalter (1888). *in two pieces. Table 38 Measurements from complete sheep skeletons from cemetery ditch 1260. Table 39 Animal bones from the soil samples from enclosure ditch 1023 in different sample ditch sections. Table 40 Animal bones from the soil samples from enclosure ditch 1023 in different sample contexts. Table 41 Distribution of hand‐picked material in different features. Table 42 Teeth recording sheet. Table 43 Animal bone recording sheet: codes for completeness. Table 44 Complete list of animal bones.
161
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
Summary A total of 13631 specimens of animal bone were analysed from Carrowkeel, Co. Galway. The site was dated as being an early medieval enclosure. The assemblage consisted of both articulated skeletons and disarticulated remains of animals. Within the disarticulated material, cattle are dominant, followed by sheep and pig. A few specimens belonging to horse and goat were identified, as well as dog and bird bones. The bone material from Carrowkeel represents the domestic material of a typical early medieval farmstead. Cattle was the most important animal in this economy, sheep and pigs were bred to a lesser extent. Hunting wild animals did not play an important role in the economy, nor did fishing. As hunting is associated with royalty and the aristocracy, the lack of game animals might indicate the lower status of the settlement in Carrowkeel. The low number of young sheep and pigs in the material might also be related to transportation of the surplus animals to other, higher status, sites. However, some consumption obviously occurred on the site itself. The large size of the dogs present in the settlement could be indicative of higher status. This may also indicate the special status of the site as a cemetery‐settlement. The results emphasize that the complex nature of livestock consumption and animal distribution in different status settlements is still to be investigated. The bone material recovered from the soil samples from the main enclosure ditch revealed that plenty of small mammals and birds were living around the site. The presence of lizard bones and the absence of amphibian bones indicate dry conditions in the main enclosure ditch. It is possible that a portion of the recovered songbird bones originate from food waste. The presence of the house mouse and the absence of the rat in the enclosure ditch layers give a new perspective to the arrival of these vermin in Ireland. The Carrowkeel house mouse is the first dated house mouse find in Ireland and the absence of rats seem to confirm the later arrival of rats to Ireland. Variations observed in the species representation or in the anatomical representation within features and phases might be the result of changes in the deposition pattern inside the site or changes in the subsistence pattern. The higher number of small ungulates in Phase 2 is likely to represent their increased importance compared to earlier or later phases. There seems to be a change in consumption pattern as more young cattle are represented in the material during Phase 2. Ditch 1260 contained articulated skeletons of 11 sheep, which probably died in an accident or from disease. Skeletons of cat and infant dog were recovered from ring ditch 1023. Introduction This report presents the results of the analysis of animal bones from the excavation of a ditched enclosure at Carrowkeel, Co. Galway (Reg. no. E2046). Full archaeological investigation within the roadtake was conducted on this site between September 2005 and January 2006. The site is located in a landscape of gently undulating glacial hillocks in the townland of Carrowkeel, 7 km from Loughrea. Excavations inside the ditch enclosure revealed a cemetery area and several other structures and ditches. The animal bone specimens were recovered by hand‐picking. Most of the animal bones analysed for this report derive from ditches and pits, which in turn contained most of the animal bone material recovered from the entire site. Bone material was also recovered from subsoil and from the graves. Bones recovered from the soil samples during the sorting were analysed to study the presence of small mammals, birds and fish.
162
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
The site was divided into three separate areas of activity, with the cemetery area sub‐divided into four separate sub‐phases, all broadly contemporary with phase 2 of the new enclosure ditch. The Phase 1 includes bone material from a series of ditches (1015, 1020, 1302, 1317, 1330, 1534), post‐holes (1045, 1047, 1049), pits (1051, 1057) and a gully (1372). The Phase 2 includes material from the main enclosure ditch (1023), cemetery ditch (1260), ditches (1359, 1475), pits (1292, 1346, 1482, 1487) and post holes (1363, 1485, 1498, 1502). The Phase 3 is represented by a pit (1375) and a post hole (1124). Phase 1 remains undated, but could be Early Medieval. Phase 2 was broadly Early Medieval. Phase 3 is a cultivation phase and dates prior to early 19th century. Moreover, animal bones were also recovered from subsoil (1001, 1098) and from 43 graves (see table 41 in Appendix 12 for details). Features (ditches, pits) with material from more than 150 specimens were examined separately for species and anatomical distribution. The same was applied to the subsoil and graveyard material. Enclosure ditch (1023) was excavated by a series of 16 sample ditch sections, on average 2 m in width. Most of the remaining fill between the sections was then removed by means of careful excavation. To examine the spatial distribution on the site, the enclosure ditch was divided into three sections: the first containing material from northwest part of the ditch (sections 1‐5), the second from northeast part of the ditch (sections 6‐9) and the third from southeast part of the ditch (sections 13‐16) to determine spatial variation. No animal bone samples were recovered from sections 10‐12. In order to trace possible differences between filling periods of the enclosure ditch, layers were divided into base, main and upper fills (corresponding with the Phases 2 a‐c) Base fills represents the earliest period of use, main includes the slumps and upper fills the deliberate fillings and the final layers of the ditch. Methodology Each specimen was identified according to species and skeletal element where possible using Joanne Hughes’ personal reference collection, located at Headland Archaeology Ltd, Unit 1 Wallingstown Business Park, Little Island, Co Cork. The categories ’large ungulate‘ (LU) and ’small ungulate‘ (SU) were used for specimens (mainly ribs and vertebrae) which could not be assigned to a species. The specimens categorised as large ungulate are likely to belong to cattle or horse; red deer was absent in the assemblage. Most of the large ungulate bones are likely to belong to cattle are counted together when examining species abundance. Small ungulate specimens are most likely to consist of sheep, pig and goat bones. The category ’small mammal‘ (SM) includes mammal bones from animals smaller than a cat. Bones identified as ’small animal‘ (SA) can derive from mammals, birds, amphibians, lizards or fish. The bird and lizard bones were identified by using the bone collection in the Natural History section of the National Museum of Ireland. Mouse bones were identified to species according to Siivonen & Sulkava (1999) and with the help of the National Museum of Ireland bone collection. Distinctions made between sheep and goat follow Boessneck (1969) for limb bones and Payne (1975) for milk teeth. Tooth eruption and wear were recorded according to Grant (1982). For ages of tooth eruption and epiphyseal fusion Silver’s (1969) figures were followed. The division of epiphyses in early, intermediate and late fusing groups was done according to Vretemark (1997) (Table 19, Appendix 12). Mandibles were further divided in age groups presented by O’Connor (2003, 160). Measurements were taken following von den Driesch (1976). The material was quantified by using the number of identified specimens (NISP). Minimum number of elements (MNE) was used for the recording of the epiphysis fusing stages and to study the anatomical distribution. MNE values were further converted into MAU (Minimum number of anatomical units) and %MAU values to examine the over‐ and under‐representation of certain skeletal elements. Minimum number of individuals (MNI) was counted from the articulated sheep skeletons found in ditch 1260. For the study of anatomical distribution, specimens were divided into
163
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
high and low utility elements, representing the body parts relating to primary and secondary butchery. High utility elements include the spinal column, ribs and upper parts of the limbs. Low utility elements include the head, tail and lower parts of the limbs (Table 20, Appendix 12). During the analysis pathological changes, carnivore and rodent gnawing, signs of burning and butchery marks were recorded. For the distinction of the different types of cut marks, Binford (1978) was used as a guide. All data is stored in digital and written form at Headland Archaeology Ltd, Unit 1 Wallingstown Business Park, Little Island, Co Cork.
Figure. 1. Location on animal skeleton of terms referred to in text (Davis 1987, 54, in Reitz & Wing 1999). Results Species A total of 13631 bone specimens were analysed from the site (Tables 1 and 2). 8437 specimens were recovered by hand picking and an additional 5194 specimens were found in soil samples. Of the disarticulated hand‐picked specimens, 65.9 % were unidentified, which reflects the high fragmentation rate of the material (see below). A total of 450 of the specimens were interpreted to derive from the articulated skeletons and were therefore excluded from the abundance and anatomical distribution analyses. However, as the articulated sheep skeletons were not recovered separately during the excavations it proved very difficult to separate the articulated elements from the disarticulated sheep bones. Therefore some of the bones (for example all the ribs) belonging to articulated sheep have been recorded among the rest of the material, causing a higher apparent proportion of sheep or small ungulates in ditch 1260. The identified specimens derive mostly from domestic animals. The hand‐picked assemblage is dominated by cattle. Specimens categorised as large ungulates are likely to derive from both cattle and horse, but most of these bones probably belong to cattle. Sheep is the next most common species.
164
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
As goat is represented by only one specimen, it is probable that most of the specimens in the “sheep or goat” category derive from sheep as well as many of the specimens in the small ungulate category. Pig was represented by 182 identified specimens. The relatively small size of the pig bones indicates that they derive from domestic animals rather than from wild boar. Other identified domesticated mammals were horse, dog and cat. Rabbit and rat bones are likely to derive from relatively modern animals intruding into the layers. Species
NISP
%
Cattle
828
10.4
Sheep
45 (318)
0.6
Goat
1
0.0
Sheep / Goat
418
5.2
Pig
182
2.3
Horse
31
0.4
Dog
55 (36)
0.7
Cat
4 (96)
0.1
Rabbit
8
0.1
Rat
1
0.0
Mouse
1
0.0
Large ungulate
699
8.8
Small ungulate
399
5.0
Carnivore
6
0.1
Bird
41
0.5
Small mammal
2
0.0
Indeterminate
5266
65.9
Total
7987 (450)
100
Table 1. Species representation (NISP) in hand‐picked material. Specimens deriving from complete skeletons in brackets. Bird bones were present in the material (Table 3). Some bird bones are likely to have derived from modern specimens intruding into layers during later periods. These bones were of a different colour and state of preservation than the rest of the bones. Most of these bones belong to different types of waders (uncertain identifications of snipe and woodcock; at least one smaller species is present). However, plenty of bird bones were probably contemporary to other bone material. Bones of domestic fowl, quail and possibly red grouse (or grey partridge, but the former species is more likely: the size of the bone matches better with red grouse) are likely to represent consumed birds. Bones of larger songbirds like thrushes may also have been consumed, but they could derive from natural deaths too. Some passerine (perching bird, “songbird”) bones derive from such a small species that their consumption is unlikely. Mice bones in the assemblage seem to represent two different species, house mouse (Mus musculus) and wood mouse (Apodemus sylvaticus). Identification was based on the mandibles and maxilla. The mandibular cheek teeth row of wood mouse was measured in order to confirm the identification. The result of 4.2 mm of overlap with the range existing in Yellow‐necked field mouse (Apodemus flavicollis) confirms this (Siivonen & Sulkava 1999, 160‐1). However, as the latter species has never been recorded in Ireland, wood mouse is the more likely possibility. Even if wood mouse is considered to be native species, it has been assumed that the house mouse arrived to Ireland with the Normans
165
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
(D’Arcy 2006, 8). However, according to Kelly (1997, 243) the Early Irish written sources mention the house mouse as a significant vermin. Yet it is unclear as to which specific species (if any) the author refers to. Moreover, the Irish word for mouse, luch, seems to have been applied also to rats (Kelly 1997, 244). The house mouse bones bones were recovered from deposits (1179) and (1027) from the main enclosure ditch (1023) and they were dated to cal. AD 860‐1020 (GU‐15327) and cal. AD 670‐890 (GU – 15326) respectively. These contexts represent the internal slumping period before the ditch was filled (Phase 2 a). These are the earliest dated house mouse from Ireland and categorically confirm the presence of the species in Ireland in the early medieval period. Shrew bones are likely to belong to pigmy shrew (Sorex minutus), the only shrew species present in Ireland. The small size of the bones compared to those of common shrew (Sorex a. araneus) supports this view. Small lizard bones were also recovered from the soil samples. As viviparous lizard (Lacerta vivepara) is the only lizard species present in Ireland, these bones are likely to belong to it. No fish bones were recovered from the hand‐picked samples but they were present in soil samples. Species
NISP
%
Cattle
18
0.3
Sheep
4
0.1
Sheep / goat
14
0.3
Pig
14
0.3
Dog
3
0.1
Mouse
187
3.6
Shrew
46
0.9
Rodent
3
0.1
Large ungulate
29
0.6
Small ungulate
26
0.5
Small mammal
17
0.3
Small animal
192
3.7
Bird
131
2.5
Fish
29
0.6
Lizard
22
0.4
Indeterminate
4459
85.8
Total
5194
100
Table 2. Species representation (NISP) in bones from soil samples.
166
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
Species
NISP
Domestic fowl
3
Domestic fowl (?) 6 Quail
1
Red grouse (?)
1
Crow
(14)
Waders
5
Water rail
1
Thrushes (?)
2
Passerine
10
Indeterminate
129
Total
158 (14)
Table 3. Species representation of birds (NISP). Specimens deriving from complete skeletons in brackets. Probable modern specimens in italics. The potential contemporaneity of the small animal fauna with the rest of the assemblage needed to be explored. As the ditch itself did not include any datable layers sealing the deposits below, the only approach was to date the bones themselves. As described above, two house mouse mandibles were radiocarbon dated to cal. AD 860‐1020 (GU‐15327) and cal. AD 670‐890 (GU – 15326). Thus, the bone assemblage is likely to represent fauna contemporary to the site. Species representation and the anatomical distribution of the hand‐picked assemblage are influenced by the method of recovery. Bones of medium‐sized and small animals are regularly missed when sieving is not practised. This is clearly seen by examining the bones recovered from the soil samples. Here, bones of the small ungulates dominate over the large ungulates (Table 2). Shrew, fish and lizard bones were only recovered from the soil samples. Bird and mouse bones were more abundant in the soil samples than in the hand‐picked material. Only one mouse bone was recovered from hand‐ picking. In addition to the bias created by the recovery method, large animal bones are also often found in a higher fragmentary state than the bones of smaller mammals. This can also lead to the over‐ representation of cattle compared to sheep and pig. However, even taking these factors into account, cattle were probably the dominant species in Carrowkeel and would have produced the most meat consumed at the site. Variation in species representation Species representation presented some variation in different phases (Table 4, Figure 2). Phase 3 includes the highest proportion of cattle and the lowest proportion of pigs. The most notable difference is the high number of sheep or goat bones in Phase 2. However, this difference is partly created by the articulated skeletons found in the cemetery ditch 1260 (see below) as some of the bones belonging to the skeletons were not possible to identify as such. The material from the main enclosure ditch (1023) belonging to this phase seems to include more sheep bones than Phase 1 and Phase 3. Most of the articulated sheep bones in ditch 1260 were recovered from context 1353. The sheep proportion is higher in the remaining two contexts (73% cattle, 21% sheep or goat, 6% pig). There seems to be a real difference in the number of sheep bones between the phases. Horse bones were absent in Phase 3. Cat and dog bones were recovered from Phases 1 and 2.
167
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
Phase
Phase 1
Phase 1
Phase 1
Feature
ditch
ditch
ditch
Phase 2 enclosure ditch
1015
1020
1317
Cattle
88
83
Sheep/goat
8
Pig Cattle Small ungulate
Phase 2
Phase 3
ditch
pit
1023
1260
82
67
8
8
4
9
88 12
N/A
N/A
1375
subsoil cemetery area
subsoil enclosure area
62
88
76
61
17
34
7
17
20
10
15
5
5
7
20
81
65
59
0
82
73
55
19
35
41
100
18
27
45
Table 4. Proportion of cattle, sheep or goat and pig in features and areas (%NISP). Figure 2. Proportion of cattle (large ungulates), sheep or goat and pig in different phases (NISP).
100%
80%
60%
pig sheep/goat c attle
40%
20%
0% Phase 1
Phase 2
Phase 3
168
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
Figure 3. Proportion of cattle (large ungulates), pig and sheep or goat in features and areas.
100%
%NISP
80% 60%
pig sheep/goat
40%
c attle
20% 0% Phase 1
Phase 1
Phase 1
Phase 2
ditch 1015 ditc h 1020 ditc h 1317
Phase 2
enclosure ditch 1260
Phase 3
subsoil
subsoil
pit 1375
c emetery
enclosure
area
area
ditc h 1023
Figure 4. Proportion of large and small ungulates in features and areas.
100%
%NISP
80% small ungulate
60%
large ungulate (c attle)
40% 20% 0% Phase 1
Phase 1
Phase 1
Phase 2
Phase 2
ditc h 1015 ditc h 1020 ditc h 1317 enc losure ditch 1260 ditch 1023
Phase 3
subsoil
subsoil
pit 1375
c emetery
enc losure
area
area
As noted in the phase comparison, there is a variation in species representation between the different features in the site (Figure 3, Table 21, Appendix 12). Cattle clearly dominated the material in ditches 1015, 1020 and in pit 1375. In ditch 1317 cattle dominance was less clear when bones identified as small ungulates were counted (Figure 4). This is caused by the high number of small ungulate ribs recovered from the sample. Even if cattle dominate the sample in enclosure ditch 1023, the proportion of sheep or goat and pig bones was higher than in the other ditches. Subsoil layers contained plenty of pig bones. Cat bones were found in enclosure ditch 1023, ditch 1317 and from grave 89. Dog bones were present in ditch1015, enclosure ditch 1023 and cemetery ditch 1260. Comparison of the abundance of small species is difficult as very different amounts of material were sampled from different features (Table 22‐27,Appendix 12).
169
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
Anatomical distribution Anatomical distribution was studied in order to examine the past activities on the site. The complete skeletons were excluded from the anatomical distribution analysis. The bone material proved to include remains from all stages of the processing of animal carcasses (Table 28, Appendix 12). The anatomical distribution exhibited no signs of professional activities such as tanning, slaughter or horn‐working. As a result, the assemblage is regarded as domestic waste. Cattle, sheep, pig and horse are represented through elements from all anatomical parts. Horse bones did not exhibit any cut marks. However, plenty of high utility skeletal elements were present and horse bones were distributed quite evenly (in contrast to cat and dog). Horse carcasses were apparently treated in the same way as cattle, sheep and pig carcasses and horse meat was possibly consumed at the site. The only goat bone identified in the assemblage was a horn core. It could derive from an animal actually living at the site. It could also be an element of trade, transported to site attached to goat skin or as a loose horn (for the horn sheath). Variation in anatomical distribution While comparing the anatomical distribution between different species, it should be remembered that numerous sheep, goat and pig ribs and vertebrae have been categorised as small ungulates. All of the ribs and most of the vertebrae of cattle are categorized as large ungulates. To gain a picture of the anatomical distribution of the large and small ungulates the specimens belonging to cattle and large ungulates were counted together. The same was done to sheep, goat, pig and small ungulate specimens. There is some variation in the anatomical distribution between the different phases (Table 5, Figure 5). Phase 3 includes more low utility skeletal elements than the other phases. Phase 1 and 2 exhibit approximately similar pattern of high and low utility skeletal part representation.
Phase 1 LU Phase 1 SU Phase 2 LU Phase 2 SU Phase 3 LU Phase 3 SU
high utility
55.7
67.3
60.7
65.1
40.6
33.3
low utility
44.3
32.7
39.3
34.9
59.4
66.7
Table 5. Proportion of high and low utility skeletal elements in different phases (%NISP). LU=large ungulate, SU=small ungulate.
170
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
Figure 5. Proportion of high and low utility elements in different phases. LU=large ungulate, SU=small ungulate.
100% 80% 60%
low utility high utility
40% 20% 0% Phase 1 LU
Phase 1 SU
Phase 2 LU
Phase 2 SU
Phase 3 LU
Phase 3 SU
Figure 6. Proportion of high and low utility skeletal elements and teeth in small (SU) and large (LU) ungulates in ditches (1015, 1020 1023, 1260, 1317), pit (1375), Cemetery subsoil (Cy Sub), subsoil (Sub) and Graves (G).
100% 90% 80%
NISP%
70% 60%
teeth
50%
low utility
40%
high utility
30% 20% 10%
U
U G ra ve s L U G ra ve s S U
Su b S
Su b L
U 13 75 L U 13 75 S U C y Su b LU C y Su b SU
13 17 S
U
U 12 60 L U 12 60 S U 13 17 L U
10 23 S
10 23 L
U 10 20 L U 10 20 S U
10 15 S
10 15 L
U
0%
Some differences were found in the anatomical distribution between different features (Tables 29‐34, Appendix 12, Figure 6). Ditch 1015 and pit 1375 exhibit similar patterns to each other. Both have reasonably low numbers of high utility elements and high numbers of loose teeth. In both features there are more small ungulate high utility skeletal elements than those of large ungulates. In the enclosure ditch 1023 the proportion of high utility skeletal elements is similar in both small and large ungulates. The cemetery ditch 1260 and ditch 1317 have high levels of high utility skeletal elements. In cemetery ditch 1260 the small ungulate distribution is likely to be biased as the ribs of complete skeletons are raising the level of high utility skeletal elements of small ungulates. However, it is noteworthy that the large ungulates exhibit a high level of high utility skeletal parts. High numbers of
171
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
teeth in the subsoil and graves is unsurprising as the material is likely to be redeposited. Teeth are the hardest tissue in the skeleton and very sustainable through changes in the physical environment. There is a connection between the high proportion of loose teeth in the material and the low number of high utility skeletal elements. There are two possible explanations. The material proved to be highly fragmented; mandibles and maxillae were often broken in pieces and teeth were loose. Jaws are low utility skeletal elements, so a higher number of jaws (and low utility skeletal elements) is connected to a high level of loose teeth. The high utility skeletal elements are more fragile than low utility skeletal parts and therefore more sensitive to fragmentation. High numbers of loose teeth are related to high fragmentation, which can in turn cause destruction of high utility skeletal parts. So, although jaws are low utility elements, they are related to high levels of fragmentation due to their structural nature. This results in a high level of loose teeth and makes jaws a low utility element with a high fragmentation rate, something usually related to high utility elements. A comparison between the anatomical distribution of hand‐picked and soil sample material was made for enclosure ditch 1023. It was selected as it included enough sampled material. More large ungulate bones of low utility elements and small ungulates of high utility elements were recovered in soil samples. Cattle cranium fragments and phalanxes are likely to explain the higher low utility proportion in the soil samples as the size of these fragments is small. The higher proportion of small ungulate bones in soil samples is explained by ribs and vertebras of these animals, often missed in hand recovery. MNE figures were used to examine the anatomical distribution more closely (Figures 7‐11, Table 35, Appendix 12). MNE figures are less affected by the different fragmentation than NISP numbers. As some of the bones deriving from the articulated skeletons of sheep in Phase 2 were difficult to separate from disarticulated bones, MNE for sheep and goat was not counted for this phase. Phase 3 included too few bones for counting the MNE to be meaningful. The low number of MNE figures in Phase 1 makes comparisons of anatomical distribution more difficult. However, there seems to be no striking difference between the anatomical distribution between Phases 1 and 2. The higher number of high utility skeletal elements in Phase 2 is probably due to the lower number of mandibles and the higher number of radius, ulna and tibia. The virtual absence of pig vertebrates and ribs might indicate that they were deposited somewhere else with the food waste: however especially in fragmented state they are difficult to identify and could have been categorised as small ungulate.
172
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
Figure 7. Cattle anatomical distribution (MAU%‐values), phase 1
Figure 8. Sheep and goat anatomical distribution (MAU%‐values) phase 1
pha la nx 3 pha la nx 3 pha la nx 2 pha la nx 2 pha la nx 1 pha la nx 1 m e ta ta rs a l m e ta ta rs a l ta rs i ta rs i c a lc a ne us c a lc a ne us ta lus ta lus m a lle o la re m a lle o la re tibia tibia pa te lla pa te lla fe m ur fe m ur pe lvis o s c o xa e m e ta c a rpa l m e ta c a rpa l c a rpa ls c a rpa ls ulna ulna ra dius ra dius hum e rus hum e rus s c a pula s c a pula ribs rib s a c rum s a c rum ve rt lum b ve rt lum b ve rt tho r ve rt tho r ve rt c e rv ve rt c e rv a xis a xis a tla s a tla s m a ndible m a ndible ho rnc o re ho rnc o re c ra nium c ra nium
0.0 0
10.0 10
20.0 20
30.0 30
40.0 40
50.0 60.0 50 60 %MAU %MAU
70.0 70
80.0 80
90.0 90
100.0 100
173
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
Figure 10. Cattle anatomical distribution (MAU%‐values), phase 2 Figure 9. Pig anatomical distribution (MAU %‐values) phase 1 pha la nx 3 phapha la nxla2nx 3 pha la nx 1 pha la nx 2 m e ta ta rs a l pha la nx 1 ta rs i m e ta ta rs a l c a lc a ne us ta rs i ta lus c a lc a ne us m a lle o la re ta lus tibia fibula pa te lla tibia fe m ur pepa lviste lla fe m m e ta c a rpa l ur s c olsxa e coa rpa m e taulna c a rpa l racdius a rpa ls hum e rusulna s c a pula ra dius rib hum e rus s a c rum s c a pula ve rt lum b rib ve rt tho r s a c rum ve rt c e rv ve rt lum b a xis ve rt tho r a tla s ve rt c e rv m a ndible a xis ho rnc o re a tla s c ra nium m a ndible
0
10
c ra nium
0.0
10.0
20
20.0
30
30.0
40
40.0
50 %MAU 50.0
60
60.0
70
70.0
80
80.0
90
90.0
100
100.0
%MAU
174
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
Figure 11. Pig anatomical distribution (MAU %) phase 2
pha la nx 3 pha la nx 2 pha la nx 1 m e ta ta rs a l ta rs i c a lc a ne us ta lus fibula tibia pa te lla fe m ur o s c o xa e m e ta c a rpa l c a rpa ls ulna ra dius hum e rus s c a pula rib s a c rum ve rt lum b ve rt tho r ve rt c e rv a xis a tla s m a ndible c ra nium
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
%MAU
175
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
Preservation The material proved to be only moderately well preserved. Preservation varied from one context to another and even inside one context. All ditches included both well and badly preserved material. Some specimens were much abraded, which made the identification difficult. The identification of the cut‐ or gnaw‐marks was also hampered by the poor preservation. However, among the material there were also well preserved specimens like the articulated sheep skeletons. The material was also very fragmented and fragile. Some of the fragmentation had occurred already during the burial process but post‐mortem breaks were also very common. A sample could include only a few elements, but a high number of specimens because of the high fragmentation rate. A good example is bone sample 90 from context 1021, ditch 1020. It contained a minimum of nine bones (MNE), but 113 fragments. Most of the fragments are likely to derive from the mandible and maxilla of cattle, which had broken into pieces. Phase
Feature
Context
cattle
sheep/goat
LU
SU
1
1015, ditch
1016
bird unidentified Total
1
1020, ditch
1021, 1369
7
7
1
1049, post‐hole
1050
10
10
1
1051, pit
1052
3
3
6
6
1
1057, pit
1058
1
1
1
1317, ditch
1316, 1317
1
194
195
1
1372, gully
1
1
2
1023, enclosure ditch
1373 1008, 1024, 1025, 1026, 1027, 1029, 1031, 1036, 1037, 1038, 1072, 1073, 1076, 1078, 1079, 1099, 1100, 1102, 1103, 1113, 1123, 1130, 1199, 1213, 1220, 1243 1067
1
3
1
122
127
1
1
1261
1
19
20
1297
7
7
2
1066, pit 1260, cemetery ditch 1292, pit
2 2 2
1346, pit
1349, 1351
4
1
14
19
2
1475, ditch
1477
2
2
2
1482, pit
1483
1
1
2
1502, post‐hole
1503
1
1
3
1375, pit
1377, 1396, 1471
5
5
I
SK001
1042
3
3
II
SK123
1528
1
1
N/A
subsoil, cemetery
1098
1
1
7
9
N/A
subsoil
1001
2
2
2
1
6
4
1
407
421
Total
Table 6. Burnt bones. LU = large ungulate, SU = small ungulate.
176
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
Carrowkeel animal bone material included 33 burned specimens (Table 6). Carnivore gnawing was present in 104 specimens (Table 7). The distribution of gnawed specimens showed some patterning (Table 8). The highest number of gnawed specimens was recovered from the main enclosure ditch 1023, which also had the highest proportion of gnawed specimens. Quite high numbers of gnawed specimens were also recovered from ditches 1020 and1317 and cemetery ditch 1260. No evidence of rodent gnawing was present in the material. According to osteological evidence, rat was introduced to Ireland in the 12th century (McCormick 1991, 49). However, some pictorial evidence from the early medieval period is interpreted as showing the possible presence of rats in Ireland in even earlier periods (Kelly 1997, 243‐44). In this material rat bone was present only in the cemetery subsoil and is likely to be intrusive. Element
cattle
sheep/goat
pig
horse
LU
SU
indet
skull
mandible
2
1
1
vert cerv
1
vert thor
2
vert lumb
1
vert indet
1
2
ribs
7
2
scapula
5
1
1
1
2
humerus
1
1
radius
1
4
1
ulna
3
1
radius+ulna
1
mc
1
1
pelvis
1
1
3
femur
2
1
tibia
3
4
2
talus
2
calcaneus
3
ct
1
mt
5
mp
1
ph 1
2
ph 2
1
long bone
1
5
5
indet
32
Total
31
13
6
2
20
9
39
Table 7. Carnivore gnawing marks. LU = large ungulate, SU = small ungulate.
177
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
Phase
Feature
Context
1
1015, ditch
1017
1
1
1020, ditch
1021
3
1
1317, ditch
1315
1
1
9
4
12
5
1012, 1024, 1027, 1029, 1030, 1031, 1076, 1103, 1130, 1198, 1199, 1237, 1238 1261, 1353, 1353
cattle sheep/goat pig horse LU SU indet Total
2
1
2
2
5
4
11
%
1
0.4
3
8
1.5
7
10
1.5
2
17
41
2.5
5
8
45
1.7
2
1023, enclosure ditch
2
1260, cemetery ditch
2
1359, ditch
1360
1
1
3
1375, pit
1472
1
1
0.6
I
SK113
1489
1
1
2
I
SK085/086
1384
1
3
4
II
SK036
1195
1
1
N/A
subsoil, cemetery
1098
1
1
1
1
4
0.4
N/A
subsoil
1001
1
1
2
0.9
Total
31
13
6
2
20
9
39
120
Table 8. Carnivore gnawing marks in features (NISP) and their proportion in the whole assemblage (features with NISP over 100). LU= large ungulate, SU=small ungulate. Butchery A total of 76 specimens showed butchery marks (Tables 9‐12). Most of the chop marks would have resulted from cutting up the carcass into smaller pieces for consumption – the most common elements being treated this way were the high utility skeletal elements like vertebrae and ribs. Long bones and pelvises of cattle have also been treated this way. Horn cores were chopped to remove them from the rest of the skull. Sheep or goat skulls were split to gain access to the brain. A total of 17 bones showed evidence of filleting, most of which were ribs. Cattle femur, radius and mandible had marks indicative of dismemberment.
cattle sheep/goat large ungulate indet Total
mandible
1
1
2
vert thor
1
1
Rib
2
2
Mc
2
2
Pelvis
1
1
Talus
2
2
long bone
2
2
Indet
1
1
Total
6
1
5
1
13
Table 9. Other butchery marks.
178
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
cattle large ungulate small ungulate indet Total
rib
8
5
13
scapula
1
1
pelvis
1
1
long bone
1
1
2
Total
1
8
7
1
17
Table 10. Filleting.
cattle
sheep/goat
Total
horn core
1
1
mandible
1
1
radius
1
1
femur
1
1
Total
3
1
4
Table 11. Dismembering.
cattle sheep sheep/goat pig large ungulate Total
skull
1
1
horn core
2
3
3
8
mandible
1
1
vert cerv
4
3
7
vert thor
3
3
vert lumb
3
1
4
vert indet
2
2
sternum
1
1
rib
3
3
humerus
2
2
radius
2
1
3
radius‐ulna
1
1
mc
1
1
pelvis
2
2
4
long bone
1
1
10
3
17
1
11
42
Total
Table 12. Chopping.
179
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
Phase
Feature
Context
chopped
dismembering
filleting
other
Total
1
1015, ditch
1
1
1
1317, ditch
1
3
3
7
1
1372, gully
1
1
2
1023, enclosure ditch
2
2
2
1
7
2
1260, cemetery ditch
36
1
8
7
52
2
1475, ditch
1017 1315, 1316 1373 1012, 1029, 1031, 1076, 1112, 1239 1261, 1353, 1367 1477
1
1
3
1375m pit
1397
1
1
I
SK085/86
1384
1
1
I
SK100
1437
1
1
III
SK116
1516
1
1
N/A
subsoil, cemetery
1098
1
1
2
N/A
subsoil
1001
1
1
Total
42
4
17
13
76
Table 13. Distribution of butchery marks in features Pathology and non‐metrical variation Several specimens exhibited pathological changes or abnormal development (Table 36, 213). A set of abnormal cattle mandibular molars was recovered from ditch 1023 (c.1030). These teeth, unworn or almost unworn, have fully developed roots but their crowns are abnormally short, approximately 2‐ 2.5 cm high. Other pathological cattle bones included a femoral head with mild arthritic changes, a metacarpal with a small pit in the proximal surface, the cause of which is unknown, and two fused tarsal bones (Ct and T2+3). Sheep bones exhibiting pathological changes were two fused tarsal bones (Ct and T2+3) and a humerus, which had a small extra bone growth on its distal end. The axis (second cervical vertebra) identified as sheep or goat had a possible healed break in the proximal articular facet. This type of break can be caused by two fighting rams or bucks for example. An extra, oval bone growth with a groove in the middle was found in the basal margin of the pig mandible. Extra bone is more porous in structure than the rest of the mandible. The cause of the pathology is unknown. Some non‐metrical traits (rare, genetically determined anomalies) were observed in the material. Sheep bones included three specimens of polycerated (multiple horns splitting off from one base, in this case double) sheep horns from at least two different individuals. All specimens were recovered from cemetery ditch 1260, and it cannot be excluded that some of these specimens could belong to the complete sheep skeletons. These skulls fragments exhibited two horn cores on each side of the skull, with the larger one in the front and the smaller one behind. Polycerated sheep horn cores are relatively common in early medieval Irish sites. (McCormick 1998, 829‐30). One lumbar vertebra of sheep or goat had small extra growths in the ventral margin of the articular surfaces. In addition, the assemblage included two dog bones with skeletal abnormalities. One humerus had two nutrient
180
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
foramens, elongated to grooves of approximately 2 cm long. One mandible had an extra, tiny, peg‐ like tooth behind M3. Size Several measurements were taken from the bones to examine the size of the animals (Table 37, Appendix 13). The fragmented state of the bone material lowered the number of possible measurements taken. Therefore it was not possible to examine the measurements in different phases. Only two cattle metacarpals were available for withers heights reconstruction. Both were determined to have derived from females and gained withers heights of approximately 105 cm and 110 cm. Sheep bone measurement analysis is complicated because of the articulated skeletons. There is a very high possibility that several measured bones derive from the same individuals. However, it is possible to examine the size range of the sheep. Measurements from sheep bones belonging to complete skeletons are summarized in Table 37, Appendix 12. Sheep size is discussed in Section 4.9.1. One horse metatarsal could be used for withers height estimation. The bone derives from a pony‐ sized animal with a withers height of approximately 138 cm. Two pig taluses gave withers heights of approximately 66 cm and 72 cm. Unfortunately no complete dog long bones were available for length measurements and thus no withers heights could be estimated. However, some other measurements could to be taken from the dog bones. The physical examination of the remains shows that the dog skeletons derive from large specimens. One proximal humerus depth measurement (Dp 51.6) was compared with measurements of dog bones from Early Medieval Waterford. The largest humerus in this assemblage measured a withers height of 60.4 cm and its Dp was only 47.5 mm (McCormick 1998, 847). Age The best indicators for ageing mammal osteological material are usually obtained from an examination of the wear and eruption of mandibular teeth (Table 42, Appendix 12). The epiphyseal fusion evidence can also be used for age structure analysis, thus it is usually seen as a more unreliable method. Cattle Cattle age data from mandibles show an interesting pattern (Figure 12). Young and elderly animals are represented, but not young adults between them. However, there are differences between the Phases 1‐2 (phase 3 is represented by only 1 mandible). In Phase 1 there are both young and old mandibles, but in phase 2 all the mandibles derive from young cattle.
181
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
Figure 12. Cattle age data from mandibles. Age categories according to O'Connor (2003): N= neonatal, J = juvenile, I = immature, SA = sub-adult, A = Adult, E = elderly.
2
1
0 N
J
I
SA 1
SA2
A1
A2
A3
E
Epiphyseal data for cattle show an abnormal curve (turning upwards again between 1.5‐3 years) (Figure 13, Table 14). Different epiphyseal groups represent different skeletal elements. The abnormal figure might be due to the different destruction or transportation of the elements. It is also possible that there is one complete but dispersed young animal among the material, causing lower numbers in the earliest fusing epiphysis group (see articulated elements discussion below). The latest fusing epiphysis group had approximately half of the epiphyses fused, indicating that half of the animals consumed at the site derive from mature cattle. Only Phase 2 includes enough epiphyses for closer examination. Here 53% of the epiphyses in the late ageing group are fused, thus most of the bones derive from adult animals.
Figure 13. Age distribution of cattle according to epihyses data in phases 1 and 2.
100 90 80 % fused
70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
Age in years
These results appear contradictory. Most of the epiphyses seem to derive from mature animals, most of the mandibles from subadults. This might be caused by different factors. Open epiphyses can be
182
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
more easily destroyed than the closed ones. The material was only moderately well preserved, so part of the discrepancy might be due to this. However, it seems unlikely that preservation would be the only factor causing the difference.
O
C
F
Scapula tuber
1
9
Humerus dist
4
7
Radius prox
1
7
Total
6
23
Mc dist
5
Mt dist
4
Tibia dist
1
7
Total Humerus prox
1
16
1
2
Radius dist
2
2
Ulna prox
1
1
Femur prox
1
3
Femur dist
3
1
Tibia prox
1
Calcaneus
1
2
Total
10
11
Table 14. Epiphyses fusing data for cattle, Phases 1 and 2. O = open, C = closing, F = fused. The difference in the depositional pattern of the elements might also have caused the different age curves. Adult animal bones might derive from cattle slaughtered somewhere else, and only high utility skeletal elements were therefore deposited into the features. The high number of high utility skeletal elements in Phase 2 could support this idea. Sheep / goat Excluding ditch 1260 – i.e. the cemetery ditch ‐ and its articulated skeletons, only three sheep or goat mandibles could be used for age determination. All of these derive from adult animals (O’Connor’s age classes A2 or A3). Approximately half of epiphyses in the latest closing epiphyses group from the material, excluding ditch 1260, were fused (Figure 14, Table 15). Thus, approximately half the animals reached adult age. No comparisons between phases or features could be made because of the limited amount of material. The age distribution of articulated skeletons will be discussed later.
183
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
Figure 14. Age distribution of sheep or goat according to epiphyses data in phases 1 and 2 (excluding ditch 1260).
100
% fused
80 60 40 20 0 0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
Age in years
184
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
O
Scapula tuber Humerus dist
C
F
1 1
Radius prox
Total
0
0
2
Mc dist
1
Mt dist
1
Tibia dist
4
Total
0
0
6
Humerus prox
Radius dist
1
Ulna prox
Femur prox
1
1
Femur dist
0
1
Tibia prox Calcaneus Total
2
Table 15. Epiphyses fusing data for sheep and goat, Phases 1 and 2 (excluding ditch 1260). O = open, C = closing, F = fused. Pig Only nine pig mandibles could be classified to age groups (according to O’Connor 2003) (Figure 15). Most of them derive from young adult animals. Almost half of pig epiphyses in the early fusing group are unfused, and no fused specimens were recorded in the late fusing group (Figure 16, Table 16). The number of older animals seems to be a little higher in the teeth data than in the epiphyses data. However, pigs were raised only for meat production and slaughtered relatively young.
185
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
Figure 15. Pig age data from mandibles. Age categories according to O'Connor (2003): N = neonatal, J = juvenile, I = immature, SA = sub-adult, A = adult, E = elderly.
3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 N
J
I1
I2
SA1
SA2
A1
A2
A3
E
Figure 16. Age distribution of pig according to epiphyses data in phases 1 and 2.
100 90 80
% fused
70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
Age in years
186
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
O
C
F
Scapula tuber
Humerus dist
2
1
Radius prox
4
Total
2
5
Mc dist
Mt dist
Tibia dist
1
Calcaneus
1
Total
2
Humerus prox
2
Radius dist
Ulna prox
1
Femur prox
1
Femur dist
1
Tibia prox
1
Total
6
Table 16. Epiphyses fusing data for pig, Phases 1 and 2. O = open, C = closing, F = fused. . Horse, dog and cat All horse epiphyses in the material were fused, and thus derive from adult animals. However, some loose molar teeth show very little wear. This indicates an age of only a couple of years. All recovered dog bones were those of adults (excluding an infant dog skeleton, described below). In addition to cat skeletons (described below), a juvenile cat humerus and a radius were found, indicating an age of less than 18 and 28 weeks respectively. Sex Few bones could be used for sex determination. One cattle horn core derives from a male, probably from an ox (which was likely to be utilised as a draught animal) due to its oval form and large basal circumference (Benecke 1988). Three medial edges of the pelvises of cattle were measured for sex assessment, all likely to have derived from females (value under 9.8, Wigh 2001, 66). These observations were confirmed by the morphological study of these pelvises. In addition, one more pelvis could be determined to be female and one to be male according to morphological criteria. Two metacarpal bones mentioned earlier derive from females according to criteria presented by Mennerich (1968). Three pig mandibles were identified as belonging to females and five to males according to the mandibular canine teeth. Sex determination of the sheep bones is presented below.
187
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
Articulated skeletons The recovered animal bones included articulated skeletons among the disarticulated material (Table 17). Only one was recognised in the field (an infant dog), the rest ended up among the disarticulated remains. Even if the articulated skeletons can be separated from the rest of the material, there are elements that are difficult to identify as part of a complete skeleton, especially ribs, mandibles and skulls. articulated skeletons
NISP
cat, enclosure ditch 1023
42
cat, grave 89
54
dog (infant), enclosure ditch 1023
36
sheep, cemetery ditch 1260
318
Table 17. Articulated skeletons (NISP). Sheep Animal bone material from cemetery ditch 1260 included a total of 318 sheep bones deriving from articulated skeletons. The minimum number of individuals counted from the bones is 11 (left distal humerus) (Table 18). As these skeletons were not recovered as articulated on site, the exact number of sheep in the ditch is difficult to reconstruct. Moreover, the ditch was not completely excavated but continued beyond the excavated area. Therefore the total number of sheep in this ditch might be considerably higher. On the other hand, there might be some disarticulated bones among the articulated ones, raising the MNI number. It seems that at least 11 complete or partial sheep skeletons were buried in this ditch. Most of the bones derive from context 1353 (base fill of the ditch), but some were also recovered from 1261 (main fill) and 1367 (upper fill). As pointed out above, there were difficulties in separating the articulated elements from the disarticulated. Articulated sheep bones were identified according to their colour and completeness. Articular surfaces of articulated skeletons do not dye to the same colour as the rest of the bones because they are protected by the adjoining bone. Also the colour of the bones belonging to complete burials often differs from disarticulated specimens, as the rotting carcass creates a distinct microenvironment around the skeleton. However, the fragmentary state of the bones made the identification more difficult. As can be seen from the MNE‐ numbers, some bones have been more easily identified as belonging to complete skeletons. It is possible that not all skeletons were complete when buried. Because the ditch was not excavated completely due to the site intake area, but sampled, there is a possibility that some of the bones belonging to the skeletons are missing. Missing small bones like carpals, tarsals and phalanxes are probably due to the recovery method used: hand picking. Some information is available about the age, sex and size of the buried skeletons. According to epiphyseal closure, all individuals were over ten months of age (fused distal epiphyses of the humeri). Five were under three and half years and four over it. At least one individual seemed to be just in the state of fusion of late fusing epiphyses, because one closing proximal humerus and distal femur were found. Mandibles recovered from the ditch represent similar age distribution (Figure 17), where approximately half of the animals derive from mature animals and half from younger (age group A3 derives from animals over four years). Most of these mandibles are likely to derive from the skeletons, even if only five could have been certainly assigned to them.
188
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
NISP
MNI
cranium
15
2
horn core
5
3
mandible
5
3
atlas
5
4
axis
2
2
vert cerv
7
2
vert thor
13
2
vert lumb
14
3
sacrum
2
2
vert caud
5
1
scapula
13
5
humerus
24
11
radius
13
9
ulna
9
5
carpals
4
1
metacarpal
13
6
os coxae
22
10
femur
21
9
patella
1
1
tibia
18
7
malleolare
1
1
talus
3
2
calcaneus
4
2
ct
6
3
tarsi
2
1
metatarsal
17
9
metapodial
1
phalanx 1
32
4
phalanx 2
14
2
phalanx 3
13
2
sesamoid
7
teeth
7
Total
318
Table 18. NISP and MNI values for complete sheep skeletons (highest MNI in bold).
189
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
Figure 17. Sheep skeleton age data from mandibles (ditch 1260, right mandibles with matching left pair excluded). Age categories according to O'Connor (2003). 5
4
3 n 2
1
0 N
J
I
SA 1
SA2
A1
A2
A3
E
Five pelvises were available for sex determination, three deriving from males and two from females. At least one horn core is likely to derive from an adult male, due to the massive horn core base present in the skull. One skull derives from a hornless female. One horn core has a very small basal circumference (70 mm) indicating that it probably belonged to a horned ewe. Estimated withers heights of these animals range from 52 cm to 62 cm (Table 38, Appendix 12). Average withers heights counted from the right metacarpals and the left metatarsals (to include only bones deriving from different animals) were 57 cm and 55 cm respectively. Measured elements not belonging to the articulated skeletons expand this range a little. Sheep talus from enclosure ditch 1023 gave an estimated withers height of 63 cm. Elements belonging to articulated skeletons were carefully examined to find any butchery or gnaw marks. Two bones showed gnaw marks; a radius and an ulna (articulated but not fused). Some butchery marks were noticed. Chop marks were recovered on the base of at least two horn cores. One pelvis bone showed chop marks, and some uncertain chop marks were recovered from a distal femur. All these marks are the result of primary butchery and dismemberment of animals.
