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Chapter 14 Psychological disorders
psychology fourth edition Psychology, Fourth Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Copyright ©2015, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
LEARNING OUTCOMES • What is abnormality? • How can abnormality be explained? • How abnormality is explained by the different psychological viewpoints? • What is anxiety disorder? • What is mood disorder? • What is personality disorder? • What is schizophrenia? Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
What is Abnormality?
Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Early Explanations of Mental Illness LO 14.1 Explanations of Mental Illness and Defining Abnormal Behavior
• In ancient times holes were cut in an ill person’s head to let out evil spirits in a process called trephining • Hippocrates believed that mental illness came from an imbalance in the body’s four humors – phlegm, black bile, blood, and yellow bile
• In the Middle Ages, the mentally ill were labeled as witches Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Definitions of Abnormality LO 14.1 Explanations of Mental Illness and Defining Abnormal Behavior
• Psychopathology: the study of abnormal behavior • Statistically rare • Deviant from social norms • Subjective discomfort – emotional distress or discomfort
• Maladaptive thinking or behavior – anything that does not allow a person to function within or adapt to the stresses and everyday demands of life Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Definitions of Abnormality LO 14.1 Explanations of Mental Illness and Defining Abnormal Behavior
• Psychological disorders: any pattern of behavior that causes people significant distress, causes them to harm others, or harms their ability to function in daily life
Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
ISLAMIC OVERVIEW • In Islam, the ultimate psychological disorders are those behaviours or mental processes that deviate from the true `aqidah, true shari`ah, and true akhlaq. • Psychological disorders that make a person “ghayr `aqil” will make him/her non-mukallaf (no responsibilities) • Spiritual disease can also lead to psychological disorders in addition to biological and socio-cultural factors • See also Quran 10:62
Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
How can psychological disorders be explained?
Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Biology and Psychopathology LO 14.2 How Disorders Relate to Biological and Psychological Models
• Biological model: psychological disorders have biological or medical causes – biological changes in the chemical, structural, or genetic systems of the body
• Psychodynamic theorists: abnormal behavior stems from repressed conflicts and urges that are fighting to become conscious • Behaviorists: abnormal behavior is learned • Cognitive theorists: abnormal behavior comes from irrational beliefs and illogical patterns of thought
Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Definitions of Abnormality LO 14.2 How Disorders Relate to Biological and Psychological Models
• Sociocultural perspective: abnormal behavior is the product of family, social, and cultural influences – cultural relativity: the need to consider the unique characteristics of the culture in which behavior takes place – culture-bound syndromes: disorders found only in particular cultures
• Biopsychosocial model: incorporates biology, psychology, and culture into a single explanation of abnormal behavior Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
What is Anxiety Disorder?
Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Disorders of Anxiety, Trauma, and Stress LO 14.4 Types and Symptoms of Anxiety Disorders
• Anxiety disorders: the main symptom is excessive or unrealistic worry and fearfulness – free-floating anxiety: anxiety that is unrelated to any realistic, known source
Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Anxiety Disorders LO 14.4 Types and Symptoms of Anxiety Disorders
• Phobia: an irrational, persistent fear of an object, situation, or social activity – social phobia (social anxiety disorder): fear of interacting with others or being in social situations that might lead to a negative evaluation – specific phobia: fear of objects or specific situations or events
Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Phobic Disorders LO 14.4 Types and Symptoms of Anxiety Disorders
• Claustrophobia: fear of being in a small, enclosed space • Acrophobia: fear of heights • Agoraphobia: fear of being in a place or situation from which escape is difficult or impossible – diagnosis requires that one feels anxiety in at least two of five situations Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Anxiety Disorders LO 14.4 Types and Symptoms of Anxiety Disorders
• Panic disorder: panic attacks occur frequently enough to cause the person difficulty in adjusting to daily life – panic attack: sudden onset of intense panic in which multiple physical symptoms of stress occur, often with feelings that one is dying
Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Anxiety Disorders LO 14.4 Types and Symptoms of Anxiety Disorders
• Generalized anxiety disorder: excessive anxieties and worries occur more days than not for at least 6 months
Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder LO 14.4 Types and Symptoms of Anxiety Disorders
• Obsessive-compulsive disorder: intruding, recurring thoughts or obsessions create anxiety that is relieved by performing a repetitive, ritualistic behavior (compulsion)
Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Disorders of Trauma and Stress LO 14.4 Types and Symptoms of Anxiety Disorders
• Acute stress disorder (ASD): a disorder resulting from exposure to a major, traumatic stressor – symptoms include anxiety, dissociation, recurring nightmares, sleep disturbances, problems in concentration, and moments in which people seem to relive the event in dreams and flashbacks – lasting as long as one month after the event Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Disorders of Trauma and Stress LO 14.4 Types and Symptoms of Anxiety Disorders
• Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD): the symptoms associated with ASD last for more than one month – symptoms of PTSD may not develop until more than 6 months after a traumatic event
Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Causes of Anxiety Disorders LO 14.4 Types and Symptoms of Anxiety Disorders
• Psychodynamic explanations point to repressed urges and desires that are trying to surface, creating anxiety that is controlled by the abnormal behavior • Behaviorists believe that disordered behavior is learned through both positive and negative reinforcement
Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Causes of Anxiety Disorders LO 14.4 Types and Symptoms of Anxiety Disorders
• Cognitive psychologists believe that excessive anxiety comes from illogical, irrational thought processes
Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Causes of Anxiety Disorders LO 14.4 Types and Symptoms of Anxiety Disorders
• Irrational thinking – magnification: the tendency to interpret situations as far more dangerous, harmful, or important than they actually are – all-or-nothing thinking: the belief that one’s performance must be perfect or the result will be a total failure – overgeneralization: the interpretation of a single negative event as a never-ending pattern of defeat and failure – minimization: the tendency to give little or no importance to one’s successes or positive events and traits Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Causes of Anxiety Disorders LO 14.4 Types and Symptoms of Anxiety Disorders
• Biological explanations of anxiety disorders – chemical imbalances in the nervous system – genetics – more activity in amygdala and limbic system
• Cultural variations – ataque de nervios – koro – taijin kyofusho (TKS) Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
What is Mood Disorder?
Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Disorders of Mood LO 14.5 Types of Mood Disorders and Their Causes
• Affect: in psychological terms, emotion or mood • Mood disorders: disorders in which mood is severely disturbed – major depressive disorder: severely depressed mood that comes on suddenly and seems to have no external cause may include thoughts of death or suicide most common of diagnosed disorders of mood Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Disorders of Mood LO 14.5 Types of Mood Disorders and Their Causes
• bipolar disorder: periods of mood that may range from normal to manic, with or without episodes of depression (bipolar I disorder), or spans of normal mood interspersed with episodes of major depression and episodes of hypomania (bipolar II disorder) – manic episode: a period of excessive excitement, energy, and elation or irritability
• seasonal affective disorder (SAD): a mood disorder caused by the body’s reaction to low levels of sunlight in the winter months Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Figure 14.1 The Range of Emotions Most people experience a range of emotions over the course of a day or several days, such as mild sadness, calm contentment, or mild elation and happiness. A person with a mood disorder experiences emotions that are extreme and, therefore, abnormal.
Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Causes of Mood Disorders LO 14.5 Types of Mood Disorders and Their Causes
• Behavioral theories link depression to learned helplessness • Cognitive theories see depression as the result of distorted, illogical thinking • Biological explanations of mood disorders look at the function of serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine systems in the brain – genetic origins Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
What is Personality Disorder?
Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Personality Disorders LO 14.9 Types and Causes of Personality Disorders
• Personality disorder: a disorder in which a person adopts a persistent, rigid, and maladaptive pattern of behavior that interferes with normal social interactions – Cluster A: seen as odd or eccentric (Paranoid, Schizoid, Schizotypal) – Cluster B: behavior is dramatic, emotional, or erratic (Antisocial, Borderline, Histrionic, Narcissistic) – Cluster C: the main emotion is anxiety or fearfulness (Avoidant, Dependent, Obsessive-Compulsive)
Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Personality Disorders LO 14.9 Types and Causes of Personality Disorders
• Antisocial personality disorder: a person has no morals or conscience and often behaves in an impulsive manner without regard for the consequences of that behavior • Borderline personality disorder: maladaptive personality pattern in which the person is moody and unstable, lacks a clear sense of identity, and often clings to others Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Causes of Personality Disorders LO 14.9 Types and Causes of Personality Disorders
• Cognitive-learning theorists see personality disorders as a set of learned behavior that has become maladaptive – bad habits learned early on in life – belief systems of the personality disordered person are seen as illogical
• Biological explanations look at genetic factors and stress hormones Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Causes of Personality Disorders LO 14.9 Types and Causes of Personality Disorders
• Other possible causes of personality disorders may include disturbances in family communications and relationships, childhood abuse, neglect, overly strict parenting, overprotective parenting, and parental rejection
Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
What is Schizophrenia
Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Schizophrenia • Schizophrenia - severe disorder in which the person suffers from disordered thinking, bizarre behavior, hallucinations, and is unable to distinguish between fantasy and reality. • Psychotic - the break away from an ability to perceive what is real and what is fantasy. Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
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Schizophrenia • Positive symptoms - symptoms of schizophrenia that are excesses of behavior or occur in addition to normal behavior; hallucinations, delusions, and distorted thinking. – Delusions - false beliefs held by a person who refuses to accept evidence of their falseness. Delusional disorder - a psychotic disorder in which the primary symptom is one or more delusions (may or may not be schizophrenia).