190
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
Dog and cat Ditches may include other complete skeletons originally buried as articulated. Large, adult dog remains were recovered from the enclosure ditch 1023 and cemetery ditch 1260, but may derive from only one individual (MNI is 1). However, remains in each ditch are likely to have derived from separate individuals. Dog bones in ditch 1023 were more dispersed than those in 1260, where most of the bones were recovered in northwest part of the ditch. Specimens in ditch 1260 are likely to represent one dog burial. In ditch 1023 dog bones were dispersed in diffent parts of the ditch. These dog remains might represent several individuals, or the disturbed burial of one dog. Thirty‐six specimens belonging to an infant dog were recovered from the main fill of northeneast part of enclosure ditch 1023 (context 1029). The bones were not well preserved and consisted mostly of teeth and jaw fragments. According to the dental eruption and development, the puppy was approximately two months old. Enclosure ditch 1023 also included well preserved remains of an adult cat. All of the bones belonging to this individual derive from upper deposit (context 1197) from the southeast part of the ditch, Another cat skeleton was recovered, associated with grave 89 (to be discussed below). This animal had proximal humerus at closing state, indicating age of 1½ to 2 years. Possible articulated young cattle The material included some cattle remains, which could derive from partly articulated or dispersed, originally articulated skeletons. From cemetery ditch 1260, 16 fragments of vertebrae or ribs of large ungulate were recovered with a similar porous structure, indicating a young individual. These bones derived from base and main fill (contexts 1353 and 1261). Other remains belonging to young cattle were recovered from the same ditch: scapula, two distal humeri (left and right) and at least three pelvises (one right, two left), all unfused. These were recovered from contexts 1353, 1367 and 1261, which represent the base, main and upper fills of the ditch but from same part of the ditch. It is possible that part of these elements, such as the spine belong to the same individual. However, pelvises derive from at least two different individuals. Bones from cattle under 1½ years of age are present in other ditches, but are rare. Bones mentioned above have been included in the age diagram and have a possible distorting effect on it. Features and areas Enclosure ditch 1023: To examine the inner variation in enclosure ditch (1023), the material was divided in horizontal and vertical groups represented by sample ditch sections and contexts. Little variation was found between different horizontal parts of the ditch. The greatest numbers of high utility skeletal elements were recovered from the northeast part of the ditch (Figure 18). In this section the number of small ungulates was slightly higher than in the other sections, but the difference is very minimal (Figure 19). The material from ditch (1023) were also divided into base fill, main fill and upper fill representing different stages of the fillings (corresponding the Phases 2 a‐c). There seems to be little variation in the abundance of large
191
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
and small ungulates between different fills (Figure 20). However, horse bones are only Figure 18. Anatomical distribution of large (LU) and small (SU) ungulates in different parts of enclosure ditch 1023.
100%
80%
60%
teeth low utility high utility
40%
20%
0% NW LU
NW SU
NE LU
NE SU
SE LU
SE SU
present in the upper fill. Some variation is evident in the abundance of different skeletal elements between the fills (Figure 21). However, no clear pattern emerges, as the abundance of the high utility skeletal elements seems to vary inside each fill between large and small ungulates. Figure 19. Abundance of large (LU) and small (SU) ungulates in different Figure 21. Anatomical distribution (LU) and small (SU) ungulates in different parts of of large enclosure ditch 1023. fills in enclosure ditch 1023. 100% 100% 90%
80%
80% 70%
60%
te e th
60%
S low utility U
50%
40%
LU high utility 40% 30%
20%
20% 10%
0%
192
0%
base fill LU
baseNW fill SU main fill LU
main fill SU uppe r fill LUS Euppe r fill SU NE
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
The distribution of the bones from the soil samples was also examined in order to study the depositional history of the site. Most of the soil samples for the entire site were taken from enclosure ditch 1023. This gave rise to the largest sample of small animal bones. Mouse, shrew, bird and fish bones were recovered from all parts of the ditch, both vertically and horizontally (Tables 39‐40, Appendix 12). Mouse bones were also present in the other features, but in smaller quantities. This is at least partly caused by the extensive sampling of enclosure ditch 1023. Ditch 1317 exhibits a similar distribution of animals. Mouse bones were also found in ditch 1015 and in the pits 1051 and 1375. Bones from the cemetery Animal bones were recovered both from the cemetery subsoil and from the graves themselves. Animal bones in the cemetery area may derive from earlier features destroyed by later grave digging activities or from redeposited bones from the settlement area. There were plenty of isolated teeth in the graveyard subsoil material. This is unsurprising, as the material has been probably deposited several times and teeth resist these changes better than other bones. A number of animal bones associated with the graves were recovered (Table 41, Appendix 12). Some of these are likely to have derived from the grave fillings, but in some cases bones may have been deliberately deposited in the graves. A juvenile distal tibia of sheep or goat was recovered associated with a (human) skeleton in grave 72. Both shaft and loose epiphyses were recovered; the light colour of metaphysis surface indicating that bone was in its primary deposition.
193
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
Figure 20. Proportion of large (LU) and small (SU) ungulates in different fills in enclosure ditch 1023.
100% 90% 80% 70% 60% SU
50%
LU
40% 30% 20% 10% 0% base fill
main fill
uppe r fill
One complete cat skeleton was recovered from grave 89. No signs of burrowing or other later disturbance were noticed during the excavations. It is possible that this animal represents an intentional burial. However, as the skeleton was not noticed as articulated during the excavations, the relationship of the cat skeleton and the burial remains unclear. DISCUSSION General The bone material from Carrowkeel has provided a general picture of animal use on the site. The assemblage was characteristic of domestic waste, consisting of both high and low utility skeletal elements (both butchery remains and food debris). Domestic animals formed the basis of consumption on this site and no wild mammal specimens relating to subsistence were recovered. Cattle was the dominant species, followed by sheep, pig and horse. The role of goats in the economy was probably related to horn and skin production and it is not certain if goats were raised on the site. Osteological material included both articulated elements and disarticulated remains. Articulated remains derive from animals buried or discarded in the graves or ditch fills and thus not included in consumption. Material included several bones from infant animals, most of which were recovered from the soil samples. Infant cattle, sheep or goat and pig were identified. It is likely that these bones derive from animals raised on the site.
194
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
Phases and features Material from Carrowkeel was divided into three phases, representing different phases of use. Some differences between the phases were noticed, even if comparisons were hampered by the presence of complete sheep skeletons found in cemetery ditch 1260 and by the small amount of material associated with Phase 3. The number of cattle in the material is highest in the Phases 1 and 3. The role of pigs and sheep in subsistence is higher in Phase 2. However, cattle is the main meat animal in all phases. Higher number of sheep and pig in Phase 2 compared to Phase 1 might reflect a change in the subsistence strategy. This might relate to the change in the overall status of the settlement as it develepod into a cemetery settlement. However, this change might reflect a wider pattern of cattle decline during this period in Ireland. McCormick and Murray (2007, 106‐116) note a general decline in the cattle numbers in early medieval sites after the 8th century. They interpreted this change as a decline in the importance of cattle as currency. Differences were also found in features on site. Features from Phase 1 include generally more low utility skeletal elements than those from Phase 2. However, ditch 1317 (Phase 1) exhibits the highest number of high utility skeletal elements. The differences might represent different activity zones within the site and the location of cooking facilities. However, as the features were not dated the activities might be not contemporary. The origin of small mammal, bird and lizard bones is of interest. Small animal bones may be predator debris, deriving, for example, from regurgitated pellets of owls. However, the even distribution of the bones in the ditch does not support this hypothesis. Small mammals have been deposited in layers at every stage of the filling activities. Some small mammal bones may be the result of intrusion into the layers. The wood mouse does indeed dig deep tunnels into the ground (Siivonen & Sulkava 1994, 161). Also, pygmy shrew may build their nests underground, but that is not likely for the house mouse. Some of the bones may derive from animals searching for food in the ditch. Plant material from the ditch supports the idea that rubbish discarded in it lay exposed some time before being covered in soil (pers. comm. Susan Lyons). This was probably a tempting place for a small rodents, shrews and small birds to look for food. Viviparous lizards are found in dry habitats (D’Arcy 2006, 25). In addition, no frog or other amphibian bones were recovered from the ditch. Bones of small birds (thrush‐sized) may also partly derive from food waste, as the fish remains likely do. 5.3 Production and consumption in Carrowkeel According to Kelly (1997, 319) there is little evidence of trade in foodstuffs in texts of the early medieval period and these sources suggests that most food was consumed within the household that produced it. However, the food‐rent that a client paid to a king in return for a fief was an important transfer of foodstuff as a significant proportion of the food consumed in a king’s household was produced on the farms of his clients (Kelly 1997, 320). Food‐rent included both live animals and meat (Kelly 1997, 320). For example, young male cattle, wethers and young pigs were included in the rent (Kelly 1997, 59‐62, 72, 87), thus the food‐ rent included the surplus animals not needed for reproduction. Age and sex patterns of animal bones in early medieval sites are likely to be affected by this process as the animal bones found at the sites do not represent the complete unit of production and consumption. One form of food rent was feasting in the client’s household (Kelly 1997, 357). However, the
195
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
anatomical distribution created by feasting may be difficult to seperate from normal consumption as complete animals were consumed (c.f. McCormick 2002). Cattle Cattle had a particular status in early medieval society. They were kept for milk, meat and traction (as draught animals), with a special emphasis on milk cows (Kelly 1997, 25‐66). Young (male) animals not needed in traction or breeding were culled between their first and third year (Kelly 1997, 58‐63). The rest of the animals, kept for milk production or traction, reached an older age. Dairy cattle attained their highest value at the age of six with the birth of a third calf, with value declining after this period (Kelly 1997, 65). Cattle bones recovered from Carrowkeel present an interesting age distribution. Mandibles of young adults (between two and four years old) are missing in this assemblage. There is variation between different phases and data from epiphyses and mandibles are in disagreement. This is likely to be caused by the deposition processes of the elements. This could be due to the food‐rent system described above or the division of the animal carcasses inside the settlement. However, the animal age pattern seems to follow the cattle breeding pattern described in early medieval texts. Meat animals were culled when young ‐ as shown by mandibles belonging to age groups N‐SA1; however the very young calf mandible (N) might represent death by natural causes. These are likely to be males. Animals of a more advanced age (age groups A3‐E) represent milk cows and oxen. Most of the adult animals were female, as indicated by the sex distribution (only bones of mature cattle can be sexed). Mild arthritis noticed in cattle femoral head and fused tarsal bones might be related to either draught activities or the advanced age of the cows. The cattle in Carrowkeel were small, but the size is comparable to other early medieval results. Withers heights of 105 cm and 110 cm of cows are within the limits of the previous results of cattle withers height in early medieval Ireland (McCormick 1998, 827). Early medieval cattle have been compared to modern Kerry cattle in terms of size and build (Kelly 197, 31), however other than superficial observations, comparisons between ancient livestock and modern breeds are problematic. Literary sources describe cattle as black, crimson‐red, flame red, brown, brindled and white in colour (Kelly 1997, 31‐32). Sheep Ditch 1260 was used for the burial of up to eleven sheep. Most of the bones were recovered from the bottom of the ditch from a layer interpreted as a natural deposit (context 1353). Some were found in the fill above (1261). It seems likely that the ditch was already silting up when the sheep skeletons were buried in it. The good condition of the skeletons implies that they were intentionally covered and laid unexposed for a long period of time. These animals were probably not used in any way (except perhaps for their horn cores) but discarded in the ditch as complete carcasses. These sheep were apparently butchered only in limited amounts (horn cores were chopped off; some of them might have been partially dismembered). Dismembering might have been done in order to better fit the carcasses into the ditch. The presence of horn cores in these ditches is curious. Horn cores were often separated from the skulls for the removal of horn sheets. If the horn sheets were separated from the horn cores and these horn cores indeed belonged to articulated skeletons, then horn
196
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
cores were deliberately discarded in the same ditch some time later than the skeletons. These animals perished through a disease or in an accident. Gnaw marks on the radius and ulna bones may have been the result of dogs scavenging before the burial. As the whole ditch was not excavated due to the road landtake constraints, the recovered sheep might represent only part of the whole assemblage. These animals may represent natural deaths within the flock rather than deliberate slaughter. Therefore the sex and age division of the animals represents the breeding stock rather than the slaughtered animals. It is noteworthy that all animals were over ten months of age. Either the incident happened in early spring ‐ just before the lambing season – or the youngest part of the flock is missing in this assemblage for some reason. Kelly (1997, 68‐69) mentions that lambs were not allowed to pasture in common lands away from the farms before August because of wolves. Bones of fetal lambs might be missed in hand‐picking. Only a few soil samples were taken from ditch 1260, and did not include any fetal or infant lamb bones. Bones of young sheep are generally rare in the whole assemblage. It seems that animals were not consumed before their second year. However, in early medieval law texts, consumption of young wethers during their first year is described: wethers were part of the food‐rent which clients gave to their king (Kelly 1997, 69, 72). It is possible that young animals were transported from Carrowkeel to other consumers. Bone material from the early medieval Moynagh crannóg and from the Scandinavian levels of Dublin shows a peak in slaughter of sheep between one and two years of age (McCormick 1998, 828). In the early medieval monastery at Illaunloughan island young sheep are well represented, as well as in the high status crannóg settlement of Coolure Demesne (Butler 2005; Murray & McCormick 2005, 68). It seems possible that young sheep were transported from rural farmsteads to be consumed in ecclesiastical, urban or power centers. Sheep in early medieval Ireland were kept primarily for wool production (Kelly 1997, 67). The high number of adult animals, and particularly adult males in the Carrowkeel flock, represent the importance of wool production. Most of the male animals were probably castrated after weaning (Kelly 1997, 69). This would have kept the flock more steady, prevented fighting and enhanced wool production (Clutton‐Brock 1976,382; Ryder1983, 452, 465). Castration affects the horn core development; castrated male sheep have a smaller and more fragile horn core than intact ones (Hatting 1983). Therefore the large horn core recovered from ditch 1260 most likely belongs to a ram. Sheep breeding was not of great importance in early medieval Ireland (McCormick 1991, 42). Sheep were unimproved, small and of heterogeneous appearance. Sheep withers heights in Carrowkeel fall in the limits presented by McCormick (1998, 830) from early medieval Irish sites. Kelly (1997, 70 ‐ 71) presents data of sheep colours. White fleeces were valued, and dun‐ coloured and black sheep are mentioned in Early Medieval texts. A wide variety of horn types (polled, two‐horned, horned) found in this sample seem to be common in other materials (McCormick 1998, 829‐30). In Carrowkeel male sheep were probably horned; ewes were polled and had small horns. Pigs
197
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
Pig breeding’s only aim was meat production. Most of the animals were culled when young. In Carrowkeel there were no fused epiphyses in the latest fusing epiphysis group, indicating that only animals under 2 1/2 years were consumed at the site. However, some mandibles belonged to animals over two years (age group A 2). These were probably animals used for breeding purposes. Wild pigs were present in early medieval Ireland (Kelly 1997, 281) and their bones have previously been identified in archaeological excavations (McCormick 1998, 837). No signs of larger individuals that could represent wild pigs were present in the Carrowkeel material. Other species Wild mammals did not have an important role in the economy of Carrowkeel. Bones of red deer, wild boar, hare or fur‐bearing carnivores were not recovered from this assemblage. Some wild birds were likely to have been consumed. Their meaning in subsistence was probably higher than in the recovered assemblage, however, most of their bones were likely lost during the hand‐picking. Some hen bones were recovered in Carrowkeel. Hens are often mentioned in early medieval sources, along with geese and ducks (Kelly 1997, 102‐7). However, geese and ducks were not recovered from the bone material. The low proportion of the fish bones in the samples indicate that fish had only a minor role in the subsistence of Carrowkeel. Horse meat was possibly consumed in Carrowkeel to some degree. Other early medieval sites have provided evidence of horse meat consumption (McCormick 2005, 73). One horse withers height from Carrowkeel material, 138 cm, came from a pony sized individual, comparable to the results from previous studies (McCormick 1998, 832). Early medieval sources describe different types of dogs (Kelly 1997, 114). Large dogs were bred for guarding and fast ones for speed (Kelly 1997, 117). In addition, pet dogs and three types of herd dogs were distinguished (Kelly 1997, 119‐20). However, these breeds were not necessarily breeds in the modern sense with strict definitions of outer appearance and lineage. The most important thing was likely to be their performance. The large dogs recovered in Carrowkeel could have been bred as guard dogs. Kelly (1997, 115) states that these dogs were often associated with nobles and other powerful men. Cats were highly appreciated in early medieval society (Kelly 1997, 121). They were kept for their ability to kill mice and for their attractiveness as pets (Kelly 1997, 122). This was likely to be the function of the cats in Carrowkeel too. House mice bones recovered from soil samples are the earliest dated Irish house mice. The second Irish mouse species, wood mouse, was also represented in the sample. The house mouse tends to live near human populations and does not dig deeply into the ground, so there is every possibility that these bones derive from animals contemporary to the settlement. It is noteworthy that no rat bones were recovered from these layers. It seems that the house mouse entered Ireland before the rat.
198
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
6. REFERENCES Benecke, N 1988 Archäozoologische Untersuchungen an Tierknochen aus der frühmittelalterlichen Siedlung von Menzlin. Materialhefte zur Ur‐ und Frühgeschichte Meklenburgs. Band 3. Binford, L R 1978 Nunamiut Ethnoarchaeology, Academic Press: New York. Boessneck, J 1969 ‘Osteological differences between sheep (Ovis aries Linne) and goat (Capra hircus Linne)’, in Brothwell and Higgs (ed) Science in Archaeology 2, 331‐58. Thames and Hudson. Butler, V 2005 ‘The mammal bone’. In O’Sullivan, A, Kelly, E.P. & Sands, R. ‘Archaeological Investigations of a Crannog at Coolure Desmene, Co. Westmeath’. Report for licence 04E1076. Clutton‐Brock, J 1976 ‘The animal resources’, in Wilson, D M The Archaeology of Anglo‐Saxon England, 373‐392. D’Arcy, G 2006 The Animals of Ireland. Appletree Pocket Guides. Davis, S J M 1987 The Archaeology of Animals. New Haven, Yale University Press. Grant, A 1982 ‘ The use of tooth wear as a guide to the age of domestic ungulates’, in Wilson, B, Grigson, C and Payne, S (eds) ‘Ageing and Sexing Animal Bones from Archaeological Sites’, BAR British Series 109, 55‐71, Oxford. Harcourt, R 1974 ‘ The dog in Prehistoric and early historic Britain’, J Arch Sci, 1, 151‐75. Harland, J.F., Barrett, JH., Carrott, J., Dobney, K. and Jaques, D. 2003. ʹThe York System: An integrated zooarchaeological database for research and teachingʹ, Internet Archaeology Hatting, T 1983 ‘Osteological investigations on Ovis Aries L’, Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening. Bind 144, 115‐135. Hughes, J 2004 Report on the Animal bones from Cashel, Excavation Licence no. 03E0396. Unpublished report Headland Archaeology Ltd, Ireland. Kelly, F 1997 ‘Early Irish farming. A study based mainly on the law texts of the 7th and 8th centuries AD. Early Irish Law Series vol IV. Kiesewalter, L 1888 Skelettmessungen am Pferde. Inaug. Diss. Leipzig. Matolsci, J 1970 ‘Historische Erforschung der Körpengrösse des Rindes auf Grund von Ungarischem Knochenmaterial. Zeitschrift für Tierzüchtung und Züchtungsbiologie 87, 89‐137.
199
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
McCormick, F 1991 ‘The effect of the Anglo‐Norman settlement on Ireland’s wild and domesticated fauna’, in Crabtree, P & Ryan, K (eds) Animal use and culture change, Masca Research Papers in Science and Archaeology, supp. 10 vol 8, 41‐52. McCormick, F 1998 ‘ The animal bones’, in Barry, T, Cleary, R M & Hurley, M F (eds) Late Viking Age & Medieval Waterford Excavations, 1986‐1992, 819‐45. McCormick, F 2002 ‘The distribution of meat in a Hierarchical Society: The Irish Evidence’ in Miracle, P and Milner, N (eds) Consuming passions and patterns of consumption. Cambridge, McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, 25‐31. McCormick, F & Murray, E 2007 ‘Knowth and the zooarchaeology of Early Christian Ireland’ Excavations at Knowth 3. Royal Irish Academy, Dublin. Mennerich, G 1968 Römerzeitliche Tierknochen aus drei Fundorten des Niederrheingebiets. Diss. München. Murray, E & McCormick, F 2005 ‘ Environmental analysis and the food supply’ in Marshall, J W & Walsh, C Illaunloughan Island. An Early Medieval Monastery in Countly Kerry, 67‐80 O’Connor, T P 2003 ‘The analysis of urban animal bone assemblages: a handbook for archaeologists’ The Archaeology of York Principles and Methods 19/2. Payne, S 1975 ‘Morphological distinctions between the mandibular teeth of young sheep, Ovis and goats, Capra, J Arch Sci 12, 139‐147. Reitz, E J & Wing, E S 1999: ‘Zooarchaeology’, Cambridge manuals in archaeology Ryder, M L 1983 Sheep & Man. London. Siivonen, L & Sulkava, S 1999 Pohjolan nisäkkäät (Mammals of Northern Europe). Otavan Kirjapaino oy, Keuruu. Silver, I 1969 ‘The ageing of domestic animals’, in Brothwell and Higgs (ed) Science in Archaeology 2, 331‐58. Thames and Hudson. Teichert, M 1969 ’Osteometrische Untersuchungen zur Berechnung der Wiederristhöhe bei vor‐ und frühgeschichtlichen Schweinen’ Ethnogr.‐Archäol. Zeitschrift 10, 517‐525. Teichert, M 1975 ‘ Osteometrische Untersuchungen zur Berechnung der Widerristhöhe bei Schafen’, in A T Clason (ed) Archaeolozoological studies, 51‐69, Amsterdam. von den Driesch, A 1976 A Guide to the Measurement of Animal Bones from Archaeological Sites, Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology: Harvard University. Vretemark, M 1997 ’Från ben till boskap. Kosthåll och djurhållning med utgångspunkt i medeltida benmaterial från Skara. Del 1’, Skrifter från Länsmuseet Skara nr 25 Wigh, B 2001 ‘Animal Husbandry in the Viking Age Town of Birka and its Hinterland. Excavations in the Black Earth 1990‐95’, Birka Studies 7.
200
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
Appendix 15. Animal bone data.
Cattle, sheep, goat Early
Intermediate Late
Scapula tuber
Mc distal
Humerus proximal
Humerus distal
Mt distal
Radius distal
Radius proximal Tibia distal
Ulna proximal
Femur proximal
Femur distal
Tibia proximal
Calcaneus
Pig
Early
Intermediate Late
Scapula tuber
Mc distal
Humerus proximal
Humerus distal
Mt distal
Radius distal
Radius proximal Tibia distal
Ulna proximal
Calcaneus
Femur proximal
Femur distal
Tibia proximal
Table 19. Division of epiphyses in early, intermediate and late fusing groups (Vretemark 1997).
High utility:
Atlas, axis, cervical vertebrae, thoracic vertebrae, lumbar vertebrae, sacrum, ribs, sternum, scapula, humerus, radius, ulna, pelvis, femur, patella, tibia, fibula.
Low utility:
Skull, horn cores, mandible, tail bones, carpals, metacarpal, phalanxes, calcaneus, talus, tarsals, metatarsal.
Table 20. Division of the skeletal elements to high and low utility skeletal parts.
201
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
cattle sheep goat sh/g pig horse cat dog
LU
SU
rabbit rat mouse bird SM carnivore indet Total
cranium
48
52
21
1
2
48
2
312
486
horn core
7
12
1
6
57
83
mandible
47
3
57
30
1
1
2
105
4
1
17
268
atlas
4
1
1
1
1
8
axis
3
2
1
2
8
vert cerv
13
4
31
1
49
vert thor
5
5
30
9
1
50
vert lumb
8
1
1
17
7
34
sacrum
1
7
8
vert caud
1
2
3
vert indet
30
13
28
71
sternum
3
1
4
ribs
5
1
23
1
6
29
547
scapula
27
1
19
4
1
54
15
2
6
129
humerus
26
9
5
2
1
2
6
2
10
5
68
radius
18
12
3
3
1
1
6
1
1
1
47
ulna
11
1
7
1
5
1
4
30
radius‐ulna
3
1
2
6
carpals
11
11
metacarpal
20
9
3
1
3
36
os coxae
25
11
3
2
1
15
2
1
1
61
femur
16
8
3
1
8
1
1
3
3
44
patella
2
1
3
199 283
202
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
tibia
26
4
23
6
1
3
2
1
2
1
1
70
fibula
3
1
1
5
talus
14
2
4
5
1
26
calcaneus
15
1
2
1
19
ct
4
1
5
tarsi
4
10
14
metatarsal
29
6
1
1
7
44
metapodial
15
5
6
1
1
1
29
phalanx 1
24
6
4
16
2
1
53
phalanx 2
16
1
1
2
20
phalanx 3
3
1
4
os. ses.
3
3
long bone
127
61
2
26
216
teeth
198
88
22
6
1
315
teeth
152
66
6
7
1
232
indet
4694
4694
coracoid
3
3
hyoideum
9
2
1
12
teeth
44
11
32
2
1
7
72
169
Total
828
45
1
418
182
31
4
55
8
1
1
41
2
6
5266
7987
699 399
Table 21. Anatomical distribution of the animal bones in hand picked material.
203
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
ditch 1015, Phase 1
species
Total
cattle
32
sheep/goat
5
pig
3
horse
1
dog
1
large ungulate
32
unidentified
161
Total
235
Table 22. Species representation in ditch 1015.
ditch 1020, Phase 1
species/section
1
2
cattle
48
19
3
70
sheep
1
1
sheep/goat
6
6
1
13
pig
8
9
17
horse
2
2
large ungulate
55
20
3
78
5
small ungulate unidentified carnivore Total
210 137
2
335 193
1 2 Total
5
6
353
2
13
541
Table 23. Species representation in ditch 1020.
204
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
enclosure ditch 1023, Phase 2
species/section cattle
1
2
3
5
5
33
4
19
sheep
1
2
2
sheep/goat
5
7
4
6
pig
2
7
5
horse
1
cat
1
6
7
8
9
13
14 16 n/a Total
10
17
9
4
6
4
15
1
127
4
1
10
3
10
2
1
1
4
4
47
3
1
15
5
1
6
2
47
1
3
1
3
2
11
2
3
dog
3
1
5
2
7
12
30
large ungulate
5
14
10
10
14
23
5
6
10
6
2
105
small ungulate
6
3
8
14
5
3
1
1
41
unidentified
35 149 261 123 100 158 52 18
1200
bird
3
1
2
3
4
1
14
small mammal
1
1
1
carnivore Total
40 193
71
58 266 101 76 189 357 154 118 186 89 36
1
1
1637
Table 24. Species representation in ditch 1023.
cemetery ditch 1260, Phase 2
species/section
2
4
5
6
1,2,3,
2 3
3 4
4 5
Total
cattle
30
19
24
32
51
30
16
47
249
sheep
3
4
2
4
2
2
4
21
goat
1
1
sheep/goat
12
29
39
29
29
12
14
88
252
pig
2
3
5
9
5
4
2
9
39
horse
1
1
1
1
4
dog
1
1
21
23
12
47
27
30
66
17
10
50
259
22
large ungulate small ungulate
3
58
20
36
21
6
110
276
unidentified
37
284 134 126
435
123
44
292
1475
1
2
13
bird carnivore Total
10
100 455 255 247
2
1
3
629
231
94
604
2615
Table 25. Species representation in ditch 1260.
205
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
ditch 1317, Phase 1
species/section
1
2
3
4 n/a
cattle
12
6
28
Total 46
sheep
1
1
sheep/goat
2
1
8
11
pig
3
6
6
15
horse
1
2
3
cat
1
1
large ungulate
1 17 17 2
42
79
small ungulate
20
34
unidentified
1 49 44 2 359
455
bird
1
1
small mammal
1
1
Total
2 90 84 4 467
4
10
647
Table 26. Species representation in ditch 1317.
pit 1375, Phase 3
cattle
41
sheep/goat
3
pig
1
large ungulate
8
small ungulate
2
rabbit
6
unidentified
119
Total
180
Table 27. Species representation in pit 1375.
206
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
Feature cattle sheep sh/g pig dog LU SU mouse rodent bird fish SM shrew
SA
lizard indet Total
1015
1
4
50
55
1020
1
1
9
1
191
203
1023
12
3
5
9
3
7
9
159
3
112
16
9
41
179
22
2338
2927
1045
1
1
1047
3
3
1049
1
24
25
1051
2
49
51
1057
3
3
1066
7
7
1260
1
2
2
233
238
1292
1
7
8
1317
3
1
2
8
8
18
10
13
8
5
10
920
1006
1330
1
1
50
52
1346
4
2
107
113
1363
42
42
1372
6
15
21
1375
1
2
1
2
2
2
2
299
311
1390
2
2
1475
30
30
1502
5
5
1528
1
7
8
1534
3
7
10
natural
17
17
SK 46
4
4
SK 5
2
2
sk 67
1
1
sk 68
3
3
sk 69
46
46
18
4
14
14
3
29
26
187
3
131
29
17
46
192
22
4459
5194
Total
Table 28. Bones from the soil samples.
207
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
ditch 1015, Phase 1 cattle sh/g pig horse dog LU indet Total skull
1
3
1
3
8
mandible
9
1
22
32
vert cerv
1
1
vert lumb
1
1
ribs
2
2
scapula
3
4
7
humerus
2
1
1
4
mc
2
2
pelvis
1
1
tibia
2
2
mt
1
1
ph 1
1
1
long bone
1
2
3
teeth, mand
10
1
11
teeth, max
2
1
3
indet
155
155
teeth
1
1
Total
32
5
3
1
1
32
161
235
Table 29. Anatomical distribution of species in ditch 1015.
208
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
ditch 1020, Phase 1 cattle sheep sh/g pig horse LU SU indet carnivore Total skull
1
1
12
22
36
mandible
4
1
4
30
39
atlas
1
1
axis
1
1
vert cerv
2
2
vert thor
1
1
vert lumb
2
2
sacrum
2
2
vert
3
3
rib
11
3
2
16
scapula
2
2
1
5
humerus
3
1
1
5
radius
2
2
1
1
6
ulna
1
1
1
3
carpal
1
1
metacarpal
1
1
pelvis
2
1
1
4
femur
1
1
1
2
5
tibia
1
1
2
talus
1
1
metatarsal
4
4
metapodial
1
1
ph 1
1
1
2
long bone
8
2
10
teeth mand
18
2
3
1
24
teeth max
25
4
29
indet
327
327
teeth
2
3
3
8
Total
70
1
13
17
2
78
5
353
2
541
Table 30. Anatomical distribution of species in ditch 1020.
209
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
enclosure ditch 1023, Phase 2
cattl e
shee p
sh/ g
pi g
hors e
ca t
do g
L U
S U
inde t
bir d
S M
carnivo re
Tota l
skull
7
8
2
2
34
53
horn core
3
1
1
19
24
mandible
8
3
7
1
1
2
10
2
34
atlas
1
1
2
axis
1
1
1
3
vert cerv
3
4
4
11
vert thor
5
5
1
1
12
vert lumb
1
1
2
4
vert caud
1
1
vert
6
4
10
rib
5
19
24
3
1
52
scapula
7
1
5
7
20
humerus
2
1
1
1
1
2
5
13
radius
1
3
2
1
1
2
1
11
ulna
3
2
1
1
7
rad+ulna
2
2
carpal
7
7
metacarpal
3
2
1
1
1
8
pelvis
1
1
1
6
9
femur
1
2
1
2
1
1
8
patella
1
1
2
tibia Fibula /malleolare
5
1
1
1
1
9
1
1
talus
2
2
1
3
8
calcaneus
1
1
ct
1
1
2
tarsi
1
1
metatarsal
7
3
3
13
metapodial
1
1
1
1
4
ph 1
6
2
3
9
2
1
23
ph 2
7
2
9
ph 3
1
1
sesamoid
2
2
long bone
33
8
12
2
55
teeth mand
20
15
5
40
teeth max
26
6
1
3
36
indet
1097
1097
teeth
3
5
1
7
26
42
Total
127
10
47
47
11
3
30
10 5
41
1200
14
1
1
1637
Table 31. Anatomical distribution of species in ditch 1023.
210
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
cemetery ditch 1260, Phase 2
cattl e
shee p
goa t
sh/ g
pi g
hors e
do g
L U
SU
inde t
bir d
carnivo re
Tota l
skull
17
48
7
20
1
167
260
horn core
3
7
1
5
35
51
mandible
11
3
47
7
22
10
100
atlas
1
1
axis
1
1
2
vert cerv
7
17
24
vert thor
5
23
6
34
vert lumb
7
11
6
24
sacrum
1
2
3
vert caud
1
1
2
vert
18
12
21
51
sternum
3
1
4
rib
4
1
18
76
21 3
16
3
331
scapula
8
1
17
1
24
6
2
2
61
humerus
12
2
2
1
1
2
20
radius
6
4
1
3
14
ulna
3
1
2
2
8
rad+ulna
3
3
carpal
2
2
metacarpal
8
3
1
2
14
pelvis
13
8
1
1
4
1
1
29
femur
8
4
1
1
2
16
patella
1
1
tibia
15
2
13
3
1
1
1
36
fibula/malleolare
1
1
talus
4
2
1
7
calcaneus
4
2
6
ct
1
1
tarsi
3
3
metatarsal
8
2
1
1
12
metapodial
6
1
2
1
10
ph 1
7
3
1
1
12
ph 2
1
1
ph 3
1
1
long bone
36
30
2
68
teeth mand
65
40
5
1
1
112
teeth max
34
31
1
66
indet
1207
1207
coracoid
2
2
hyoideum
1
1
1
3
teeth
1
1
1
12
249
21
1
252
39
4
23
27 6
9
Total
25 9
1475
13
3
2615
Table 32. Anatomical distribution of species in ditch 1260.
211
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
ditch 1317, Phase 1 cattle sheep sh/g pig horse cat LU SU indet bird SM Total skull
3
1
21
25
horn core
3
3
mandible
3
2
5
9
2
1
22
axis
1
1
vert cerv
2
2
vert thor
1
1
vert lumb
2
2
rib
52
30
3
1
86
scapula
1
8
1
1
11
humerus
2
1
3
radius
3
1
1
5
ulna
1
1
2
metacarpal
2
1
3
pelvis
3
3
femur
1
1
tibia
2
1
1
1
1
6
fibula
1
1
talus
1
1
calcaneus
1
1
metatarsal
4
1
5
metapodial
1
1
2
ph 1
1
1
long bone
3
3
6
teeth mand
19
3
2
24
teeth max
2
1
1
4
indet
420
420
teeth
2
1
3
6
Total
46
1
11
15
3
1
79
34
455
1
1
647
Table 33. Anatomical distribution of species in ditch 1317.
212
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
pit 1375, Phase 3
cattle sh/g pig LU SU indet rabbit Total
skull
13
44
57
horn core
1
1
mandible
1
1
2
vert cerv
1
1
rib
3
1
4
scapula
1
1
2
humerus
1
1
radius
2
1
1
4
ulna
1
1
2
pelvis
1
2
3
femur
1
1
tibia
1
1
fibula/malleolare
1
1
talus
1
1
2
calcaneus
1
1
mt
1
1
metapodial
1
1
sesamoid
1
1
long bone
1
1
teeth mand
7
1
8
teeth max
8
8
indet
74
74
teeth
2
1
3
Total
41
3
1
8
2
119
6
180
Table 34. Anatomical distribution of species in pit 1375.
213
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
Phase 1
Phase 1
cattle
MNE MAU %MAU sheep/goat
Phase 1
MNE MAU %MAU pig
cranium
1
1.0
33.3
cranium
1
1.0
66.7
cranium
horn core
0
0.0
0.0
horn core
0
0.0
0.0
mandible
mandible
6
3.0
100.0
mandible
2
1.0
66.7
atlas
Phase 2 MNE MAU %MAU cattle cranium 1 1.0 28.6 horn core 7 3.5 100.0 mandible 0 0.0 0.0
atlas
1
1.0
33.3
atlas
0
0.0
0.0
axis
0
0.0
0.0
axis
1
1.0
33.3
axis
0
0.0
0.0
vert cerv
0
0.0
0.0
vert cerv
1
0.2
6.7
vert cerv
2
0.4
26.7
vert thor
0
0.0
0.0
vert thor
1
0.1
2.6
vert thor
0
0.0
0.0
vert lumb
0
0.0
0.0
vert lumb
1
0.2
5.6
vert lumb
0
0.0
0.0
sacrum
0
0.0
0.0
sacrum
1
1.0
33.3
sacrum
0
0.0
0.0
ribs
0
0.0
0.0
ribs
2
0.1
2.6
ribs
0
0.0
0.0
scapula
0
0.0
0.0
scapula
4
2.0
66.7
scapula
0
0.0
0.0
humerus
2
1.0
28.6
humerus
4
2.0
66.7
humerus
2
1.0
66.7
radius
1
0.5
14.3
radius
5
2.5
83.3
radius
3
1.5
100.0
ulna
1
0.5
14.3
ulna
2
1.0
33.3
ulna
0
0.0
0.0
carpals
0
0.0
0.0
carpals
2
0.2
5.6
carpals
1
0.1
5.6
metacarpal
1
0.5
14.3
metacarpal
3
1.5
50.0
metacarpal
0
0.0
0.0
os coxae
1
0.5
14.3
os coxae
2
1.0
33.3
os coxae
2
1.0
66.7
femur
1
0.5
14.3
femur
1
0.5
16.7
femur
1
0.5
33.3
patella
0
0.0
0.0
patella
0
0.0
0.0
patella
0
0.0
0.0
tibia
1
0.5
14.3
tibia
3
1.5
50.0
tibia
3
1.5
100.0
fibula
1
0.5
14.3
malleolare
1
0.5
16.7
malleolare
0
0.0
0.0
talus
0
0.0
0.0
talus
2
1.0
33.3
talus
0
0.0
0.0
calcaneus
0
0.0
0.0
calcaneus
1
0.5
16.7
calcaneus
0
0.0
0.0
tarsi
0
0.0
0.0
tarsi
0
0.0
0.0
tarsi
0
0.0
0.0
metatarsal
0
0.0
0.0
metatarsal
5
2.5
83.3
metatarsal
0
0.0
0.0
phalanx 1
1
0.1
1.8
phalanx 1
3
0.4
12.5
phalanx 1
1
0.1
8.3
phalanx 2
phalanx 2
0
0.0
0.0
phalanx 2
0
0.0
0.0
phalanx 3
phalanx 3
1
0.1
4.2
phalanx 3
0
0.0
0.0
1
0.1
0
1.8
0.0
0.0
Phase 2
MNE MAU %MAU pig
MNE MAU %MAU 4 4.0 57.1
2.0
2.0
40.0
cranium
2
1.0
15.4
mandible
14
7.0
100.0
3
1.5
23.1
atlas
0
0.0
0.0
atlas axis
9
4.5
69.2
axis
0
0.0
0.0
2
2.0
30.8
vert cerv
0
0.0
0.0
vert cerv vert thor
1
1.0
15.4
vert thor
0
0.0
0.0
5
1.0
15.4
vert lumb
0
0.0
0.0
vert lumb sacrum
4
0.3
4.7
sacrum
0
0.0
0.0
2
0.3
5.1
ribs
1
0.0
0.5
ribs scapula humerus radius
1
1.0
15.4
scapula
1
0.5
7.1
10
0.4
5.9
humerus
2
1.0
14.3
6
3.0
46.2
radius
3
1.5
21.4
9
4.5
69.2
ulna
2
1.0
14.3
ulna carpals
5
2.5
38.5
carpals
0
0.0
0.0
5
2.5
38.5
metacarpal
2
0.3
3.6
metacarpal os coxae femur
8
0.7
10.3
os coxae
1
0.5
7.1
patella tibia malleolare talus calcaneus tarsi metatarsal phalanx 1 phalanx 2 phalanx 3
8
4.0
61.5
femur
1
0.5
7.1
7
3.5
53.8
patella
0
0.0
0.0
7
3.5
53.8
tibia
3
1.5
21.4
2
1.0
15.4
fibula
0
0.0
0.0
13
6.5
100.0
talus
3
1.5
21.4
1
0.5
7.7
calcaneus
1
0.5
7.1
5
2.5
38.5
tarsi
0
0.0
0.0
4
2.0
30.8
metatarsal
0
0.0
0.0
6
1.0
15.4
phalanx 1
10
0.6
8.9
10
5.0
76.9
phalanx 2
3
0.2
2.7
9
1.1
17.3
phalanx 3
0
0.0
0.0
5
0.6
9.6
Table 35. MNE, MAU and %MAUvalues.
214
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
Sample Context nro Species element description 26 1130 272 dog humerus Foramina nutricium (2) on the caudal side of the shaft are elongated as grooves, app. 2 cm long 36 1024 332 sh/g axis On the left side of the procimal articular facet there is a cleft and some bone remodeling around it. Break? 54 1238 528 dog mandible Large dog mandible with extra molar behind M3‐ very small peg‐like teeth. No crowding. 91 1315 653 cattle mc In proximal medial articular facet a hole, approx. 1 cm x 0,5 cm, with sharp edges, There is only very little signs of bone remodelling around the edges and on the bottom of the pit. Cause unknown. 65 1261 738 sheep horn core Polycerated sheep horn and fragment of skull. Nuchal horn complete, strait, flat and about 3,5 cm long. Nasal horn is almost completely missing. Horns are completely separated, nasal one pointing upwards, nuchal one slightly backwards. 98 1315 770 pig mandible Oval and flat extra bone growth in basal margin of mandibular corpus, size appro. 2 x 1 cm. In middle of the extra bone is groove. Extra bone is more porous than other bone tissue. There is no polish in the groove and rest of the mandible seems to be unaffected. Cause unknown. 110 1367 1092 cattle femur In the margin of the caudal side of proximal articular surface some porous extra bone growth. Above these part of the articular surface shows some polishing. These indicate mild arthritis. 114 1261 1121 sheep horn core Polycerated sheep horn. Both horns are incomplete, only the base remaining. Nasal horn seems to larger, approx 2,8 x 2,2 cm at the base, nuchal 2,4 x 1,8 cm. Otherwise compare description in 738. 121 1367 1295 sh/g vert lum Small bone outgrowths in ventral part of both cranial and caudal articular surfaces. Ageing / stress? 122 1353 1331 sheep humerus Small extra bone growth in the lateral side of distal throclea. Ageing / stress? 17 1030 189‐191 cattle mand teeth Set of abnormal cattle mandibular teeth. Teeth resemble cattle mandibular molars but are abnormally short – crown being only approximately 2‐2,5 cm high, unworn or almost unworn with well developed roots. Two dx and one sin. 108 1353 1818 sheep ct Fusion between Ct and T2+3 108 1353 1827 sheep horn core Polycerated sheep horn. Nasal horn larger and well developed, 3 x 2 cm in base and very flat and approximately 7,5 cm long. Nuchal one smaller, 2 x 1,5 cm and approximately 5 cm long. Clearly separated from the base. 159 1386 2302 cattle ct Ct and C 2+3 fused togerher
Table 36. Pathological bones.
215
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
Species Sample Context
Element
GL /GLpe Bp/Dp Bd/BT/Ld SD/MBS DD/DLS
L
B
GB
med edge GLl/Ll GLm Horn base Greatest diameter Least diameter Horncore length Withers height (cm)
Cattle
110
1367
horn core
174
67
43.5
179
122
1353
humerus
74.4
90
1021
humerus
74.3
7
1016
humerus
67.8
110
1367
humerus
67.1
65a
1261
mc
182
51.3
52.7
28.4
20.3
109.7
5
1017
mc
52.6
87
1021
mc
51.7
51
1098
mc
174
46.8
50.7
27.1
18.8
104.9
65a
1261
pelvis
7.6
149
1477
pelvis
5.4
92
1353
pelvis
4.9
122
1353
femur
87
109
1261
tibia
63.4
149
1477
tibia
58.4
88
1316
tibia
57.7
154
1477
tibia
55.9
128
1367
tibia
52.9
115
1367
tibia
52.8
87
1021
talus
41.5
64.1
57.7
106
1315
talus
43.1
64.0
58.8
4
1027
talus
37.1
61.2
54.5
115
1367
talus
38.6
61.0
55.5
51
1098
talus
59.7
100
1384
talus
34.7
129
1261
talus
39.7
62.1
56.9
184
SK3
talus
34.4
55.0
50.2
106
1315
calcaneus
121
120
1261
calcaneus
121
116
1353
mt
46.9
17
1030
mt
46.7
129
1261
ph 1
53.6
26.7
128
1367
ph 1
53.2
25.9
5
1017
ph 1
52.7
120
1261
ph 2
38.0
20.3
39
1029
ph 2
18.8
7.5
119
1353
ph 3
50.9
22.5
69.6
36
1024
ph 3
49.5
22.2
62.5
216
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
Sheep
103
1261
horn core
80
25.8
20.9
83
154
1477
horn core
156
57.9
42.4
95
1329
horn core
84
29.1
23.4
95
95
1330
horn core
81
28.3
22.2
90
92
1353
mc
24.9
15
1076
mc
21.6
101
SK90
mc
22.9
65a
1261
tibia
* 173
23.6
* 52,1
106
1315
tibia
24.4
117
1261
tibia
23.8
85
1021
tibia
23.6
41
1099
tibia
24.7
52
1037
tibia
25.1
35
1029
talus
17.5
27.9
26.2
63.3
4
1027
talus
15.5
26.5
25
60.1
36
1024
ph 1
32.1
9.6
109
1261
ph 1
32.6
9.9
65
1261
ph 1
32.3
9.6
92
1353
ph 1
32.2
9.7
20
1001
ph 1
31.9
10.3
4
1027
ph 1
31.4
20
1001
ph 2
18.6
7.4
Dog
47
1197
upper P4
19.1
8
10
47
1197
upper P4
18.9
7.8
10.3
47
1197
upper M1
13.6 16.1
54
1238
lower M1
23.3
109
1261
lower M1
26.2 10.6
54
1238
lower M2
10.3
7.6
116
1353
humerus
51.6
42.6
18
1024
humerus
33.8
116
1353
talus
31.9
Horse
122
1353
radius
70.6
129
1261
metatarsal
259
45.1
44.9
28.2
258
137.5
Pig
9
36
1024
upper M3
32.3 17.9
6
1018
upper M3
18.2
88
1316
upper M3
33.2 18.3
217
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
51
1098
upper M3
17.5
14
1030
lower M3
32.8 14.4
121
1367
lower M3
32.8 14.9
121
1367
lower M3
32.6 15.4
35
1029
lower M3
32.1 13.9
36
1024
lower M3
30.9 14.2
129
1261
lower M3
15.1
53
1237
lower M3
13.9
80
1329
lower M3
32.5 14.6
129
1261
lower M3
34.2 14.6
36
1024
talus
23.8
40.3
36.9
72.1
35
1029
talus
36.8
34.5
65.9
20
1001
ph 1
30.9
13.6
36
1024
ph 2
22.1
13
Cat
47
1197
humerus
99.3
16.4
19.9
6.5
159
1386
humerus
15.1
47
1197
femur
20.9
47
1197
tibia
19.6
47
1197
tibia
15.1
50
1200
tibia
19.7
159
1386
tibia
12.4
159
1386
calcaneus
22.8
Table 37. Measurements. Withers heights of sheep according to Teichert (1975), dog Hardcourt (1974), cattle Matolsci (1970), pig Teichert (1969), horse Kiesewalter (1888). *in two pieces.
218
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
.
Nro
Sample Context
Elem
Side
GL/GLl/Glpe
Bp/GLm
SD/DLS
DD/Ld
1033
109
1261
humerus
l
121
33.1
1389
122
1353
humerus
l
1775
108
1353
humerus
l
1862
122
1353
humerus
l
1334
122
1353
humerus
l
1860
122
1353
humerus
l
1534
130
1353
humerus
l
1774
108
1353
humerus
1333
122
1353
humerus
1861
122
1353
1331
122
1710 1532
Bd/BT/MBS med edge withers heights 26.3
24
24.4
24.5
25.9
25.9
27.1
l
27.4
l
27.7
humerus
l
28.9
1353
humerus
r
134
27
122
1353
humerus
r
23.9
130
1353
humerus
r
24.8
1773
108
1353
humerus
r
25.4
1035
109
1261
humerus
r
26.4
953
104
1353
humerus
r
27.5
1711
122
1353
humerus
r
27.6
1866
122
1353
radius
l
134
53.9
1714
122
1353
radius
r
128
51.5
1535
130
1353
radius
r
141
56.7
1873
122
1353
mc
l
112
19.9
13.3
9.4
22.7
54.8
1784
108
1353
mc
l
112
21.9
14.3
10.2
24.1
54.8
1407
122
1353
mc
l
114
20.5
13.6
9.2
23.9
55.7
1785
108
1353
mc
l
118
21
13.4
9.2
23.8
57.7
1787
108
1353
mc
l
23
1408
122
1353
mc
l
22.1
Bp
24.9
1340
122
1353
mc
r
113
19.5
12.3
8.8
22.6
55.3
1405
122
1353
mc
r
114
20.7
13.4
9
24.2
55.7
1038
109
1261
mc
r
117
23.5
14.4
9.4
25.5
57.2
956
104
1353
mc
r
120
21.2
13.5
9.1
23.8
58.7
1406
122
1353
mc
r
121
21.8
13.8
8.9
24.8
59.2
1857
122
1353
pelvis
l
3.2
1856
122
1353
pelvis
l
3.9
1855
122
1353
pelvis
l
5.9
1868
122
1353
femur
l
33.3
1041
109
1261
femur
r
146
39.9
33
51.5
959
104
1353
femur
r
34.1
1540
130
1353
femur
r
35.6
1781
108
1353
femur
r
35.8
1338
122
1353
femur
r
36.5
1541
130
1353
femur
r
36.5
1716
122
1353
femur
r
41.7
219
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
958
104
1353
tibia
l
22.4
957
104
1353
tibia
l
22.5
1545
130
1353
tibia
l
23.7
1253
120
1261
tibia
l
23.8
1252
120
1261
tibia
l
23.9
1872
122
1353
tibia
l
25
1871
122
1353
tibia
l
39.8
25.1
1782
108
1353
tibia
r
177
23.3
53.3
1296
121
1367
tibia
r
23
1717
122
1353
tibia
r
25
1874
122
1353
talus
l
25.8
24.9
16.9
58.5
1793
108
1353
talus
l
26.5
25.2
16.7
60.1
1344
122
1353
talus
r
27.4
26.6
17.8
62.1
1794
108
1353
calcaneus
l
50.5
57.6
1722
122
1353
calcaneus
r
51.4
58.6
1792
108
1353
mt
l
118
17.9
10.5
9.2
21.7
53.6
1414
122
1353
mt
l
118
19.4
10.9
9.5
22.1
53.6
1413
122
1353
mt
l
120
18.8
11.3
9.3
22.8
54.5
1163
116
1353
mt
l
122
19.9
11.7
9.2
23.4
55.4
1415
122
1353
mt
l
129
20.3
12
8.6
23.5
58.6
1179
117
1261
mt
l
18.1
22.2
1790
108
1353
mt
r
117
20.1
11.3
9.7
22.1
53.1
1791
108
1353
mt
r
119
17.9
10.6
9.1
21.7
54.0
1409
122
1353
mt
r
124
20.9
12.4
9.4
25.5
56.3
1411
122
1353
mt
r
21.5
1162
116
1353
mt
r
21.7
1410
122
1353
mt
r
23
1420
122
1353
ph 1
29.9
9.1
1731
122
1353
ph 1
30.6
9.6
1798
108
1353
ph 1
30.7
10.3
1799
108
1353
ph 1
30.9
9.6
1424
122
1353
ph 1
30.9
10.5
1800
108
1353
ph 1
31
9.4
1727
122
1353
ph 1
31
10.6
1802
108
1353
ph 1
31.1
10.3
1797
108
1353
ph 1
31.3
9.9
1803
108
1353
ph 1
31.4
9.4
1417
122
1353
ph 1
31.4
11
1730
122
1353
ph 1
31.4
10.1
1801
108
1353
ph 1
31.8
9.8
1426
122
1353
ph 1
31.8
10
1341
122
1353
ph 1
32
10.6
1425
122
1353
ph 1
32.6
11
1796
108
1353
ph 1
32.7
9.7
1726
122
1353
ph 1
33
11.1
1804
108
1353
ph 1
33.4
220
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
1423
122
1353
ph 1
33.5
11.1
1725
122
1353
ph 1
33.5
10.3
1422
122
1353
ph 1
33.6
10.7
1728
122
1353
ph 1
33.6
10.7
1418
122
1353
ph 1
33.7
10
1421
122
1353
ph 1
33.7
11.8
1729
122
1353
ph 1
33.8
11.4
1029
109
1261
ph 1
33.9
1298
121
1367
ph 1
34
10.3
1039
109
1261
ph 1
34.1
11.5
1419
122
1353
ph 1
34.3
10.5
1342
122
1353
ph 2
19.1
9
1300
121
1367
ph 2
19.1
8.1
1429
122
1353
ph 2
19.1
7.3
1807
108
1353
ph 2
19.4
8.4
1428
122
1353
ph 2
19.8
7.9
1809
108
1353
ph 2
19.9
8.1
1808
108
1353
ph 2
20
9.1
1732
122
1353
ph 2
20
8.4
1805
108
1353
ph 2
20.1
8.2
1299
121
1367
ph 2
20.2
7.9
1430
122
1353
ph 2
20.3
8.2
1810
108
1353
ph 2
20.4
8
1806
108
1353
ph 2
20.5
8.1
1427
122
1353
ph 2
20.5
8.9
1812
108
1353
ph 3
24.1
20
6
1816
108
1353
ph 3
24.1
20.3
5.2
1813
108
1353
ph 3
24.4
19.7
6.2
1815
108
1353
ph 3
24.6
19.9
6.4
1733
122
1353
ph 3
24.8
20.6
5.2
1343
122
1353
ph 3
25.5
21.8
5.8
1814
108
1353
ph 3
25.5
21.5
6
1432
122
1353
ph 3
25.5
21.8
6.1
1301
121
1367
ph 3
25.7
18.6
6.5
1302
121
1367
ph 3
25.7
18.9
6.4
1811
108
1353
ph 3
27
22.3
6
1433
122
1353
ph 3
27.1
22.1
6
1431
122
1353
ph 3
28
21.5
5.6
Nro 1906
Sample Context 122
1353
Elem
Side Basal diameter Gratest diameter Least diameter Horncore length
horn core
l
70
26
18.6
76
Table 38. Measurements from complete sheep skeletons from cemetery ditch 1260.
221
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
Section cattle sheep sheep/goat pig dog LU SU mouse rodent bird fish SM shrew
SA
lizard indet Total
1
16
1
2
67
86
2
2
1
2
3
1
2
26
22
2
3
48
21
591
724
3
1
3
6
5
7
1
7
295
325
4
1
1
1
1
1
12
4
5
27
21
250
324
5
2
1
5
2
1
4
245
260
6
1
1
1
1
1
3
21
29
7
1
1
1
10
7
1
15
105
141
8
3
1
1
1
1
21
2
21
1
1
15
338
406
9
4
10
3
1
10
74
102
10
48
2
1
3
12
86
152
11
1
1
1
7
10
12
1
3
7
11
13
3
1
2
21
27
14
2
1
2
10
4
2
13
73
107
15
1
2
1
20
2
25
140
191
16 Total
5
5
1
2
1
18
32
12
3
5
9
3
7
9
159
3
112
16
9
41
179
22
2338
2927
Table 39. Animal bones from the soil samples from enclosure ditch 1023 in different sample ditch sections. LU = large ungulate, SU = small ungulate, SM = small mammal, SA = small animal.
222
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
Context cattle sheep sheep/goat pig dog LU SU mouse rodent bird fish SM shrew
SA
lizard indet Total
1005
1
1
1
3
1006
3
3
1008
8
8
1024
2
1
3
1
2
3
9
7
2
21
1
349
401
1025
1
12
5
1
4
136
159
1026
1
1
1
2
82
87
1027
2
1
1
1
1
3
6
2
2
298
317
1029
5
10
5
27
28
145
220
1031
1
2
47
50
1032
1
3
4
8
1033
1
1
2
1034
1
1
1035
11
11
1036
2
12
14
1037
1
1
1
13
7
25
20
67
135
1038
1
1
2
1
1
125
131
1072
1
2
1
18
2
25
129
178
1073
1
16
2
9
1
1
1
105
136
1074
1
7
4
12
1075
2
2
4
1076
2
1
1
3
2
1
1
231
242
1077
1
1
1078
1
2
1
6
17
27
1079
7
10
17
1092
3
3
223
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
1093
16
17
33
1099
1
1
3
3
3
2
101
114
1100
1
12
13
1102
3
6
9
1103
1
1
1
10
7
1
12
71
104
1111
1
2
37
40
1113
1
1
4
1
3
76
86
1123
2
2
3
26
33
1125
5
4
1
2
6
18
1179
48
2
2
12
65
129
1191
10
10
1192
1
1
11
13
1197
3
1
1
13
18
1199
1
3
7
11
1200
2
2
3
20
27
1201
1
1
6
1
1
10
44
64
1209
1
1
1210
2
2
1213
1
1
2
4
1214
3
3
1220
4
4
1234
1
3
3
7
1239
4
10
14
Total
12
3
5
9
3
7
9
159
3
112
16
9
41
179
22
2338
2927
Table 40. Animal bones from the soil samples from enclosure ditch 1023 in different sample contexts.LU = large ungulate, SU = small ungulate, SM = small mammal, SA = small animal.
224
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
Phase
Feature
LU
SU
1
1015
cattle sheep goat sheep/goat pig horse cat dog 32
5
3
1
1
32
indet rabbit rat mouse bird SM carnivore Total 161
235
1
1020
70
1
13
17
2
78
5
353
2
541
1
1051
1
2
3
1
1302
1
1
1
3
6
1
1317
46
1
11
15
3
1
79
34
455
1
1
647
1
1330
11
2
1
4
3
60
81
1
1372
3
5
1
12
16
10
47
2
1023
127
10
47
47
11
3
30
105
41
1200
14
1
1
1637
2
1260
249
21
1
252
39
4
23
259 276
1475
13
3
2615
2
1292
11
2
9
2
24
2
1346
5
3
1
25
34
2
1359
5
1
1
1
8
16
2
1363
5
5
2
1475
22
1
1
2
2
3
3
37
71
2
1482
1
1
2
1485
1
1
2
1487
4
4
2
1498
1
1
3
1375
41
3
1
8
2
119
6
180
I
SK003
5
2
13
1
62
83
I
SK042
1
3
4
I
SK049
5
4
1
1
21
32
I
SK052
1
1
2
1
5
10
I
SK069
3
1
5
9
I
SK072
2
1
1
1
4
19
28
I
SK085/86
4
1
2
2
1
55
65
I
SK088
3
18
21
I
SK100
1
2
1
13
17
I
SK102
2
1
1
13
17
I
SK106
1
1
I
SK107
1
1
I
SK113
1
3
4
8
I
SK114
2
2
I
SK115
2
1
3
I
SK125
1
1
I
SK001
3
1
2
17
23
II
SK018
2
2
1
3
8
II
SK017
2
2
II
SK031
2
1
62
65
II
SK035
1
1
II
SK036
3
2
5
II
SK039
1
1
1
1
4
II
SK068
1
1
10
12
225
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
II
SK071
1
8
9
II
SK075
2
2
II
SK084
1
1
II
SK090
3
1
1
1
1
5
11
23
II
SK091
1
1
II
SK097
2
2
II
SK105
1
1
2
4
II
SK108
8
8
II
SK121
1
1
17
19
III
SK044
1
1
1
1
2
12
18
III
SK047
1
1
III
SK079
2
1
2
5
III
SK089
3
1
2
1
8
2
40
57
III
SK110
1
1
III
SK116
1
1
N/A
1229
1
1
N/A
gvsubsoil
124
1
39
15
6
1
51
9
772
2
1
1021
N/A
subsoil
24
2
12
14
19
7
147
1
226
N/A
topsoil
Total
828
45
1
418
182
31
4
55
699 399
16
16
5266
8
1
1
41
2
6
7987
Table 41. Distribution of hand‐picked material in different features.
226
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
Species sample context nro I 1 cattle 7 1016 42 cattle 7 1016 43 cattle 9 1036 55 cattle 5 1017 60 cattle 5 1017 61 cattle 5 1017 62 cattle 5 1017 78 cattle 17 1030 189 cattle 21 1031 238 cattle 38 1103 372 A cattle 49 1199 482 cattle 65 1261 665 cattle 98 1315 765 cattle 85 1021 791 cattle 85 1021 792 cattle 103 1261 900 cattle 114 1261 1104 cattle 120 1261 1221 cattle 129 1261 1483 cattle 129 1261 1485 cattle 132 1472 2197 cattle 132 1472 2203 cattle 134 1396 2236 cattle 145 1512 2262 sheep 65 1261 681 sheep 120 1261 1234 P sheep 122 1353 1312 sheep 122 1353 1844 P C sheep 122 1353 1845 sheep 122 1353 1846 A sheep 122 1353 1847 A sheep 122 1353 1847 A sheep 122 1353 1894 sheep 122 1353 1895 sheep 122 1353 1896 sheep 122 1353 1897 sheep 122 1353 1898 sheep/goat 91 1315 657 sheep/goat 65 1261 682 sheep/goat 65 1261 694 sheep/goat 85 1021 808 sheep/goat 103 1261 901 sheep/goat 104 1353 944 sheep/goat 104 1353 945 sheep/goat 104 1353 946 sheep/goat 114 1261 1111
I 2 A A A A A A A
I 3 A A A A A A A
C PM 1 PM 2 PM 3 PM 4 M 1 M 2 M P g P U A M M j P g A A A A A A P j P j M P P P P (abnormal) P (abnormal) M H M U P V A M M M j P d P M M M j P U M M M j P g P d P P P c A A M M M M j P f M M M f A M M A P P P g P l P j M M P E A A A M l P g P f A A M M h P g P c A A M g P f P H A A A M g P g A M h P g A V P P j P m P h A A A P j P k P g A A P P j P k P g P P P P P P P P M M A M M M A P P P P P P g P g P g P E P P a P g P g P P P P P P P P P C A M A A
M 3 L P f P C A P k P C P j P ‐ P g P f P P P g P d P b P P
227
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
sheep/goat sheep/goat sheep/goat sheep/goat sheep/goat sheep/goat sheep/goat sheep/goat sheep/goat sheep/goat sheep/goat sheep/goat sheep/goat sheep/goat sheep/goat sheep/goat sheep/goat sheep/goat pig pig pig pig pig pig pig pig pig pig pig pig pig pig pig pig pig pig pig pig pig pig pig pig pig pig pig pig pig pig
118 119 120 122 122 122 122 122 122 129 130 130 130 20 122 108 108 89 6 14 14 15 26 35 35 36 36 53 53 69 76 76 91 98 98 85 85 114 115 121 129 129 129 130 154 20 51 80
1367 1353 1261 1353 1353 1353 1353 1353 1353 1261 1353 1353 1353 1001 1353 1353 1353 1373 1018 1030 1030 1076 1130 1029 1029 1024 1024 1237 1237 1304 1328 1328 1315 1315 1315 1021 1021 1261 1367 1367 1261 1261 1261 1353 1477 1001 1098 1329
1190 1203 1235 1313 1366 1367 1368 1380 1381 1486 1505 1506 1516 1606 1690 1765 1766 2091 36 130 131 151 267 301 302 329 330 506 507 567 611 612 649 769 770 809 810 1112 1137 1383 1487 1488 1489 1518 1587 1612 1988 2066
A A A A A A P P A
P E A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A P E A A A P P A P P P A P P A A A P A A
A
A A A A M A P A P A L P A A P A A P V A A A A A
P A P A A M P P P P P P P P P P P A P V P A P A A P P A A P
P j P g A M M P h P g P g P g P e A P g P P c P P b P U P a A P a P c P d A P
P k P h P f P P j P g A P g P g P h P k P P h P c P P d P P d A P h A P f P j P P m A P
P g P g P E P H P g P g P g P g P f P g P h P P e P U P P j P P U P a P d A A P a P g P P f A P
P g P g P g P d P d A A P e P g P P a P a P H P c P b P C A P A P b P C P c A P a P V
228
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
pig pig cat cat dog dog dog dog dog dog dog
83 92 35 159 41 41 41 42 47 47 54
1350+51 2079 1201 2863 1029 315 1386 2312 1029 402 1029 403 1029 408 1976 416 1197 440 1197 441 1238 528
A
A
A A
P P V V P A
A
M P M M M P P
M P P M M P P
M f P b P M P P P P
P j P P A P P
P d P P P P
P P + P
Table 42. Teeth recording sheet. M = milk, P = permanent, C = crypt, V = visible, E = erupting, H = half erupted, A= alveoli, L=ante‐mortem loss. Tooth wear (a‐o) according to Grant 1982.
229
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
Completeness
0
fragment (less than 50%)
35
angle
1
complete (more than 95%)
36
premaxilla
2
prox epi
37
maxilla
3
prox epi + prox diaf
38
nasal
4
prox epi +prox diaf+ shaft
39
maxilla
5
prox epi + prox diaf + shaft+ dist diaf 40 41
frontal
6
dist epi
zygomaticum
7
dist epi + dist diaf
8
dist epi +dist diaf+ shaft
43
occipital condyle
9
dist epi + dist diaf + shaft+ prox diaf
44
horncore base
10
prox diaf
45
horncore tip
11
shaft
12
dist diaf
13
prox diaf + shaft
14
dist diaf + shaft
15
prox diaf + shaft + dist diaf
16
lateral side
17
medial side
18
right side
19
left side
20
prox part
21
dist part
22
arcus
23
acetabulum
24
ace ilium
25
ace ischii
26
ace pubis
27
pubis
28
ilium
29
ischii
30
supraglanoid tubercle
31
glenoid cavity
32
toothrow
33
condlylar process
34
coracoid process
42 temporal articular facet
Table 43.Animal bone recording sheet: codes for completeness.
230
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
Phase
Feature
recovery
Nro
Sample
context
N of S
Side
Epi p
Epi d
Comp
Marks
Butc
Sex
Meas 1
Meas 2
Meas 3
Meas 4
Other
NA
topsoil
hc
2253
135
1000
unidentified
Spec
unidentified
Elem
16
0
NA
subsoil
hc
1643
20
1001
bird
metatarsal
1
fused
fused
1
NA
subsoil
hc
1592
20
1001
cattle
teeth
1
right
0
M 3
NA
subsoil
hc
1593
20
1001
cattle
teeth
1
right
0
M 1/2
NA
subsoil
hc
1594
20
1001
cattle
teeth
1
right
0
i / c
NA
subsoil
hc
1595
20
1001
cattle
teeth
2
left
0
i / c
NA
subsoil
hc
1596
20
1001
cattle
teeth
1
1
pd 2
NA
subsoil
hc
1597
20
1001
cattle
teeth
2
0
M 1/2
NA
subsoil
hc
1598
20
1001
cattle
teeth
3
0
M 1/2
NA
subsoil
hc
1599
20
1001
cattle
teeth
2
0
NA
subsoil
hc
1600
20
1001
cattle
teeth
1
right
0
M 3
NA
subsoil
hc
1613
20
1001
cattle
mandible
1
0
NA
subsoil
hc
1614
20
1001
cattle
mandible
1
right
33
NA
subsoil
hc
1619
20
1001
cattle
metacarpal
1
left
fused
4
NA
subsoil
hc
1620
20
1001
cattle
metapodial
2
open
0
NA
subsoil
hc
1622
20
1001
cattle
calcaneus
1
0
NA
subsoil
hc
1623
20
1001
cattle
femur
1
left
open
6
NA
subsoil
hc
1624
20
1001
cattle
carpi
1
1
C4
NA
subsoil
hc
1625
20
1001
cattle
phalanx 1
1
open
2
NA
subsoil
hc
1626
20
1001
cattle
phalanx 2
1
open
fused
9
NA
subsoil
hc
1616
20
1001
large ungulate
scapula
1
31
NA
subsoil
hc
1617
20
1001
large ungulate
scapula
2
0
NA
subsoil
hc
1618
20
1001
large ungulate
skull
1
left
0
gnawed
NA
subsoil
hc
1621
20
1001
large ungulate
radius
1
fused
0
NA
subsoil
hc
1636
20
1001
large ungulate
shaft
8
0
NA
subsoil
hc
1639
20
1001
large ungulate
ribs
6
0
NA
subsoil
hc
1607
20
1001
pig
teeth
1
left
0
female
NA
subsoil
hc
1608
20
1001
pig
teeth
3
0
M
NA
subsoil
hc
1609
20
1001
pig
teeth
4
0
PM
NA
subsoil
hc
1610
20
1001
pig
teeth
1
0
pd 4
NA
subsoil
hc
1612
20
1001
pig
mandible
1
right
32
chopped
NA
subsoil
hc
1630
20
1001
pig
scapula
1
right
fused
31
NA
subsoil
hc
1631
20
1001
pig
phalanx 1
1
fused
fused
1
Glpe 30,9
Bd 13,6
NA
subsoil
hc
1632
20
1001
pig
phalanx 1
1
open
fused
9
NA
subsoil
hc
1633
20
1001
pig
atlas
1
no side
1
in 2 pieces
NA
subsoil
hc
1634
20
1001
sheep
phalanx 1
1
fused
fused
1
Glpe 31,9
Bd 10,3
NA
subsoil
hc
1635
20
1001
sheep
phalanx 2
1
fused
fused
1
Glpe 18,6
Bd 7,4
NA
subsoil
hc
1601
20
1001
sheep/goat
teeth
1
right
1
M 1 /2
NA
subsoil
hc
1602
20
1001
sheep/goat
teeth
4
0
M 1/2
NA
subsoil
hc
1603
20
1001
sheep/goat
teeth
1
1
PM
NA
subsoil
hc
1604
20
1001
sheep/goat
teeth
1
0
PM
NA
subsoil
hc
1605
20
1001
sheep/goat
teeth
1
0
NA
subsoil
hc
1606
20
1001
sheep/goat
mandible
1
left
32
NA
subsoil
hc
1627
20
1001
sheep/goat
radius
1
left
11
gnawed
231
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
NA
subsoil
hc
1628
20
1001
sheep/goat
tibia
1
left
10
NA
subsoil
hc
1629
20
1001
sheep/goat
tibia
1
left
11
NA
subsoil
hc
1637
20
1001
small ungulate shaft
5
0
NA
subsoil
hc
1640
20
1001
small ungulate ribs
2
0
NA
subsoil
hc
1611
20
1001
unidentified
teeth
7
0
NA
subsoil
hc
1615
20
1001
unidentified
mandible
2
0
NA
subsoil
hc
1638
20
1001
unidentified
vert
2
no side
0
NA
subsoil
hc
1641
20
1001
unidentified
ribs
2
0
NA
subsoil
hc
1642
20
1001
unidentified
skull
1
0
NA
subsoil
hc
1644
20
1001
unidentified
unidentified
2
0
burnt
NA
subsoil
hc
1645
20
1001
unidentified
unidentified
131
0
2
1023
1
2906
100
1005
bird
ulna
1
fused
4
2
1023
1
2907
100
1005
lizard
shaft
1
0
2
1023
1
2908
100
1005
unidentified
unidentified
1
0
2
1023
1
2909
101
1006
unidentified
unidentified
3
0
2
1023
1
2910
103
1008
unidentified
unidentified
1
0
burnt
2
1023
1
2911
103
1008
unidentified
unidentified
7
0
2
1023
hc
417
43
1012
cattle
humerus
1
left
fused
6
in 2 pieces
2
1023
hc
418
43
1012
cattle
phalanx 1
1
fused
fused
1
2
1023
hc
419
43
1012
cattle
phalanx 2
4
fused
fused
1
2
1023
hc
420
43
1012
cattle
phalanx 2
1
fused
fused
0
gnawed
2
1023
hc
421
43
1012
cattle
carpi
2
1
C 2+3
2
1023
hc
422
43
1012
cattle
carpi
2
1
Ca and C4
2
1023
hc
423
43
1012
cattle
metatarsal
1
right
fused
3
2
1023
hc
424
43
1012
cattle
metatarsal
1
right
12
gnawed
2
1023
hc
425
43
1012
cattle
phalanx 1
1
open
infant
9
2
1023
hc
1956
43
1012
cattle
teeth
1
0
2
1023
hc
1958
43
1012
large ungulate
mandible
3
0
2
1023
hc
427
43
1012
pig
phalanx 1
1
closing
fused
1
2
1023
hc
430
43
1012
pig
tibia
1
right
open
10
2
1023
hc
426
43
1012
sheep/goat
phalanx 1
1
fused
fused
1
goat?
2
1023
hc
428
43
1012
sheep/goat
radius
1
right
fused
open
9
2
1023
hc
429
43
1012
sheep/goat
vert lumb
1
open
19
chopped
2
1023
hc
1957
43
1012
sheep/goat
teeth
1
0
2
1023
hc
431
43
1012
small ungulate ribs
1
0
2
1023
hc
432
43
1012
unidentified
skull
2
0
2
1023
hc
433
43
1012
unidentified
shaft
6
0
2
1023
hc
434
43
1012
unidentified
unidentified
8
0
2
1023
hc
1959
43
1012
unidentified
unidentified
2
0
1
1015
hc
42
7
1016
cattle
mandible
1
left
0
1
1015
hc
43
7
1016
cattle
mandible
1
left
32
in pieces
1
1015
hc
44
7
1016
cattle
teeth
1
right
0
M 1/2
1
1015
hc
46
7
1016
cattle
humerus
1
left
fused
0
BT 67,8
1
1015
hc
45
7
1016
large ungulate
mandible
1
left
0
1
1015
1
3062
152
1016
mouse
teeth
4
1
I
1
1015
1
3063
152
1016
sheep/goat
phalanx 1
1
7
1
1015
1
3064
152
1016
unidentified
teeth
1
0
no side closing
232
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
1
1015
1
3065
152
1016
unidentified
unidentified
6
0
burnt
1
1015
1
3066
152
1016
unidentified
unidentified
41
0
1
1015
hc
60
5
1017
cattle
mandible
1
right
32
1
1015
hc
61
5
1017
cattle
mandible
1
right
32
in 4 pieces
1
1015
hc
62
5
1017
cattle
mandible
1
left
32
1
1015
hc
63
5
1017
cattle
teeth
2
right
1
pd 4
1
1015
hc
64
5
1017
cattle
teeth
1
1
pd 3
1
1015
hc
65
5
1017
cattle
teeth
1
left
1
M 1/ 2
1
1015
hc
66
5
1017
cattle
teeth
2
left
0
M 1/ 2
1
1015
hc
67
5
1017
cattle
teeth
1
1
PM
1
1015
hc
68
5
1017
cattle
mandible
2
right
33
1
1015
hc
69
5
1017
cattle
mandible
1
left
33
1
1015
hc
70
5
1017
cattle
mandible
1
34
1
1015
hc
71
5
1017
cattle
teeth
3
0
1
1015
hc
73
5
1017
cattle
scapula
2
right
fused
31
1
1015
hc
74
5
1017
cattle
scapula
1
left
0
gnawed
1
1015
hc
76
5
1017
cattle
pelvis
1
left
24
in two pieces
1
1015
hc
77
5
1017
cattle
teeth
1
right
1
pd 4
1
1015
hc
78
5
1017
cattle
skull
1
right
32
1
1015
hc
79
5
1017
cattle
humerus
1
right
open
12
1
1015
hc
80
5
1017
cattle
metacarpal
1
right
fused
3
1
1015
hc
81
5
1017
cattle
metacarpal
1
right
fused
7
Bd 52,6
1
1015
hc
82
5
1017
cattle
phalanx 1
1
right
fused
fused
1
Glpe 52,7
1
1015
hc
72
5
1017
large ungulate
mandible
20
0
pieces from cattle
1
1015
hc
75
5
1017
large ungulate
scapula
4
0
1
1015
hc
83
5
1017
large ungulate
humerus
1
fused
0
1
1015
hc
84
5
1017
large ungulate
ribs
2
0
1
1015
hc
85
5
1017
large ungulate
vert cerv
1
no side
open
21
chopped
1
1015
hc
86
5
1017
large ungulate
shaft
1
0
1
1015
hc
87
5
1017
large ungulate
skull
1
0
1
1015
hc
88
5
1017
pig
skull
1
left
40
1
1015
hc
89
5
1017
pig
skull
1
left
42
1
1015
hc
90
5
1017
sheep/goat
humerus
1
right
fused
6
1
1015
hc
91
5
1017
sheep/goat
mandible
1
right
33
1
1015
hc
92
5
1017
sheep/goat
teeth
1
right
0
M 1/2
1
1015
hc
93
5
1017
sheep/goat
tibia
1
right
11
1
1015
hc
94
5
1017
sheep/goat
tibia
1
right
10
1
1015
hc
95
5
1017
unidentified
teeth
1
0
1
1015
hc
96
5
1017
unidentified
skull
1
1015
hc
97
5
1017
unidentified
unidentified
1
1015
hc
1578
151
1017
dog
1
1015
hc
1577
151
1017
1
1015
hc
37
6
1018
1
1015
hc
38
6
1
1015
hc
36
1
1015
hc
39
1
1015
hc
40
2
0
143
0
vert lumb
1
no side
fused
fused
1
big
horse
teeth
1
1
cattle
metatarsal
1
left
14
in 2 pieces
1018
large ungulate
mandible
1
0
6
1018
pig
skull
1
left
39
B 18,2
in 2 pieces
6
1018
unidentified
skull
1
0
6
1018
unidentified
shaft
2
0
233
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
1
1015
hc
41
6
1018
unidentified
unidentified
12
0
1
1015
1
3067
154
1018
unidentified
unidentified
2
0
1
1020
hc
614
76
1021
carnivore
ribs
1
21
in 2 pieces
1
1020
hc
615
76
1021
carnivore
ribs
1
0
1
1020
hc
598
76
1021
cattle
teeth
2
0
M 1/2
1
1020
hc
605
76
1021
cattle
metatarsal
1
left
12
in 2 pieces
1
1020
hc
606
76
1021
cattle
metatarsal
1
left
11
gnawed
1
1020
hc
607
76
1021
cattle
metatarsal
1
0
1
1020
hc
608
76
1021
cattle
metatarsal
1
right
fused
0
1
1020
hc
609
76
1021
cattle
atlas
1
no side
0
in 2 pieces
1
1020
hc
599
76
1021
large ungulate
mandible
1
right
33
1
1020
hc
600
76
1021
large ungulate
mandible
3
0
1
1020
hc
617
76
1021
large ungulate
ribs
3
0
1
1020
hc
618
76
1021
large ungulate
shaft
2
0
1
1020
hc
604
76
1021
pig
teeth
1
1
pd
1
1020
hc
610
76
1021
pig
pelvis
1
right
24
1
1020
hc
611
76
1021
pig
mandible
1
left
32
male
in 4 pieces
1
1020
hc
612
76
1021
pig
mandible
1
right
32
in 3 pieces
1
1020
hc
613
76
1021
pig
phalanx 1
1
open
fused
9
II / V
1
1020
hc
601
76
1021
sheep/goat
teeth
1
right
1
M 1/2
1
1020
hc
602
76
1021
sheep/goat
teeth
1
1
pd 3
1
1020
hc
603
76
1021
sheep/goat
teeth
1
1
PM
1
1020
hc
616
76
1021
unidentified
scapula
1
0
1
1020
hc
619
76
1021
unidentified
skull
17
0
1
1020
hc
620
76
1021
unidentified
unidentified
95
0
1
1020
hc
791
85
1021
cattle
mandible
1
right
32
1
1020
hc
792
85
1021
cattle
mandible
2
left
32
1
1020
hc
793
85
1021
cattle
teeth
3
right
1
M 1/2
1
1020
hc
794
85
1021
cattle
teeth
1
left
1
M 1/2
1
1020
hc
795
85
1021
cattle
teeth
1
0
M 1/2
1
1020
hc
796
85
1021
cattle
teeth
1
1
PM
1
1020
hc
797
85
1021
cattle
teeth
1
0
pd 2
1
1020
hc
798
85
1021
cattle
teeth
1
right
1
pd 4
1
1020
hc
801
85
1021
cattle
teeth
2
right
1
M 1/2
1
1020
hc
802
85
1021
cattle
teeth
1
right
1
M 3
1
1020
hc
803
85
1021
cattle
teeth
2
left
1
M 1/2
1
1020
hc
804
85
1021
cattle
teeth
1
1
pd 3
1
1020
hc
807
85
1021
cattle
teeth
1
0
pd 4
1
1020
hc
819
85
1021
cattle
radius
1
left
fused
open
5
1
1020
hc
822
85
1021
cattle
radius
1
right
infant
11
1
1020
hc
838
85
1021
cattle
skull
1
right
0
1
1020
hc
840
85
1021
cattle
mandible
1
right
33
1
1020
hc
806
85
1021
horse
teeth
1
left
1
PM / M
1
1020
hc
820
85
1021
horse
radius
1
right
fused
7
1
1020
hc
799
85
1021
large ungulate
mandible
2
right
0
1
1020
hc
800
85
1021
large ungulate
mandible
1
left
0
1
1020
hc
805
85
1021
large ungulate
mandible
13
0
234
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
1
1020
hc
817
85
1021
large ungulate
scapula
1
right
0
small catt / Deer
1
1020
hc
818
85
1021
large ungulate
pelvis
1
25
1
1020
hc
821
85
1021
large ungulate
femur
2
open
6
likely blg tgh
1
1020
hc
823
85
1021
large ungulate
tibia
1
0
1
1020
hc
828
85
1021
large ungulate
sacrum
2
no side
fused
fused
0
1
1020
hc
829
85
1021
large ungulate
vert lumb
1
no side
fused
fused
1
1
1020
hc
830
85
1021
large ungulate
vert thor
1
no side
22
1
1020
hc
831
85
1021
large ungulate
ribs
2
0
gnawed
1
1020
hc
832
85
1021
large ungulate
shaft
6
0
1
1020
hc
835
85
1021
large ungulate
scapula
1
0
1
1020
hc
836
85
1021
large ungulate
vert lumb
1
no side
0
1
1020
hc
837
85
1021
large ungulate
vert
2
no side
0
1
1020
hc
809
85
1021
pig
mandible
1
left
32
1
1020
hc
810
85
1021
pig
mandible
1
right
32
1
1020
hc
811
85
1021
pig
teeth
1
right
1
female
1
1020
hc
812
85
1021
pig
teeth
1
0
male
1
1020
hc
813
85
1021
pig
teeth
1
0
I
1
1020
hc
814
85
1021
pig
teeth
2
0
PM
1
1020
hc
826
85
1021
pig
femur
1
0
1
1020
hc
827
85
1021
sheep
tibia
1
left
fused
8
Bd 23,6
1
1020
hc
808
85
1021
sheep/goat
mandible
1
right
32
in 3 pieces
1
1020
hc
815
85
1021
sheep/goat
teeth
1
0
M 1/2
1
1020
hc
824
85
1021
sheep/goat
pelvis
1
left
25
1
1020
hc
825
85
1021
sheep/goat
femur
1
left
fused
2
1
1020
hc
841
85
1021
sheep/goat
pelvis
1
right
24
1
1020
hc
833
85
1021
small ungulate shaft
2
0
1
1020
hc
834
85
1021
small ungulate ribs
3
0
1
1020
hc
816
85
1021
unidentified
teeth
2
0
1
1020
hc
839
85
1021
unidentified
skull
4
0
1
1020
hc
842
85
1021
unidentified
unidentified
2
0
gnawed
1
1020
hc
843
85
1021
unidentified
unidentified
133
0
1
1020
hc
621
87
1021
cattle
teeth
1
right
1
M 1/2
1
1020
hc
622
87
1021
cattle
teeth
1
0
M
1
1020
hc
623
87
1021
cattle
teeth
2
0
M
1
1020
hc
624
87
1021
cattle
teeth
1
0
PM
1
1020
hc
625
87
1021
cattle
teeth
1
0
pd 4
1
1020
hc
626
87
1021
cattle
teeth
1
1
pd 3
1
1020
hc
632
87
1021
cattle
phalanx 1
1
fused
fused
1
gnawed
in 2 pieces
1
1020
hc
633
87
1021
cattle
talus
1
left
1
GLl 64,1
GLm 57,7
Bd 41,5
1
1020
hc
640
87
1021
cattle
metacarpal
1
right
9
Bd 51,7
1
1020
hc
641
87
1021
cattle
carpi
1
1
Cr
1
1020
hc
643
87
1021
cattle
ulna
1
right
0
gnawed
1
1020
hc
628
87
1021
large ungulate
mandible
1
right
33
small catt /deer
1
1020
hc
629
87
1021
large ungulate
mandible
2
0
1
1020
hc
630
87
1021
large ungulate
skull
1
left
41
in 2 pieces
1
1020
hc
631
87
1021
large ungulate
skull
1
right
42
1
1020
hc
642
87
1021
large ungulate
ulna
1
0
235
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
1
1020
hc
644
87
1021
large ungulate
ribs
5
0
1
1020
hc
636
87
1021
pig
radius
1
left
fused
4
1
1020
hc
637
87
1021
pig
ulna
1
left
11
1
1020
hc
638
87
1021
pig
humerus
1
left
open
fused
9
1
1020
hc
639
87
1021
pig
skull
1
no side
0
1
1020
hc
627
87
1021
sheep/goat
teeth
1
right
1
M 3
1
1020
hc
634
87
1021
sheep/goat
humerus
1
right
fused
9
1
1020
hc
635
87
1021
sheep/goat
radius
1
right
11
1
1020
hc
645
87
1021
unidentified
skull
1
0
1
1020
hc
646
87
1021
unidentified
unidentified
23
0
1
1020
hc
875
90
1021
cattle
teeth
2
left
1
pd 4
1
1020
hc
876
90
1021
cattle
teeth
1
right
1
pd 4
1
1020
hc
877
90
1021
cattle
teeth
2
right
1
M 1/2
1
1020
hc
878
90
1021
cattle
teeth
1
right
1
M 3
1
1020
hc
879
90
1021
cattle
teeth
5
0
M 1/2
1
1020
hc
880
90
1021
cattle
teeth
2
1
pd 3
1
1020
hc
881
90
1021
cattle
teeth
1
left
1
M 1/2
1
1020
hc
882
90
1021
cattle
teeth
2
1
pd 2
1
1020
hc
883
90
1021
cattle
teeth
1
1
PM 2
1
1020
hc
884
90
1021
cattle
teeth
2
0
M
1
1020
hc
887
90
1021
cattle
scapula
1
left
fused
31
1
1020
hc
888
90
1021
cattle
humerus
1
left
fused
7
BT 74,3
1
1020
hc
889
90
1021
cattle
humerus
1
left
12
1
1020
hc
890
90
1021
cattle
humerus
1
left
fused
2
1
1020
hc
892
90
1021
cattle
metapodial
1
0
1
1020
hc
894
90
1021
cattle
axis
1
no side
fused
open
20+19
in 2 pieces
1
1020
hc
885
90
1021
large ungulate
mandible
2
right
33
1
1020
hc
886
90
1021
large ungulate
mandible
5
0
1
1020
hc
891
90
1021
large ungulate
skull
1
right
41
1
1020
hc
895
90
1021
large ungulate
vert cerv
1
no side
0
1
1020
hc
896
90
1021
large ungulate
skull
9
0
pieces of maxilla
1
1020
hc
893
90
1021
sheep/goat
radius
1
12
1
1020
hc
897
90
1021
unidentified
unidentified
69
0
1
1020
hc
1935
96
1021
cattle
teeth
2
0
M
1
1020
hc
1938
96
1021
cattle
scapula
1
left
fused
31
in 2 pieces
1
1020
hc
1939
96
1021
large ungulate
vert cerv
1
no side
0
1
1020
hc
1940
96
1021
large ungulate
ribs
1
0
1
1020
hc
1941
96
1021
large ungulate
vert
1
no side
0
1
1020
hc
1936
96
1021
sheep/goat
teeth
1
0
M
1
1020
hc
1937
96
1021
unidentified
teeth
1
0
1
1020
hc
1942
96
1021
unidentified
unidentified
4
0
1
1020
hc
1943
96
1021
unidentified
unidentified
1
0
gnawed
1
1020
1
2924
107
1021
large ungulate
vert lumb
2
no side
0
1
1020
1
2925
107
1021
large ungulate
scapula
1
0
1
1020
1
2926
107
1021
large ungulate
teeth
1
0
1
1020
1
2927
107
1021
unidentified
unidentified
14
0
1
1020
1
2928
107
1021
unidentified
unidentified
4
0
burnt
236
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
1
1020
1
2931
109
1021
cattle
hyoideum
1
0
1
1020
1
2932
109
1021
unidentified
unidentified
14
0
1
1020
1
2967
123
1021
large ungulate
skull
2
0
1
1020
1
2968
123
1021
large ungulate
mandible
2
0
1
1020
1
2969
123
1021
large ungulate
ribs
1
0
1
1020
1
2970
123
1021
small ungulate shaft
1
0
1
1020
1
2971
123
1021
unidentified
unidentified
137
0
2
1023
hc
119
11
1024
cattle
mandible
1
right
33
in three pieces
2
1023
hc
122
11
1024
cattle
horn core
1
left
44
in 5 pieces
2
1023
hc
123
11
1024
cattle
teeth
2
left
0
M 1/2
2
1023
hc
124
11
1024
cattle
phalanx 1
1
open
fused
9
alm inf
2
1023
hc
120
11
1024
large ungulate
humerus
2
0
2
1023
hc
121
11
1024
large ungulate
pelvis
1
0
2
1023
hc
127
11
1024
large ungulate
shaft
1
0
2
1023
hc
125
11
1024
sheep/goat
teeth
1
left
1
M 3
2
1023
hc
126
11
1024
unidentified
skull
1
0
2
1023
hc
128
11
1024
unidentified
unidentified
21
0
2
1023
1
2489
17
1024
bird
radius
1
fused
8
wader‐size
2
1023
1
2490
17
1024
bird
phalanx 1
1
8
2
1023
1
2491
17
1024
bird
phalanx 1
1
4
wing ph
2
1023
1
2492
17
1024
bird
vert
1
1
2
1023
1
2495
17
1024
mouse
tibia
2
15
2
1023
1
2496
17
1024
mouse
humerus
1
fused
8
2
1023
1
2497
17
1024
mouse
vert caud
1
no side
open
open
1
2
1023
1
2498
17
1024
mouse
phalanx 1
2
fused
1
2
1023
1
2499
17
1024
mouse
phalanx 1
1
8
2
1023
1
2488
17
1024
pig
skull
2
infant
37
inf
2
1023
1
2485
17
1024
sheep
phalanx 3
1
1
2
1023
1
2493
17
1024
shrew
humerus
1
fused
8
2
1023
1
2494
17
1024
shrew
mandible
1
right
1
picture
2
1023
1
2500
17
1024
small animal
vert
1
no side
1
rodent/shrew
2
1023
1
2501
17
1024
small animal
shaft
3
0
2
1023
1
2502
17
1024
small animal
unidentified
3
0
2
1023
1
2503
17
1024
small ungulate ulna
1
open
infant
10
2
1023
1
2486
17
1024
unidentified
ribs
2
0
2
1023
1
2487
17
1024
unidentified
unidentified
4
0
burnt
2
1023
1
2504
17
1024
unidentified
unidentified
131
0
2
1023
1
2507
18
1024
bird
shaft
1
0
juv
2
1023
1
2509
18
1024
bird
ribs
1
0
ext tiny!
2
1023
1
2505
18
1024
dog
humerus
1
left
fused
6
Bd 33,8
2
1023
1
2508
18
1024
lizard
humerus
1
fused
fused
1
2
1023
1
2511
18
1024
mouse
calcaneus
1
fused
1
2
1023
1
2510
18
1024
small animal
vert
2
no side
1
2
1023
1
2512
18
1024
small animal
unidentified
11
0
2
1023
1
2506
18
1024
unidentified
vert
1
no side
infant
open
0
very inf
2
1023
1
2513
18
1024
unidentified
teeth
1
0
2
1023
1
2514
18
1024
unidentified
unidentified
1
0
burnt
237
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
2
1023
1
2515
18
1024
unidentified
unidentified
52
0
2
1023
hc
237
19
1024
bird
humerus
1
fused
7
Corvus frugilegus/corone
2
1023
hc
209
19
1024
cattle
teeth
1
0
M
2
1023
hc
212
19
1024
cattle
humerus
1
right
fused
7
2
1023
hc
213
19
1024
cattle
metatarsal
1
right
fused
3
2
1023
hc
218
19
1024
cattle
skull
5
0
2
1023
hc
222
19
1024
cattle
teeth
1
right
1
M 3
2
1023
hc
223
19
1024
cattle
phalanx 2
1
fused
fused
1
2
1023
hc
224
19
1024
cattle
talus
1
0
2
1023
hc
225
19
1024
cattle
femur
1
left
fused
3
in 2 pieces
2
1023
hc
227
19
1024
cattle
metacarpal
1
1
mc V
2
1023
hc
228
19
1024
cattle
sesamoid
1
1
2
1023
hc
216
19
1024
large ungulate
shaft
3
0
2
1023
hc
219
19
1024
large ungulate
ribs
1
0
2
1023
hc
234
19
1024
large ungulate
radius
1
0
2
1023
hc
235
19
1024
large ungulate
shaft
1
0
2
1023
hc
210
19
1024
pig
teeth
1
left
0
female
2
1023
hc
211
19
1024
pig
teeth
1
1
2
1023
hc
214
19
1024
pig
radius
1
right
fused
3
2
1023
hc
230
19
1024
pig
teeth
1
left
0
male
2
1023
hc
231
19
1024
sheep/goat
teeth
1
left
1
PM 3/4
2
1023
hc
232
19
1024
sheep/goat
teeth
1
left
1
M 1/2
2
1023
hc
229
19
1024
small ungulate shaft
1
0
2
1023
hc
233
19
1024
small ungulate ribs
2
0
2
1023
hc
215
19
1024
unidentified
radius
1
fused
0
2
1023
hc
217
19
1024
unidentified
teeth
4
0
2
1023
hc
220
19
1024
unidentified
teeth
2
0
2
1023
hc
221
19
1024
unidentified
unidentified
25
0
2
1023
hc
226
19
1024
unidentified
mandible
1
right
33
2
1023
hc
236
19
1024
unidentified
unidentified
22
0
2
1023
hc
352
36
1024
bird
shaft
1
0
2
1023
hc
323
36
1024
cattle
scapula
1
left
0
gnawed
2
1023
hc
324
36
1024
cattle
phalanx 3
1
fused
fused
1
DLS 62,5
Ld49,5
MBS 22,2
2
1023
hc
327
36
1024
cattle
tibia
1
right
12
2
1023
hc
341
36
1024
cattle
tarsi
1
1
T 2+3
2
1023
hc
342
36
1024
cattle
carpi
2
1
C4 + Ca
2
1023
hc
343
36
1024
cattle
phalanx 1
1
open
infant
9
2
1023
hc
322
36
1024
large ungulate
pelvis
1
0
in 2 pieces
2
1023
hc
325
36
1024
large ungulate
mandible
1
0
2
1023
hc
326
36
1024
large ungulate
phalanx 1
2
0
2
1023
hc
346
36
1024
large ungulate
vert lumb
1
no side
0
2
1023
hc
347
36
1024
large ungulate
shaft
2
0
2
1023
hc
348
36
1024
large ungulate
ribs
1
0
gnawed
2
1023
hc
349
36
1024
large ungulate
ribs
1
0
2
1023
hc
329
36
1024
pig
skull
1
right
32
L 32,3
B 17,9
2
1023
hc
330
36
1024
pig
mandible
1
left
32
gnawed
L 30,9
B 14,2
2
1023
hc
331
36
1024
pig
teeth
1
1
Pm
238
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
2
1023
hc
333
36
1024
pig
skull
1
right
40
in 8 pieces
2
1023
hc
336
36
1024
pig
talus
1
left
0
2
1023
hc
337
36
1024
pig
talus
1
right
1
GLl 40,3
GLm 36,9
Bd 23,8
2
1023
hc
338
36
1024
pig
phalanx 1
1
fused
fused
1
II / V
2
1023
hc
339
36
1024
pig
phalanx 2
1
fused
fused
1
GLpe 22,1
Bd 13,0
2
1023
hc
334
36
1024
sheep
metatarsal
1
right
fused
0
2
1023
hc
340
36
1024
sheep
phalanx 1
1
fused
fused
1
GLpe32,1
Bd 9,6
2
1023
hc
355
36
1024
sheep
metatarsal
1
right
fused
0
2
1023
hc
328
36
1024
sheep/goat
teeth
1
right
1
M 1/2
2
1023
hc
332
36
1024
sheep/goat
axis
1
no side
fused
fused
1
pathological
2
1023
hc
335
36
1024
sheep/goat
vert cerv
1
no side
open
open
1
blg tgt with 332?
2
1023
hc
344
36
1024
small ungulate ribs
4
0
2
1023
hc
345
36
1024
small ungulate shaft
1
0
2
1023
hc
350
36
1024
unidentified
skull
6
0
2
1023
hc
351
36
1024
unidentified
teeth
5
0
2
1023
hc
353
36
1024
unidentified
unidentified
2
0
gnawed
2
1023
hc
354
36
1024
unidentified
unidentified
132
0
2
1023
1
2598
39
1024
large ungulate
shaft
1
0
burnt
2
1023
1
2596
39
1024
small ungulate shaft
1
0
2
1023
1
2597
39
1024
small ungulate ribs
1
0
burnt
2
1023
1
2599
39
1024
unidentified
unidentified
48
0
2
1023
1
2600
39
1024
unidentified
unidentified
21
0
burnt
2
1023
1
2633
44
1024
pig
teeth
1
0
2
1023
1
2636
44
1024
small animal
shaft
1
0
2
1023
1
2634
44
1024
unidentified
teeth
1
0
2
1023
1
2635
44
1024
unidentified
coracoid
10
0
2
1023
1
2676
49
1024
bird
ulna
1
fused
7
2
1023
1
2678
49
1024
cattle
mandible
1
34
2
1023
1
2679
49
1024
cattle
skull
1
0
nasale
2
1023
1
2680
49
1024
large ungulate
shaft
1
0
2
1023
1
2677
49
1024
mouse
radius
1
fused
4
2
1023
1
2681
49
1024
unidentified
unidentified
6
0
burnt
2
1023
1
2682
49
1024
unidentified
unidentified
71
0
2
1023
1
2585
38
1025
bird
sternum
1
0
tiny!
2
1023
1
2586
38
1025
bird
shaft
1
0
2
1023
1
2594
38
1025
bird
tibia
1
fused
6
2
1023
1
2588
38
1025
mouse
ulna
1
fused
5
2
1023
1
2589
38
1025
mouse
tibia
1
fused
7
2
1023
1
2590
38
1025
mouse
metapodial
1
fused
1
2
1023
1
2587
38
1025
shrew
mandible
1
right
1
2
1023
1
2591
38
1025
small animal
shaft
2
0
2
1023
1
2592
38
1025
unidentified
vert
1
no side
infant
open
0
inf vert caud?
2
1023
1
2593
38
1025
unidentified
unidentified
66
0
2
1023
1
2595
38
1025
unidentified
unidentified
6
0
burnt
2
1023
1
2653
47
1025
bird
metacarpal
1
fused
3
2
1023
1
2654
47
1025
bird
vert
1
no side
0
2
1023
1
2645
47
1025
mouse
vert cerv
1
no side
1
239
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
2
1023
1
2646
47
1025
mouse
vert thor
1
no side
1
2
1023
1
2647
47
1025
mouse
ribs
2
0
2
1023
1
2648
47
1025
mouse
radius
1
15
2
1023
1
2649
47
1025
mouse
ulna
1
fused
5
2
1023
1
2650
47
1025
mouse
phalanx 1
1
fused
1
2
1023
1
2651
47
1025
mouse
tibia
1
11
in 2 pieces
2
1023
1
2652
47
1025
mouse
calcaneus
1
1
2
1023
1
2655
47
1025
small animal
shaft
2
0
2
1023
1
2656
47
1025
small ungulate ribs
1
0
2
1023
1
2657
47
1025
unidentified
unidentified
14
0
burnt
2
1023
1
2658
47
1025
unidentified
unidentified
49
0
2
1023
1
2637
45
1026
large ungulate
shaft
1
0
2
1023
1
2638
45
1026
unidentified
unidentified
6
0
burnt
2
1023
1
2639
45
1026
unidentified
unidentified
13
0
2
1023
1
2686
50
1026
fish
unidentified
1
0
2
1023
1
2683
50
1026
mouse
humerus
1
fused
8
2
1023
1
2684
50
1026
small animal
atlas
1
no side
0
2
1023
1
2685
50
1026
small animal
unidentified
1
0
2
1023
1
2687
50
1026
unidentified
teeth
3
0
2
1023
1
2688
50
1026
unidentified
unidentified
1
0
burnt
2
1023
1
2689
50
1026
unidentified
unidentified
59
0
2
1023
hc
33
4
1027
bird
humerus
1
fused
fused
1
passeriforme
2
1023
hc
4
4
1027
cattle
teeth
1
right
1
M 3 , in 2 pieces
2
1023
hc
5
4
1027
cattle
teeth
1
right
1
M 1/2
2
1023
hc
6
4
1027
cattle
teeth
1
right
0
M 1/2
2
1023
hc
7
4
1027
cattle
teeth
1
left
1
M 1/2
2
1023
hc
8
4
1027
cattle
teeth
2
left
0
M 1/2
2
1023
hc
9
4
1027
cattle
teeth
1
0
PM 3/4
2
1023
hc
10
4
1027
cattle
teeth
1
0
M
2
1023
hc
11
4
1027
cattle
teeth
1
right
0
pd 4
2
1023
hc
12
4
1027
cattle
teeth
1
left
0
i
2
1023
hc
13
4
1027
cattle
skull
1
right
0
2
1023
hc
14
4
1027
cattle
talus
1
right
1
GLl 61,2
GLm 54,5
Bd 37,1
belong tgh with 15
2
1023
hc
15
4
1027
cattle
calcaneus
1
right
0
gnawed
0
belong tgh with 14
2
1023
hc
18
4
1027
cattle
teeth
1
1
PM
2
1023
hc
26
4
1027
large ungulate
mandible
3
0
2
1023
hc
27
4
1027
large ungulate
skull
0
0
gnawed
2
1023
hc
28
4
1027
large ungulate
shaft
2
0
2
1023
hc
21
4
1027
pig
phalanx 1
1
open
fused
9
2
1023
hc
22
4
1027
pig
phalanx 1
1
fused
fused
1
II/V
2
1023
hc
25
4
1027
pig
ulna
1
left
0
2
1023
hc
19
4
1027
sheep
talus
1
left
1
GLl 26,5
GLm 25,0
Bd 15,5
2
1023
hc
20
4
1027
sheep
phalanx 1
1
fused
fused
1
Glpe 31,4
2
1023
hc
16
4
1027
sheep/goat
teeth
1
left
1
M 1/2
2
1023
hc
17
4
1027
sheep/goat
teeth
2
0
M 1/2
2
1023
hc
23
4
1027
sheep/goat
scapula
1
right
0
gnawed
2
1023
hc
24
4
1027
sheep/goat
tibia
1
right
fused
7
abraded
240
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
2
1023
hc
29
4
1027
unidentified
ribs
2
0
2
1023
hc
30
4
1027
unidentified
skull
1
0
2
1023
hc
31
4
1027
unidentified
vert
1
no side
0
2
1023
hc
32
4
1027
unidentified
shaft
1
infant
0
2
1023
hc
34
4
1027
unidentified
shaft
1
0
small mammal ?
2
1023
hc
35
4
1027
unidentified
unidentified
7
0
2
1023
1
2544
35
1027
bird
metatarsal
1
fused
3
passeriforme
2
1023
1
2545
35
1027
bird
vert
1
no side
1
2
1023
1
2546
35
1027
bird
phalanx 1
2
fused
1
2
1023
1
2555
35
1027
bird
vert
1
no side
1
tiny
2
1023
1
2550
35
1027
cattle
teeth
1
0
2
1023
1
2556
35
1027
pig
phalanx 2
1
open
infant
9
2
1023
1
2549
35
1027
sheep/goat
vert lumb
1
no side
fused
fused
1
2
1023
1
2548
35
1027
small mammal shaft
2
0
2
1023
1
2551
35
1027
small ungulate femur
1
0
2
1023
1
2547
35
1027
unidentified
unidentified
3
infant
0
really tiny
2
1023
1
2552
35
1027
unidentified
mandible
1
0
gnawed
2
1023
1
2553
35
1027
unidentified
unidentified
8
0
burnt
2
1023
1
2554
35
1027
unidentified
unidentified
125
0
2
1023
1
2640
46
1027
cattle
skull
1
0
pars petrosa
2
1023
1
2642
46
1027
dog
vert caud
1
no side
fused
4
2
1023
1
2641
46
1027
unidentified
skull
5
0
2
1023
1
2643
46
1027
unidentified
unidentified
4
0
burnt
2
1023
1
2644
46
1027
unidentified
unidentified
47
0
2
1023
1
2690
51
1027
bird
femur
1
open
3
2
1023
1
2691
51
1027
mouse
mandible
1
right
32
mus musculus
2
1023
1
2692
51
1027
mouse
tibia
1
11
2
1023
1
2693
51
1027
mouse
metapodial
1
fused
1
2
1023
1
2694
51
1027
small animal
shaft
2
infant
0
bird?
2
1023
1
2695
51
1027
unidentified
teeth
1
0
2
1023
1
2696
51
1027
unidentified
unidentified
104
0
2
1023
hc
47
8
1029
sheep/goat
humerus
1
left
11
gnawed
2
1023
hc
52
8
1029
sheep/goat
atlas
1
no side
0
2
1023
hc
48
8
1029
small ungulate scapula
1
0
2
1023
hc
49
8
1029
small ungulate scapula
1
right
0
gnawed
2
1023
hc
50
8
1029
small ungulate scapula
1
0
filleting
2
1023
hc
51
8
1029
small ungulate ribs
2
0
other in 2 pieces
2
1023
hc
53
8
1029
unidentified
vert thor
1
no side
0
2
1023
hc
54
8
1029
unidentified
unidentified
28
0
2
1023
hc
284
27
1029
cattle
patella
1
1
2
1023
hc
285
27
1029
cattle
tibia
1
right
0
2
1023
hc
286
27
1029
large ungulate
skull
1
right
0
2
1023
hc
287
27
1029
large ungulate
axis
1
no side
0
2
1023
hc
288
27
1029
large ungulate
vert cerv
1
no side
open
open
1
2
1023
hc
289
27
1029
large ungulate
vert thor
1
no side
0
2
1023
hc
290
27
1029
large ungulate
ribs
1
0
2
1023
hc
293
27
1029
large ungulate
shaft
1
0
241
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
2
1023
hc
283
27
1029
sheep/goat
2
1023
hc
291
27
1029
2
1023
hc
292
27
2
1023
hc
294
27
2
1023
hc
295
2
1023
hc
2
1023
2
1023
2
teeth
1
right
1
M 3
small ungulate ribs
1
0
1029
unidentified
vert
1
no side
0
1029
unidentified
skull
1
0
27
1029
unidentified
unidentified
35
0
319
35
1029
bird
metatarsal
1
fused
fused
1
Charadriiformes
hc
320
35
1029
bird
humerus
1
fused
3
Charadriiformes
hc
315
35
1029
cat
mandible
1
left
32
1023
hc
316
35
1029
cat
teeth
1
right
1
2
1023
hc
298
35
1029
cattle
teeth
1
0
M 1/2
2
1023
hc
299
35
1029
cattle
teeth
1
left
1
M 1/2
2
1023
hc
311
35
1029
cattle
fibula/malleolare
1
1
malleolare
2
1023
hc
312
35
1029
dog
femur
1
left
fused
10
2
1023
hc
313
35
1029
dog
tibia
1
left
15
in 2 pieces
2
1023
hc
314
35
1029
dog
ribs
3
0
2
1023
hc
296
35
1029
horse
radius
1
right
fused
3
blg tgt with 297!
2
1023
hc
297
35
1029
horse
ulna
1
right
10
gnawed
blg tgt with 296!
2
1023
hc
300
35
1029
large ungulate
mandible
1
0
horse ?
2
1023
hc
303
35
1029
large ungulate
radiusulna
1
0
horse?
2
1023
hc
317
35
1029
large ungulate
shaft
2
0
2
1023
hc
301
35
1029
pig
mandible
1
left
32
L 32,1
B 13,9
in two pieces
2
1023
hc
302
35
1029
pig
mandible
1
left
32
blg thg with 301?
2
1023
hc
308
35
1029
pig
metacarpal
1
left
fused
open
5
gnawed
III
2
1023
hc
309
35
1029
pig
talus
1
right
1
GLl 36,8
GLm34,5
2
1023
hc
310
35
1029
sheep
talus
1
left
1
GLl 27,9
GLm 26,2
Bd 17,5
2
1023
hc
307
35
1029
sheep/goat
metapodial
1
0
2
1023
hc
304
35
1029
small ungulate vert caud
1
no side
open
open
1
2
1023
hc
305
35
1029
small ungulate scapula
1
left
0
2
1023
hc
306
35
1029
small ungulate scapula
2
0
2
1023
hc
318
35
1029
small ungulate shaft
1
0
2
1023
hc
321
35
1029
unidentified
unidentified
56
0
2
1023
hc
385
39
1029
cattle
horn core
1
44
in 19 pieces
2
1023
hc
386
39
1029
cattle
radius
1
right
fused
0
2
1023
hc
389
39
1029
cattle
phalanx 2
1
fused
fused
1
Glpe 18,8
Bd 7,5
2
1023
hc
387
39
1029
large ungulate
pelvis
1
0
2
1023
hc
388
39
1029
large ungulate
vert cerv
1
no side
0
chopped
2
1023
hc
390
39
1029
sheep/goat
ct
1
1
2
1023
hc
391
39
1029
unidentified
unidentified
46
0
2
1023
hc
402
41
1029
dog
mandible
1
right
32
inf dog
2
1023
hc
403
41
1029
dog
mandible
1
left
32
inf dog
2
1023
hc
404
41
1029
dog
mandible
1
right
32
inf dog
2
1023
hc
405
41
1029
dog
mandible
1
34
inf dog
2
1023
hc
406
41
1029
dog
teeth
20
0
inf dog
2
1023
hc
407
41
1029
dog
skull
1
right
37
inf dog
2
1023
hc
408
41
1029
dog
vert cerv
1
no side
infant
open
0
inf dog
2
1023
hc
409
41
1029
dog
shaft
6
infant
0
inf dog
2
1023
hc
410
41
1029
dog
ribs
1
20
inf dog
242
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
2
1023
hc
411
41
1029
dog
phalanx 1
1
open
open
9
inf dog
2
1023
hc
412
41
1029
dog
vert
1
no side
0
inf dog
2
1023
hc
413
41
1029
dog
skull
1
0
inf dog
2
1023
hc
414
41
1029
dog
metapodial
1
fused
7
2
1023
hc
415
41
1029
unidentified
unidentified
42
0
2
1023
1
2665
48
1029
bird
phalanx 1
1
fused
1
2
1023
1
2666
48
1029
bird
vert
1
no side
0
2
1023
1
2672
48
1029
fish
vert
5
no side
1
2
1023
1
2659
48
1029
mouse
humerus
1
fused
9
2
1023
1
2660
48
1029
mouse
humerus
1
fused
7
2
1023
1
2661
48
1029
mouse
skull
1
39
2
1023
1
2662
48
1029
shrew
humerus
1
fused
8
2
1023
1
2663
48
1029
shrew
femur
1
fused
5
2
1023
1
2664
48
1029
shrew
tibia
25
fused
9
2
1023
1
2667
48
1029
small animal
vert
2
no side
1
2
1023
1
2668
48
1029
small animal
shaft
6
0
2
1023
1
2669
48
1029
small animal
phalanx 1
1
1
2
1023
1
2670
48
1029
small animal
unidentified
9
0
2
1023
1
2671
48
1029
unidentified
unidentified
1
infant
0
inf
2
1023
1
2673
48
1029
unidentified
mandible
1
0
2
1023
1
2674
48
1029
unidentified
unidentified
8
0
burnt
2
1023
1
2675
48
1029
unidentified
unidentified
91
0
2
1023
1
2768
72
1029
bird
sternum
1
no side
0
2
1023
1
2769
72
1029
bird
pelvis
1
23
2
1023
1
2770
72
1029
bird
scapula
1
5
2
1023
1
2771
72
1029
bird
metacarpal
1
fused
fused
1
2
1023
1
2772
72
1029
bird
tibia
1
fused
6
2
1023
1
2773
72
1029
bird
fibula/malleolare
1
fused
1
2
1023
1
2774
72
1029
bird
shaft
2
0
2
1023
1
2775
72
1029
mouse
femur
1
open
12
2
1023
1
2776
72
1029
mouse
pelvis
1
right
1
2
1023
1
2777
72
1029
small animal
vert
1
no side
1
2
1023
1
2778
72
1029
small animal
skull
1
37
2
1023
1
2779
72
1029
small animal
shaft
7
0
2
1023
1
2780
72
1029
small animal
unidentified
1
0
2
1023
1
2781
72
1029
unidentified
unidentified
44
0
2
1023
hc
138
14
1030
bird
metatarsal
1
fused
fused
1
Lagopus lagopus (?)
2
1023
hc
139
14
1030
bird
humerus
1
fused
8
Charadriiformes
2
1023
hc
129
14
1030
cattle
teeth
1
0
M 1/2
2
1023
hc
134
14
1030
large ungulate
femur
1
0
2
1023
hc
130
14
1030
pig
mandible
1
left
32
female
in 4 pieces
2
1023
hc
131
14
1030
pig
mandible
1
left
32
L 32,8
B 14,4
belong 130?
2
1023
hc
132
14
1030
pig
teeth
1
1
c
2
1023
hc
133
14
1030
small ungulate scapula
1
right
0
gnawed
2
1023
hc
135
14
1030
unidentified
vert
1
0
2
1023
hc
136
14
1030
unidentified
skull
1
0
2
1023
hc
137
14
1030
unidentified
unidentified
16
0
243
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
2
1023
hc
192
17
1030
bird
metacarpal
1
fused
fused
1
Corvus frugilegus/corone
2
1023
hc
193
17
1030
bird
phalanx 1
1
fused
fused
1
Corvus sp
2
1023
hc
166
17
1030
cattle
metatarsal
1
right
fused
fused
1
Bd 46,7
in 4 pieces
2
1023
hc
167
17
1030
cattle
metacarpal
1
left
fused
2
2
1023
hc
169
17
1030
cattle
teeth
1
left
0
M 1/2
2
1023
hc
170
17
1030
cattle
teeth
2
0
M 1/2
2
1023
hc
171
17
1030
cattle
teeth
2
0
2
1023
hc
173
17
1030
cattle
teeth
1
1
PM
2
1023
hc
180
17
1030
cattle
ulna
1
right
10
same as 181?
2
1023
hc
181
17
1030
cattle
ulna
1
right
11
same as 180?
2
1023
hc
182
17
1030
cattle
scapula
1
right
0
2
1023
hc
189
17
1030
cattle
mandible
1
right
32
pathology
2
1023
hc
190
17
1030
cattle
teeth
1
0
pathology
2
1023
hc
191
17
1030
cattle
teeth
1
0
pathology
2
1023
hc
168
17
1030
horse
teeth
1
1
2
1023
hc
183
17
1030
large ungulate
vert thor
3
no side
0
2
1023
hc
184
17
1030
large ungulate
ribs
3
0
2
1023
hc
185
17
1030
large ungulate
shaft
2
0
2
1023
hc
174
17
1030
pig
teeth
1
0
M
2
1023
hc
177
17
1030
pig
phalanx 1
1
open
fused
9
II/V
2
1023
hc
176
17
1030
sheep
horn core
1
right
45
2
1023
hc
172
17
1030
sheep/goat
teeth
1
left
1
M 1/2
2
1023
hc
178
17
1030
sheep/goat
mandible
1
right
33
2
1023
hc
179
17
1030
sheep/goat
mandible
1
left
33
2
1023
hc
186
17
1030
small ungulate ribs
2
0
2
1023
hc
175
17
1030
unidentified
horn core
3
0
2
1023
hc
187
17
1030
unidentified
skull
1
0
2
1023
hc
188
17
1030
unidentified
teeth
4
0
2
1023
hc
194
17
1030
unidentified
unidentified
72
0
2
1023
hc
392
40
1030
cattle
teeth
1
right
1
PM 3/4
2
1023
hc
393
40
1030
horse
teeth
1
left
1
M 3
2
1023
hc
394
40
1030
large ungulate
femur
1
0
2
1023
hc
395
40
1030
large ungulate
pelvis
1
0
2
1023
hc
396
40
1030
large ungulate
vert
1
no side
fused
0
2
1023
hc
397
40
1030
large ungulate
vert cerv
1
no side
0
2
1023
hc
398
40
1030
pig
skull
1
right
41
in 2 pieces
2
1023
hc
399
40
1030
small ungulate vert thor
1
no side
22
2
1023
hc
400
40
1030
small ungulate shaft
2
0
2
1023
hc
401
40
1030
unidentified
unidentified
12
0
2
1023
hc
114
10
1031
bird
metapodial
1
fused
fused
1
tiny‐modern?
2
1023
hc
115
10
1031
bird
femur
1
fused
7
Charadriiformes
2
1023
hc
98
10
1031
cattle
teeth
1
right
0
M 1/2
2
1023
hc
99
10
1031
cattle
teeth
2
0
M 1/2
2
1023
hc
101
10
1031
cattle
tibia
1
right
10
2
1023
hc
105
10
1031
cattle
phalanx 1
1
0
2
1023
hc
106
10
1031
cattle
ulna
1
left
0
gnawed
2
1023
hc
107
10
1031
cattle
tibia
1
right
12
PM/ M
244
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
2
1023
hc
100
10
1031
horse
mandible
1
right
0
in 5 pieces
2
1023
hc
102
10
1031
large ungulate
scapula
1
right
0
gnawed
small bos/cervus?
2
1023
hc
103
10
1031
large ungulate
pelvis
1
left
0
gnawed
small bos/cervus?
2
1023
hc
104
10
1031
large ungulate
ribs
4
0
2
1023
hc
108
10
1031
large ungulate
vert
2
no side
0
2
1023
hc
111
10
1031
large ungulate
shaft
5
0
2
1023
hc
116
10
1031
large ungulate
ulna
1
0
2
1023
hc
109
10
1031
pig
metapodial
1
fused
2
2
1023
hc
110
10
1031
sheep/goat
radius
1
right
0
2
1023
hc
112
10
1031
small ungulate ribs
2
0
2
1023
hc
113
10
1031
unidentified
shaft
1
0
gnawed
filleting
2
1023
hc
117
10
1031
unidentified
unidentified
104
0
2
1023
hc
118
10
1031
unidentified
unidentified
4
0
gnawed
2
1023
hc
195
18
1031
cattle
teeth
1
left
1
M 3
2
1023
hc
196
18
1031
cattle
teeth
1
right
1
pd 4
2
1023
hc
197
18
1031
cattle
teeth
1
right
1
pd 3
2
1023
hc
198
18
1031
cattle
teeth
1
0
M
2
1023
hc
201
18
1031
cattle
horn core
1
45
2
1023
hc
204
18
1031
pig
phalanx 1
1
fused
8
2
1023
hc
203
18
1031
sheep
metatarsal
1
right
12
2
1023
hc
199
18
1031
sheep/goat
teeth
1
right
0
M 1/2
2
1023
hc
200
18
1031
sheep/goat
teeth
1
1
pd 4
2
1023
hc
205
18
1031
small ungulate shaft
1
0
2
1023
hc
202
18
1031
unidentified
horn core
11
0
belong to 201?
2
1023
hc
206
18
1031
unidentified
skull
9
0
2
1023
hc
207
18
1031
unidentified
unidentified
37
0
2
1023
hc
208
18
1031
unidentified
unidentified
1
0
other
2
1023
hc
238
21
1031
cattle
mandible
1
right
32
in 4 parts, pd 4 missing
2
1023
hc
239
21
1031
cattle
teeth
1
right
0
M 1/2
2
1023
hc
240
21
1031
cattle
ct
1
0
PM
2
1023
hc
244
21
1031
cattle
scapula
1
right
0
gnawed
2
1023
hc
245
21
1031
cattle
scapula
1
left
0
gnawed
2
1023
hc
246
21
1031
large ungulate
scapula
2
0
2
1023
hc
247
21
1031
large ungulate
metacarpal
1
0
gnawed
2
1023
hc
252
21
1031
large ungulate
vert cerv
1
no side
0
2
1023
hc
253
21
1031
large ungulate
ribs
1
0
2
1023
hc
243
21
1031
pig
teeth
1
0
M 2
2
1023
hc
251
21
1031
pig
skull
1
right
infant
40
2
1023
hc
250
21
1031
sheep
metacarpal
1
left
11
2
1023
hc
241
21
1031
sheep/goat
teeth
2
0
M 1/2
2
1023
hc
242
21
1031
sheep/goat
teeth
1
0
pd 4
2
1023
hc
248
21
1031
sheep/goat
vert cerv
1
no side
open
open
1
in 2 pieces
2
1023
hc
249
21
1031
sheep/goat
vert cerv
1
no side
open
open
18
2
1023
hc
254
21
1031
unidentified
unidentified
39
0
2
1023
hc
255
21
1031
unidentified
teeth
1
0
2
1023
1
2540
33
1031
fish
vert
1
no side
1
2
1023
1
2541
33
1031
small animal
shaft
2
0
245
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
2
1023
1
2542
33
1031
unidentified
unidentified
3
0
burnt
2
1023
1
2543
33
1031
unidentified
unidentified
44
0
2
1023
1
2706
57
1032
mouse
vert caud
1
no side
1
2
1023
1
2707
57
1032
small animal
phalanx 1
1
fused
1
2
1023
1
2708
57
1032
small animal
unidentified
2
0
2
1023
1
2709
57
1032
unidentified
unidentified
4
0
2
1023
1
2704
56
1033
rodent
vert thor
1
1
2
1023
1
2705
56
1033
unidentified
unidentified
1
0
2
1023
1
2703
55
1034
unidentified
unidentified
1
0
2
1023
1
2702
54
1035
unidentified
unidentified
11
0
2
1023
hc
55
9
1036
cattle
mandible
1
left
32
in four pieces
2
1023
hc
56
9
1036
cattle
teeth
1
right
1
M1/2
2
1023
hc
57
9
1036
cattle
carpi
1
1
C u
2
1023
hc
58
9
1036
unidentified
skull
1
0
2
1023
hc
59
9
1036
unidentified
unidentified
6
0
2
1023
1
2700
53
1036
unidentified
teeth
1
0
2
1023
1
2701
53
1036
unidentified
unidentified
3
0
2
1023
1
2884
97
1036
bird
coracoid
1
fused
7
2
1023
1
2885
97
1036
bird
shaft
1
0
juv
2
1023
1
2882
97
1036
unidentified
unidentified
1
0
burnt
2
1023
1
2883
97
1036
unidentified
unidentified
5
0
2
1023
1
2886
97
1036
unidentified
unidentified
2
0
2
1023
hc
1
3
1037
dog
radius
1
right
fused
5
in 4 pieces
2
1023
hc
2
3
1037
small ungulate ribs
1
0
2
1023
hc
3
3
1037
unidentified
unidentified
4
0
2
1023
1
2448
8
1037
bird
phalanx 1
1
fused
4
burnt
charred
2
1023
1
2449
8
1037
bird
mandible
1
33
2
1023
1
2447
8
1037
unidentified
unidentified
5
0
2
1023
1
2567
37
1037
bird
humerus
1
fused
7
passeriformes
2
1023
1
2568
37
1037
bird
sternum
2
no side
0
passeriformes
2
1023
1
2569
37
1037
bird
pelvis
1
23
2
1023
1
2570
37
1037
bird
vert
1
no side
1
2
1023
1
2566
37
1037
lizard
humerus
1
fused
5
2
1023
1
2581
37
1037
lizard
mandible
3
0
2
1023
1
2582
37
1037
lizard
unidentified
16
0
2
1023
1
2571
37
1037
mouse
tibia
1
15
2
1023
1
2572
37
1037
mouse
humerus
2
fused
9
2
1023
1
2573
37
1037
mouse
ulna
1
fused
5
2
1023
1
2574
37
1037
mouse
femur
1
open
6
2
1023
1
2575
37
1037
mouse
vert lumb
1
no side
open
open
1
2
1023
1
2576
37
1037
mouse
femur
1
left
15
2
1023
1
2577
37
1037
mouse
teeth
1
1
I
2
1023
1
2578
37
1037
mouse
calcaneus
1
1
2
1023
1
2579
37
1037
mouse
metapodial
3
0
2
1023
1
2580
37
1037
mouse
phalanx 1
1
fused
1
2
1023
1
xxxx
37
1037
small animal
vert
25
no side
1
2
1023
1
2583
37
1037
unidentified
teeth
1
0
246
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
2
1023
1
2584
37
1037
unidentified
unidentified
58
0
2
1023
1
2697
52
1037
cattle
metatarsal
1
open
fused
9
2
1023
1
2699
52
1037
sheep
tibia
1
left
fused
7
Bd 25,1
2
1023
1
2698
52
1037
sheep/goat
metatarsal
1
open
fused
9
2
1023
1
2880
96
1037
unidentified
teeth
1
0
fish tooth?
2
1023
1
2881
96
1037
unidentified
unidentified
2
0
2
1023
1
2557
36
1038
bird
femur
1
fused
2
passeriforme
2
1023
1
2561
36
1038
cattle
phalanx 1
1
0
2
1023
1
2558
36
1038
mouse
tibia
1
fused
7
2
1023
1
2559
36
1038
mouse
ulna
1
15
2
1023
1
2562
36
1038
sheep/goat
ulna
1
right
infant
10
same as 2503?
2
1023
1
2560
36
1038
small animal
shaft
1
0
2
1023
1
2563
36
1038
unidentified
teeth
3
0
2
1023
1
2564
36
1038
unidentified
unidentified
8
0
burnt
2
1023
1
2565
36
1038
unidentified
unidentified
114
0
g
SK001
1
2482
15
1042
mouse
teeth
2
1
I
g
SK001
1
2483
15
1042
unidentified
unidentified
3
0
burnt
g
SK001
1
2484
15
1042
unidentified
unidentified
43
0
g
SK001
hc
1949
23
1042
pig
teeth
1
1
g
SK001
hc
1950
23
1042
sheep/goat
teeth
1
0
in 2 pieces
g
SK001
hc
1951
23
1042
sheep/goat
teeth
1
right
1
I
g
SK001
hc
1952
23
1042
sheep/goat
mandible
1
left
33
g
SK001
hc
1953
23
1042
small ungulate ribs
1
0
g
SK001
hc
1954
23
1042
small ungulate vert lumb
1
no side
0
g
SK001
hc
1955
23
1042
unidentified
unidentified
17
0
1
1045
1
2439
3
1046
pig
teeth
1
1
1
1047
1
2437
2
1048
unidentified
teeth
1
0
1
1047
1
2438
2
1048
unidentified
unidentified
2
0
1
1049
1
2440
4
1050
mouse
teeth
1
1
I
1
1049
1
2441
4
1050
unidentified
unidentified
14
0
1
1049
1
2442
4
1050
unidentified
unidentified
10
0
burnt
1
1051
hc
1590
1
1052
cattle
fibula/malleolare
1
1
malleolare
1
1051
hc
1591
1
1052
unidentified
unidentified
2
0
1
1051
1
2436
1
1052
unidentified
unidentified
3
0
burnt
1
1057
1
2443
5
1058
unidentified
unidentified
1
0
burnt
1
1057
1
2444
5
1058
unidentified
unidentified
2
0
2
1066
1
2445
6
1067
unidentified
unidentified
1
0
burnt
2
1066
1
2446
6
1067
unidentified
unidentified
6
0
2
1023
1
2887
99
1072
bird
vert
5
no side
0
2
1023
1
2888
99
1072
bird
femur
3
fused
2
all diff. sizes
2
1023
1
2889
99
1072
bird
tibia
2
fused
7
diff. sizes
2
1023
1
2890
99
1072
bird
coracoid
1
5
juv?
2
1023
1
2891
99
1072
bird
coracoid
2
fused
fused
3
2
1023
1
2892
99
1072
bird
phalanx 1
1
fused
1
2
1023
1
2893
99
1072
bird
phalanx 1
3
0
2
1023
1
2894
99
1072
bird
phalanx 3
1
1
2
1023
1
2895
99
1072
fish
unidentified
2
0
247
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
2
1023
1
2896
99
1072
mouse
teeth
1
1
I
2
1023
1
2897
99
1072
pig
ulna
1
infant
4
2
1023
1
2903
99
1072
pig
teeth
1
0
2
1023
1
2898
99
1072
sheep/goat
metapodial
1
infant
11
half of diaf, open
2
1023
1
2900
99
1072
small animal
phalanx 1
2
0
2
1023
1
2901
99
1072
small animal
shaft
17
0
2
1023
1
2902
99
1072
small animal
unidentified
6
0
2
1023
1
2899
99
1072
unidentified
vert
3
no side
infant
0
2
1023
1
2904
99
1072
unidentified
unidentified
1
0
burnt
2
1023
1
2905
99
1072
unidentified
unidentified
125
0
2
1023
1
2450
9
1073
bird
humerus
1
fused
4
passeriforme
2
1023
1
2451
9
1073
bird
ulna
1
fused
4
wader‐size
2
1023
1
2452
9
1073
bird
phalanx 1
1
1
wing ph
2
1023
1
2453
9
1073
bird
vert
2
no side
1
2
1023
1
2454
9
1073
bird
vert caud
1
no side
1
tiny
2
1023
1
2455
9
1073
bird
shaft
1
0
2
1023
1
2456
9
1073
bird
humerus
1
fused
2
wader‐size
2
1023
1
2462
9
1073
fish
unidentified
1
0
2
1023
1
2457
9
1073
mouse
vert caud
5
no side
fused
fused
1
2
1023
1
2458
9
1073
mouse
teeth
6
1
I
2
1023
1
2459
9
1073
mouse
mandible
2
21
2
1023
1
2460
9
1073
mouse
skull
3
0
2
1023
1
2463
9
1073
sheep/goat
teeth
1
right
0
unvorn crown
2
1023
1
2464
9
1073
shrew
femur
1
right
fused
4
2
1023
1
2461
9
1073
small animal
phalanx 1
1
fused
1
2
1023
1
2465
9
1073
unidentified
unidentified
103
0
2
1023
1
2466
9
1073
unidentified
unidentified
1
0
burnt
2
1023
1
2467
13
1073
bird
phalanx 1
1
fused
1
wader‐size
2
1023
1
2468
13
1073
rodent
teeth
1
1
M, rat?
2
1023
1
2469
13
1073
rodent
teeth
1
1
I, rat?
2
1023
1
2470
13
1073
unidentified
unidentified
1
0
2
1023
hc
165
16
1073
bird
shaft
1
11
2
1023
hc
159
16
1073
cattle
teeth
1
right
1
M 3
2
1023
hc
162
16
1073
cattle
metatarsal
1
0
2
1023
hc
160
16
1073
sheep/goat
teeth
1
0
I
2
1023
hc
161
16
1073
unidentified
femur
1
open
0
2
1023
hc
163
16
1073
unidentified
skull
2
0
2
1023
hc
164
16
1073
unidentified
unidentified
23
0
2
1023
1
2743
63
1074
bird
skull
1
no side
39
bill
2
1023
1
2744
63
1074
bird
sternum
1
no side
0
2
1023
1
2745
63
1074
bird
ulna
1
fused
3
2
1023
1
2746
63
1074
bird
femur
1
fused
3
2
1023
1
2747
63
1074
bird
tibia
1
fused
4
2
1023
1
2748
63
1074
bird
metatarsal
1
fused
4
2
1023
1
2749
63
1074
bird
metatarsal
1
fused
7
2
1023
1
2750
63
1074
cattle
skull
1
right
43
2
1023
1
2751
63
1074
unidentified
unidentified
4
0
248
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
2
1023
1
2752
64
1075
bird
tibia
1
fused
3
2
1023
1
2753
64
1075
bird
tibia
1
fused
8
2
1023
1
2754
64
1075
unidentified
unidentified
2
0
2
1023
1
2477
14
1076
bird
phalanx 1
1
fused
1
tiny
2
1023
1
2474
14
1076
dog
teeth
1
1
I
2
1023
1
2471
14
1076
large ungulate
ribs
1
0
2
1023
1
2475
14
1076
mouse
pelvis
1
23
2
1023
1
2476
14
1076
mouse
teeth
1
1
I
2
1023
1
2480
14
1076
mouse
tibia
1
open
7
2
1023
1
2478
14
1076
small animal
shaft
1
0
2
1023
1
2472
14
1076
unidentified
skull
11
0
2
1023
1
2473
14
1076
unidentified
teeth
1
0
2
1023
1
2479
14
1076
unidentified
unidentified
4
0
burnt
2
1023
1
2481
14
1076
unidentified
unidentified
151
0
2
1023
hc
156
15
1076
bird
humerus
1
fused
9
Rallus aquaticus
2
1023
hc
140
15
1076
cattle
scapula
1
right
fused
31
2
1023
hc
141
15
1076
cattle
mandible
1
right
0
dismembering
2
1023
hc
142
15
1076
cattle
mandible
1
0
2
1023
hc
143
15
1076
cattle
skull
1
right
41
2
1023
hc
144
15
1076
cattle
teeth
1
right
1
M 1/2
2
1023
hc
148
15
1076
cattle
phalanx 1
1
fused
0
gnawed
2
1023
hc
145
15
1076
large ungulate
skull
1
0
2
1023
hc
146
15
1076
large ungulate
scapula
1
right
0
2
1023
hc
147
15
1076
large ungulate
ribs
2
0
2
1023
hc
151
15
1076
pig
mandible
1
right
32
2
1023
hc
152
15
1076
pig
teeth
1
1
pd
2
1023
hc
153
15
1076
sheep
metacarpal
1
left
fused
7
Bd 21,6
2
1023
hc
150
15
1076
sheep/goat
femur
1
fused
0
gnawed
2
1023
hc
149
15
1076
small ungulate ribs
3
0
2
1023
hc
158
15
1076
small ungulate ribs
1
0
2
1023
hc
154
15
1076
unidentified
skull
5
0
2
1023
hc
155
15
1076
unidentified
teeth
2
0
2
1023
hc
157
15
1076
unidentified
unidentified
72
0
2
1023
1
2523
27
1076
unidentified
unidentified
24
0
2
1023
1
2524
27
1076
unidentified
unidentified
4
0
burnt
2
1023
hc
416
42
1076
dog
mandible
1
left
32
in over 20 pieces
2
1023
1
2737
61
1076
bird
metacarpal
1
fused
3
2
1023
1
2738
61
1076
cattle
teeth
1
1
pd 3
2
1023
1
2739
61
1076
cattle
tibia
1
fused
0
2
1023
1
2740
61
1076
unidentified
skull
1
0
2
1023
1
2741
61
1076
unidentified
unidentified
31
0
2
1023
1
2782
67
1076
shrew
skull
1
no side
1
in pieces
2
1023
1
2783
67
1076
unidentified
unidentified
4
0
2
1023
1
2742
62
1077
unidentified
unidentified
1
0
2
1023
1
2760
66
1078
bird
sternum
1
no side
0
2
1023
1
2761
66
1078
mouse
calcaneus
1
1
2
1023
1
2762
66
1078
mouse
teeth
1
1
I
249
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
2
1023
1
2763
66
1078
pig
phalanx 3
1
infant
1
inf
2
1023
1
2764
66
1078
small animal
shaft
3
0
2
1023
1
2765
66
1078
small animal
unidentified
3
0
2
1023
1
2766
66
1078
unidentified
unidentified
1
0
burnt
2
1023
1
2767
66
1078
unidentified
unidentified
16
0
2
1023
1
2755
65
1079
small animal
unidentified
6
0
2
1023
1
2756
65
1079
small animal
phalanx 1
1
0
2
1023
1
2757
65
1079
unidentified
unidentified
1
0
burnt
2
1023
1
2758
65
1079
unidentified
ribs
1
0
burnt
2
1023
1
2759
65
1079
unidentified
unidentified
8
0
2
1023
1
2525
30
1092
unidentified
unidentified
3
0
2
1023
1
2526
31
1093
mouse
mandible
1
left
1
Apodemus sylvaticus
2
1023
1
2527
31
1093
mouse
atlas
1
no side
1
2
1023
1
2528
31
1093
mouse
vert cerv
1
no side
1
2
1023
1
2529
31
1093
mouse
vert thor
2
no side
1
2
1023
1
2530
31
1093
mouse
ribs
2
20
2
1023
1
2531
31
1093
mouse
scapula
1
30
2
1023
1
2532
31
1093
mouse
sternum
1
no side
1
2
1023
1
2533
31
1093
mouse
ribs
2
0
2
1023
1
2534
31
1093
mouse
teeth
1
0
2
1023
1
2535
31
1093
mouse
mandible
1
0
2
1023
1
2536
31
1093
mouse
phalanx 1
1
fused
1
2
1023
1
2537
31
1093
mouse
metapodial
1
fused
1
2
1023
1
2538
31
1093
mouse
metapodial
1
open
5
2
1023
1
2539
31
1093
unidentified
unidentified
17
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1646
22
1098
cattle
teeth
1
right
1
M 1/2
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1647
22
1098
cattle
teeth
2
0
PM
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1648
22
1098
cattle
teeth
1
0
M 1/2
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1650
22
1098
cattle
mandible
1
right
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1652
22
1098
cattle
humerus
1
left
fused
7
in 3 pieces
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1662
22
1098
cattle
teeth
3
0
M
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1663
22
1098
cattle
teeth
7
0
M
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1664
22
1098
cattle
teeth
1
0
pd 4
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1665
22
1098
cattle
teeth
2
0
PM
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1666
22
1098
cattle
teeth
1
0
PM
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1667
22
1098
cattle
teeth
1
1
pd 2
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1668
22
1098
cattle
teeth
1
0
pd 4
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1669
22
1098
cattle
teeth
8
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1670
22
1098
cattle
teeth
1
right
1
i/c
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1682
22
1098
cattle
phalanx 2
1
fused
fused
1
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1684
22
1098
cattle
mandible
1
left
43
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1685
22
1098
cattle
skull
1
right
42
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1651
22
1098
large ungulate
mandible
4
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1653
22
1098
large ungulate
humerus
2
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1655
22
1098
large ungulate
ribs
1
0
filleting
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1656
22
1098
large ungulate
ribs
3
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1657
22
1098
large ungulate
vert cerv
1
no side
fused
20
250
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1658
22
1098
large ungulate
vert cerv
2
no side
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1677
22
1098
pig
teeth
1
0
M
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1678
22
1098
pig
teeth
1
0
pd
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1679
22
1098
pig
teeth
1
0
I
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1680
22
1098
pig
teeth
1
0
female
C
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1681
22
1098
pig
teeth
1
left
1
male
C
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1671
22
1098
sheep/goat
teeth
1
right
0
M 3
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1672
22
1098
sheep/goat
teeth
2
0
M 1/2
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1673
22
1098
sheep/goat
teeth
2
0
M 1/2
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1674
22
1098
sheep/goat
teeth
1
0
pd 4
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1675
22
1098
sheep/goat
teeth
1
1
PM
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1683
22
1098
sheep/goat
phalanx 2
1
fused
fused
1
burnt
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1654
22
1098
small ungulate femur
1
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1659
22
1098
small ungulate shaft
1
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1686
22
1098
small ungulate shaft
1
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1687
22
1098
small ungulate vert thor
1
no side
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1649
22
1098
unidentified
teeth
2
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1660
22
1098
unidentified
unidentified
64
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1661
22
1098
unidentified
unidentified
1
0
gnawed
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1676
22
1098
unidentified
teeth
9
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1688
22
1098
unidentified
unidentified
1
0
burnt
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1689
22
1098
unidentified
unidentified
128
0
g
gvsubsoil
1
2516
24
1098
unidentified
unidentified
2
0
burnt
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1960
46
1098
cattle
teeth
1
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1961
46
1098
cattle
teeth
10
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1964
46
1098
cattle
calcaneus
1
left
21
in 2 pieces, 50%
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1965
46
1098
horse
teeth
1
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1967
46
1098
large ungulate
shaft
1
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1968
46
1098
large ungulate
scapula
1
right
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1969
46
1098
large ungulate
ribs
1
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1970
46
1098
pig
pelvis
1
left
25
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1971
46
1098
rabbit
teeth
1
1
I
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1962
46
1098
sheep/goat
teeth
2
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1963
46
1098
sheep/goat
teeth
1
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1966
46
1098
unidentified
teeth
3
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1972
46
1098
unidentified
unidentified
36
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1973
51
1098
cattle
mandible
1
right
33,34,35
in 4 pieces
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1974
51
1098
cattle
mandible
1
left
33.34
in 2 pieces
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1975
51
1098
cattle
mandible
3
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1976
51
1098
cattle
teeth
5
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1977
51
1098
cattle
teeth
1
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1978
51
1098
cattle
teeth
1
left
1
i
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1979
51
1098
cattle
teeth
2
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1980
51
1098
cattle
talus
1
left
1
GLl 59,7
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1981
51
1098
cattle
metacarpal
1
right
fused
1
GL 174
Bp 46,8
SD 27,1
DD 18,8 Bd 50,7
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1982
51
1098
cattle
radius
1
right
fused
2
in 2 pieces
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1983
51
1098
cattle
ulna
1
right
10
251
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1984
51
1098
cattle
calcaneus
1
left
0
30 % middle
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1985
51
1098
cattle
phalanx 2
1
6
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1993
51
1098
large ungulate
shaft
5
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1994
51
1098
large ungulate
scapula
1
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1995
51
1098
large ungulate
pelvis
1
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1996
51
1098
large ungulate
ulna
1
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1997
51
1098
large ungulate
mandible
3
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1986
51
1098
pig
scapula
1
left
31
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1987
51
1098
pig
teeth
3
1
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1988
51
1098
pig
skull
1
right
37
M3 B17,5
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1989
51
1098
sheep/goat
humerus
1
left
12
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1990
51
1098
sheep/goat
teeth
2
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1991
51
1098
small ungulate ribs
1
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1992
51
1098
small ungulate shaft
1
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1998
51
1098
unidentified
skull
9
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
1999
51
1098
unidentified
unidentified
127
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2000
56
1098
cattle
teeth
1
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2001
56
1098
sheep/goat
teeth
1
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2002
59
1098
cattle
teeth
11
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2003
59
1098
cattle
teeth
2
0
I, i
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2004
59
1098
cattle
teeth
3
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2005
59
1098
cattle
teeth
3
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2007
59
1098
cattle
phalanx 1
2
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2008
59
1098
cattle
metapodial
1
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2006
59
1098
horse
teeth
1
0
I
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2011
59
1098
pig
metapodial
1
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2014
59
1098
rabbit
humerus
1
left
fused
6
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2015
59
1098
rat
femur
1
right
closing
open
5
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2009
59
1098
sheep/goat
teeth
3
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2010
59
1098
sheep/goat
teeth
4
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2013
59
1098
small ungulate ribs
1
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2012
59
1098
unidentified
unidentified
16
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2016
59
1098
unidentified
shaft
2
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2017
59
1098
unidentified
teeth
1
0
malformed cattle I?
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2018
59
1098
unidentified
unidentified
112
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2020
61
1098
unidentified
unidentified
1
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2021
62
1098
cattle
scapula
1
right
fused
31
in 4 pieces
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2022
62
1098
unidentified
unidentified
8
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2023
64
1098
cattle
teeth
2
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2024
64
1098
cattle
teeth
1
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2025
64
1098
cattle
teeth
1
0
I
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2027
64
1098
cattle
teeth
3
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2026
64
1098
sheep/goat
teeth
1
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2028
64
1098
unidentified
unidentified
2
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2037
74
1098
cattle
pelvis
1
left
24
burnt
in 3 pieces, charred
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2039
74
1098
large ungulate
skull
1
0
in 2 pieces, orbita
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2038
74
1098
sheep/goat
teeth
1
1
M3
252
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2040
74
1098
unidentified
unidentified
4
0
burnt
charred (pelvis)
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2122
99
1098
cattle
talus
1
right
1
gnawed
other
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2123
99
1098
cattle
axis
1
no side
20
in 3 pieces
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2124
99
1098
cattle
phalanx 1
1
open
9
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2125
99
1098
cattle
phalanx 2
1
fused
1
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2126
99
1098
cattle
teeth
2
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2132
99
1098
large ungulate
shaft
4
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2130
99
1098
pig
teeth
1
1
I
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2131
99
1098
pig
phalanx 1
2
open
9
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2127
99
1098
sheep/goat
teeth
1
1
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2128
99
1098
sheep/goat
teeth
1
1
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2129
99
1098
sheep/goat
skull
1
right
42
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2133
99
1098
unidentified
skull
1
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2134
99
1098
unidentified
unidentified
12
0
g
gvsubsoil
1
2920
105
1098
mouse
mandible
1
right
1
g
gvsubsoil
1
2921
105
1098
unidentified
unidentified
3
0
g
gvsubsoil
1
2922
105
1098
unidentified
unidentified
46
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2254
136
1098
sheep/goat
teeth
1
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2255
136
1098
unidentified
unidentified
4
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2264
146
1098
cattle
mandible
1
right
33
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2265
146
1098
cattle
teeth
5
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2266
146
1098
cattle
teeth
5
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2267
146
1098
cattle
ct
1
1
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2268
146
1098
cattle
skull
1
left
42
in 2 pieces
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2269
146
1098
cattle
skull
1
left
41
front part 30
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2271
146
1098
cattle
humerus
1
left
0
in 2 pieces
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2272
146
1098
cattle
humerus
1
right
open
10
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2270
146
1098
horse
humerus
1
left
fused
12
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2273
146
1098
horse
pelvis
1
left
26
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2274
146
1098
horse
teeth
1
0
M
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2275
146
1098
horse
teeth
1
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2282
146
1098
large ungulate
scapula
3
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2283
146
1098
large ungulate
mandible
1
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2284
146
1098
large ungulate
skull
5
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2285
146
1098
large ungulate
sacrum
3
no side
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2286
146
1098
large ungulate
shaft
3
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2276
146
1098
sheep
metacarpal
1
left
open
14
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2277
146
1098
sheep/goat
tibia
1
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2278
146
1098
sheep/goat
tibia
1
0
gnawed
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2279
146
1098
sheep/goat
teeth
4
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2280
146
1098
sheep/goat
teeth
1
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2281
146
1098
small ungulate shaft
1
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2287
146
1098
small ungulate shaft
1
0
gnawed
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2288
146
1098
unidentified
unidentified
65
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2394
179
1098
cattle
teeth
1
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2395
179
1098
cattle
phalanx 1
1
7
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2397
179
1098
dog
calcaneus
1
right
fused
0
70%, very worn
253
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2396
179
1098
large ungulate
pelvis
1
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2401
179
1098
large ungulate
ulna
1
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2402
179
1098
large ungulate
ribs
1
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2398
179
1098
sheep/goat
talus
1
right
1
very worn
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2399
179
1098
sheep/goat
metapodial
1
fused
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2400
179
1098
sheep/goat
teeth
2
0
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2403
179
1098
unidentified
teeth
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2404
179
1098
unidentified
unidentified
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2431
188
1098
cattle
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2432
188
1098
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2433
188
1098
g
gvsubsoil
hc
2434
188
g
2
0
145
0
calcaneus
1
left
open
13
cattle
teeth
1
0
large ungulate
ribs
1
0
1098
unidentified
teeth
1
0
gvsubsoil
hc
2435
188
1098
unidentified
unidentified
16
0
2
1023
1
2606
41
1099
bird
vert
3
no side
1
tiny
2
1023
1
2605
41
1099
large ungulate
mandible
1
0
2
1023
1
2608
41
1099
mouse
teeth
1
1
I
2
1023
1
2610
41
1099
mouse
skull
1
39
2
1023
1
2611
41
1099
mouse
teeth
1
1
I
2
1023
1
2604
41
1099
sheep
tibia
1
left
fused
7
Bd 24,7
2
1023
1
2609
41
1099
small animal
unidentified
2
0
2
1023
1
2607
41
1099
small ungulate ribs
1
infant
20
inf
2
1023
1
2613
41
1099
small ungulate shaft
1
0
burnt
2
1023
1
2614
41
1099
small ungulate ribs
1
0
burnt
2
1023
1
2612
41
1099
unidentified
teeth
2
0
2
1023
1
2615
41
1099
unidentified
unidentified
21
0
2
1023
1
2616
41
1099
unidentified
unidentified
78
0
2
1023
1
2601
40
1100
large ungulate
femur
1
0
2
1023
1
2602
40
1100
unidentified
unidentified
11
0
2
1023
1
2603
40
1100
unidentified
unidentified
1
0
burnt
2
1023
hc
356
37
1101
cattle
teeth
1
0
M 1/2
2
1023
hc
358
37
1101
cattle
teeth
1
left
0
I/C
2
1023
hc
363
37
1101
horse
humerus
1
0
2
1023
hc
365
37
1101
large ungulate
shaft
5
0
2
1023
hc
359
37
1101
pig
phalanx 1
1
fused
fused
1
II / V
2
1023
hc
360
37
1101
pig
phalanx 1
1
open
fused
9
2
1023
hc
362
37
1101
pig
teeth
1
1
i
2
1023
hc
357
37
1101
sheep/goat
teeth
1
0
in 2 pieces
2
1023
hc
361
37
1101
sheep/goat
talus
1
0
2
1023
hc
364
37
1101
small ungulate ribs
1
0
2
1023
hc
366
37
1101
unidentified
teeth
1
0
2
1023
hc
367
37
1101
unidentified
unidentified
16
0
2
1023
1
2733
60
1102
small animal
shaft
2
0
2
1023
1
2734
60
1102
small animal
unidentified
1
0
2
1023
1
2735
60
1102
unidentified
unidentified
2
0
burnt
2
1023
1
2736
60
1102
unidentified
unidentified
4
0
2
1023
hc
368
38
1103
cattle
scapula
1
right
fused
31
in three pieces
2
1023
hc
369
38
1103
cattle
sesamoid
1
1
254
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
2
1023
hc
370
38
1103
cattle
tibia
1
open
0
2
1023
hc
371
38
1103
cattle
metatarsal
1
left
11
in two pieces
2
1023
hc
372
38
1103
cattle
mandible
1
right
32
in 9 pieces
2
1023
hc
374
38
1103
large ungulate
pelvis
1
right
0
2
1023
hc
375
38
1103
large ungulate
radius
1
0
2
1023
hc
377
38
1103
large ungulate
shaft
2
0
2
1023
hc
381
38
1103
large ungulate
ribs
1
0
2
1023
hc
373
38
1103
sheep/goat
teeth
1
0
M 1/2
2
1023
hc
376
38
1103
sheep/goat
femur
1
left
12
2
1023
hc
380
38
1103
sheep/goat
phalanx 1
1
fused
6
2
1023
hc
383
38
1103
sheep/goat
phalanx 1
1
fused
3
blg tgt with 380?
2
1023
hc
378
38
1103
small ungulate ribs
2
0
2
1023
hc
379
38
1103
small ungulate shaft
1
0
2
1023
hc
382
38
1103
unidentified
teeth
6
0
2
1023
hc
384
38
1103
unidentified
unidentified
37
0
2
1023
1
2710
59
1103
bird
humerus
1
fused
3
passeriforme
2
1023
1
2711
59
1103
bird
humerus
1
fused
6
passeriforme
2
1023
1
2712
59
1103
bird
femur
1
fused
3
Coturnix coturnix
2
1023
1
2713
59
1103
bird
femur
1
fused
4
passeriforme
2
1023
1
2714
59
1103
bird
tibia
1
fused
4
2
1023
1
2715
59
1103
bird
scapula
1
no side
0
furcula, passeriforme
2
1023
1
2716
59
1103
bird
phalanx 1
1
1
from wing
2
1023
1
2730
59
1103
cattle
tibia
1
right
0
in 2 pieces
2
1023
1
2731
59
1103
large ungulate
mandible
1
0
2
1023
1
2717
59
1103
mouse
humerus
2
fused
7
2
1023
1
2718
59
1103
mouse
humerus
1
open
fused
9
2
1023
1
2719
59
1103
mouse
radius
1
fused
5
2
1023
1
2720
59
1103
mouse
pelvis
3
0
2
1023
1
2721
59
1103
mouse
skull
1
37
2
1023
1
2722
59
1103
mouse
vert caud
1
no side
1
2
1023
1
2723
59
1103
mouse
vert
1
no side
1
2
1023
1
2729
59
1103
pig
radius
1
right
fused
4
gnawed
2
1023
1
2724
59
1103
shrew
femur
1
open
15
2
1023
1
2725
59
1103
small animal
shaft
10
0
2
1023
1
2726
59
1103
small animal
axis
1
no side
0
2
1023
1
2727
59
1103
small animal
unidentified
1
0
2
1023
1
2728
59
1103
unidentified
unidentified
1
0
burnt
2
1023
1
2732
59
1103
unidentified
unidentified
70
0
2
1023
1
2617
42
1111
mouse
tibia
1
11
2
1023
1
2618
42
1111
small animal
vert
1
no side
1
2
1023
1
2619
42
1111
small animal
shaft
1
0
2
1023
1
2620
42
1111
unidentified
skull
1
0
2
1023
1
2621
42
1111
unidentified
unidentified
21
0
2
1023
1
2622
42
1111
unidentified
unidentified
15
0
2
1023
hc
257
25
1112
cattle
teeth
1
0
M 1/2
2
1023
hc
256
25
1112
large ungulate
radiusulna
1
right
12
Horse?
2
1023
hc
260
25
1112
large ungulate
shaft
1
0
255
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
2
1023
hc
258
25
1112
sheep/goat
teeth
1
right
1
M 1/2
2
1023
hc
259
25
1112
sheep/goat
horn core
1
right
33
dismembering
2
1023
hc
261
25
1112
unidentified
skull
2
0
2
1023
hc
262
25
1112
unidentified
unidentified
3
0
2
1023
1
2623
43
1113
bird
vert
2
no side
1
2
1023
1
2624
43
1113
bird
phalanx 3
1
1
2
1023
1
2625
43
1113
bird
unidentified
1
0
2
1023
1
2629
43
1113
fish
unidentified
1
0
2
1023
1
2627
43
1113
mouse
humerus
1
open
fused
9
2
1023
1
2626
43
1113
small animal
phalanx 1
1
1
2
1023
1
2628
43
1113
small animal
shaft
2
0
2
1023
1
2630
43
1113
small ungulate ribs
1
0
2
1023
1
2631
43
1113
unidentified
unidentified
3
0
burnt
2
1023
1
2632
43
1113
unidentified
unidentified
73
0
2
1023
1
2784
71
1123
bird
humerus
1
fused
2
2
1023
1
2785
71
1123
bird
ulna
1
fused
7
2
1023
1
2786
71
1123
mouse
skull
1
0
2
1023
1
2787
71
1123
mouse
teeth
1
1
I
2
1023
1
2788
71
1123
small mammal vert
1
no side
1
2
1023
1
2789
71
1123
small mammal ribs
1
0
in 2 pieces
2
1023
1
2790
71
1123
small mammal metapodial
1
1
long and small
2
1023
1
2791
71
1123
unidentified
unidentified
24
0
2
1023
1
2792
71
1123
unidentified
unidentified
2
0
burnt
3
1124
1
2912
104
1125
bird
metacarpal
1
fused
fused
1
passeriforme
3
1124
1
2913
104
1125
bird
shaft
3
0
3
1124
1
2914
104
1125
mouse
humerus
1
fused
9
3
1124
1
2915
104
1125
mouse
teeth
4
1
I, M
3
1124
1
2917
104
1125
shrew
humerus
1
open
13
3
1124
1
2918
104
1125
shrew
humerus
1
fused
7
3
1124
1
2916
104
1125
small mammal phalanx 1
1
1
3
1124
1
2919
104
1125
unidentified
unidentified
6
0
2
1023
hc
275
26
1130
cat
humerus
1
right
open
open
15
2
1023
hc
264
26
1130
cattle
metatarsal
1
left
fused
5
gnawed
2
1023
hc
272
26
1130
dog
humerus
1
left
15
pathological
2
1023
hc
273
26
1130
dog
teeth
1
left
0
2
1023
hc
274
26
1130
dog
teeth
1
right
0
2
1023
hc
263
26
1130
large ungulate
mandible
1
right
0
2
1023
hc
280
26
1130
large ungulate
ribs
1
0
2
1023
hc
265
26
1130
pig
ulna
1
right
10
2
1023
hc
266
26
1130
pig
radius
1
right
fused
3
2
1023
hc
267
26
1130
pig
skull
1
right
39
2
1023
hc
268
26
1130
pig
teeth
1
1
M2
2
1023
hc
269
26
1130
pig
skull
1
0
2
1023
hc
270
26
1130
sheep/goat
teeth
1
left
0
M 1/2
2
1023
hc
271
26
1130
small ungulate ribs
2
0
2
1023
hc
276
26
1130
unidentified
shaft
2
0
gnawed
2
1023
hc
277
26
1130
unidentified
shaft
1
0
256
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
2
1023
hc
278
26
1130
unidentified
unidentified
1
0
burnt
2
1023
hc
279
26
1130
unidentified
skull
1
0
inf ?
2
1023
hc
281
26
1130
unidentified
unidentified
4
0
gnawed
2
1023
hc
282
26
1130
unidentified
unidentified
20
0
natural
1
2943
117
1170
unidentified
unidentified
17
0
2
1023
1
2822
76
1179
bird
vert
2
no side
0
2
1023
1
2794
76
1179
mouse
humerus
2
open
fused
9
2
1023
1
2795
76
1179
mouse
ulna
1
fused
5
2
1023
1
2796
76
1179
mouse
calcaneus
3
1
2
1023
1
2797
76
1179
mouse
vert lumb
1
no side
1
2
1023
1
2798
76
1179
mouse
vert caud
6
no side
0
2
1023
1
2799
76
1179
mouse
talus
1
1
2
1023
1
2800
76
1179
mouse
axis
1
no side
1
2
1023
1
2801
76
1179
mouse
vert cerv
4
no side
1
2
1023
1
2802
76
1179
mouse
vert thor
1
no side
1
2
1023
1
2803
76
1179
mouse
pelvis
1
right
23
2
1023
1
2804
76
1179
mouse
metapodial
1
fused
1
2
1023
1
2805
76
1179
mouse
metapodial
1
open
5
2
1023
1
2806
76
1179
mouse
phalanx 1
2
right
fused
1
2
1023
1
2807
76
1179
mouse
teeth
1
1
2
1023
1
2808
76
1179
mouse
scapula
1
right
fused
1
2
1023
1
2809
76
1179
mouse
scapula
1
right
fused
31
2
1023
1
2810
76
1179
mouse
scapula
2
left
fused
31
2
1023
1
2811
76
1179
mouse
skull
1
0
2
1023
1
2812
76
1179
mouse
teeth
3
1
2
1023
1
2813
76
1179
mouse
ulna
1
15
2
1023
1
2814
76
1179
mouse
femur
1
fused
open
5
2
1023
1
2815
76
1179
mouse
femur
1
open
6
2
1023
1
2816
76
1179
mouse
vert
3
no side
1
2
1023
1
2817
76
1179
mouse
teeth
6
0
I
2
1023
1
2818
76
1179
mouse
mandible
1
left
1
mus musculus
2
1023
1
2819
76
1179
mouse
skull
1
left
37
0
mus musculus
2
1023
1
2820
76
1179
shrew
mandible
1
right
1
2
1023
1
2821
76
1179
shrew
ulna
1
15
2
1023
1
2823
76
1179
small animal
vert
1
no side
1
2
1023
1
2824
76
1179
small animal
ribs
6
0
2
1023
1
2825
76
1179
small animal
shaft
5
0
2
1023
1
2826
76
1179
unidentified
ribs
1
infant
0
inf
2
1023
1
2827
76
1179
unidentified
unidentified
64
0
2
1023
1
2793
75
1191
unidentified
unidentified
10
0
2
1023
1
2828
77
1192
fish
vert
1
no side
0
2
1023
1
2829
77
1192
shrew
humerus
1
open
fused
9
2
1023
1
2830
77
1192
unidentified
unidentified
11
0
2
1023
hc
442
47
1197
cat
vert thor
1
no side
fused
fused
1
cat skeleton
2
1023
hc
443
47
1197
cat
vert lumb
2
no side
fused
fused
1
cat skeleton
2
1023
hc
444
47
1197
cat
vert lumb
1
no side
fused
fused
18‐19
cat skeleton
2
1023
hc
445
47
1197
cat
vert lumb
1
no side
22
cat skeleton
g
257
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
2
1023
hc
446
47
1197
cat
sacrum
1
no side
fused
20
cat skeleton
2
1023
hc
447
47
1197
cat
vert cerv
1
no side
fused
fused
18
cat skeleton
2
1023
hc
448
47
1197
cat
vert caud
4
no side
fused
fused
1
cat skeleton
2
1023
hc
449
47
1197
cat
sternum
1
no side
1
cat skeleton
2
1023
hc
450
47
1197
cat
radius
1
right
fused
3
cat skeleton
2
1023
hc
451
47
1197
cat
ulna
1
11
cat skeleton
2
1023
hc
452
47
1197
cat
tibia
1
right
fused
4
Bp 19,6
cat skeleton
2
1023
hc
453
47
1197
cat
tibia
1
left
fused
7
Bd 15,1
cat skeleton
2
1023
hc
454
47
1197
cat
fibula/malleolare
1
0
cat skeleton
2
1023
hc
455
47
1197
cat
femur
1
right
fused
fused
1
Bp 20,9
cat skeleton
2
1023
hc
456
47
1197
cat
humerus
1
left
fused
fused
1
GL 99,3
Bp16,4
Bd 19,9
SD 6,5
cat skeleton
2
1023
hc
457
47
1197
cat
ribs
2
21
cat skeleton
2
1023
hc
458
47
1197
cat
ribs
6
0
cat skeleton
2
1023
hc
459
47
1197
cat
metacarpal
4
fused
4
cat skeleton
2
1023
hc
460
47
1197
cat
phalanx 1
1
fused
fused
1
cat skeleton
2
1023
hc
461
47
1197
cat
phalanx 1
1
fused
4
cat skeleton
2
1023
hc
462
47
1197
cat
metatarsal
1
fused
fused
1
cat skeleton
2
1023
hc
463
47
1197
cat
metatarsal
1
fused
4
cat skeleton
2
1023
hc
464
47
1197
cat
metatarsal
2
fused
7
cat skeleton
2
1023
hc
465
47
1197
cat
talus
1
right
1
cat skeleton
2
1023
hc
466
47
1197
cat
unidentified
1
1
cat skeleton, c/t
2
1023
hc
469
47
1197
cat
ribs
1
20
cat skeleton
2
1023
hc
435
47
1197
cattle
scapula
1
right
0
in 2 pieces
2
1023
hc
436
47
1197
cattle
teeth
1
right
1
2
1023
hc
438
47
1197
cattle
pelvis
1
0
2
1023
hc
440
47
1197
dog
skull
1
right
39
P4L 18,9
P4B 7,8
P4GB 10,3
M1L 13,6
M1B 16,1
2
1023
hc
441
47
1197
dog
skull
1
left
39
P4L 19,1
P4B 8,0
P4GB 10,0
2
1023
hc
437
47
1197
large ungulate
vert thor
1
no side
22
2
1023
hc
467
47
1197
large ungulate
ribs
1
0
2
1023
hc
468
47
1197
large ungulate
shaft
2
0
2
1023
hc
439
47
1197
unidentified
horn core
5
0
small pieces
2
1023
hc
470
47
1197
unidentified
skull
1
0
2
1023
hc
471
47
1197
unidentified
unidentified
96
0
2
1023
1
2847
90
1197
bird
vert
1
no side
0
piece of synsacrum
2
1023
1
2848
90
1197
mouse
scapula
1
right
fused
31
2
1023
1
2849
90
1197
mouse
teeth
1
1
I
2
1023
1
2850
90
1197
mouse
metapodial
1
fused
1
2
1023
1
2851
90
1197
shrew
femur
1
fused
5
2
1023
1
2852
90
1197
unidentified
unidentified
13
0
2
1023
hc
472
48
1198
cattle
metacarpal
1
right
fused
7
2
1023
hc
477
48
1198
cattle
teeth
1
0
pd 4
2
1023
hc
480
48
1198
dog
teeth
5
1
C, 2 I, 2 PM, large
2
1023
hc
473
48
1198
horse
pelvis
1
right
23
gnawed
in 4 pieces
2
1023
hc
474
48
1198
horse
vert lumb
1
no side
fused
fused
18
2
1023
hc
475
48
1198
large ungulate
vert
1
no side
fused
fused
0
horse?
2
1023
hc
476
48
1198
large ungulate
vert lumb
1
no side
22
horse?
2
1023
hc
478
48
1198
large ungulate
vert
1
no side
0
258
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
2
1023
hc
479
48
1198
unidentified
ribs
1
0
2
1023
hc
481
48
1198
unidentified
unidentified
14
0
2
1023
hc
487
49
1199
cat
ulna
1
left
10
blg tgr with 451
2
1023
hc
482
49
1199
cattle
mandible
1
left
32
in 3 piecs
2
1023
hc
486
49
1199
horse
atlas
1
no side
1
in three pieces
2
1023
hc
483
49
1199
large ungulate
mandible
1
0
2
1023
hc
485
49
1199
large ungulate
ribs
1
0
2
1023
hc
484
49
1199
sheep/goat
pelvis
1
right
23
in two pieces
2
1023
hc
488
49
1199
unidentified
unidentified
1
0
gnawed
2
1023
hc
489
49
1199
unidentified
unidentified
20
0
2
1023
1
2865
93
1199
fish
vert
3
no side
1
2
1023
1
2866
93
1199
mouse
teeth
1
1
2
1023
1
2867
93
1199
unidentified
unidentified
1
0
burnt
2
1023
1
2868
93
1199
unidentified
unidentified
6
0
2
1023
hc
490
50
1200
cat
tibia
1
left
fused
4
Bp 19,7
blg tgt with 453
2
1023
hc
492
50
1200
large ungulate
ribs
1
0
2
1023
hc
491
50
1200
small mammal tibia
1
right
11
cat?ext abraded
2
1023
hc
493
50
1200
unidentified
unidentified
20
0
2
1023
1
2846
88
1200
unidentified
unidentified
3
0
2
1023
1
2873
95
1200
cattle
phalanx 1
1
fused
0
2
1023
1
2874
95
1200
cattle
teeth
1
0
2
1023
1
2877
95
1200
small animal
shaft
2
0
2
1023
1
2878
95
1200
small animal
unidentified
1
0
2
1023
1
2875
95
1200
small mammal vert cerv
1
no side
0
2
1023
1
2876
95
1200
small mammal ribs
1
0
2
1023
1
2879
95
1200
unidentified
unidentified
17
0
2
1023
1
2844
86
1201
shrew
humerus
1
fused
9
2
1023
1
2845
86
1201
unidentified
unidentified
5
0
2
1023
1
2853
92
1201
bird
vert
2
no side
1
2
1023
1
2854
92
1201
bird
femur
1
0
2
1023
1
2855
92
1201
bird
humerus
1
15
2
1023
1
2856
92
1201
bird
coracoid
1
fused
3
2
1023
1
2857
92
1201
bird
metatarsal
1
fused
3
2
1023
1
2858
92
1201
fish
vert
1
no side
1
2
1023
1
2859
92
1201
mouse
skull
1
37
2
1023
1
2863
92
1201
pig
mandible
1
right
32
in 8 pieces
2
1023
1
2860
92
1201
small animal
vert
3
0
2
1023
1
2861
92
1201
small animal
shaft
6
0
2
1023
1
2862
92
1201
small animal
unidentified
1
0
2
1023
1
2864
92
1201
unidentified
unidentified
39
0
2
1023
1
2831
78
1209
small animal
shaft
1
0
2
1023
1
2832
79
1210
unidentified
unidentified
2
0
2
1023
1
2834
81
1213
bird
phalanx 1
1
1
2
1023
1
2835
81
1213
small mammal metapodial
1
1
2
1023
1
2836
81
1213
unidentified
unidentified
1
0
burnt
2
1023
1
2837
81
1213
unidentified
unidentified
1
0
2
1023
1
2833
80
1214
unidentified
unidentified
3
0
259
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
2
1023
1
2842
85
1220
unidentified
unidentified
1
0
burnt
2
1023
1
2843
85
1220
unidentified
unidentified
3
0
g
1229
hc
2019
60
1230
mouse
mandible
1
right
32
2
1023
1
2838
84
1234
shrew
mandible
1
0
2
1023
1
2839
84
1234
small animal
phalanx 1
2
fused
1
2
1023
1
2840
84
1234
small animal
phalanx 1
1
fused
7
2
1023
1
2841
84
1234
unidentified
unidentified
3
0
2
1023
hc
494
52
1236
cattle
teeth
1
right
1
pd 4, in 2 pieces
2
1023
hc
495
52
1236
dog
vert cerv
1
no side
fused
20
2
1023
hc
496
52
1236
dog
vert cerv
1
no side
22
2
1023
hc
497
52
1236
dog
vert thor
1
no side
fused
fused
18+19
2
1023
hc
498
52
1236
unidentified
unidentified
5
0
2
1023
hc
521
53
1237
bird
metatarsal
1
fused
5
Charadriiformes
2
1023
hc
512
53
1237
carnivore
ribs
1
0
2
1023
hc
499
53
1237
cattle
teeth
2
0
M 1/2
2
1023
hc
500
53
1237
cattle
teeth
1
left
1
pd 4
2
1023
hc
501
53
1237
cattle
teeth
1
left
1
M 1/2
2
1023
hc
513
53
1237
dog
vert cerv
1
no side
fused
fused
1
2
1023
hc
514
53
1237
dog
vert cerv
1
no side
fused
21
2
1023
hc
515
53
1237
dog
vert thor
2
no side
fused
fused
1
2
1023
hc
516
53
1237
dog
vert thor
2
no side
22
2
1023
hc
504
53
1237
horse
teeth
1
1
M / PM
2
1023
hc
517
53
1237
large ungulate
shaft
4
0
2
1023
hc
505
53
1237
pig
skull
1
0
2
1023
hc
506
53
1237
pig
skull
1
left
37
2
1023
hc
507
53
1237
pig
mandible
1
right
32
B 13,9
2
1023
hc
509
53
1237
pig
phalanx 1
1
closing
fused
1
II/V, blg tgh 510
2
1023
hc
510
53
1237
pig
phalanx 2
1
fused
fused
1
II/V, blg tgh 509
2
1023
hc
502
53
1237
sheep/goat
teeth
1
0
M 1/2
2
1023
hc
503
53
1237
sheep/goat
mandible
1
right
33
2
1023
hc
508
53
1237
sheep/goat
radius
1
left
0
gnawed
2
1023
hc
511
53
1237
sheep/goat
patella
1
1
2
1023
hc
519
53
1237
small ungulate shaft
1
0
2
1023
hc
518
53
1237
unidentified
mandible
1
0
2
1023
hc
520
53
1237
unidentified
teeth
1
0
2
1023
hc
522
53
1237
unidentified
unidentified
2
0
gnawed
2
1023
hc
523
53
1237
unidentified
unidentified
27
0
2
1023
hc
528
54
1238
dog
mandible
1
right
32
M1L 23,3
M1B 9,0
M2L10,3
M2B 7,6
in 3 pieces
2
1023
hc
529
54
1238
dog
ribs
1
10
2
1023
hc
530
54
1238
dog
ribs
1
0
2
1023
hc
526
54
1238
horse
axis
1
no side
fused
20
in 2 pieces
2
1023
hc
524
54
1238
large ungulate
scapula
1
right
0
2
1023
hc
525
54
1238
large ungulate
vert
1
no side
0
gnawed
horse axis?
2
1023
hc
527
54
1238
pig
teeth
1
right
1
female
2
1023
hc
531
54
1238
unidentified
vert
1
no side
0
gnawed
2
1023
hc
532
54
1238
unidentified
unidentified
15
0
2
1023
1
2869
94
1239
bird
metatarsal
1
9
9
fused
7
9
chop &
9
260
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
2
1023
1
2870
94
1239
bird
metatarsal
1
fused
6
2
1023
1
2871
94
1239
bird
shaft
2
0
2
1023
1
2872
94
1239
unidentified
unidentified
10
0
2
1023
1
2517
25
1243
unidentified
unidentified
4
0
burnt
2
1260
1
2518
26
1261
sheep/goat
teeth
1
1
2
1260
1
2519
26
1261
sheep/goat
teeth
1
left
1
i
2
1260
1
2520
26
1261
unidentified
unidentified
9
0
burnt
2
1260
1
2521
26
1261
unidentified
skull
5
0
2
1260
1
2522
26
1261
unidentified
unidentified
160
0
2
1260
hc
752
65
1261
carnivore
ribs
2
0
2
1260
hc
665
65
1261
cattle
mandible
1
left
32
2
1260
hc
666
65
1261
cattle
mandible
2
right
33
2
1260
hc
667
65
1261
cattle
mandible
1
left
33
2
1260
hc
670
65
1261
cattle
teeth
1
right
1
M 1/2
2
1260
hc
671
65
1261
cattle
teeth
1
left
1
M3
2
1260
hc
672
65
1261
cattle
teeth
1
left
0
M3
2
1260
hc
673
65
1261
cattle
teeth
2
right
1
M 1/2
2
1260
hc
674
65
1261
cattle
teeth
3
left
0
M 1/2
2
1260
hc
675
65
1261
cattle
teeth
1
left
1
pd 4
2
1260
hc
676
65
1261
cattle
teeth
2
1
pd 4
2
1260
hc
677
65
1261
cattle
teeth
4
0
M
2
1260
hc
678
65
1261
cattle
teeth
1
0
pd 2
2
1260
hc
679
65
1261
cattle
teeth
1
1
PM
2
1260
hc
680
65
1261
cattle
teeth
1
0
M
2
1260
hc
695
65
1261
cattle
teeth
1
0
pd 4
2
1260
hc
696
65
1261
cattle
teeth
1
0
I
2
1260
hc
699
65
1261
cattle
skull
4
right
40
2
1260
hc
700
65
1261
cattle
skull
1
right
42
2
1260
hc
701
65
1261
cattle
skull
1
left
41
2
1260
hc
702
65
1261
cattle
pelvis
2
left
24
2
1260
hc
703
65
1261
cattle
pelvis
1
left
0
chopped
2
1260
hc
704
65
1261
cattle
pelvis
1
left
25
2
1260
hc
705
65
1261
cattle
scapula
1
left
0
2
1260
hc
708
65
1261
cattle
femur
1
right
open
3
2
1260
hc
709
65
1261
cattle
femur
1
right
14
2
1260
hc
710
65
1261
cattle
humerus
1
right
fused
7
2
1260
hc
711
65
1261
cattle
tibia
1
left
open
7
2
1260
hc
712
65
1261
cattle
ulna
1
left
open
10
2
1260
hc
713
65
1261
cattle
tibia
1
right
9
gnawed
2
1260
hc
714
65
1261
cattle
metacarpal
1
right
11
2
1260
hc
715
65
1261
cattle
metacarpal
1
right
fused
0
2
1260
hc
716
65
1261
cattle
metatarsal
1
right
fused
3
2
1260
hc
717
65
1261
cattle
tarsi
2
1
Ct T2+3 blg tgh
2
1260
hc
718
65
1261
cattle
phalanx 1
2
fused
fused
1
2
1260
hc
730
65
1261
cattle
patella
1
1
2
1260
hc
731
65
1261
cattle
carpi
1
1
Cu
2
1260
hc
736
65
1261
cattle
horn core
1
left
44
261
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
2
1260
hc
728
65
1261
dog
pelvis
1
right
24
2
1260
hc
668
65
1261
large ungulate
mandible
8
0
2
1260
hc
706
65
1261
large ungulate
scapula
1
left
0
2
1260
hc
707
65
1261
large ungulate
scapula
3
0
2
1260
hc
739
65
1261
large ungulate
vert cerv
1
no side
fused
fused
18+19
horse?
2
1260
hc
740
65
1261
large ungulate
vert cerv
4
no side
0
horse?
2
1260
hc
741
65
1261
large ungulate
vert thor
1
no side
open
20
2
1260
hc
742
65
1261
large ungulate
vert thor
1
no side
0
other
2
1260
hc
743
65
1261
large ungulate
vert thor
4
no side
0
2
1260
hc
744
65
1261
large ungulate
vert lumb
1
no side
open
open
18+19
2
1260
hc
745
65
1261
large ungulate
vert lumb
4
no side
0
2
1260
hc
746
65
1261
large ungulate
vert
3
no side
0
2
1260
hc
748
65
1261
large ungulate
ribs
1
20
2
1260
hc
749
65
1261
large ungulate
ribs
11
0
2
1260
hc
750
65
1261
large ungulate
ribs
2
21
2
1260
hc
754
65
1261
large ungulate
shaft
3
0
2
1260
hc
760
65
1261
large ungulate
skull
17
0
2
1260
hc
761
65
1261
large ungulate
femur
1
0
2
1260
hc
697
65
1261
pig
teeth
1
0
I, in 2 pieces
2
1260
hc
698
65
1261
pig
calcaneus
1
left
0
male
2
1260
hc
719
65
1261
pig
scapula
1
right
0
gnawed
2
1260
hc
725
65
1261
pig
tibia
1
right
15
gnawed
2
1260
hc
726
65
1261
pig
femur
1
left
15
2
1260
hc
681
65
1261
sheep
mandible
1
left
32
in 2 pieces
2
1260
hc
727
65
1261
sheep
metatarsal
1
right
12
2
1260
hc
733
65
1261
sheep
phalanx 1
1
fused
fused
3
Glpe 32,3
Bd 9,6
2
1260
hc
738
65
1261
sheep
horn core
1
right
1
polycerated
2
1260
hc
682
65
1261
sheep/goat
mandible
1
right
32
2
1260
hc
683
65
1261
sheep/goat
mandible
1
left
33
2
1260
hc
684
65
1261
sheep/goat
mandible
7
0
2
1260
hc
685
65
1261
sheep/goat
teeth
3
right
1
M 1/2
2
1260
hc
686
65
1261
sheep/goat
teeth
2
right
1
M 3
2
1260
hc
687
65
1261
sheep/goat
teeth
1
right
1
M 3
2
1260
hc
688
65
1261
sheep/goat
teeth
1
right
1
M 1/2
2
1260
hc
689
65
1261
sheep/goat
teeth
2
left
1
M 3
2
1260
hc
690
65
1261
sheep/goat
teeth
1
left
1
M 1/2
2
1260
hc
691
65
1261
sheep/goat
teeth
2
left
1
PM 3/4
2
1260
hc
692
65
1261
sheep/goat
teeth
1
left
1
M 1/2
2
1260
hc
693
65
1261
sheep/goat
teeth
1
left
1
M 3
2
1260
hc
694
65
1261
sheep/goat
skull
1
left
37
2
1260
hc
723
65
1261
sheep/goat
tibia
1
right
13
2
1260
hc
724
65
1261
sheep/goat
radius
1
right
15
2
1260
hc
729
65
1261
sheep/goat
pelvis
1
right
24
2
1260
hc
732
65
1261
sheep/goat
talus
1
left
1
2
1260
hc
751
65
1261
sheep/goat
metapodial
1
0
2
1260
hc
720
65
1261
small ungulate scapula
1
right
31
2
1260
hc
721
65
1261
small ungulate scapula
1
right
0
262
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
2
1260
hc
734
65
1261
small ungulate skull
1
0
2
1260
hc
735
65
1261
small ungulate vert lumb
1
no side
fused
fused
1
2
1260
hc
747
65
1261
small ungulate vert lumb
2
no side
0
2
1260
hc
753
65
1261
small ungulate shaft
7
0
2
1260
hc
756
65
1261
small ungulate ribs
2
20
2
1260
hc
757
65
1261
small ungulate ribs
1
0
gnawed
2
1260
hc
758
65
1261
small ungulate ribs
20
0
2
1260
hc
669
65
1261
unidentified
mandible
5
0
2
1260
hc
722
65
1261
unidentified
scapula
2
0
2
1260
hc
737
65
1261
unidentified
horn core
11
0
2
1260
hc
755
65
1261
unidentified
shaft
1
0
2
1260
hc
759
65
1261
unidentified
skull
57
0
2
1260
hc
762
65
1261
unidentified
femur
1
9
infant
11
foetal pig?
2
1260
hc
763
65
1261
unidentified
unidentified
1
0
gnawed
2
1260
hc
764
65
1261
unidentified
unidentified
357
0
2
1260
hc
898
103
1261
cattle
teeth
1
right
1
pd 4
2
1260
hc
899
103
1261
cattle
teeth
2
left
1
M 1/2
2
1260
hc
900
103
1261
cattle
skull
1
right
37
2
1260
hc
906
103
1261
cattle
humerus
1
left
fused
2
2
1260
hc
907
103
1261
cattle
femur
1
right
fused
2
dismembering
2
1260
hc
908
103
1261
cattle
radiusulna
1
left
fused
3
gnawed
chopped
ulna no epi, art surf
2
1260
hc
909
103
1261
cattle
tibia
1
left
11
in 2 pieces
2
1260
hc
915
103
1261
horse
metapodial
1
fused
3
in 2 pieces, II/IV
2
1260
hc
903
103
1261
large ungulate
mandible
2
0
2
1260
hc
904
103
1261
large ungulate
pelvis
1
0
gnawed
2
1260
hc
905
103
1261
large ungulate
scapula
1
0
2
1260
hc
919
103
1261
large ungulate
shaft
5
0
2
1260
hc
920
103
1261
large ungulate
ribs
1
0
chopped
2
1260
hc
921
103
1261
large ungulate
ribs
1
0
2
1260
hc
913
103
1261
pig
ulna
1
left
open
15
2
1260
hc
916
103
1261
sheep
horn core
1
right
1
40 8,0
41 25,8
42 20,9
43 83
2
1260
hc
901
103
1261
sheep/goat
mandible
1
left
32+33
in 4 pieces
2
1260
hc
902
103
1261
sheep/goat
teeth
1
left
1
M 3
2
1260
hc
910
103
1261
sheep/goat
tibia
1
left
fused
2
2
1260
hc
911
103
1261
sheep/goat
tibia
1
left
10
blg to 910?
2
1260
hc
912
103
1261
sheep/goat
radius
1
right
12
2
1260
hc
914
103
1261
sheep/goat
tibia
1
12
blg to 911?
2
1260
hc
923
103
1261
sheep/goat
radius
1
right
0
gnawed
2
1260
hc
922
103
1261
small ungulate shaft
1
0
2
1260
hc
917
103
1261
unidentified
tibia
1
0
2
1260
hc
918
103
1261
unidentified
femur
1
0
2
1260
hc
924
103
1261
unidentified
unidentified
34
0
2
1260
hc
1076
109
1261
bird
pelvis
1
no side
1
Corvus frugilegus/corone
2
1260
hc
1077
109
1261
bird
sternum
1
no side
1
Corvus frugilegus/corone
2
1260
hc
1078
109
1261
bird
humerus
1
fused
3
Corvus frugilegus/corone
2
1260
hc
1079
109
1261
bird
humerus
1
fused
7
Corvus frugilegus/corone
2
1260
hc
1080
109
1261
bird
ulna
1
fused
fused
1
Corvus frugilegus/corone
263
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
2
1260
hc
1081
109
1261
bird
coracoid
2
fused
fused
1
Corvus frugilegus/corone
2
1260
hc
1082
109
1261
bird
metacarpal
1
fused
fused
1
Corvus frugilegus/corone
2
1260
hc
1083
109
1261
bird
scapula
2
fused
fused
1
Corvus frugilegus/corone
2
1260
hc
1008
109
1261
cattle
teeth
1
left
1
pd 4
2
1260
hc
1009
109
1261
cattle
teeth
1
right
1
I/C
2
1260
hc
1010
109
1261
cattle
teeth
1
0
M
2
1260
hc
1015
109
1261
cattle
scapula
1
right
fused
31
2
1260
hc
1016
109
1261
cattle
pelvis
1
right
0
2
1260
hc
1017
109
1261
cattle
pelvis
1
right
open
25
in 2 pieces
2
1260
hc
1019
109
1261
cattle
tibia
1
right
fused
7
Bd 63,4
2
1260
hc
1020
109
1261
cattle
tibia
1
left
12
2
1260
hc
1021
109
1261
cattle
femur
1
open
0
2
1260
hc
1022
109
1261
cattle
metapodial
1
open
0
gnawed
2
1260
hc
1054
109
1261
dog
teeth
1
left
1
L 26,2
B 10,6
M 1
2
1260
hc
1013
109
1261
large ungulate
mandible
2
0
2
1260
hc
1018
109
1261
large ungulate
pelvis
1
0
2
1260
hc
1055
109
1261
large ungulate
ribs
1
20
other
2
1260
hc
1056
109
1261
large ungulate
ribs
3
20
2
1260
hc
1057
109
1261
large ungulate
ribs
13
0
2
1260
hc
1063
109
1261
large ungulate
shaft
1
0
2
1260
hc
1064
109
1261
large ungulate
vert cerv
1
no side
open
open
1
young, porous
2
1260
hc
1065
109
1261
large ungulate
vert cerv
1
no side
open
open
18+19
young, porous
2
1260
hc
1066
109
1261
large ungulate
sacrum
2
no side
0
young, porous
2
1260
hc
1067
109
1261
large ungulate
vert lumb
2
no side
0
2
1260
hc
1068
109
1261
large ungulate
vert thor
4
no side
22
2
1260
hc
1069
109
1261
large ungulate
vert thor
1
no side
22
gnawed
2
1260
hc
1070
109
1261
large ungulate
vert lumb
1
no side
fused
fused
1
gnawed
2
1260
hc
1072
109
1261
large ungulate
vert
2
no side
0
chopped
2
1260
hc
1014
109
1261
pig
mandible
1
right
33
2
1260
hc
1051
109
1261
pig
phalanx 1
1
open
fused
9
2
1260
hc
1052
109
1261
pig
skull
1
right
open
fused
9
2
1260
hc
1027
109
1261
sheep
metacarpal
1
right
fused
open
5
2
1260
hc
1029
109
1261
sheep
phalanx 1
1
fused
fused
1
Glpe 33,9
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1030
109
1261
sheep
phalanx 1
1
fused
fused
1
Glpe 32,6
Bd 9,9
2
1260
hc
1031
109
1261
sheep
scapula
1
right
fused
31
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1032
109
1261
sheep
scapula
1
left
fused
31
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1033
109
1261
sheep
humerus
1
left
fused
fused
1
GL 121
Bp 33,1
BT 26,3
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1034
109
1261
sheep
humerus
1
left
fused
9
3
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1035
109
1261
sheep
humerus
1
right
fused
7
Bd 26,4
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1036
109
1261
sheep
ulna
1
right
fused
3
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1037
109
1261
sheep
pelvis
1
left
24+25
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1038
109
1261
sheep
metacarpal
1
right
fused
fused
1
GL 117
Bp 23,5
SD 14,4
DD 9,4 Bd 25,5
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1039
109
1261
sheep
phalanx 1
1
fused
fused
1
Glpe 34,1
Bd 11,5
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1040
109
1261
sheep
tibia
1
right
fused
3
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1041
109
1261
sheep
femur
1
right
fused
fused
1
GL 146
Bp 39,9
Bd 33,0
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1042
109
1261
sheep
femur
1
left
closing
7
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1050
109
1261
sheep
horn core
1
left
1
alm inf, orbita
264
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
2
1260
hc
1011
109
1261
sheep/goat
teeth
1
1
M 1/2
2
1260
hc
1023
109
1261
sheep/goat
pelvis
1
right
23
male
in three pieces
2
1260
hc
1024
109
1261
sheep/goat
scapula
1
right
fused
30
2
1260
hc
1025
109
1261
sheep/goat
scapula
6
0
2
1260
hc
1026
109
1261
sheep/goat
tibia
1
left
open
12
2
1260
hc
1028
109
1261
sheep/goat
tibia
1
right
15
in 2 pieces
2
1260
hc
1043
109
1261
sheep/goat
vert thor
1
no side
fused
fused
1
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1044
109
1261
sheep/goat
vert thor
1
no side
fused
fused
18+19
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1045
109
1261
sheep/goat
vert thor
2
no side closing closing
19
chopped
2
1260
hc
1046
109
1261
sheep/goat
vert lumb
1
no side
fused
fused
18
chopped
2
1260
hc
1047
109
1261
sheep/goat
vert lumb
1
no side
fused
fused
1
2
1260
hc
1048
109
1261
sheep/goat
pelvis
1
no side
fused
fused
1
chopped
2
1260
hc
1049
109
1261
sheep/goat
vert thor
2
no side
22
2
1260
hc
1053
109
1261
sheep/goat
sternum
1
no side
1
in 2 pieces, juv
2
1260
hc
1060
109
1261
sheep/goat
ribs
2
20
2
1260
hc
1058
109
1261
small ungulate ribs
16
0
2
1260
hc
1059
109
1261
small ungulate ribs
1
0
gnawed
2
1260
hc
1012
109
1261
unidentified
teeth
2
0
2
1260
hc
1061
109
1261
unidentified
ribs
8
0
2
1260
hc
1062
109
1261
unidentified
shaft
1
0
gnawed
2
1260
hc
1071
109
1261
unidentified
vert
9
no side
0
2
1260
hc
1073
109
1261
unidentified
skull
12
0
2
1260
hc
1074
109
1261
unidentified
horn core
3
0
2
1260
hc
1075
109
1261
unidentified
fibula/malleolare
1
0
cat fibula?
2
1260
hc
1084
109
1261
unidentified
unidentified
144
0
2
1260
hc
1102
114
1261
cattle
scapula
1
right
fused
31
2
1260
hc
1104
114
1261
cattle
mandible
1
right
32
in 5 pieces
2
1260
hc
1105
114
1261
cattle
teeth
1
right
1
M 1/2
2
1260
hc
1106
114
1261
cattle
teeth
1
0
M 1/2
2
1260
hc
1108
114
1261
cattle
teeth
1
1
pd 3
2
1260
hc
1109
114
1261
cattle
skull
1
left
43
2
1260
hc
1115
114
1261
cattle
skull
1
left
42
2
1260
hc
1116
114
1261
cattle
tibia
1
left
11
2
1260
hc
1117
114
1261
cattle
tibia
1
right
12
2
1260
hc
1118
114
1261
cattle
metacarpal
1
right
fused
3
2
1260
hc
1103
114
1261
large ungulate
scapula
1
0
2
1260
hc
1110
114
1261
large ungulate
pelvis
1
0
2
1260
hc
1126
114
1261
large ungulate
ribs
2
0
2
1260
hc
1127
114
1261
large ungulate
shaft
2
0
2
1260
hc
1112
114
1261
pig
skull
1
left
37
2
1260
hc
1121
114
1261
sheep
horn core
1
left
44
polycerated
2
1260
hc
1107
114
1261
sheep/goat
teeth
1
left
1
M 3, very worn
2
1260
hc
1111
114
1261
sheep/goat
mandible
1
left
32
in 2 pieces
2
1260
hc
1119
114
1261
sheep/goat
femur
1
left
open
open
5
2
1260
hc
1120
114
1261
sheep/goat
skull
1
no side
0
2
1260
hc
1122
114
1261
sheep/goat
pelvis
1
left
24+25
in 2 pieces
2
1260
hc
1123
114
1261
sheep/goat
pelvis
1
left
24+25
chopped
in 3 pieces
265
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
2
1260
hc
1113
114
1261
small ungulate scapula
1
0
2
1260
hc
1124
114
1261
small ungulate ribs
1
0
filleting
2
1260
hc
1125
114
1261
small ungulate ribs
4
0
2
1260
hc
1114
114
1261
unidentified
mandible
1
0
2
1260
hc
1128
114
1261
unidentified
skull
16
0
2
1260
hc
1129
114
1261
unidentified
unidentified
60
0
2
1260
hc
1175
117
1261
cattle
humerus
1
right
10
2
1260
hc
1176
117
1261
cattle
radius
1
0
2
1260
hc
1181
117
1261
cattle
ct
1
right
0
gnawed
2
1260
hc
1177
117
1261
sheep
tibia
1
left
fused
8
Bd 23,8
2
1260
hc
1179
117
1261
sheep
metatarsal
1
left
fused
fused
1
Bd 22,2
Bp 18,1
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1180
117
1261
sheep
metapodial
1
left
fused
4
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1178
117
1261
sheep/goat
tibia
1
left
11
gnawed
2
1260
hc
1182
117
1261
sheep/goat
skull
1
right
0
in 2 pieces
2
1260
hc
1183
117
1261
small ungulate ribs
1
0
2
1260
hc
1184
117
1261
unidentified
unidentified
2
0
2
1260
hc
1221
120
1261
cattle
mandible
1
right
32
2
1260
hc
1222
120
1261
cattle
teeth
1
right
1
M 1/2
2
1260
hc
1223
120
1261
cattle
teeth
1
0
M 1/2
2
1260
hc
1224
120
1261
cattle
teeth
1
0
M 1/2
2
1260
hc
1225
120
1261
cattle
teeth
2
1
pd 4
2
1260
hc
1226
120
1261
cattle
teeth
1
1
pd 3
2
1260
hc
1227
120
1261
cattle
teeth
1
0
pd 4
2
1260
hc
1239
120
1261
cattle
radius
1
right
fused
0
chopped
blg tgh 1240
2
1260
hc
1240
120
1261
cattle
ulna
1
right
fused
3
blg tgh 1239
2
1260
hc
1241
120
1261
cattle
metatarsal
1
left
13
gnawed
2
1260
hc
1242
120
1261
cattle
metapodial
2
0
2
1260
hc
1243
120
1261
cattle
tibia
1
left
14
gnawed
2
1260
hc
1244
120
1261
cattle
tibia
1
left
0
2
1260
hc
1245
120
1261
cattle
calcaneus
1
left
open
0
gnawed
2
1260
hc
1246
120
1261
cattle
phalanx 1
1
fused
fused
1
2
1260
hc
1247
120
1261
cattle
phalanx 2
1
fused
fused
1
Glpe 38,0
Bd 20,3
2
1260
hc
1248
120
1261
cattle
calcaneus
1
left
fused
1
GL 121
2
1260
hc
1249
120
1261
cattle
horn core
1
right
45
chopped
very oval
2
1260
hc
1255
120
1261
cattle
hyoideum
1
0
2
1260
hc
1237
120
1261
large ungulate
mandible
1
0
2
1260
hc
1238
120
1261
large ungulate
scapula
4
0
2
1260
hc
1261
120
1261
large ungulate
ribs
3
0
2
1260
hc
1263
120
1261
large ungulate
vert cerv
1
no side
0
chopped
2
1260
hc
1264
120
1261
large ungulate
vert cerv
2
no side
0
2
1260
hc
1265
120
1261
large ungulate
vert thor
1
no side
open
open
1
young, porous
2
1260
hc
1266
120
1261
large ungulate
vert cerv
1
no side
open
21
2
1260
hc
1267
120
1261
large ungulate
vert lumb
1
no side
open
21
chopped
2
1260
hc
1269
120
1261
large ungulate
shaft
6
0
2
1260
hc
1236
120
1261
pig
skull
1
right
37
PM 3/4
2
1260
hc
1256
120
1261
pig
hyoideum
1
no side
1
2
1260
hc
1257
120
1261
pig
metapodial
2
fused
open
5
266
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
2
1260
hc
1258
120
1261
pig
ribs
1
20
2
1260
hc
1234
120
1261
sheep
mandible
1
left
32
in 2 pieces
2
1260
hc
1229
120
1261
sheep/goat
mandible
1
left
33
in 2 pieces
2
1260
hc
1230
120
1261
sheep/goat
teeth
1
right
1
2
1260
hc
1231
120
1261
sheep/goat
teeth
1
left
0
M 3
2
1260
hc
1232
120
1261
sheep/goat
teeth
1
1
M 1/2
2
1260
hc
1233
120
1261
sheep/goat
teeth
1
0
PM
2
1260
hc
1235
120
1261
sheep/goat
mandible
1
right
32
2
1260
hc
1250
120
1261
sheep/goat
tibia
1
left
10
2
1260
hc
1251
120
1261
sheep/goat
tibia
1
left
13
2
1260
hc
1252
120
1261
sheep/goat
tibia
1
left
fused
7
Bd 23,9
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1253
120
1261
sheep/goat
tibia
1
left
fused
7
Bd 23,8
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1254
120
1261
sheep/goat
skull
1
left
36
2
1260
hc
1259
120
1261
small ungulate ribs
1
20
2
1260
hc
1260
120
1261
small ungulate ribs
10
0
2
1260
hc
1270
120
1261
small ungulate shaft
1
0
2
1260
hc
1228
120
1261
unidentified
teeth
3
0
2
1260
hc
1262
120
1261
unidentified
ribs
5
0
2
1260
hc
1268
120
1261
unidentified
vert
3
no side
0
2
1260
hc
1271
120
1261
unidentified
unidentified
4
0
burnt
2
1260
hc
1272
120
1261
unidentified
skull
4
0
2
1260
hc
1273
120
1261
unidentified
unidentified
1
0
gnawed
2
1260
hc
1274
120
1261
unidentified
unidentified
43
0
2
1260
hc
1482
129
1261
cattle
teeth
1
right
1
2
1260
hc
1483
129
1261
cattle
mandible
1
left
32
2
1260
hc
1484
129
1261
cattle
teeth
2
left
1
M
2
1260
hc
1485
129
1261
cattle
skull
1
left
37
2
1260
hc
1491
129
1261
cattle
humerus
1
right
12
chopped
2
1260
hc
1492
129
1261
cattle
humerus
1
right
12
2
1260
hc
1493
129
1261
cattle
humerus
1
right
fused
0
chopped
2
1260
hc
1494
129
1261
cattle
scapula
1
left
0
2
1260
hc
1495
129
1261
cattle
tibia
1
left
0
2
1260
hc
1497
129
1261
cattle
phalanx 1
1
fused
fused
1
Glpe 53,6
Bd 26,7
2
1260
hc
1498
129
1261
cattle
phalanx 1
1
fused
fused
1
burnt
2
1260
hc
1499
129
1261
cattle
talus
1
right
1
2
1260
hc
2180
129
1261
cattle
teeth
2
0
2
1260
hc
2181
129
1261
cattle
mandible
1
right
33
other
2
1260
hc
2182
129
1261
cattle
talus
1
right
1
gnawed
GLl 62,1
GLm 56,9
Bd 39,7
2
1260
hc
1500
129
1261
horse
metatarsal
1
left
fused
fused
1
GL 259
Ll258
Bp 45,1
Bd 44,9
SD 28,2
2
1260
hc
1496
129
1261
large ungulate
shaft
2
0
2
1260
hc
1501
129
1261
large ungulate
ribs
3
0
2
1260
hc
1502
129
1261
large ungulate
ribs
1
21
other
2
1260
hc
2186
129
1261
large ungulate
scapula
1
0
in 2 pieces
2
1260
hc
2187
129
1261
large ungulate
pelvis
1
0
gnawed
2
1260
hc
2188
129
1261
large ungulate
vert cerv
1
no side
0
gnawed
2
1260
hc
2189
129
1261
large ungulate
shaft
3
0
2
1260
hc
2190
129
1261
large ungulate
ribs
3
0
one in 2 pieces
267
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
2
1260
hc
1487
129
1261
pig
mandible
1
left
32
2
1260
hc
1488
129
1261
pig
mandible
1
left
32
B 15,1
M 3
2
1260
hc
1489
129
1261
pig
skull
1
left
37
2
1260
hc
2184
129
1261
pig
teeth
1
left
1
M3 L 34,2
M3 B 14,6
2
1260
hc
1486
129
1261
sheep/goat
mandible
1
left
32
2
1260
hc
1490
129
1261
sheep/goat
scapula
1
right
0
2
1260
hc
2183
129
1261
sheep/goat
mandible
1
left
33
2
1260
hc
2185
129
1261
sheep/goat
tibia
1
right
10
gnawed
2
1260
hc
2191
129
1261
small ungulate shaft
1
0
gnawed
2
1260
hc
2192
129
1261
small ungulate shaft
1
0
filleting
2
1260
hc
2193
129
1261
small ungulate ribs
4
0
2
1260
hc
1503
129
1261
unidentified
teeth
1
0
2
1260
hc
1504
129
1261
unidentified
unidentified
1
0
2
1260
hc
2194
129
1261
unidentified
ribs
1
0
2
1260
hc
2195
129
1261
unidentified
skull
1
0
2
1260
hc
2196
129
1261
unidentified
unidentified
12
0
2
1260
hc
533
65a
1261
cattle
teeth
1
left
1
M 1/2
2
1260
hc
534
65a
1261
cattle
teeth
4
0
M 1/2
2
1260
hc
535
65a
1261
cattle
teeth
1
left
1
pd 4
2
1260
hc
536
65a
1261
cattle
teeth
1
0
pd 4
2
1260
hc
537
65a
1261
cattle
teeth
1
1
pd 3
2
1260
hc
538
65a
1261
cattle
teeth
2
left
1
2
1260
hc
543
65a
1261
cattle
teeth
1
0
2
1260
hc
544
65a
1261
cattle
metacarpal
1
left
fused
fused
1
GL 182
Bp 51,3
Bd 52,7
SD 28,4
DD 20,3
2
1260
hc
545
65a
1261
cattle
pelvis
1
right
23
filleting
female
me ed 7,6
in 3 pieces
2
1260
hc
547
65a
1261
cattle
pelvis
1
left
open
24
2
1260
hc
548
65a
1261
cattle
skull
1
right
41
2
1260
hc
549
65a
1261
cattle
skull
1
left
42
2
1260
hc
550
65a
1261
cattle
radiusulna
1
right
fused
8
in 2 pieces
2
1260
hc
551
65a
1261
cattle
calcaneus
1
right
0
2
1260
hc
552
65a
1261
cattle
mandible
1
right
0
2
1260
hc
553
65a
1261
cattle
tarsi
1
1
2
1260
hc
555
65a
1261
horse
teeth
1
left
1
alm no wear
2
1260
hc
546
65a
1261
large ungulate
mandible
1
34
2
1260
hc
558
65a
1261
large ungulate
vert thor
1
no side
fused
fused
1
horse ?
2
1260
hc
561
65a
1261
large ungulate
ribs
1
0
2
1260
hc
554
65a
1261
pig
skull
1
left
42
2
1260
hc
557
65a
1261
sheep
tibia
1
left
fused
fused
1
GL * 173
Bd 23,6
in 2 pieces*
2
1260
hc
539
65a
1261
sheep/goat
teeth
1
left
1
M 1/2
2
1260
hc
540
65a
1261
sheep/goat
teeth
1
left
1
M 3
2
1260
hc
541
65a
1261
sheep/goat
teeth
1
1
M 1/2
2
1260
hc
542
65a
1261
sheep/goat
teeth
1
1
pd 4
2
1260
hc
556
65a
1261
sheep/goat
femur
1
left
open
open
15
in 2 pieces
2
1260
hc
564
65a
1261
sheep/goat
mandible
2
0
2
1260
hc
562
65a
1261
small ungulate ribs
2
0
2
1260
hc
559
65a
1261
unidentified
skull
1
0
2
1260
hc
560
65a
1261
unidentified
vert
1
no side
0
gnawed
268
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
2
1260
hc
563
65a
1261
unidentified
ribs
1
0
2
1260
hc
565
65a
1261
unidentified
unidentified
21
0
2
1292
hc
2029
70
1293
cattle
teeth
1
0
2
1292
hc
2030
70
1293
cattle
hyoideum
8
0
2
1292
hc
2031
71
1294
cattle
femur
1
right
12
fossa plantaris
2
1292
hc
2035
72
1295
bird
humerus
1
1
tiny
2
1292
hc
2036
72
1295
bird
coracoid
1
1
tiny
2
1292
hc
2032
72
1295
cattle
atlas
1
no side
1
in 2 pieces
2
1292
hc
2033
72
1295
large ungulate
vert
2
no side
0
2
1292
hc
2034
72
1295
unidentified
unidentified
9
0
2
1292
1
3020
129
1295
cattle
femur
1
0
in 3 pieces
2
1292
1
3021
131
1297
unidentified
unidentified
7
0
burnt
1
1302
hc
566
69
1304
cattle
humerus
1
right
open
12
1
1302
hc
568
69
1304
large ungulate
ribs
1
0
1
1302
hc
567
69
1304
pig
mandible
1
left
0
male
in 2 pieces
1
1302
hc
569
69
1304
unidentified
unidentified
3
0
1
1317
hc
570
73
1315
cattle
teeth
1
right
1
M 3
1
1317
hc
571
73
1315
cattle
teeth
1
left
1
I
1
1317
hc
572
73
1315
cattle
teeth
1
0
pd 4
1
1317
hc
573
73
1315
cattle
teeth
1
0
I
1
1317
hc
575
73
1315
cattle
scapula
1
left
31
in 2 pieces
1
1317
hc
579
73
1315
cattle
humerus
1
left
0
1
1317
hc
574
73
1315
horse
teeth
1
1
I
1
1317
hc
578
73
1315
horse
skull
1
right
1
in 2 pieces
1
1317
hc
576
73
1315
large ungulate
scapula
2
0
in 2 pieces
1
1317
hc
577
73
1315
large ungulate
scapula
2
0
1
1317
hc
589
73
1315
large ungulate
ribs
1
21
1
1317
hc
590
73
1315
large ungulate
ribs
1
0
gnawed
1
1317
hc
591
73
1315
large ungulate
ribs
10
0
1
1317
hc
592
73
1315
large ungulate
ribs
3
0
filleting
1
1317
hc
593
73
1315
large ungulate
ribs
2
20
1
1317
hc
581
73
1315
pig
mandible
2
right
0
1
1317
hc
582
73
1315
sheep/goat
mandible
1
left
0
1
1317
hc
583
73
1315
sheep/goat
mandible
1
34
1
1317
hc
587
73
1315
sheep/goat
skull
1
left
42
1
1317
hc
588
73
1315
sheep/goat
skull
2
no side
0
1
1317
hc
585
73
1315
small ungulate mandible
2
no side
open
0
1
1317
hc
586
73
1315
small ungulate tibia
1
0
1
1317
hc
594
73
1315
small ungulate ribs
8
0
1
1317
hc
580
73
1315
unidentified
mandible
1
0
1
1317
hc
584
73
1315
unidentified
horn core
3
0
1
1317
hc
595
73
1315
unidentified
teeth
2
0
1
1317
hc
596
73
1315
unidentified
skull
20
0
1
1317
hc
597
73
1315
unidentified
unidentified
243
0
1
1317
hc
647
91
1315
large ungulate
ribs
1
0
in 2 pieces
1
1317
hc
648
91
1315
unidentified
ribs
1
0
1
1317
hc
765
98
1315
cattle
mandible
1
right
32
269
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
1
1317
hc
766
98
1315
cattle
teeth
1
1
pd 4
1
1317
hc
773
98
1315
cattle
humerus
1
right
open
10
1
1317
hc
774
98
1315
cattle
radius
1
left
fused
3
1
1317
hc
776
98
1315
cattle
metatarsal
1
left
14
1
1317
hc
777
98
1315
cattle
metatarsal
1
fused
0
1
1317
hc
767
98
1315
large ungulate
mandible
2
0
1
1317
hc
775
98
1315
large ungulate
tibia
1
0
1
1317
hc
778
98
1315
large ungulate
axis
1
no side
0
1
1317
hc
784
98
1315
large ungulate
ribs
11
0
1
1317
hc
785
98
1315
large ungulate
vert cerv
1
no side
0
1
1317
hc
786
98
1315
large ungulate
vert thor
1
no side
22
1
1317
hc
769
98
1315
pig
mandible
1
right
32
male
in 3 pieces
1
1317
hc
770
98
1315
pig
mandible
1
right
32
pathological
1
1317
hc
771
98
1315
pig
mandible
1
0
1
1317
hc
772
98
1315
pig
teeth
1
left
1
male
1
1317
hc
779
98
1315
pig
ulna
1
left
open
14
in 2 pieces
1
1317
hc
780
98
1315
pig
humerus
1
right
open
open
15
1
1317
hc
781
98
1315
sheep/goat
radius
1
right
11
gnawed
1
1317
hc
768
98
1315
small ungulate scapula
1
left
0
in 2 pieces
1
1317
hc
782
98
1315
small ungulate ribs
1
20
1
1317
hc
783
98
1315
small ungulate ribs
8
0
1
1317
hc
787
98
1315
unidentified
shaft
1
0
gnawed
1
1317
hc
788
98
1315
unidentified
shaft
2
0
1
1317
hc
789
98
1315
unidentified
unidentified
2
0
gnawed
1
1317
hc
790
98
1315
unidentified
unidentified
39
0
1
1317
hc
973
106
1315
cattle
teeth
1
right
1
M 3
1
1317
hc
974
106
1315
cattle
teeth
2
right
1
i/c
1
1317
hc
975
106
1315
cattle
teeth
1
left
1
M 1/2
1
1317
hc
976
106
1315
cattle
teeth
1
right
1
i/c
1
1317
hc
977
106
1315
cattle
teeth
2
0
pd 4
1
1317
hc
978
106
1315
cattle
teeth
1
0
M
1
1317
hc
979
106
1315
cattle
teeth
4
0
M
1
1317
hc
985
106
1315
cattle
pelvis
1
left
24
1
1317
hc
985
106
1315
cattle
pelvis
1
left
26
blg tgt with 985‐6?
1
1317
hc
986
106
1315
cattle
pelvis
1
left
25
1
1317
hc
986
106
1315
cattle
radius
1
right
open
10
1
1317
hc
987
106
1315
cattle
metatarsal
1
right
fused
3
1
1317
hc
988
106
1315
cattle
tibia
1
left
fused
8
in 2 pieces
1
1317
hc
989
106
1315
cattle
radius
1
left
fused
3
dismembering
blg tgh with 990
1
1317
hc
990
106
1315
cattle
ulna
1
left
10
gnawed
blg tgh with 989
1
1317
hc
991
106
1315
cattle
calcaneus
1
left
fused
1
GL 121
blg tgh with 992
1
1317
hc
992
106
1315
cattle
talus
1
left
1
GLl 64,0
GLm 58,8
Bd 43,1
blg tgh with 991
1
1317
hc
982
106
1315
large ungulate
mandible
4
0
1
1317
hc
983
106
1315
large ungulate
scapula
4
0
1
1317
hc
999
106
1315
large ungulate
ribs
11
0
1
1317
hc
1000
106
1315
large ungulate
vert lumb
2
no side
0
1
1317
hc
981
106
1315
pig
teeth
2
1
M
270
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
1
1317
hc
993
106
1315
pig
metacarpal
1
left
fused
open
1
IV
1
1317
hc
995
106
1315
pig
fibula/malleolare
1
0
1
1317
hc
994
106
1315
sheep
tibia
1
left
fused
8
Bd 24,4
1
1317
hc
980
106
1315
sheep/goat
teeth
1
1
I /C
1
1317
hc
996
106
1315
sheep/goat
femur
1
open
0
1
1317
hc
1002
106
1315
sheep/goat
metapodial
1
infant
0
half of diaf, open
1
1317
hc
1001
106
1315
small mammal ribs
1
21
1
1317
hc
997
106
1315
small ungulate ribs
8
0
1
1317
hc
998
106
1315
small ungulate ribs
1
21
1
1317
hc
984
106
1315
unidentified
teeth
1
0
1
1317
hc
1003
106
1315
unidentified
skull
1
0
1
1317
hc
1004
106
1315
unidentified
unidentified
4
0
gnawed
1
1317
hc
1005
106
1315
unidentified
unidentified
84
0
1
1317
1
2938
114
1315
unidentified
unidentified
1
0
1
1317
1
2939
114
1315
unidentified
unidentified
3
0
burnt
1
1317
1
2944
119
1315
bird
phalanx 1
5
fused
1
Gallus gallus?
1
1317
1
2945
119
1315
bird
phalanx 2
2
fused
1
1
1317
1
2956
119
1315
bird
radius
1
fused
3
1
1317
1
2947
119
1315
fish
unidentified
1
0
and scale
1
1317
1
2948
119
1315
large ungulate
ribs
1
0
1
1317
1
2952
119
1315
small animal
phalanx 1
1
1
1
1317
1
2953
119
1315
small animal
unidentified
2
0
1
1317
1
2946
119
1315
unidentified
unidentified
13
0
bird sesamoids
1
1317
1
2949
119
1315
unidentified
shaft
1
0
gnawed
1
1317
1
2950
119
1315
unidentified
teeth
2
0
1
1317
1
2951
119
1315
unidentified
sacrum
1
open
open
0
epi
1
1317
1
2954
119
1315
unidentified
unidentified
111
0
1
1317
1
2955
119
1315
unidentified
unidentified
54
0
1
1317
1
2975
125
1315
bird
vert
2
no side
1
bigger than hen?
1
1317
1
2996
125
1315
cattle
ulna
1
11
1
1317
1
2997
125
1315
cattle
carpi
1
1
Ca
1
1317
1
2998
125
1315
cattle
teeth
1
1
1
1317
1
2976
125
1315
fish
vert
6
no side
1
1
1317
1
2977
125
1315
fish
unidentified
6
0
ribs
1
1317
1
2999
125
1315
large ungulate
vert thor
1
no side
0
1
1317
1
3000
125
1315
large ungulate
vert
1
no side
infant
open
0
1
1317
1
3001
125
1315
large ungulate
skull
3
0
1
1317
1
3002
125
1315
large ungulate
ribs
1
0
1
1317
1
2983
125
1315
mouse
teeth
6
1
I and M
1
1317
1
2984
125
1315
mouse
skull
3
37
1
1317
1
2985
125
1315
mouse
radius
1
open
15
1
1317
1
2986
125
1315
mouse
vert caud
6
no side
1
1
1317
1
2987
125
1315
mouse
calcaneus
1
1
1
1317
1
3006
125
1315
mouse
teeth
1
1
1
1317
1
2991
125
1315
pig
phalanx 2
1
fused
1
1
1317
1
2992
125
1315
sheep/goat
carpi
1
1
Ci
1
1317
1
2978
125
1315
shrew
mandible
1
right
1
271
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
1
1317
1
2979
125
1315
shrew
pelvis
1
right
2
1
1317
1
2980
125
1315
shrew
femur
1
fused
open
5
1
1317
1
2981
125
1315
shrew
tibia
1
fused
9
1
1317
1
2982
125
1315
shrew
tibia
1
fused
3
1
1317
1
2989
125
1315
small animal
shaft
2
0
1
1317
1
2990
125
1315
small animal
unidentified
2
0
1
1317
1
3011
125
1315
small animal
unidentified
3
0
1
1317
1
2988
125
1315
small mammal metapodial
1
fused
1
1
1317
1
3007
125
1315
small mammal metapodial
2
fused
1
1
1317
1
3008
125
1315
small mammal phalanx 1
1
fused
1
1
1317
1
3009
125
1315
small mammal vert caud
2
1
1
1317
1
3010
125
1315
small mammal vert cerv
1
0
1
1317
1
2993
125
1315
small ungulate ribs
5
0
1
1317
1
2994
125
1315
small ungulate ribs
1
0
filleting
1
1317
1
2995
125
1315
small ungulate scapula
1
0
1
1317
1
3003
125
1315
small ungulate shaft
1
0
1
1317
1
3004
125
1315
unidentified
teeth
10
0
1
1317
1
3005
125
1315
unidentified
unidentified
1
0
other
1
1317
1
3012
125
1315
unidentified
unidentified
515
0
1
1317
1
3013
125
1315
unidentified
unidentified
186
0
burnt
1
1317
hc
871
88
1316
bird
metatarsal
1
fused
fused
1
male
in two pieces
1
1317
hc
863
88
1316
cat
radius
1
right
open
13
1
1317
hc
845
88
1316
cattle
teeth
1
left
0
I/C
1
1317
hc
846
88
1316
cattle
teeth
1
0
pd 4
1
1317
hc
847
88
1316
cattle
teeth
1
0
M
1
1317
hc
848
88
1316
cattle
teeth
1
right
1
i/c
1
1317
hc
854
88
1316
cattle
metacarpal
1
right
fused
3
in 2 pieces
1
1317
hc
855
88
1316
cattle
metacarpal
1
fused
0
other
1
1317
hc
856
88
1316
cattle
metatarsal
1
fused
0
1
1317
hc
857
88
1316
cattle
mandible
1
right
0
1
1317
hc
858
88
1316
cattle
mandible
1
left
0
1
1317
hc
860
88
1316
cattle
phalanx 1
1
fused
fused
1
1
1317
hc
861
88
1316
cattle
tibia
1
right
fused
8
Bd 57,7
1
1317
hc
872
88
1316
cattle
metapodial
1
0
1
1317
hc
853
88
1316
horse
teeth
1
1
PM / M
1
1317
hc
859
88
1316
large ungulate
mandible
1
0
1
1317
hc
864
88
1316
large ungulate
vert cerv
1
no side
0
1
1317
hc
865
88
1316
large ungulate
shaft
2
0
other
1
1317
hc
866
88
1316
large ungulate
shaft
1
0
1
1317
hc
867
88
1316
large ungulate
ribs
11
0
1
1317
hc
868
88
1316
large ungulate
ribs
1
0
burnt
1
1317
hc
851
88
1316
pig
teeth
1
left
1
L 33,2
B 18,3
1
1317
hc
852
88
1316
pig
teeth
1
1
I
1
1317
hc
862
88
1316
pig
tibia
1
right
11
1
1317
hc
849
88
1316
sheep/goat
teeth
1
1
M 1/2
1
1317
hc
850
88
1316
sheep/goat
teeth
1
right
0
M 3
1
1317
hc
869
88
1316
small ungulate ribs
4
0
272
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
1
1317
hc
870
88
1316
unidentified
ribs
2
0
1
1317
hc
873
88
1316
unidentified
scapula
1
0
burnt
1
1317
hc
874
88
1316
unidentified
unidentified
46
0
1
1317
1
2940
115
1316
large ungulate
sacrum
1
0
1
1317
1
2941
115
1316
unidentified
unidentified
2
0
burnt
1
1317
1
2942
115
1316
unidentified
unidentified
6
0
1
1317
1
3014
126
1316
pig
metapodial
1
0
McIV
1
1317
1
3015
126
1316
small mammal ribs
1
0
1
1317
1
3016
126
1316
unidentified
2
0
burnt
1
unidentified
1317
1
3017
126
1316
unidentified
unidentified
8
0
g
SK069
hc
2041
75
1320
cattle
phalanx 1
1
fused
1
g
SK069
hc
2042
75
1320
cattle
atlas
1
no side
0
40% left
g
SK069
hc
2043
75
1320
cattle
skull
1
left
41
60% middle
g
SK069
hc
2044
75
1320
small ungulate shaft
1
0
g
SK069
hc
2045
75
1320
unidentified
unidentified
5
0
g
SK072
hc
2048
78
1328
cattle
femur
1
left
14
g
SK072
hc
2055
78
1328
cattle
teeth
1
1
pd 3
g
SK072
hc
2054
78
1328
pig
teeth
1
right
1
almost complete
g
SK072
hc
2053
78
1328
sheep
horn core
1
right
1
in 2 pieces
g
SK072
hc
2051
78
1328
sheep/goat
tibia
1
left
open
8
in 2 pieces
g
SK072
hc
2052
78
1328
small ungulate vert thor
1
no side
22
g
SK072
hc
2056
78
1328
small ungulate ribs
3
0
g
SK072
hc
2049
78
1328
unidentified
scapula
2
0
g
SK072
hc
2050
78
1328
unidentified
ribs
2
0
g
SK072
hc
2057
78
1328
unidentified
skull
2
0
g
SK072
hc
2058
78
1328
unidentified
unidentified
13
0
1
1330
hc
2059
80
1329
cattle
metatarsal
1
right
5
1
1330
hc
2060
80
1329
cattle
teeth
1
0
1
1330
hc
2061
80
1329
cattle
teeth
1
0
1
1330
hc
2062
80
1329
cattle
skull
1
0
pars petrosa
1
1330
hc
2063
80
1329
cattle
phalanx 3
1
3
1
1330
hc
2064
80
1329
cattle
pelvis
1
left
32
male
in 5 pieces
1
1330
hc
2065
80
1329
cattle
tibia
1
right
fused
0
1
1330
hc
2067
80
1329
large ungulate
scapula
1
right
0
1
1330
hc
2068
80
1329
large ungulate
ribs
1
0
1
1330
hc
2066
80
1329
pig
mandible
1
right
33.32
M3 L 32,5
M3 B 14,6
in 4 pieces
1
1330
hc
2069
80
1329
small ungulate ribs
2
0
1
1330
hc
2070
80
1329
unidentified
skull
3
0
1
1330
hc
2071
80
1329
unidentified
unidentified
39
0
1
1330
hc
2109
94
1329
cattle
tibia
1
left
13
in 5 pieces
1
1330
hc
2110
94
1329
cattle
humerus
1
left
fused
6
1
1330
hc
2112
94
1329
cattle
teeth
1
0
M3, very worn
1
1330
hc
2113
94
1329
cattle
metatarsal
1
12
in 2 pieces
1
1330
hc
2118
94
1329
large ungulate
shaft
2
0
1
1330
hc
2116
94
1329
small ungulate skull
1
0
pars petrosa
1
1330
hc
2111
94
1329
unidentified
humerus
5
0
1
1330
hc
2114
94
1329
unidentified
vert cerv
1
no side
22
273
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
1
1330
hc
2115
94
1329
unidentified
mandible
1
0
1
1330
hc
2117
94
1329
unidentified
vert
1
no side
0
1
1330
hc
2119
94
1329
unidentified
tarsi
10
0
1
1330
hc
2120
95
1329
sheep
horn core
1
right
1
40 84
41 29,1
42 23,4
43 95
same as next?
1
1330
hc
2121
95
1329
sheep
horn core
1
left
1
40 81
41 28,3
42 22,2
43 90
same as above?
1
1330
1
2923
106
1329
bird
coracoid
1
fused
4
1
1330
1
2972
124
1329
small animal
shaft
1
0
1
1330
1
2973
124
1329
unidentified
unidentified
24
0
1
1330
1
2974
124
1329
unidentified
unidentified
26
0
g
SK075
hc
2046
77
1337
cattle
teeth
1
1
pd 4
g
SK075
hc
2047
77
1337
cattle
ulna
1
left
2
2
1346
hc
2083
84
1349
small ungulate vert
1
no side
open
0
burnt
sacrum/caud
2
1346
hc
2084
84
1349
unidentified
unidentified
13
0
burnt
2
1346
1
2934
111
1351
large ungulate
ribs
4
0
burnt
2
1346
1
2935
111
1351
small ungulate ribs
2
0
2
1346
1
2933
111
1351
unidentified
unidentified
1
0
burnt
human/animal
2
1346
1
2936
111
1351
unidentified
unidentified
6
0
2
1346
1
2937
111
1351
unidentified
unidentified
100
0
2
1260
hc
651
92
1353
cattle
teeth
1
1
M 1/2
2
1260
hc
652
92
1353
cattle
teeth
1
left
0
M 3
2
1260
hc
653
92
1353
cattle
metacarpal
1
left
fused
3
other
path
2
1260
hc
654
92
1353
cattle
pelvis
1
left
23
female
me ed 4,9
2
1260
hc
650
92
1353
large ungulate
scapula
3
0
2
1260
hc
663
92
1353
large ungulate
shaft
1
0
2
1260
hc
649
92
1353
pig
mandible
1
right
32
female
in 5 pieces
2
1260
hc
655
92
1353
sheep
metacarpal
1
left
fused
8
Bd 24,9
2
1260
hc
658
92
1353
sheep
phalanx 1
1
fused
fused
1
Glpe 32,2
Bd 9,7
blg to 655
2
1260
hc
656
92
1353
sheep/goat
mandible
1
right
0
with M 1/2
2
1260
hc
657
92
1353
sheep/goat
skull
1
right
39
2
1260
hc
659
92
1353
sheep/goat
vert cerv
1
no side
open
open
1
with epi
2
1260
hc
660
92
1353
sheep/goat
vert lumb
1
no side
open
20
2
1260
hc
661
92
1353
sheep/goat
vert lumb
1
no side
0
2
1260
hc
662
92
1353
small ungulate vert caud
1
no side
open
open
1
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
664
92
1353
unidentified
unidentified
5
0
2
1260
hc
925
104
1353
cattle
scapula
1
right
0
in 2 pieces
2
1260
hc
927
104
1353
cattle
metatarsal
1
left
15
2
1260
hc
928
104
1353
cattle
tibia
1
right
12
gnawed
2
1260
hc
930
104
1353
cattle
radius
1
right
0
gnawed
2
1260
hc
946
104
1353
goat
horn core
1
left
1
young
2
1260
hc
926
104
1353
large ungulate
mandible
1
0
2
1260
hc
929
104
1353
large ungulate
radius
1
right
12
gnawed
chopped
2
1260
hc
931
104
1353
large ungulate
shaft
1
0
2
1260
hc
932
104
1353
large ungulate
humerus
1
0
2
1260
hc
969
104
1353
large ungulate
ribs
5
0
2
1260
hc
965
104
1353
pig
ulna
1
right
open
12
2
1260
hc
947
104
1353
sheep
horn core
1
left
0
chopped
2
1260
hc
953
104
1353
sheep
humerus
1
right
fused
7
BT 27,5
sheep skeletons
274
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
2
1260
hc
954
104
1353
sheep
radius
1
left
fused
fused
1
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
955
104
1353
sheep
ulna
1
left
10
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
956
104
1353
sheep
metacarpal
1
right
fused
fused
1
GL 120
Bp 21,2
SD 13,5
DD 9,1 Bd 23,8
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
957
104
1353
sheep
tibia
1
left
open
fused
9
Bd 22,5
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
958
104
1353
sheep
tibia
1
left
open
fused
1
Bd 22,4
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
959
104
1353
sheep
femur
1
right
fused
7
Bd 34,1
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
933
104
1353
sheep/goat
teeth
1
left
1
M 1/2
2
1260
hc
934
104
1353
sheep/goat
teeth
1
left
1
M 3
2
1260
hc
935
104
1353
sheep/goat
teeth
1
1
M 1/2
2
1260
hc
936
104
1353
sheep/goat
teeth
1
right
1
M 1/2
2
1260
hc
937
104
1353
sheep/goat
skull
1
right
43
2
1260
hc
938
104
1353
sheep/goat
skull
1
left
43
chopped
2
1260
hc
939
104
1353
sheep/goat
skull
1
left
42
2
1260
hc
940
104
1353
sheep/goat
skull
1
right
42
2
1260
hc
941
104
1353
sheep/goat
skull
1
left
41
2
1260
hc
942
104
1353
sheep/goat
skull
14
0
f e 4 pars petr
2
1260
hc
943
104
1353
sheep/goat
skull
1
right
39
2
1260
hc
944
104
1353
sheep/goat
skull
1
left
39
2
1260
hc
945
104
1353
sheep/goat
skull
1
left
39
2
1260
hc
948
104
1353
sheep/goat
teeth
1
left
1
M 1/2
2
1260
hc
949
104
1353
sheep/goat
pelvis
2
right
23
female
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
950
104
1353
sheep/goat
pelvis
1
left
25
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
951
104
1353
sheep/goat
scapula
1
right
0
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
952
104
1353
sheep/goat
atlas
1
no side
20
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
960
104
1353
sheep/goat
femur
1
left
open
3
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
961
104
1353
sheep/goat
vert cerv
1
no side
open
open
1
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
962
104
1353
sheep/goat
vert lumb
3
no side
open
open
1
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
963
104
1353
sheep/goat
calcaneus
1
left
fused
0
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
964
104
1353
sheep/goat
tibia
1
0
2
1260
hc
966
104
1353
small ungulate shaft
2
0
2
1260
hc
967
104
1353
small ungulate ribs
6
20
2
1260
hc
968
104
1353
small ungulate ribs
9
0
2
1260
hc
970
104
1353
unidentified
skull
14
0
sheep skull?
2
1260
hc
971
104
1353
unidentified
unidentified
25
0
2
1260
hc
972
104
1353
unidentified
unidentified
1
0
burnt
2
1260
hc
1768
108
1353
cattle
teeth
1
1
pd 3
2
1260
hc
1771
108
1353
cattle
humerus
1
right
open
12
2
1260
hc
1769
108
1353
large ungulate
mandible
1
0
2
1260
hc
1772
108
1353
large ungulate
scapula
1
0
2
1260
hc
1835
108
1353
large ungulate
vert thor
1
no side
22
porous
2
1260
hc
1836
108
1353
large ungulate
vert cerv
2
no side
0
porous
2
1260
hc
1837
108
1353
large ungulate
vert
2
no side
0
porous
2
1260
hc
1838
108
1353
large ungulate
ribs
1
20
porous
2
1260
hc
1841
108
1353
large ungulate
shaft
1
0
2
1260
hc
1773
108
1353
sheep
humerus
1
right
fused
fused
1
BT 25,4
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1774
108
1353
sheep
humerus
1
left
closing
fused
1
BT 27,4
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1775
108
1353
sheep
humerus
1
left
open
fused
9
BT 24,4
sheep skeletons
275
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
2
1260
hc
1776
108
1353
sheep
radius
1
right
fused
3
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1777
108
1353
sheep
ulna
1
right
fused
3
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1778
108
1353
sheep
radius
1
right
fused
7
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1779
108
1353
sheep
ulna
1
right
fused
7
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1780
108
1353
sheep
femur
1
right
open
10
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1781
108
1353
sheep
femur
1
right
fused
7
Bd 35,8
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1782
108
1353
sheep
tibia
1
right
fused
fused
1
GL 177
Bd 23,3
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1783
108
1353
sheep
metacarpal
1
right
fused
fused
1
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1784
108
1353
sheep
metacarpal
1
left
fused
fused
1
GL 112
Bp 21,9
SD 14,3
DD 10,2 Bd 24,1
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1785
108
1353
sheep
metacarpal
1
left
fused
fused
1
GL 118
Bp 21,0
SD 13,4
DD 9,2 Bd 23,8
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1786
108
1353
sheep
metacarpal
1
left
fused
3
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1787
108
1353
sheep
metacarpal
1
left
fused
7
Bd 23,0
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1788
108
1353
sheep
metatarsal
1
right
fused
open
5
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1789
108
1353
sheep
metatarsal
1
right
fused
4
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1790
108
1353
sheep
metatarsal
1
right
fused
fused
1
GL 117
Bp 20,1
SD 11,3
DD 9,7 Bd 22,1
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1791
108
1353
sheep
metatarsal
1
right
fused
fused
1
GL 119
Bp 17,9
SD 10,6
DD 9,1 Bd 21,7
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1792
108
1353
sheep
metatarsal
1
left
fused
fused
1
GL 118
Bp 17,9
SD 10,5
DD 9,2 Bd 21,7
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1793
108
1353
sheep
talus
1
left
1
GLl 26,5
GLm 25,2
Bd 16,7
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1794
108
1353
sheep
calcaneus
1
left
fused
1
GL 50,5
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1795
108
1353
sheep
phalanx 1
1
open
fused
9
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1796
108
1353
sheep
phalanx 1
1
fused
fused
1
Glpe 32,7
Bd 9,7
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1797
108
1353
sheep
phalanx 1
1
fused
fused
1
Glpe 31,3
Bd 9,9
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1798
108
1353
sheep
phalanx 1
1
fused
fused
1
Glpe 30,7
Bd 10,3
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1799
108
1353
sheep
phalanx 1
1
fused
fused
1
Glpe 30,9
Bd 9,6
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1800
108
1353
sheep
phalanx 1
1
fused
fused
1
Glpe 31,0
Bd 9,4
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1801
108
1353
sheep
phalanx 1
1
fused
fused
1
Glpe 31,8
Bd 9,8
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1802
108
1353
sheep
phalanx 1
1
fused
fused
1
Glpe 31,1
Bd 10,3
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1803
108
1353
sheep
phalanx 1
1
fused
fused
1
Glpe 31,4
Bd 9,4
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1804
108
1353
sheep
phalanx 1
1
fused
fused
1
Glpe 33,4
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1805
108
1353
sheep
phalanx 2
1
fused
fused
1
Glpe 20,1
Bd 8,2
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1806
108
1353
sheep
phalanx 2
1
fused
fused
1
Glpe 20,5
Bd 8,1
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1807
108
1353
sheep
phalanx 2
1
fused
fused
1
Glpe 19,4
Bd 8,4
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1808
108
1353
sheep
phalanx 2
1
fused
fused
1
Glpe 20,0
Bd 9,1
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1809
108
1353
sheep
phalanx 2
1
fused
fused
1
Glpe 19,9
Bd 8,1
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1810
108
1353
sheep
phalanx 2
1
fused
fused
1
Glpe 20,4
Bd 8,0
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1811
108
1353
sheep
phalanx 3
1
fused
fused
1
DLS 27,0
Ld 22,3
MBS 6,0
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1812
108
1353
sheep
phalanx 3
1
fused
fused
1
DLS 24,1
Ld 20,0
MBS 6,0
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1813
108
1353
sheep
phalanx 3
1
fused
fused
1
DLS 24,4
Ld 19,7
MBS 6,2
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1814
108
1353
sheep
phalanx 3
1
fused
fused
1
DLS 25,5
Ld 21,5
MBS 6,0
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1815
108
1353
sheep
phalanx 3
1
fused
fused
1
DLS 24,6
Ld 19,9
MBS 6,4
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1816
108
1353
sheep
phalanx 3
1
fused
fused
1
DLS 24,1
Ld 20,3
MBS 5,2
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1817
108
1353
sheep
ct
2
1
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1818
108
1353
sheep
ct
1
1
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1819
108
1353
sheep
patella
1
1
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1820
108
1353
sheep
fibula/malleolare
1
1
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1821
108
1353
sheep
carpi
4
1
Cr, Ci,Cu,C2+3
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1822
108
1353
sheep
tarsi
1
1
T2+3
sheep skeletons
276
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
2
1260
hc
1823
108
1353
sheep
sesamoid
7
2
1260
hc
1824
108
1353
sheep
vert thor
2
2
1260
hc
1825
108
1353
sheep
vert lumb
2
1260
hc
1826
108
1353
sheep
sacrum
2
1260
hc
1827
108
1353
sheep
horn core
2
1260
hc
1765
108
1353
sheep/goat
2
1260
hc
1766
108
1353
2
1260
hc
1767
108
1353
2
1260
hc
1770
108
2
1260
hc
1828
2
1260
hc
1832
2
1260
hc
2
1260
2
1260
2
1
sheep skeletons
no side closing
open
1
sheep skeletons
3
no side
fused
fused
18+19
sheep skeletons
1
no side
fused
fused
20
sheep skeletons
1
left
1
chopped
pathological
mandible
1
left
32
sheep/goat
mandible
1
left
32
sheep/goat
mandible
1
left
33
1353
sheep/goat
scapula
1
0
108
1353
sheep/goat
ribs
1
20
108
1353
sheep/goat
vert thor
1
no side
open
open
19
chopped
1829
108
1353
small ungulate ribs
1
21
hc
1830
108
1353
small ungulate ribs
18
0
hc
1831
108
1353
small ungulate shaft
4
0
1260
hc
1833
108
1353
small ungulate vert
11
no side
0
2
1260
hc
1834
108
1353
small ungulate vert thor
4
no side
22
2
1260
hc
1840
108
1353
small ungulate tibia
1
open
0
2
1260
hc
1839
108
1353
unidentified
horn core
2
0
2
1260
hc
1842
108
1353
unidentified
teeth
1
0
2
1260
hc
1843
108
1353
unidentified
unidentified
46
0
2
1260
hc
1174
116
1353
bird
metatarsal
1
fused
7
Gallus gallus
2
1260
hc
1152
116
1353
cattle
teeth
1
0
M
2
1260
hc
1153
116
1353
cattle
teeth
1
1
pd 3
2
1260
hc
1154
116
1353
cattle
teeth
1
1
pd 4
2
1260
hc
1156
116
1353
cattle
humerus
1
left
12
2
1260
hc
1158
116
1353
cattle
metatarsal
1
left
fused
8
Bd 46,9
2
1260
hc
1172
116
1353
cattle
skull
2
0
2
1260
hc
1164
116
1353
dog
humerus
1
right
fused
fused
1
Dp 51,6
Bd 42,6
big in 5 pieces
2
1260
hc
1165
116
1353
dog
talus
1
right
1
GL 31,9
big
2
1260
hc
1166
116
1353
dog
vert caud
1
no side
fused
fused
1
big
2
1260
hc
1167
116
1353
dog
ribs
9
20
2
1260
hc
1168
116
1353
dog
ribs
3
21
2
1260
hc
1169
116
1353
dog
ribs
6
0
2
1260
hc
1155
116
1353
large ungulate
scapula
1
0
2
1260
hc
1157
116
1353
large ungulate
radius
1
left
11
eroded
2
1260
hc
1171
116
1353
large ungulate
ribs
1
0
gnawed
2
1260
hc
1159
116
1353
sheep
scapula
1
right
fused
31
2
1260
hc
1162
116
1353
sheep
metatarsal
1
right
fused
fused
1
Bd 21,7
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1163
116
1353
sheep
metatarsal
1
left
fused
fused
1
GL 122
Bp 19,9
SD 11,7
DD 9,2 Bd 23,4
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1160
116
1353
sheep/goat
pelvis
1
right
25
2
1260
hc
1161
116
1353
sheep/goat
pelvis
1
right
0
2
1260
hc
1170
116
1353
small ungulate ribs
14
0
2
1260
hc
1173
116
1353
unidentified
unidentified
13
0
2
1260
hc
1201
119
1353
cattle
teeth
1
right
1
M 3
2
1260
hc
1202
119
1353
cattle
teeth
1
right
0
M 3
2
1260
hc
1209
119
1353
cattle
ulna
1
right
13
2
1260
hc
1210
119
1353
cattle
radius
1
left
12
chopped
277
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
2
1260
hc
1211
119
1353
cattle
humerus
1
right
0
2
1260
hc
1212
119
1353
cattle
phalanx 3
1
1
LDS 69,6
Ld 50,9
MBS 22,5
2
1260
hc
1208
119
1353
large ungulate
mandible
2
0
2
1260
hc
1216
119
1353
large ungulate
ribs
3
0
2
1260
hc
1217
119
1353
large ungulate
vert thor
1
no side
22
gnawed
2
1260
hc
1218
119
1353
large ungulate
shaft
1
0
2
1260
hc
1214
119
1353
pig
skull
1
left
40
2
1260
hc
1215
119
1353
pig
metacarpal
1
left
fused
open
5
III
2
1260
hc
1213
119
1353
sheep
metacarpal
1
right
open
12
2
1260
hc
1203
119
1353
sheep/goat
mandible
1
left
32
2
1260
hc
1204
119
1353
sheep/goat
teeth
1
left
1
Pm
2
1260
hc
1205
119
1353
sheep/goat
teeth
2
left
1
M 1/2
2
1260
hc
1206
119
1353
sheep/goat
teeth
1
left
1
M 3
2
1260
hc
1207
119
1353
sheep/goat
mandible
5
0
2
1260
hc
1219
119
1353
small ungulate shaft
1
0
gnawed
2
1260
hc
1220
119
1353
small ungulate shaft
2
0
2
1260
hc
1362
122
1353
bird
ulna
1
open
7
Corvus frugilegus/corone
2
1260
hc
1456
122
1353
bird
metacarpal
1
fused
fused
1
Corvus frugilegus/corone
2
1260
hc
1359
122
1353
carnivore
ribs
1
0
dog?
2
1260
hc
1317
122
1353
cattle
sacrum
1
left
open
26
2
1260
hc
1318
122
1353
cattle
femur
1
right
fused
7
gnawed
Bd 87
2
1260
hc
1319
122
1353
cattle
humerus
1
left
fused
7
BT 74,4
2
1260
hc
1320
122
1353
cattle
metacarpal
1
right
fused
4
2
1260
hc
1322
122
1353
cattle
atlas
1
no side
18
2
1260
hc
1386
122
1353
cattle
femur
1
0
2
1260
hc
1387
122
1353
cattle
skull
1
right
42
2
1260
hc
1694
122
1353
cattle
teeth
1
right
1
M 3
2
1260
hc
1912
122
1353
cattle
mandible
1
left
33
2
1260
hc
1914
122
1353
cattle
skull
1
left
43
2
1260
hc
1915
122
1353
cattle
teeth
1
1
M
2
1260
hc
1916
122
1353
cattle
tibia
1
left
11
2
1260
hc
1917
122
1353
cattle
metapodial
1
fused
0
2
1260
hc
1921
122
1353
cattle
metatarsal
1
fused
0
2
1260
hc
1321
122
1353
horse
radius
1
left
fused
8
Bd 70,6
2
1260
hc
1349
122
1353
large ungulate
vert cerv
1
no side
open
open
18+19
young, porous
2
1260
hc
1350
122
1353
large ungulate
vert thor
1
no side
open
open
1
young, porous
2
1260
hc
1351
122
1353
large ungulate
vert thor
1
no side
22
2
1260
hc
1352
122
1353
large ungulate
vert
4
no side
0
2
1260
hc
1355
122
1353
large ungulate
ribs
1
20
2
1260
hc
1360
122
1353
large ungulate
shaft
1
0
gnawed
2
1260
hc
1361
122
1353
large ungulate
shaft
1
0
2
1260
hc
1446
122
1353
large ungulate
ribs
1
20
chopped
2
1260
hc
1447
122
1353
large ungulate
ribs
1
20
2
1260
hc
1449
122
1353
large ungulate
vert
3
no side
0
young, porous
2
1260
hc
1741
122
1353
large ungulate
ribs
1
0
2
1260
hc
1911
122
1353
large ungulate
mandible
3
34
2
1260
hc
1913
122
1353
large ungulate
scapula
1
0
278
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
2
1260
hc
1918
122
1353
large ungulate
ribs
1
20
chopped
2
1260
hc
1312
122
1353
sheep
mandible
1
right
32
2
1260
hc
1323
122
1353
sheep
horn core
1
left
44
2
1260
hc
1330
122
1353
sheep
metatarsal
1
left
fused
9
5
2
1260
hc
1331
122
1353
sheep
humerus
1
right
fused
fused
1
GL 134
BT 27,0
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1332
122
1353
sheep
scapula
1
right
fused
31
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1333
122
1353
sheep
humerus
1
left
open
7
BT 27,7
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1334
122
1353
sheep
humerus
1
left
open
7
BT 25,9
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1335
122
1353
sheep
radius
1
right
fused
7
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1336
122
1353
sheep
tibia
1
left
open
3
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1337
122
1353
sheep
tibia
1
left
open
2
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1338
122
1353
sheep
femur
1
right
fused
7
Bd 36,5
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1339
122
1353
sheep
metatarsal
1
right
fused
3
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1340
122
1353
sheep
metacarpal
1
right
fused
fused
1
GL 113
Bp 19,5
SD 12,3
DD 8,8 Bd 22,6
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1341
122
1353
sheep
phalanx 1
1
fused
fused
1
Glpe 32,0
Bd 10,6
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1342
122
1353
sheep
phalanx 2
1
fused
fused
1
Glpe 19,1
Bd 9,0
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1343
122
1353
sheep
phalanx 3
1
fused
fused
1
DLS 25,5
Ld 21,8
MBS 5,8
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1344
122
1353
sheep
talus
1
right
1
GLl 27,4
GLm 26,6
Bd 17,8
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1388
122
1353
sheep
scapula
1
left
fused
31
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1389
122
1353
sheep
humerus
1
left
open
fused
9
BT 24,0
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1389
122
1353
sheep
humerus
1
left
fused
3
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1390
122
1353
sheep
humerus
1
right
open
2
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1390
122
1353
sheep
radius
1
left
fused
open
5
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1391
122
1353
sheep
ulna
1
right
open
10
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1392
122
1353
sheep
ulna
1
left
open
10
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1393
122
1353
sheep
ulna
1
left
fused
3
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1394
122
1353
sheep
pelvis
1
right
23
male
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1395
122
1353
sheep
pelvis
1
left
24
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1396
122
1353
sheep
pelvis
1
left
25
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1397
122
1353
sheep
pelvis
1
left
26
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1398
122
1353
sheep
pelvis
1
left
29
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1399
122
1353
sheep
femur
1
right
open
open
5
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1400
122
1353
sheep
femur
1
right
open
10
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1401
122
1353
sheep
femur
1
left
open
10
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1402
122
1353
sheep
femur
1
left
open
7
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1403
122
1353
sheep
tibia
1
left
fused
4
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1404
122
1353
sheep
tibia
1
left
open
3
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1405
122
1353
sheep
metacarpal
1
right
fused
fused
1
GL 114
Bp 20,7
SD 13,4
DD 9,0 Bd 24,2
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1406
122
1353
sheep
metacarpal
1
right
fused
fused
1
GL 121
Bp 21,8
SD 13,8
DD 8,9 Bd 24,8
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1407
122
1353
sheep
metacarpal
1
left
fused
fused
1
GL 114
Bp 20,5
SD 13,6
DD 9,2 Bd 23,9
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1408
122
1353
sheep
metacarpal
1
left
fused
fused
1
Bp 22,1
Bd 24,9
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1409
122
1353
sheep
metatarsal
1
right
fused
fused
1
GL 124
Bp 20,9
SD 12,4
DD 9,4 Bd 25,5
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1410
122
1353
sheep
metatarsal
1
right
fused
fused
1
Bd 23,0
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1411
122
1353
sheep
metatarsal
1
right
fused
7
Bd 21,5
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1412
122
1353
sheep
metatarsal
1
left
fused
open
5
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1413
122
1353
sheep
metatarsal
1
left
fused
fused
1
GL 120
Bp 18,8
SD 11,3
DD 9,3 Bd 22,8
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1414
122
1353
sheep
metatarsal
1
left
fused
fused
1
GL 118
Bp 19,4
SD 10,9
DD 9,5 Bd 22,1
sheep skeletons
279
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
2
1260
hc
1415
122
1353
sheep
metatarsal
1
left
fused
fused
1
GL 129
Bp 20,3
SD 12,0
DD 8,6 Bd 23,5
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1416
122
1353
sheep
ct
2
1
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1417
122
1353
sheep
phalanx 1
1
fused
fused
1
Glpe 31,4
Bd 11,0
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1418
122
1353
sheep
phalanx 1
1
fused
fused
1
Glpe 33,7
Bd 10,0
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1419
122
1353
sheep
phalanx 1
1
fused
fused
1
Glpe 34,3
Bd 10,5
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1420
122
1353
sheep
phalanx 1
1
fused
fused
1
Glpe 29,9
Bd 9,1
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1421
122
1353
sheep
phalanx 1
1
fused
fused
1
Glpe 33,7
Bd 11,8
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1422
122
1353
sheep
phalanx 1
1
fused
fused
1
Glpe 33,6
Bd 10,7
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1423
122
1353
sheep
phalanx 1
1
fused
fused
1
Glpe 33,5
Bd 11,1
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1424
122
1353
sheep
phalanx 1
1
fused
fused
1
Glpe 30,9
Bd 10,5
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1425
122
1353
sheep
phalanx 1
1
fused
fused
1
Glpe 32,6
Bd 11,0
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1426
122
1353
sheep
phalanx 1
1
fused
fused
1
Glpe 31,8
Bd 10,0
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1427
122
1353
sheep
phalanx 2
1
fused
fused
1
Glpe 20,5
Bd 8,9
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1428
122
1353
sheep
phalanx 2
1
fused
fused
1
Glpe 19,8
Bd 7,9
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1429
122
1353
sheep
phalanx 2
1
fused
fused
1
Glpe 19,1
Bd 7,3
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1430
122
1353
sheep
phalanx 2
1
fused
fused
1
Glpe 20,3
Bd 8,2
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1431
122
1353
sheep
phalanx 3
1
fused
fused
1
DLS 28,0
Ld 21,5
MBS 5,6
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1432
122
1353
sheep
phalanx 3
1
fused
fused
1
DLS 25,5
Ld 21,8
MBS 6,1
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1433
122
1353
sheep
phalanx 3
1
fused
fused
1
DLS 27,1
Ld 22,1
MBS 6,0
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1434
122
1353
sheep
axis
1
no side
fused
fused
1
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1435
122
1353
sheep
vert cerv
1
no side
fused
open
1
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1705
122
1353
sheep
pelvis
1
left
24
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1706
122
1353
sheep
pelvis
1
left
25
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1707
122
1353
sheep
pelvis
1
left
26
female
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1708
122
1353
sheep
pelvis
1
left
0
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1709
122
1353
sheep
scapula
1
left
0
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1710
122
1353
sheep
humerus
1
right
open
fused
9
BT 23,9
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1711
122
1353
sheep
humerus
1
right
fused
7
BT 27,6
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1712
122
1353
sheep
humerus
1
left
open
2
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1713
122
1353
sheep
radius
1
left
open
6
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1714
122
1353
sheep
radius
1
right
fused
fused
1
GL 128
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1715
122
1353
sheep
ulna
1
right
fused
3
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1716
122
1353
sheep
femur
1
right
fused
4
Bp 41,7
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1717
122
1353
sheep
tibia
1
right
fused
8
Bd 25,0
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1718
122
1353
sheep
metatarsal
1
right
fused
fused
1
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1719
122
1353
sheep
vert cerv
1
no side
fused
fused
1
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1720
122
1353
sheep
vert thor
2
no side
open
open
18+19
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1721
122
1353
sheep
femur
1
right
open
0
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1722
122
1353
sheep
calcaneus
1
right
fused
1
GL 51,4
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1723
122
1353
sheep
ct
1
1
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1724
122
1353
sheep
phalanx 1
1
open
fused
9
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1725
122
1353
sheep
phalanx 1
1
fused
fused
1
Glpe 33,5
Bd 10,3
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1726
122
1353
sheep
phalanx 1
1
fused
fused
1
Glpe 33,0
Bd 11,1
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1727
122
1353
sheep
phalanx 1
1
fused
fused
1
Glpe 31,0
Bd 10,6
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1728
122
1353
sheep
phalanx 1
1
fused
fused
1
Glpe 33,6
Bd 10,7
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1729
122
1353
sheep
phalanx 1
1
fused
fused
1
Glpe 33,8
Bd 11,4
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1730
122
1353
sheep
phalanx 1
1
fused
fused
1
Glpe 31,4
Bd 10,1
sheep skeletons
280
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
2
1260
hc
1731
122
1353
sheep
phalanx 1
1
fused
fused
1
Glpe 30,6
Bd 9,6
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1732
122
1353
sheep
phalanx 2
1
fused
fused
1
Glpe 20,0
Bd 8,4
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1733
122
1353
sheep
phalanx 3
1
fused
fused
1
DLS 24,8
MBS 5,2
Ld 20,6
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1844
122
1353
sheep
mandible
1
right
32
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1845
122
1353
sheep
mandible
1
right
32
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1846
122
1353
sheep
mandible
1
left
32
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1847
122
1353
sheep
mandible
1
no side
32
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1848
122
1353
sheep
mandible
1
34
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1849
122
1353
sheep
scapula
3
left
fused
31
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1850
122
1353
sheep
scapula
1
left
31
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1851
122
1353
sheep
scapula
2
right
fused
31
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1852
122
1353
sheep
pelvis
1
right
24+25
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1853
122
1353
sheep
pelvis
1
right
0
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1854
122
1353
sheep
pelvis
1
left
23
male
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1855
122
1353
sheep
pelvis
1
left
23
male
me ed 5,9
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1856
122
1353
sheep
pelvis
1
left
23
chopped
male
me ed 3,9
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1857
122
1353
sheep
pelvis
1
left
23
me ed 3,2
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1858
122
1353
sheep
pelvis
1
left
24+25
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1859
122
1353
sheep
humerus
1
right
open
3
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1860
122
1353
sheep
humerus
1
left
open
fused
9
BT 25,9
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1861
122
1353
sheep
humerus
1
left
fused
7
BT 28,9
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1862
122
1353
sheep
humerus
1
left
fused
7
BT 24,5
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1863
122
1353
sheep
radius
1
right
fused
open
5
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1864
122
1353
sheep
radius
1
left
fused
open
5
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1865
122
1353
sheep
radius
1
left
open
12
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1866
122
1353
sheep
radius
1
left
fused
fused
1
GL 134
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1867
122
1353
sheep
femur
1
right
open
6
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1868
122
1353
sheep
femur
1
left
fused
7
Bd 33,3
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1869
122
1353
sheep
femur
2
open
0
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1870
122
1353
sheep
tibia
1
right
11
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1871
122
1353
sheep
tibia
1
left
fused
fused
1
Bp 39,8
Bd 25,1
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1872
122
1353
sheep
tibia
1
left
fused
7
Bd 25,0
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1873
122
1353
sheep
metacarpal
1
left
fused
fused
1
GL 112
Bp 19,9
SD 13,3
DD 9,4 Bd 22,7
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1874
122
1353
sheep
talus
1
left
1
GLl 25,8
GLm 24,9
Bd 16,9
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1875
122
1353
sheep
calcaneus
1
right
fused
0
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1876
122
1353
sheep
atlas
1
no side
1
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1877
122
1353
sheep
atlas
2
no side
19
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1878
122
1353
sheep
axis
1
no side
fused
21
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1879
122
1353
sheep
vert cerv
4
no side
fused
fused
1
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1880
122
1353
sheep
vert thor
1
no side closing
open
1
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1881
122
1353
sheep
vert thor
2
no side
open
open
1
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1882
122
1353
sheep
vert thor
1
no side
open
open
18+19
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1883
122
1353
sheep
vert thor
2
no side
22
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1884
122
1353
sheep
vert lumb
1
no side
open
open
1
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1885
122
1353
sheep
vert lumb
1
no side
fused
fused
1
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1886
122
1353
sheep
vert lumb
2
no side closing
open
1
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1887
122
1353
sheep
sacrum
1
no side
closing
20
sheep skeletons
fused
281
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
2
1260
hc
1888
122
1353
sheep
vert
5
no side
0
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1889
122
1353
sheep
teeth
5
1
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1890
122
1353
sheep
teeth
2
1
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1891
122
1353
sheep
skull
1
right
43
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1892
122
1353
sheep
skull
1
left
43
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1893
122
1353
sheep
skull
1
right
42
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1894
122
1353
sheep
skull
1
right
39
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1895
122
1353
sheep
skull
1
right
39
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1896
122
1353
sheep
skull
1
left
39
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1897
122
1353
sheep
skull
1
left
39
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1898
122
1353
sheep
skull
1
left
39
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1899
122
1353
sheep
skull
1
no side
0
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1900
122
1353
sheep
skull
2
right
41
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1901
122
1353
sheep
skull
1
no side
40
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1902
122
1353
sheep
skull
1
left
41
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1903
122
1353
sheep
skull
1
right
36
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1904
122
1353
sheep
skull
1
right
40+44
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1905
122
1353
sheep
horn core
1
right
1
chopped
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1906
122
1353
sheep
horn core
1
left
1
chopped
40 70
41 26,0
42 18,6
43 76
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1907
122
1353
sheep
horn core
3
0
chopped
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1313
122
1353
sheep/goat
mandible
1
left
32
2
1260
hc
1314
122
1353
sheep/goat
mandible
1
right
33
2
1260
hc
1315
122
1353
sheep/goat
mandible
1
right
35
2
1260
hc
1324
122
1353
sheep/goat
horn core
2
0
2
1260
hc
1325
122
1353
sheep/goat
horn core
1
0
chopped
2
1260
hc
1326
122
1353
sheep/goat
skull
1
no side
43
gnawed
2
1260
hc
1327
122
1353
sheep/goat
skull
1
0
gnawed
2
1260
hc
1328
122
1353
sheep/goat
skull
1
0
2
1260
hc
1329
122
1353
sheep/goat
ulna
1
right
open
9
10
2
1260
hc
1345
122
1353
sheep/goat
teeth
1
right
0
M 3
2
1260
hc
1346
122
1353
sheep/goat
vert cerv
1
no side
open
open
19
chopped
2
1260
hc
1347
122
1353
sheep/goat
vert cerv
1
no side
open
open
18
chopped
2
1260
hc
1348
122
1353
sheep/goat
vert cerv
1
no side
fused
open
19
chopped
2
1260
hc
1353
122
1353
sheep/goat
radius
1
left
11
2
1260
hc
1354
122
1353
sheep/goat
ribs
1
20
2
1260
hc
1366
122
1353
sheep/goat
mandible
1
left
32
in 2 pieces
2
1260
hc
1367
122
1353
sheep/goat
mandible
1
right
32
2
1260
hc
1368
122
1353
sheep/goat
mandible
1
right
32
2
1260
hc
1369
122
1353
sheep/goat
mandible
2
left
33
2
1260
hc
1370
122
1353
sheep/goat
mandible
3
0
2
1260
hc
1371
122
1353
sheep/goat
teeth
1
right
1
M 3
2
1260
hc
1372
122
1353
sheep/goat
teeth
1
right
0
M 3
2
1260
hc
1373
122
1353
sheep/goat
teeth
1
left
1
M 3
2
1260
hc
1374
122
1353
sheep/goat
teeth
1
1
PM
2
1260
hc
1375
122
1353
sheep/goat
teeth
2
0
M1/2
2
1260
hc
1376
122
1353
sheep/goat
teeth
1
right
1
M 3
2
1260
hc
1377
122
1353
sheep/goat
teeth
1
left
1
M 3
282
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
2
1260
hc
1378
122
1353
sheep/goat
teeth
2
left
1
M 1/2
2
1260
hc
1379
122
1353
sheep/goat
teeth
1
left
1
PM
2
1260
hc
1380
122
1353
sheep/goat
skull
1
right
37
2
1260
hc
1381
122
1353
sheep/goat
skull
1
right
37
2
1260
hc
1382
122
1353
sheep/goat
skull
1
no side
43
in 2 pieces
2
1260
hc
1383
122
1353
sheep/goat
skull
1
left
42
2
1260
hc
1384
122
1353
sheep/goat
skull
2
0
2
1260
hc
1385
122
1353
sheep/goat
scapula
5
0
2
1260
hc
1436
122
1353
sheep/goat
axis
1
no side
19
2
1260
hc
1437
122
1353
sheep/goat
vert lumb
1
no side
open
open
1
2
1260
hc
1438
122
1353
sheep/goat
vert lumb
1
no side
fused
20
chopped
2
1260
hc
1439
122
1353
sheep/goat
sternum
1
no side
0
2
1260
hc
1440
122
1353
sheep/goat
horn core
1
45
chopped
2
1260
hc
1451
122
1353
sheep/goat
skull
1
right
38
2
1260
hc
1453
122
1353
sheep/goat
skull
2
0
2
1260
hc
1690
122
1353
sheep/goat
mandible
1
right
32
other
in 3 pieces
2
1260
hc
1691
122
1353
sheep/goat
mandible
1
34
2
1260
hc
1692
122
1353
sheep/goat
mandible
1
right
33
2
1260
hc
1693
122
1353
sheep/goat
mandible
1
0
2
1260
hc
1695
122
1353
sheep/goat
teeth
1
left
1
M 1/2
2
1260
hc
1696
122
1353
sheep/goat
teeth
1
right
1
M 1/2
2
1260
hc
1697
122
1353
sheep/goat
skull
1
right
37
2
1260
hc
1698
122
1353
sheep/goat
skull
1
right
36
2
1260
hc
1699
122
1353
sheep/goat
skull
2
left
41
2
1260
hc
1700
122
1353
sheep/goat
skull
1
0
2
1260
hc
1701
122
1353
sheep/goat
horn core
1
left
45
chopped
2
1260
hc
1702
122
1353
sheep/goat
vert cerv
1
no side
fused
open
19
chopped
2
1260
hc
1703
122
1353
sheep/goat
vert cerv
1
no side
open
open
19
2
1260
hc
1704
122
1353
sheep/goat
vert cerv
1
no side
open
21
2
1260
hc
1737
122
1353
sheep/goat
humerus
1
0
2
1260
hc
1738
122
1353
sheep/goat
femur
1
0
2
1260
hc
1740
122
1353
sheep/goat
sternum
1
no side
0
chopped
2
1260
hc
1316
122
1353
small ungulate scapula
1
0
2
1260
hc
1356
122
1353
small ungulate ribs
1
20
2
1260
hc
1357
122
1353
small ungulate ribs
7
0
2
1260
hc
1358
122
1353
small ungulate ribs
1
21
2
1260
hc
1441
122
1353
small ungulate ribs
1
20
filleting
2
1260
hc
1442
122
1353
small ungulate ribs
6
20
2
1260
hc
1443
122
1353
small ungulate ribs
30
0
2
1260
hc
1444
122
1353
small ungulate ribs
2
0
filleting
2
1260
hc
1445
122
1353
small ungulate ribs
2
21
2
1260
hc
1448
122
1353
small ungulate vert thor
2
no side
22
2
1260
hc
1452
122
1353
small ungulate shaft
1
left
0
2
1260
hc
1734
122
1353
small ungulate ribs
13
0
2
1260
hc
1735
122
1353
small ungulate ribs
1
20
2
1260
hc
1736
122
1353
small ungulate ribs
1
21
2
1260
hc
1739
122
1353
small ungulate shaft
1
0
283
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
2
1260
hc
1742
122
1353
small ungulate vert lumb
1
no side
0
2
1260
hc
1908
122
1353
small ungulate ribs
6
20
2
1260
hc
1909
122
1353
small ungulate ribs
2
21
2
1260
hc
1910
122
1353
small ungulate ribs
17
0
2
1260
hc
1919
122
1353
small ungulate shaft
1
0
2
1260
hc
1363
122
1353
unidentified
skull
7
0
2
1260
hc
1364
122
1353
unidentified
horn core
2
0
2
1260
hc
1365
122
1353
unidentified
unidentified
9
0
2
1260
hc
1450
122
1353
unidentified
vert
3
no side
0
2
1260
hc
1454
122
1353
unidentified
horn core
6
0
2
1260
hc
1455
122
1353
unidentified
skull
6
0
2
1260
hc
1457
122
1353
unidentified
unidentified
39
0
2
1260
hc
1743
122
1353
unidentified
skull
1
0
2
1260
hc
1744
122
1353
unidentified
unidentified
3
0
2
1260
hc
1920
122
1353
unidentified
horn core
1
0
2
1260
hc
1922
122
1353
unidentified
unidentified
1
0
gnawed
2
1260
hc
1923
122
1353
unidentified
skull
31
0
2
1260
hc
1924
122
1353
unidentified
unidentified
92
0
2
1260
hc
1510
130
1353
cattle
teeth
1
left
1
I/C
2
1260
hc
1512
130
1353
cattle
teeth
1
right
1
M 1/2
2
1260
hc
1513
130
1353
cattle
teeth
1
left
1
M 1/2
2
1260
hc
1523
130
1353
cattle
pelvis
1
left
open
25
2
1260
hc
1524
130
1353
cattle
scapula
1
right
open
31
in 2 pieces
2
1260
hc
1525
130
1353
cattle
femur
1
right
open
12
2
1260
hc
1526
130
1353
cattle
skull
1
right
40
calv
2
1260
hc
1551
130
1353
large ungulate
vert thor
1
no side
fused
fused
18+19
2
1260
hc
1554
130
1353
large ungulate
ribs
1
0
2
1260
hc
1518
130
1353
pig
mandible
1
left
32
female
2
1260
hc
1527
130
1353
pig
skull
1
left
42
2
1260
hc
1530
130
1353
sheep
scapula
1
left
fused
31
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1531
130
1353
sheep
humerus
1
right
fused
3
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1532
130
1353
sheep
humerus
1
right
fused
8
BT 24,8
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1533
130
1353
sheep
humerus
1
left
fused
3
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1534
130
1353
sheep
humerus
1
left
fused
7
BT 27,1
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1535
130
1353
sheep
radius
1
right
fused
fused
1
gnawed
GL 141
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1536
130
1353
sheep
ulna
1
right
10
gnawed
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1537
130
1353
sheep
pelvis
1
left
26
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1538
130
1353
sheep
pelvis
1
left
25
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1539
130
1353
sheep
femur
1
right
fused
7
chopped
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1540
130
1353
sheep
femur
1
right
fused
7
Bd 35,6
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1541
130
1353
sheep
femur
1
right
fused
7
Bd 36,5
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1542
130
1353
sheep
femur
1
left
open
10
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1543
130
1353
sheep
tibia
1
left
open
13
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1544
130
1353
sheep
tibia
1
right
open
15
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1545
130
1353
sheep
tibia
1
left
fused
7
Bd 23,7
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1546
130
1353
sheep
atlas
1
no side
3
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1547
130
1353
sheep
vert lumb
2
no side closing
open
1
sheep skeletons
284
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
2
1260
hc
1548
130
1353
sheep
vert lumb
1
no side
fused
fused
1
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1505
130
1353
sheep/goat
mandible
1
left
32
in 6 pieces
2
1260
hc
1506
130
1353
sheep/goat
mandible
1
right
32
in 2 pieces
2
1260
hc
1507
130
1353
sheep/goat
mandible
1
left
33
in 3 pieces
2
1260
hc
1508
130
1353
sheep/goat
mandible
1
34
2
1260
hc
1509
130
1353
sheep/goat
teeth
3
left
1
M 1/2
2
1260
hc
1511
130
1353
sheep/goat
teeth
1
1
PM
2
1260
hc
1514
130
1353
sheep/goat
teeth
2
left
1
M3
2
1260
hc
1515
130
1353
sheep/goat
teeth
3
left
1
M 1/2
2
1260
hc
1516
130
1353
sheep/goat
skull
1
left
37
2
1260
hc
1517
130
1353
sheep/goat
teeth
1
0
2
1260
hc
1520
130
1353
sheep/goat
scapula
3
0
2
1260
hc
1521
130
1353
sheep/goat
skull
1
left
0
2
1260
hc
1528
130
1353
sheep/goat
skull
1
left
42
2
1260
hc
1529
130
1353
sheep/goat
skull
1
0
2
1260
hc
1549
130
1353
sheep/goat
tibia
1
0
2
1260
hc
1550
130
1353
sheep/goat
pelvis
1
left
0
2
1260
hc
1552
130
1353
small ungulate vert lumb
2
no side
0
2
1260
hc
1556
130
1353
small ungulate ribs
5
0
2
1260
hc
1557
130
1353
small ungulate ribs
1
21
2
1260
hc
1558
130
1353
small ungulate shaft
4
0
2
1260
hc
1519
130
1353
unidentified
mandible
2
0
2
1260
hc
1522
130
1353
unidentified
pelvis
1
0
2
1260
hc
1553
130
1353
unidentified
vert
1
no side
0
2
1260
hc
1555
130
1353
unidentified
ribs
1
0
2
1260
hc
1559
130
1353
unidentified
horn core
9
0
2
1260
hc
1560
130
1353
unidentified
skull
10
0
2
1260
hc
1561
130
1353
unidentified
unidentified
64
0
2
1260
1
3022
137
1353
sheep
metatarsal
1
fused
7
2
1260
1
3023
137
1353
small ungulate vert
1
no side
0
2
1260
1
3026
137
1353
small ungulate ribs
1
0
2
1260
1
3024
137
1353
unidentified
unidentified
5
0
burnt
2
1260
1
3025
137
1353
unidentified
teeth
1
0
2
1260
1
3027
137
1353
unidentified
unidentified
53
0
2
1359
hc
2072
81
1360
cattle
femur
1
left
open
10
2
1359
hc
2073
81
1360
cattle
scapula
1
left
0
gnawed
in 2 pieces
2
1359
hc
2074
81
1360
unidentified
unidentified
5
0
2
1359
hc
2154
105
1360
cattle
metatarsal
1
right
open
5
2
1359
hc
2155
105
1360
pig
mandible
1
0
2
1359
hc
2156
105
1360
unidentified
unidentified
2
0
other in 4 pieces
2
1359
hc
2157
111
1360
cattle
teeth
1
1
2
1359
hc
2158
111
1360
cattle
teeth
1
left
1
I
2
1359
hc
2159
111
1360
large ungulate
shaft
1
0
2
1359
hc
2160
111
1360
small ungulate ribs
1
0
2
1359
hc
2161
111
1360
unidentified
ribs
1
0
2
1363
hc
2075
82
1364
unidentified
unidentified
5
0
2
1363
1
2929
108
1364
unidentified
unidentified
38
0
285
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
2
1363
1
2930
108
1364
unidentified
unidentified
4
0
2
1260
hc
1925
93
1367
cattle
teeth
1
0
M
2
1260
hc
1926
93
1367
cattle
teeth
1
0
pd 4
2
1260
hc
1927
93
1367
cattle
scapula
1
left
fused
31
2
1260
hc
1928
93
1367
cattle
radius
1
right
fused
fused
1
in 2 pieces
2
1260
hc
1929
93
1367
cattle
metatarsal
1
left
fused
5
2
1260
hc
1930
93
1367
cattle
metacarpal
1
right
fused
4
2
1260
hc
1931
93
1367
large ungulate
radius
1
0
2
1260
hc
1932
93
1367
large ungulate
vert thor
2
no side
0
2
1260
hc
1933
93
1367
large ungulate
skull
2
0
2
1260
hc
1934
93
1367
unidentified
unidentified
8
0
2
1260
hc
1745
102
1367
cattle
teeth
6
0
M
2
1260
hc
1746
102
1367
cattle
teeth
2
0
M
2
1260
hc
1747
102
1367
cattle
teeth
1
0
PM
2
1260
hc
1751
102
1367
cattle
talus
1
left
0
2
1260
hc
1752
102
1367
cattle
metacarpal
1
left
fused
3
chopped
2
1260
hc
1753
102
1367
cattle
scapula
1
right
fused
0
2
1260
hc
1754
102
1367
large ungulate
scapula
1
0
2
1260
hc
1757
102
1367
large ungulate
ribs
3
0
2
1260
hc
1758
102
1367
large ungulate
ribs
2
0
gnawed
2
1260
hc
1762
102
1367
large ungulate
shaft
1
0
2
1260
hc
1749
102
1367
pig
teeth
1
0
I
2
1260
hc
1750
102
1367
pig
calcaneus
1
left
open
0
2
1260
hc
1755
102
1367
pig
tibia
1
left
0
2
1260
hc
1748
102
1367
sheep/goat
teeth
3
1
M
2
1260
hc
1756
102
1367
sheep/goat
humerus
1
right
12
2
1260
hc
1759
102
1367
small ungulate ribs
3
0
one in 2 pieces
2
1260
hc
1761
102
1367
small ungulate shaft
1
0
gnawed
2
1260
hc
1760
102
1367
unidentified
skull
1
0
2
1260
hc
1763
102
1367
unidentified
unidentified
56
0
2
1260
hc
1764
102
1367
unidentified
unidentified
1
0
gnawed
2
1260
hc
1085
110
1367
cattle
teeth
1
right
1
M 1/2
2
1260
hc
1086
110
1367
cattle
teeth
1
0
pd 4
2
1260
hc
1087
110
1367
cattle
teeth
1
1
PM 2
2
1260
hc
1091
110
1367
cattle
femur
1
left
fused
3
path
2
1260
hc
1092
110
1367
cattle
humerus
1
left
fused
7
BT 67,1
2
1260
hc
1093
110
1367
cattle
radiusulna
1
left
fused
4
ulna only shaft
2
1260
hc
1094
110
1367
cattle
horn core
1
left
1
chopped
44,174
45 67,2
46 43,5
47,179
very oval in form
2
1260
hc
1089
110
1367
large ungulate
mandible
1
0
2
1260
hc
1090
110
1367
large ungulate
scapula
1
right
0
2
1260
hc
1099
110
1367
large ungulate
shaft
1
0
2
1260
hc
1096
110
1367
sheep
radius
1
right
fused
fused
1
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1088
110
1367
sheep/goat
teeth
1
0
M 1/2
2
1260
hc
1095
110
1367
sheep/goat
femur
1
right
open
12
2
1260
hc
1097
110
1367
small ungulate ribs
1
0
2
1260
hc
1098
110
1367
small ungulate shaft
1
0
2
1260
hc
1100
110
1367
unidentified
1
0
horn core
286
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
2
1260
hc
1101
110
1367
unidentified
unidentified
54
0
2
1260
hc
1130
115
1367
cattle
teeth
2
right
1
M 1/2
2
1260
hc
1131
115
1367
cattle
teeth
3
right
1
M 1/2
2
1260
hc
1132
115
1367
cattle
teeth
2
left
1
M 1/2
2
1260
hc
1133
115
1367
cattle
teeth
1
1
PM
2
1260
hc
1140
115
1367
cattle
tibia
1
left
open
fused
9
Bd 52,8
in 3 pieces
2
1260
hc
1141
115
1367
cattle
tibia
1
left
open
2
blg not 1140?
2
1260
hc
1142
115
1367
cattle
humerus
1
left
open
12
in 2 pieces
2
1260
hc
1143
115
1367
cattle
calcaneus
1
left
0
2
1260
hc
1145
115
1367
cattle
talus
1
right
1
GLl 61,0
GLm 55,5
Bd 38,6
2
1260
hc
1138
115
1367
large ungulate
scapula
3
0
2
1260
hc
1146
115
1367
large ungulate
ribs
3
0
2
1260
hc
1147
115
1367
large ungulate
vert thor
1
no side
22
2
1260
hc
1149
115
1367
large ungulate
shaft
1
0
5
2
1260
hc
1136
115
1367
pig
teeth
1
0
blg 1137?
2
1260
hc
1137
115
1367
pig
mandible
1
right
32
male
2
1260
hc
1144
115
1367
pig
pelvis
1
left
23
in 2 pieces
2
1260
hc
1134
115
1367
sheep/goat
teeth
4
1
M 1/2
2
1260
hc
1139
115
1367
small ungulate scapula
1
right
31
2
1260
hc
1135
115
1367
unidentified
hyoideum
1
0
2
1260
hc
1148
115
1367
unidentified
vert
4
no side
0
2
1260
hc
1150
115
1367
unidentified
skull
1
0
2
1260
hc
1151
115
1367
unidentified
unidentified
27
0
2
1260
hc
1185
118
1367
cattle
teeth
1
right
1
M 1/2
2
1260
hc
1186
118
1367
cattle
teeth
1
right
1
M 3
2
1260
hc
1187
118
1367
cattle
teeth
1
right
1
M 1/2
2
1260
hc
1190
118
1367
cattle
mandible
1
left
35
in 3 pieces
2
1260
hc
1192
118
1367
cattle
pelvis
1
right
26
other
female
2
1260
hc
1193
118
1367
cattle
pelvis
1
left
open
25
2
1260
hc
1194
118
1367
cattle
pelvis
1
left
0
gnawed
2
1260
hc
1195
118
1367
large ungulate
shaft
2
0
2
1260
hc
1196
118
1367
large ungulate
skull
1
0
2
1260
hc
1188
118
1367
sheep/goat
teeth
1
left
1
M 1/2
2
1260
hc
1189
118
1367
sheep/goat
mandible
1
right
32
in 4 pieces
2
1260
hc
1197
118
1367
sheep/goat
vert thor
1
no side
fused
fused
1
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1198
118
1367
small ungulate vert
1
no side
0
2
1260
hc
1199
118
1367
small ungulate ribs
1
21
2
1260
hc
1191
118
1367
unidentified
mandible
2
0
2
1260
hc
1200
118
1367
unidentified
unidentified
40
0
2
1260
hc
1275
121
1367
cattle
teeth
4
0
M 1/2
2
1260
hc
1276
121
1367
cattle
teeth
1
0
pd 4
2
1260
hc
1277
121
1367
cattle
teeth
1
0
pd 3
2
1260
hc
1285
121
1367
cattle
metatarsal
2
fused
0
2
1260
hc
1286
121
1367
cattle
radius
1
left
open
6
2
1260
hc
1287
121
1367
cattle
metapodial
1
0
2
1260
hc
1289
121
1367
cattle
axis
1
no side
fused
open
18+19
2
1260
hc
1290
121
1367
cattle
phalanx 1
1
fused
fused
1
287
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
2
1260
hc
1303
121
1367
large ungulate
vert cerv
2
no side
22
2
1260
hc
1304
121
1367
large ungulate
vert
3
no side
0
2
1260
hc
1307
121
1367
large ungulate
ribs
1
0
filleting
2
1260
hc
1308
121
1367
large ungulate
ribs
2
0
2
1260
hc
1309
121
1367
large ungulate
shaft
1
0
2
1260
hc
1283
121
1367
pig
mandible
1
right
32
L 32,6
B 15,4
M 3
2
1260
hc
1284
121
1367
pig
teeth
1
left
1
L 32,8
B 14,9
M3
2
1260
hc
1288
121
1367
pig
tibia
1
right
open
14
gnawed
in 2 pieces
2
1260
hc
1294
121
1367
pig
humerus
1
right
12
2
1260
hc
1296
121
1367
sheep
tibia
1
right
fused
7
Bd 23,0
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1298
121
1367
sheep
phalanx 1
1
fused
fused
1
Glpe 34,0
Bd 10,3
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1299
121
1367
sheep
phalanx 2
1
fused
fused
1
Glpe 20,2
Bd 7,9
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1300
121
1367
sheep
phalanx 2
1
fused
fused
1
Glpe 19,1
Bd 8,1
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1301
121
1367
sheep
phalanx 3
1
fused
fused
1
DLS 25,7
Ld 18,6
MBS 6,5
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1302
121
1367
sheep
phalanx 3
1
fused
fused
1
DLS 25,7
Ld 18,9
MBS 6,4
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1278
121
1367
sheep/goat
teeth
1
right
0
M 3
2
1260
hc
1279
121
1367
sheep/goat
teeth
1
0
M 1/2
2
1260
hc
1280
121
1367
sheep/goat
teeth
1
0
M 1/2
2
1260
hc
1281
121
1367
sheep/goat
teeth
1
right
1
M3
2
1260
hc
1291
121
1367
sheep/goat
phalanx 1
1
fused
7
2
1260
hc
1292
121
1367
sheep/goat
talus
1
0
2
1260
hc
1293
121
1367
sheep/goat
vert lumb
1
no side
fused
fused
18+19
2
1260
hc
1295
121
1367
sheep/goat
vert lumb
1
no side
fused
fused
1
sheep skeletons
2
1260
hc
1297
121
1367
sheep/goat
tarsi
1
1
sheep skeletons, ct
2
1260
hc
1306
121
1367
small ungulate ribs
1
0
filleting
2
1260
hc
1282
121
1367
unidentified
teeth
2
0
2
1260
hc
1305
121
1367
unidentified
skull
5
0
2
1260
hc
1310
121
1367
unidentified
unidentified
19
0
2
1260
hc
1311
121
1367
unidentified
unidentified
2
0
gnawed
2
1260
hc
1458
128
1367
cattle
teeth
1
left
1
M 1/2
2
1260
hc
1459
128
1367
cattle
teeth
1
left
1
PM
2
1260
hc
1460
128
1367
cattle
teeth
1
left
0
pd 4
2
1260
hc
1461
128
1367
cattle
teeth
1
0
M 1/2
2
1260
hc
1467
128
1367
cattle
phalanx 1
1
fused
fused
1
Glpe 53,2
Bd 25,9
2
1260
hc
1468
128
1367
cattle
carpi
1
1
Ci
2
1260
hc
1469
128
1367
cattle
tibia
1
left
fused
7
Bd 52,9
2
1260
hc
1471
128
1367
cattle
metapodial
1
0
2
1260
hc
1465
128
1367
large ungulate
scapula
2
0
2
1260
hc
1470
128
1367
large ungulate
tibia
1
0
2
1260
hc
1475
128
1367
large ungulate
shaft
1
0
chopped
2
1260
hc
1476
128
1367
large ungulate
shaft
1
0
2
1260
hc
1477
128
1367
large ungulate
vert thor
2
no side
0
2
1260
hc
1478
128
1367
large ungulate
vert lumb
2
no side
0
2
1260
hc
1479
128
1367
large ungulate
vert
1
no side
0
2
1260
hc
1480
128
1367
large ungulate
ribs
3
0
2
1260
hc
1463
128
1367
pig
teeth
1
1
M 1/2
2
1260
hc
1464
128
1367
pig
teeth
1
1
M 1/2
288
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
g
2
1260
hc
1472
128
1367
pig
humerus
1
left
open
7
gnawed
2
1260
hc
1462
128
1367
sheep/goat
teeth
1
1
M 1/2
2
1260
hc
1473
128
1367
sheep/goat
tibia
1
11
2
1260
hc
1466
128
1367
small ungulate scapula
1
0
2
1260
hc
1474
128
1367
small ungulate shaft
1
0
2
1260
hc
1481
128
1367
unidentified
unidentified
22
0
1
1020
1
2957
120
1369
sheep/goat
teeth
1
1
pd4
1
1020
1
2958
120
1369
unidentified
teeth
3
0
1
1020
1
2959
120
1369
unidentified
unidentified
13
0
1
1020
1
2960
120
1369
unidentified
unidentified
3
0
burnt
1
1020
hc
844
86
1370
cattle
femur
1
right
open
14
in 2 pieces, small
1
1020
1
2961
121
1370
unidentified
unidentified
3
0
1
1372
hc
2098
89
1373
bird
ulna
1
open
open
1
blg tgh with 2 next?
1
1372
hc
2099
89
1373
bird
femur
1
8
blg tgh with pre and next?
1
1372
hc
2100
89
1373
bird
metatarsal
1
7
blg tgh with 2 above?
1
1372
hc
2101
89
1373
bird
femur
1
left
fused
fused
1
hen?
1
1372
hc
2102
89
1373
bird
humerus
1
right
fused
fused
1
hen?
1
1372
hc
2103
89
1373
bird
humerus
1
left
fused
fused
1
hen?
1
1372
hc
2104
89
1373
bird
radius
1
fused
8
hen?
1
1372
hc
2105
89
1373
bird
ulna
1
fused
fused
1
hen?
1
1372
hc
2106
89
1373
bird
tibia
1
right
fused
fused
1
hen?
1
1372
hc
2107
89
1373
bird
tibia
1
left
fused
fused
1
hen?
1
1372
hc
2085
89
1373
cattle
teeth
1
0
1
1372
hc
2086
89
1373
cattle
scapula
1
left
31
1
1372
hc
2087
89
1373
cattle
femur
1
0
1
1372
hc
2088
89
1373
large ungulate
femur
3
0
1
1372
hc
2095
89
1373
large ungulate
ribs
1
0
filleting
1
1372
hc
2096
89
1373
large ungulate
ribs
7
0
1
1372
hc
2097
89
1373
large ungulate
pelvis
1
0
1
1372
hc
2089
89
1373
pig
femur
1
right
open
open
9
in 2 pieces
1
1372
hc
2090
89
1373
sheep/goat
tibia
1
right
12
1
1372
hc
2091
89
1373
sheep/goat
mandible
1
left
32
in 2 pieces
1
1372
hc
2092
89
1373
sheep/goat
vert cerv
1
no side
fused
fused
1
articulates with 2093?
1
1372
hc
2093
89
1373
sheep/goat
vert cerv
1
no side
fused
open
1
articulates with 2092?
1
1372
hc
2094
89
1373
sheep/goat
vert cerv
1
no side
open
0
1
1372
hc
2108
89
1373
unidentified
unidentified
16
0
1
1372
1
2962
122
1373
bird
skull
4
no side
43
Gallus gallus
1
1372
1
2963
122
1373
bird
vert
1
no side
1
1
1372
1
2964
122
1373
bird
unidentified
1
0
articulare, gallus
1
1372
1
2965
122
1373
unidentified
unidentified
14
0
1
1372
1
2966
122
1373
unidentified
unidentified
1
0
burnt
1
1317
hc
1006
107
1374
large ungulate
mandible
2
0
1
1317
hc
1007
107
1374
unidentified
unidentified
2
0
1
1317
1
3018
127
1374
unidentified
unidentified
4
0
3
1375
1
3039
141
1377
unidentified
unidentified
1
0
burnt
3
1375
1
3040
141
1377
unidentified
unidentified
13
0
SK085/86
hc
2135
100
1384
cattle
talus
1
right
1
other
Bd 34,7
blg tgt with 2136?
289
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
g
SK085/86
hc
2136
100
1384
cattle
calcaneus
1
right
8
gnawed
blg tgt with 2135?
g
SK085/86
hc
2137
100
1384
cattle
teeth
1
0
g
SK085/86
hc
2138
100
1384
cattle
phalanx 2
1
fused
1
g
SK085/86
hc
2142
100
1384
large ungulate
ribs
2
0
g
SK085/86
hc
2141
100
1384
pig
metapodial
1
0
g
SK085/86
hc
2143
100
1384
pig
ulna
1
0
g
SK085/86
hc
2140
100
1384
sheep/goat
teeth
1
0
g
SK085/86
hc
2139
100
1384
small ungulate scapula
1
0
g
SK085/86
hc
2144
100
1384
unidentified
unidentified
3
0
gnawed
g
SK085/86
hc
2145
100
1384
unidentified
unidentified
52
0
g
SK089
hc
2311
159
1386
cat
skull
3
0
grave cat
g
SK089
hc
2312
159
1386
cat
mandible
1
right
1
grave cat
g
SK089
hc
2313
159
1386
cat
vert cerv
1
no side
fused
fused
1
grave cat
g
SK089
hc
2314
159
1386
cat
vert thor
1
no side
fused
closing
1
grave cat
g
SK089
hc
2315
159
1386
cat
vert lumb
2
no side
fused
closing
1
grave cat
g
SK089
hc
2316
159
1386
cat
vert caud
1
no side
fused
fused
1
grave cat
g
SK089
hc
2317
159
1386
cat
sternum
1
no side
1
grave cat
g
SK089
hc
2318
159
1386
cat
ribs
1
1
grave cat
g
SK089
hc
2319
159
1386
cat
ribs
5
20
grave cat
g
SK089
hc
2320
159
1386
cat
ribs
5
21
grave cat
g
SK089
hc
2321
159
1386
cat
ribs
16
0
grave cat
g
SK089
hc
2322
159
1386
cat
humerus
1
right
fused
7
Bd 15,1
grave cat
g
SK089
hc
2323
159
1386
cat
humerus
1
right
closing
3
grave cat
g
SK089
hc
2324
159
1386
cat
radius
1
right
fused
3
grave cat
g
SK089
hc
2325
159
1386
cat
radius
1
right
fused
7
grave cat
g
SK089
hc
2326
159
1386
cat
ulna
1
right
fused
4
grave cat
g
SK089
hc
2327
159
1386
cat
ulna
1
left
fused
3
grave cat
g
SK089
hc
2328
159
1386
cat
tibia
1
left
fused
7
Bd 12,4
grave cat
g
SK089
hc
2329
159
1386
cat
calcaneus
1
right
fused
1
GL 22,8
grave cat
g
SK089
hc
2330
159
1386
cat
metacarpal
4
0
grave cat
g
SK089
hc
2331
159
1386
cat
metatarsal
4
fused
1
gravecat
g
SK089
hc
2332
159
1386
cat
metapodial
1
0
gravecat
g
SK089
hc
2301
159
1386
cattle
teeth
2
0
g
SK089
hc
2302
159
1386
cattle
ct
1
0
30%
g
SK089
hc
2307
159
1386
large ungulate
skull
2
0
g
SK089
hc
2308
159
1386
large ungulate
shaft
6
0
g
SK089
hc
2306
159
1386
pig
humerus
1
left
12
g
SK089
hc
2303
159
1386
sheep
metatarsal
1
right
5
g
SK089
hc
2304
159
1386
sheep/goat
teeth
1
0
g
SK089
hc
2305
159
1386
sheep/goat
radiusulna
1
0
g
SK089
hc
2309
159
1386
small ungulate mandible
2
0
g
SK089
hc
2310
159
1386
unidentified
unidentified
40
0
g
SK090
hc
2146
101
1387
cattle
calcaneus
1
open
2
g
SK090
hc
2149
101
1387
large ungulate
shaft
1
0
g
SK090
hc
2150
101
1387
large ungulate
skull
1
0
g
SK090
hc
2151
101
1387
large ungulate
ribs
1
0
g
SK090
hc
2152
101
1387
large ungulate
ribs
1
21
in 3 pieces
290
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
g
SK090
hc
2148
101
1387
sheep
metacarpal
1
right
closing
7
Bd 22,9
g
SK090
hc
2147
101
1387
sheep/goat
humerus
1
left
closing
6
g
SK090
hc
2153
101
1387
unidentified
unidentified
8
0
g
SK 89
1
3019
128
1390
small ungulate vert
2
no side
0
3
1375
hc
2233
134
1396
cattle
teeth
1
left
1
I
3
1375
hc
2234
134
1396
cattle
teeth
5
0
3
1375
hc
2235
134
1396
cattle
teeth
3
0
3
1375
hc
2236
134
1396
cattle
skull
1
left
37
3
1375
hc
2237
134
1396
cattle
skull
1
left
41
3
1375
hc
2240
134
1396
large ungulate
scapula
1
0
3
1375
hc
2241
134
1396
large ungulate
ribs
1
0
3
1375
hc
2242
134
1396
large ungulate
pelvis
1
0
3
1375
hc
2244
134
1396
rabbit
humerus
1
right
12
rabbit elbow
3
1375
hc
2245
134
1396
rabbit
radius
1
right
fused
4
rabbit elbow
3
1375
hc
2246
134
1396
rabbit
ulna
1
right
13
rabbit elbow
3
1375
hc
2247
134
1396
rabbit
pelvis
1
right
1
rabbit rear end
3
1375
hc
2248
134
1396
rabbit
pelvis
1
left
1
rabbit rear end
3
1375
hc
2249
134
1396
rabbit
tibia
1
right
fused
5
rabbit rear end
3
1375
hc
2238
134
1396
sheep/goat
teeth
1
0
3
1375
hc
2239
134
1396
sheep/goat
radius
1
left
14
3
1375
hc
2243
134
1396
small ungulate shaft
1
0
3
1375
hc
2250
134
1396
unidentified
skull
14
0
3
1375
hc
2251
134
1396
unidentified
teeth
1
0
3
1375
hc
2252
134
1396
unidentified
unidentified
20
0
3
1375
1
3033
139
1396
bird
metatarsal
1
fused
6
bigger than hen?
3
1375
1
3032
139
1396
mouse
teeth
1
1
I
3
1375
1
3034
139
1396
pig
phalanx 2
1
open
fused
9
3
1375
1
3035
139
1396
unidentified
unidentified
2
0
burnt
3
1375
1
3036
139
1396
unidentified
unidentified
43
0
3
1375
hc
2219
133
1397
cattle
teeth
1
0
3
1375
hc
2220
133
1397
cattle
teeth
1
0
3
1375
hc
2221
133
1397
cattle
teeth
1
0
3
1375
hc
2222
133
1397
cattle
metapodial
1
fused
0
3
1375
hc
2223
133
1397
cattle
radius
1
right
fused
0
3
1375
hc
2224
133
1397
cattle
radius
1
left
fused
0
3
1375
hc
2225
133
1397
large ungulate
mandible
1
0
3
1375
hc
2226
133
1397
large ungulate
ulna
1
11
3
1375
hc
2227
133
1397
large ungulate
vert cerv
1
no side
0
3
1375
hc
2228
133
1397
large ungulate
ribs
1
0
3
1375
hc
2229
133
1397
large ungulate
ribs
1
0
filleting
3
1375
hc
2230
133
1397
pig
talus
1
left
1
a bit broken.
3
1375
hc
2231
133
1397
unidentified
skull
4
0
3
1375
hc
2232
133
1397
unidentified
unidentified
7
0
3
1375
1
3028
138
1397
small ungulate shaft
1
0
3
1375
1
3029
138
1397
unidentified
skull
2
0
3
1375
1
3030
138
1397
unidentified
unidentified
138
0
3
1375
1
3031
138
1397
unidentified
unidentified
19
0
291
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
g
SK088
hc
2162
112
1409
cattle
pelvis
1
left
open
24
in 2pieces
g
SK088
hc
2163
112
1409
cattle
skull
1
left
41
50% front
g
SK088
hc
2164
112
1409
cattle
skull
1
0
g
SK088
hc
2165
112
1409
unidentified
shaft
1
0
g
SK088
hc
2166
112
1409
unidentified
unidentified
17
0
g
SK097
hc
2167
113
1430
cattle
teeth
2
0
g
SK100
hc
2168
123
1437
cattle
phalanx 2
1
fused
1
g
SK100
hc
2171
123
1437
large ungulate
ribs
1
0
filleting
g
SK100
hc
2169
123
1437
sheep/goat
metapodial
1
open
0
g
SK100
hc
2170
123
1437
sheep/goat
teeth
1
0
g
SK100
hc
2172
123
1437
unidentified
teeth
1
0
g
SK100
hc
2173
123
1437
unidentified
unidentified
12
0
g
SK102
hc
2174
124
1440
cattle
teeth
1
0
g
SK102
hc
2175
124
1440
cattle
teeth
1
0
g
SK102
hc
2176
124
1440
sheep
metacarpal
1
12
in 2 pieces
g
SK102
hc
2177
124
1440
sheep/goat
teeth
1
0
g
SK102
hc
2178
124
1440
unidentified
unidentified
13
0
g
SK106
hc
2179
125
1449
cattle
teeth
1
0
g
SK110
hc
2197
131
1458
cattle
teeth
1
0
3
1375
1
3048
145
1466
large ungulate
ribs
1
0
3
1375
1
3049
145
1466
pig
teeth
1
1
pd 4
3
1375
1
3050
145
1466
unidentified
unidentified
22
0
3
1375
1
3037
140
1468
bird
humerus
1
fused
5
wader‐sized modern?
3
1375
1
3038
140
1468
unidentified
unidentified
24
0
3
1375
1
3045
144
1471
small ungulate shaft
1
0
3
1375
1
3046
144
1471
unidentified
unidentified
2
0
burnt
3
1375
1
3047
144
1471
unidentified
unidentified
13
0
3
1375
hc
2201
132
1472
cattle
mandible
1
left
32
in 12 pieces
3
1375
hc
2202
132
1472
cattle
teeth
4
0
M 1‐3
3
1375
hc
2203
132
1472
cattle
skull
1
right
37
3
1375
hc
2204
132
1472
cattle
skull
3
0
3
1375
hc
2205
132
1472
cattle
skull
2
left
41
thus, 2 skulls
3
1375
hc
2206
132
1472
cattle
skull
5
0
3
1375
hc
2207
132
1472
cattle
horn core
1
left
44
juv
3
1375
hc
2208
132
1472
cattle
femur
1
left
12
gnawed
3
1375
hc
2209
132
1472
cattle
metatarsal
1
right
15
root etching?
3
1375
hc
2210
132
1472
cattle
scapula
1
left
0
3
1375
hc
2211
132
1472
cattle
teeth
1
0
3
1375
hc
2212
132
1472
cattle
talus
1
right
14
3
1375
hc
2213
132
1472
cattle
sesamoid
1
1
3
1375
hc
2214
132
1472
cattle
fibula/malleolare
1
1
malleolare
3
1375
hc
2215
132
1472
sheep/goat
calcaneus
1
left
14
3
1375
hc
2216
132
1472
small ungulate ribs
1
0
3
1375
hc
2217
132
1472
unidentified
skull
26
0
cattle
3
1375
hc
2218
132
1472
unidentified
unidentified
47
0
3
1375
1
3041
142
1472
mouse
teeth
1
1
I
3
1375
1
3043
142
1472
sheep/goat
metatarsal
1
7
292
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
g
3
1375
1
3042
142
1472
small animal
unidentified
2
0
3
1375
1
3044
142
1472
unidentified
unidentified
20
0
2
1475
hc
1562
149
1477
cattle
teeth
3
0
M
2
1475
hc
1563
149
1477
cattle
radius
1
right
fused
3
2
1475
hc
1564
149
1477
cattle
ulna
1
left
10
2
1475
hc
1566
149
1477
cattle
phalanx 2
2
fused
fused
1
2
1475
hc
1567
149
1477
cattle
calcaneus
1
left
open
1
2
1475
hc
1568
149
1477
cattle
tibia
1
right
fused
7
Bd 58,4
2
1475
hc
1569
149
1477
cattle
pelvis
1
left
23
female
me ed 5,4
2
1475
hc
1572
149
1477
cattle
teeth
2
right
1
i/c
2
1475
hc
1573
149
1477
cattle
teeth
1
1
pd 3
2
1475
hc
1570
149
1477
horse
teeth
1
1
almost unworn
2
1475
hc
1571
149
1477
large ungulate
mandible
1
0
2
1475
hc
1565
149
1477
pig
mandible
1
left
33
in 3 pieces
2
1475
hc
1575
149
1477
small ungulate shaft
3
0
2
1475
hc
1574
149
1477
unidentified
teeth
3
0
2
1475
hc
1576
149
1477
unidentified
unidentified
24
0
2
1475
hc
1944
150
1477
cattle
teeth
1
0
M
2
1475
hc
1945
150
1477
large ungulate
mandible
1
0
2
1475
hc
1946
150
1477
large ungulate
ribs
1
0
2
1475
hc
1947
150
1477
unidentified
ribs
1
0
in 3 pieces
2
1475
hc
1948
150
1477
unidentified
unidentified
4
0
2
1475
1
3060
151
1477
unidentified
unidentified
11
0
2
1475
1
3061
151
1477
unidentified
unidentified
1
0
burnt
2
1475
hc
1579
154
1477
cattle
teeth
1
0
M 1/2
2
1475
hc
1580
154
1477
cattle
teeth
2
1
pd 4
2
1475
hc
1581
154
1477
cattle
teeth
1
1
pd 3
2
1475
hc
1582
154
1477
cattle
metacarpal
1
right
fused
fused
1
2
1475
hc
1583
154
1477
cattle
tibia
1
right
fused
8
Bd 55,9
in 2 pieces
2
1475
hc
1584
154
1477
cattle
scapula
1
left
0
2
1475
hc
1586
154
1477
cattle
skull
1
left
41
2
1475
hc
1585
154
1477
horse
scapula
1
right
0
2
1475
hc
1587
154
1477
pig
skull
1
left
37
in 2 pieces
2
1475
hc
1588
154
1477
sheep
horn core
1
right
44
chopped
40,156
41 57,9
42 42,4
2
1475
hc
1589
154
1477
unidentified
unidentified
3
0
2
1475
hc
2294
155
1477
sheep/goat
humerus
1
left
12
2
1475
hc
2295
155
1477
unidentified
unidentified
2
0
2
1475
1
3068
155
1477
unidentified
unidentified
17
0
2
1475
1
3069
155
1477
unidentified
unidentified
1
0
burnt
2
1482
hc
2256
137
1483
unidentified
unidentified
1
0
burnt
2
1485
hc
2257
138
1486
unidentified
unidentified
1
0
2
1487
hc
2258
139
1488
unidentified
unidentified
4
0
2
1498
hc
2259
140
1499
unidentified
unidentified
1
0
2
1502
1
3051
147
1503
unidentified
teeth
1
0
2
1502
1
3052
147
1503
unidentified
unidentified
1
0
burnt
2
1502
1
3053
147
1503
unidentified
unidentified
3
0
SK114
hc
2260
141
1508
cattle
teeth
1
0
293
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
g
SK114
hc
2261
141
1508
cattle
scapula
1
left
0
in 2 pieces
g
SK115
hc
2262
145
1512
cattle
mandible
1
left
32
g
SK115
hc
2263
145
1512
sheep/goat
teeth
1
0
g
sk122
1
3054
148
1528
cattle
teeth
1
0
g
sk123
1
3055
148
1528
unidentified
unidentified
1
0
burnt
g
sk124
1
3056
148
1528
unidentified
unidentified
6
0
g
SK121
hc
2289
148
1531
cattle
teeth
1
left
1
I
g
SK121
hc
2290
148
1531
pig
teeth
1
0
g
SK121
hc
2291
148
1531
unidentified
shaft
3
0
g
SK121
hc
2292
148
1531
unidentified
unidentified
14
0
1
1534
1
3057
149
1533
sheep/goat
teeth
2
0
1
1534
1
3058
149
1533
sheep/goat
radius
1
left
0
1
1534
1
3059
149
1533
unidentified
unidentified
7
0
SK125
hc
2293
152
1543
pig
metapodial
1
0
2
1346
hc
2076
83
1350+51 cattle
teeth
4
0
2
1346
hc
2077
83
1350+51 cattle
radius
1
right
11
2
1346
hc
2079
83
1350+51 pig
mandible
1
right
32
male
in 6 pieces
2
1346
hc
2080
83
1350+51 pig
teeth
2
1
unerupted
2
1346
hc
2078
83
1350+51 unidentified
ribs
1
0
2
1346
hc
2081
83
1350+51 unidentified
skull
2
0
2
1346
hc
2082
83
1350+51 unidentified
unidentified
9
0
g
SK 018
hc
2360
171
SK 18
cattle
teeth
2
0
g
SK 018
hc
2359
171
SK 18
horse
teeth
1
0
g
SK 018
hc
2363
171
SK 18
large ungulate
shaft
3
0
g
SK 018
hc
2361
171
SK 18
pig
mandible
1
0
g
SK 018
hc
2362
171
SK 18
pig
teeth
1
0
g
SK105
hc
2298
157
SK105
cattle
pelvis
1
0
g
SK105
hc
2299
157
SK105
large ungulate
shaft
2
0
g
SK105
hc
2297
157
SK105
sheep
atlas
1
no side
1
g
SK107
hc
2296
156
SK107
pig
teeth
1
1
I
g
SK108
hc
2342
162
SK108
sheep/goat
teeth
8
0
one tooth
g
SK113
hc
2337
161
SK113
large ungulate
ribs
2
0
g
SK113
hc
2338
161
SK113
large ungulate
shaft
1
0
g
SK113
hc
2339
161
SK113
sheep/goat
tibia
1
12
gnawed
g
SK113
hc
2340
161
SK113
small ungulate shaft
1
0
gnawed
g
SK113
hc
2341
161
SK113
small ungulate shaft
3
0
g
SK115
hc
2300
158
SK115
cattle
teeth
1
0
g
SK116
hc
2345
166
SK116
cattle
pelvis
1
left
0
chopped
g
SK017
hc
2426
185
SK17
pig
teeth
2
0
g
SK003
hc
2412
184
SK3
cattle
talus
1
left
1
GLl 55,0
GLm 50,2
Bd 34,4
g
SK003
hc
2413
184
SK3
cattle
teeth
2
0
g
SK003
hc
2414
184
SK3
cattle
teeth
1
0
g
SK003
hc
2416
184
SK3
cattle
metapodial
1
open
0
g
SK003
hc
2418
184
SK3
large ungulate
metatarsal
1
infant
0
half of shaft, unfused
g
SK003
hc
2419
184
SK3
large ungulate
vert cerv
1
no side
0
g
SK003
hc
2420
184
SK3
large ungulate
vert
1
no side
0
g
SK003
hc
2421
184
SK3
large ungulate
ribs
1
0
g
294
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
g
SK003
hc
2423
184
SK3
large ungulate
shaft
6
0
g
SK003
hc
2424
184
SK3
large ungulate
skull
3
0
g
SK003
hc
2415
184
SK3
pig
teeth
1
0
g
SK003
hc
2417
184
SK3
pig
phalanx 3
1
0
g
SK003
hc
2422
184
SK3
small ungulate ribs
1
0
g
SK003
hc
2425
184
SK3
unidentified
unidentified
62
0
g
SK031
hc
2429
187
SK31
large ungulate
ribs
1
0
g
SK031
hc
2427
187
SK31
pig
talus
1
left
0
g
SK031
hc
2428
187
SK31
pig
teeth
1
0
g
SK031
hc
2430
187
SK31
unidentified
unidentified
62
0
g
SK035
hc
2368
173
SK35
large ungulate
shaft
1
0
g
SK036
hc
2364
172
SK36
cattle
teeth
1
right
0
i
g
SK036
hc
2365
172
SK36
cattle
teeth
1
left
1
i
g
SK036
hc
2366
172
SK36
cattle
metatarsal
1
right
12
gnawed
in two pieces
g
SK036
hc
2367
172
SK36
unidentified
unidentified
2
0
g
SK039
hc
2373
175
SK39
large ungulate
shaft
1
0
g
SK039
hc
2371
175
SK39
pig
teeth
1
0
female
C
g
SK039
hc
2372
175
SK39
sheep/goat
ribs
1
20
g
SK039
hc
2374
175
SK39
unidentified
unidentified
1
0
g
SK042
hc
2369
174
SK42
cattle
skull
1
left
43
g
SK042
hc
2370
174
SK42
unidentified
unidentified
3
0
g
SK044
hc
2375
176
SK44
cattle
metacarpal
1
fused
0
g
SK044
hc
2377
176
SK44
large ungulate
ribs
1
21
g
SK044
hc
2376
176
SK44
sheep
metacarpal
1
left
12
g
SK044
hc
2378
176
SK44
small ungulate shaft
2
0
g
SK044
hc
2379
176
SK44
unidentified
shaft
1
0
in 2 pieces, inf?
g
SK044
hc
2380
176
SK44
unidentified
unidentified
11
0
g
SK044
hc
2407
182
SK44
sheep/goat
teeth
1
0
g
SK047
hc
2381
177
SK47
cattle
metapodial
1
0
in 3 pieces
g
SK049
hc
2382
178
SK49
cattle
calcaneus
1
left
open
9
g
SK049
hc
2383
178
SK49
cattle
phalanx 1
1
fused
1
g
SK049
hc
2384
178
SK49
cattle
pelvis
1
left
25
g
SK049
hc
2385
178
SK49
cattle
calcaneus
1
left
0
g
SK049
hc
2386
178
SK49
cattle
metapodial
1
0
g
SK049
hc
2391
178
SK49
large ungulate
ribs
1
0
g
SK049
hc
2388
178
SK49
pig
phalanx 1
1
open
9
g
SK049
hc
2387
178
SK49
sheep/goat
scapula
1
left
0
g
SK049
hc
2389
178
SK49
sheep/goat
teeth
1
0
g
SK049
hc
2390
178
SK49
sheep/goat
teeth
2
0
g
SK049
hc
2392
178
SK49
unidentified
skull
1
0
g
SK049
hc
2393
178
SK49
unidentified
unidentified
20
0
g
SK052
hc
2353
170
SK52
cattle
teeth
1
0
g
SK052
hc
2357
170
SK52
large ungulate
shaft
1
0
g
SK052
hc
2354
170
SK52
pig
scapula
1
left
31
g
SK052
hc
2355
170
SK52
pig
teeth
1
0
g
SK052
hc
2356
170
SK52
sheep/goat
humerus
1
right
13
g
SK052
hc
2358
170
SK52
unidentified
unidentified
5
0
295
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
g
SK068
hc
2409
183
SK68
large ungulate
scapula
1
0
in 2 pieces
g
SK068
hc
2408
183
SK68
pig
hyoideum
1
0
g
SK068
hc
2410
183
SK68
unidentified
mandible
1
0
g
SK068
hc
2411
183
SK68
unidentified
unidentified
9
0
g
SK071
hc
2405
181
SK71
sheep/goat
teeth
1
0
g
SK071
hc
2406
181
SK71
unidentified
unidentified
8
0
g
SK079
hc
2333
160
SK79
cattle
teeth
1
0
g
SK079
hc
2334
160
SK79
cattle
talus
1
right
0
50% med
g
SK079
hc
2335
160
SK79
large ungulate
mandible
1
0
g
SK079
hc
2336
160
SK79
unidentified
unidentified
2
0
g
SK084
hc
2343
164
SK84
cattle
radius
1
left
11
g
SK090
hc
2346
167
SK90
cattle
phalanx 1
1
7
g
SK090
hc
2347
167
SK90
large ungulate
ribs
1
0
g
SK090
hc
2348
167
SK90
unidentified
skull
2
0
g
SK090
hc
2349
167
SK90
unidentified
unidentified
1
0
g
SK090
hc
2351
168
SK90
cattle
teeth
1
0
g
SK090
hc
2350
168
SK90
horse
teeth
1
0
g
SK090
hc
2352
169
SK90
pig
tibia
1
right
fused
7
SK091
hc
2344
165
SK91
sheep/goat
teeth
1
0
g
Table 44. Complete list of animal bones.
296
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
Appendix 16 Radiocarbon Dates Notes 1. All of the sample material from Carrowkeel is unburnt human bone from inhumation burials, apart from two samples of mouse bone recovered from the primary deposit of the main enclosure ditch (1023). 2. The calibration programme for dates from Carrowkeel is: Reimer et al 2004. Lab code
Site
Sample
Yrs BP
Calibrated date range
UB‐7410
Carrowkeel
Foetus
499 ± 29
one sigma AD 1415–1436 two sigma AD 1400–1477
UB‐7411
Carrowkeel
Child
1129 ± 31
one sigma AD 888–970 two sigma AD 782–989
UB‐7412
Carrowkeel
Adult
1186 ± 32
one sigma AD 781–885 two sigma AD 721–960
UB‐7413
Carrowkeel
Foetus
1148 ± 31
one sigma AD 785–968 two sigma AD 780–975
UB‐7414
Carrowkeel
Child
1156 ± 31
one sigma AD 783–960 two sigma AD779–971
UB‐7416
Carrowkeel
Infant
1125 ± 31
one sigma AD 890–970 two sigma AD 783–991
UB‐7417
Carrowkeel
Adult
1228 ± 31
one sigma AD 717–865 two sigma AD 689–884
UB‐7418
Carrowkeel
Infant
1214 ± 31
one sigma AD 774–871 two sigma AD 693–890
UB‐7419
Carrowkeel
Foetus
638 ± 30
one sigma AD 1293–1388 two sigma AD 1284–1396
UB‐7420
Carrowkeel
Adult
1264 ± 31
one sigma AD 689‐773 two sigma AD 667‐861
UB‐7422
Carrowkeel
Foetus
815 ± 31
one sigma AD 1211‐1261 two sigma AD 1169‐1269
UB‐7423
Carrowkeel
Adult
1244 ± 32
one sigma AD 688‐808
297
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
two sigma AD 682‐872 UB‐7424
Carrowkeel
Child
1182 ± 32
one sigma AD 781‐887 two sigma AD 726‐964
UB‐7425
Carrowkeel
Adolescent
1250 ± 34
one sigma AD 687‐802 two sigma AD 676‐870
UB‐7426
Carrowkeel
Infant
830 ± 31
one sigma AD 1186‐1254 two sigma AD 1159‐1265
UB‐7427
Carrowkeel
Adult
940 ± 31
one sigma AD 1034‐1153 two sigma AD 1024‐1161
UB‐7428
Carrowkeel
Adult
906 ± 31
one sigma AD 1045‐1170 two sigma AD 1038‐1208
UB‐7429
Carrowkeel
Child
1104 ± 31
one sigma AD 896‐981 two sigma AD 885‐1013
UB‐7430
Carrowkeel
Child
1185 ± 31
one sigma AD 781‐886 two sigma AD 723‐951
UB‐7431
Carrowkeel
Child
1193 ± 34
one sigma AD 779‐881 two sigma AD 710‐949
UB‐7432
Carrowkeel
Child
1261 ± 33
one sigma AD 688‐775 two sigma AD 668‐864
UB‐7433
Carrowkeel
Adult
954 ± 31
one sigma AD 1026‐1151 two sigma AD 1022‐1156
UB‐7434
Carrowkeel
Infant
1215 ± 32
one sigma AD 773‐873 two sigma AD 692‐890
UB‐7435
Carrowkeel
Child
1203 ± 32
one sigma AD 778‐870 two sigma AD 694‐936
UB‐7436
Carrowkeel
Adult
1193 ± 31
one sigma AD 780‐880 two sigma AD 716‐943
UB‐7437
Carrowkeel
Infant
949 ± 32
one sigma AD 1028‐1152 two sigma AD 1023‐1158
UB‐7438
Carrowkeel
Adult
935 ± 31
one sigma AD 1039‐1153 two sigma AD 1024‐1165
UB‐7439
Carrowkeel
Child
1168 ± 32
one sigma AD 781‐934 two sigma AD 775‐968
UB‐7440
Carrowkeel
Adult
1301 ± 31
one sigma AD 667‐766
298
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report
two sigma AD 660‐772 UB‐7441
Carrowkeel
Adult
1182 ± 31
one sigma AD 781‐887 two sigma AD 728‐962
UB‐7442
Carrowkeel
Child
907 ± 30
one sigma AD 1045‐1168 two sigma AD 1037‐1207
UB‐7443
Carrowkeel
Adult
1305 ± 34
one sigma AD 665‐766 two sigma AD 658‐773
UB‐7444
Carrowkeel
Child
1113 ± 32
one sigma AD 894‐974 two sigma AD 832‐1015
UB‐7445
Carrowkeel
Adult
1196 ± 35
one sigma AD 779‐880 two sigma AD 694‐946
UB‐7446
Carrowkeel
Infant
1223 ± 33
one sigma AD 723‐869 two sigma AD 689‐887
UB‐7447
Carrowkeel
Foetus
1193 ± 33
one sigma AD 780‐881 two sigma AD 712‐947
UB‐7448
Carrowkeel
Human bone
1249 ± 31
one sigma AD 688‐801 two sigma AD 678‐869
UB‐7449
Carrowkeel
Human bone
1113 ± 32
one sigma AD 894‐974 two sigma AD 832‐1015
UB‐7482
UB‐7483
Carrowkeel
Carrowkeel
Human bone
Human bone
1127
±
one sigma AD 889‐971
1432
two sigma AD 782‐991
1227 ± 31
one sigma AD 718‐866 two sigma AD 689‐884
SUERC‐ 14057
Carrowkeel
Mouse Bone
1245 ± 45
one sigma AD 680‐820 two sigma AD 670‐890
(GU‐ 15326)
299
Appendix 14: General Site Matrix (1000) (1001)
PHASE 3
(1012) (1004) (1329) [1003] [1330]
(1202)
(1362) (1378) (1289)
(1324)
(1290)
(1312)
(1287)
(1306)
[1288]
[1323]
[1291]
[1311]
[1286]
[1305]
(1285) [1284]
PHASE 2C (1125) (1367) (1415) [1124] (1261) upper fill (1420) (1421)
upper fill (1479)
(1478)
(1269) main fill
PHASE 2B (1360)
(1388)
(1353)
(1476)
(1416)
(1422)
int slump
(1417)
(1423)
int slump
(1368)
(1477)
See ditch matrix
extslump extslump
basal fill
PHASE 2A (1014) (1012)
(1013) [1359]
[1260]
[1475]
[1023]
PHASE 1
(1304) (1021)
(1303) (1017)
(1369)
(1315) (1018) (1370) [1020]
(1016)
(1536) [1302]
[1535]
[1015]
(1316) (1533)
(1373)
[1534]
[1372]
(1002)
(1374)
(1376)
(1472) (1471) (1470) [1469] (1466)
(1468)
[1465]
[1467]
(1377)
(1056)
(1396)
(1055) (1063)
(1483)
(1366)
(1280)
(1230)
(1397)
(1065)
(1044)
(1069)
(1067)
(1503)
(1481)
(1499)
(1495)
(1497)
(1486)
(1501)
(1364)
[1064]
[1043]
[1068]
[1066]
[1502]
[1480]
[1498]
[1494]
[1496]
[1485]
[1500]
[1363]
(1048)
(1050)
(1052)
(1046)
[1047]
[1049]
[1051]
[1045]
(1054)
(1464)
[1062]
[1482]
[1365]
[1279]
[1229]
[1053]
(1453) (1474) (1343)
(1331)
(1333)
(1300)
(1172)
(1454)
[1344]
[1332]
[1334]
[1301]
[1171]
[1455]
[1473] [1375]
(1293) (1294)
(1347)
(1295)
(1348)
(1296)
(1349)
(1297)
(1350)
(1298)
(1351)
(1299)
(1352)
[1292]
[1346]
(1493) [1492] (1488)
(1058) (1505)
[1487]
[1057]
[1504]
Appendix 15: SK Area Matrix Foetus & Perinate Infant & Younger child Older child & Adolescent Young adult & Younger mid adu 1450 AD Older mid adult & Older adult
(1244) 1400-1447 SK 15
Radiocarbon dates
[1169]
1400 AD
PHASE 4
1350 AD
1300 AD
1250 AD
1200 AD
PHASE 3 SK 47
1150 AD
1100 AD
1050 AD
SK 4
(1144)
(1071)
SK 25
SK 26
[1143]
[1070]
1000 AD
PHASE 2 (1089)
950 AD
869-1015 SK 32 [1088]
900 AD
(1168)
(1177) 857 - 991 SK 33
SK 30
[1176]
SK 16 (1085)
(1087)
(1163)
(1141)
SK 6
SK 7
SK 11
SK 12
[1084]
[1086]
[1162]
[1140]
SK 21
SK 29
(1131) SK 31
SK 35
SK 36
SK 61
(1161)
SK 10
(1128) 857 - 989 SK 17
[1130]
[1127]
[1160]
SK 34
SK 8 [1167] (1206)
850 AD
(1155) 770 - 899 SK 22
(1254)
[1154]
[1253]
SK 52
SK 43 765 - 890 SK 53
761 - 884 SK 51
800 AD [1205] (1042) 678 - 832 SK 1 PHASE 1
750 AD
(1081) SK 3
[1040] [1080] (1061)
700 AD SK 2 [1059]
650 AD
SK 18
(1428)
1169-1269 SK 60
(1246) SK 44 [1245]
SK 80 SK 67
SK 46
(1390) SK 134 1022-1156 SK 89
SK 76
[1389]
(1393) SK 91
SK 39
[1392]
(1380) 885 - 999 SK 82 [1379] (1083) SK 45 SK 9
SK 19
804 - 975 SK 24
SK 40
(1539)
(1249)
(1310)
SK 123
SK 50
SK 66
[1538]
[1248]
[1309]
SK 28
SK 20 [1082]
SK 58
(1384) (1277) 770 - 899 SK 85
766 - 899 SK 86
SK 49 [[1276]]
(1543) 767 - 898 SK 125
(1409) SK 94 SK 88
(1325) 771 - 900 SK 70
(1437) 765 - 895 SK 100
[1326]
[1408] [1542]
[1436]
[1383]
(1224) 668 - 827 SK 87
(1440)
(1449)
SK 102
SK 106
[1439] [1223]
[1448]
(1320) 682 - 872 SK 69 [1319] (1263) 667 - 783 SK 57 SK 132 [1262]
SK 83
(1000)
(1395) 1038-1208 SK 79 (1458) 1023-1158 SK 110
[1394]
[1457] SK 59
SK 62 (1531)
SK 13 (1116)
(1395)
(1430)
(1446)
SK 128 869-1015 SK 121
SK 129
SK 135
[1530]
SK 5 [1115]
(1342) SK 75 [1341]
SK 130 SK 37
SK 38
SK 84 [1394]
(1414) SK 99
SK 92
SK 95 [1413]
SK 101
SK 97
SK 103
[1429]
SK 105
SK 108
(1546)
SK 109
SK 126
[1445]
[1545] (1528)
(1460) 768 - 897 SK 107 [1459]
SK 104
(1491) 775 - 903 SK 113
(1512) 771 - 900 SK 115
[1490]
[1511]
SK 96
[1527]
(1508)
(1002)
SK 127 765 - 898 SK 122
(1523) 658 - 773 SK 119
660 - 772 SK 114
SK 120
[1522]
[1507]
[1506]
SK 131
SK 14
SK 23
1340-1396 SK 54
(1371) 1159-1265 SK 74 [1339] SK 117
(1518)
1024-1161 SK 77
SK 78
SK 133 1037-1192 SK 116
(1463) 1024-1165 SK 111
[1517]
[1462]
SK 48
SK 55
SK 56
SK 59
SK 65
SK 71
SK 73
SK 118
SK 124
SK 136
859 - 991 SK 41 (1515)
(1282)
SK 63
SK 64
[1283]
[1281]
(1411) SK 68
SK 90 [1410]
798 - 906 SK 27 764 - 890 SK 93
761 - 884 SK 112
SK 42 (1098) (1328) 676 - 870 SK 72 [1327]
(1170)
(1261)
(1264)
Appendix 16: Main enclosure ditch matrix (1000) Topsoil
(1001)
(1031)
(1030)
(1030)
(1030)
(1031)
(1031)
(1031)
PHASE 2C
(1112) (1027) (1398) (1029)
(1029)
(1029)
(1399)
(1029)
(1029)
(1113) (1090)
(1038)
PHASE 2B
(1400) (1091)
(1092)
(1025)
(1027)
(1401)
(1093)
(1114) (1027)
(1026) ((1110))
Int. Int.
((1099))
Ext.
Ext.
Int.
Ext.
Int. Int.
PHASE 2A
(1076)
(1025)
((1111))
(1402)
(1024)
Ext.
Ext.
(1024)
(1024)
(1024)
(1026) Int. slump Slot 1
[1023]
Slot 1a
[1023]
Slot 2
[1023]
Slot 3
[1023]
Slot 4
[1023]
Slot 5
[1023]
(1030)
(1031)
(1101)
(1097)
(1030)
(1095)
(1073)
(1030)
(1188)
(1189)
(1186)
(1126) (1453) (1096)
(1185)
(1454) (1029) [1455]
(1190)
(1029)
(1029)
(1029)
(1029)
(1024)
(1034)
(1183) (1102)
(1103) (1035)
(1032)
Int.
Ext.
((1033))
(1078)
(1122)
(1123)
(1075)
(1079)
(1120)
(1121)
(1094)
(1179) (1077)
((1036))
(1074)
(1192) (1181)
(1076) Int. Int.
Int.
Ext.
Int.
Ext.
Ext.
(1179)
Ext. Int.
(1037)
Slot 6
[1023]
(1076)
Slot 7
[1023]
Slot 8
[1023]
Slot 9
(1076)
(1191)
[1023]
Slot 10 SE facing section
(1178)
[1023] NW facing sec
(1000)
(1196)
(1196)
(1030)
(1235) (1207)
(1217)
(1197)
(1031)
(1011)
(1236) (1208)
(1231) (1211)
(1237) (1198)
(1029)
(1232) (1215)
(1009)
(1010)
(1238)
(1208) (1218)
Int.
(1233)
Ext.
(1184) (1008) (1182) (1214)
(1239) (1219)
(1234)
(1220)
(1199)
(1200)
(1213)
(1039) (1199)
(1072)
(1007)
(1200) ((1006))
Int. Int.
(1180)
Ext.
Int.
Ext.
Int.
Ext.
Int.
Ext.
Ext.
Ext.
(1036) (1221)
(1201)
(1201)
(1005)
(1212)
(1210)
(1037)
(1209) Int. Slot 11 tion
Ext. [1023]
Slot 12
[1023]
Slot 13
[1023]
Slot 14
[1023]
Slot 15
[1023]
Slot 16
[1023]
Related Documents
Carrowkeel Early Med Cemetery (volume 2)
December 2019 13
Carrowkeel Early Med Cemetery (volume 1)
December 2019 12
Med
May 2020 39
Cemetery 2018
May 2020 6