– Hallucinations - false sensory perceptions, such as hearing voices that do not really exist. Menu Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Schizophrenia • Negative symptoms - symptoms of schizophrenia that are less than normal behavior or an absence of normal behavior; poor attention, flat affect, and poor speech production. – Flat affect - a lack of emotional responsiveness.
Menu Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Types of Schizophrenia • Disorganized - type of schizophrenia in which behavior is bizarre and childish and thinking, speech, and motor actions are very disordered. • Catatonic - type of schizophrenia in which the person experiences periods of statue-like immobility mixed with occasional bursts of energetic, frantic movement and talking. • Paranoid - type of schizophrenia in which the person suffers from delusions of persecution, grandeur, and jealousy, together with hallucinations. Menu Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Types of Schizophrenia • Undifferentiated - type of schizophrenia in which the person shows no particular pattern, shifting from one pattern to another, and cannot be neatly classified as disorganized, paranoid, or catatonic. • Residual - type of schizophrenia in which there are no delusions and hallucinations, but the person still experiences negative thoughts, poor language skills, and odd behavior.
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Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Causes of Schizophrenia • Psychoanalytic theories see schizophrenia as resulting from a severe breakdown of the ego, which has become overwhelmed by the demands of the id and results in childish, infantile behavior. • Behaviorists focus on how reinforcement, observational learning, and shaping affect the development of the behavioral symptoms of schizophrenia. • Cognitive theorists see schizophrenia as severely irrational thinking. Menu Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Causes of Schizophrenia • Biological explanations focus on dopamine, structural defects in the brain, and genetic influences in schizophrenia. • Stress-vulnerability model - explanation of disorder that assumes a biological sensitivity, or vulnerability, to a certain disorder will develop under the right conditions of environmental or emotional stress.
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Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
END OF CHAPTER 14 • Questions?
Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
psychology fourth edition Psychology, Fourth Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Copyright ©2015, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
LEARNING OUTCOMES • What is abnormality? • How can abnormality be explained? • How abnormality is explained by the different psychological viewpoints? • What is anxiety disorder? • What is mood disorder? • What is personality disorder? • What is schizophrenia? Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
What is Abnormality?
Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Early Explanations of Mental Illness LO 14.1 Explanations of Mental Illness and Defining Abnormal Behavior
• In ancient times holes were cut in an ill person’s head to let out evil spirits in a process called trephining • Hippocrates believed that mental illness came from an imbalance in the body’s four humors – phlegm, black bile, blood, and yellow bile
• In the Middle Ages, the mentally ill were labeled as witches Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Definitions of Abnormality LO 14.1 Explanations of Mental Illness and Defining Abnormal Behavior
• Psychopathology: the study of abnormal behavior • Statistically rare • Deviant from social norms • Subjective discomfort – emotional distress or discomfort
• Maladaptive thinking or behavior – anything that does not allow a person to function within or adapt to the stresses and everyday demands of life Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Definitions of Abnormality LO 14.1 Explanations of Mental Illness and Defining Abnormal Behavior
• Psychological disorders: any pattern of behavior that causes people significant distress, causes them to harm others, or harms their ability to function in daily life
Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
ISLAMIC OVERVIEW • In Islam, the ultimate psychological disorders are those behaviours or mental processes that deviate from the true `aqidah, true shari`ah, and true akhlaq. • Psychological disorders that make a person “ghayr `aqil” will make him/her non-mukallaf (no responsibilities) • Spiritual disease can also lead to psychological disorders in addition to biological and socio-cultural factors • See also Quran 10:62
Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
How can psychological disorders be explained?
Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Biology and Psychopathology LO 14.2 How Disorders Relate to Biological and Psychological Models
• Biological model: psychological disorders have biological or medical causes – biological changes in the chemical, structural, or genetic systems of the body
• Psychodynamic theorists: abnormal behavior stems from repressed conflicts and urges that are fighting to become conscious • Behaviorists: abnormal behavior is learned • Cognitive theorists: abnormal behavior comes from irrational beliefs and illogical patterns of thought
Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Definitions of Abnormality LO 14.2 How Disorders Relate to Biological and Psychological Models
• Sociocultural perspective: abnormal behavior is the product of family, social, and cultural influences – cultural relativity: the need to consider the unique characteristics of the culture in which behavior takes place – culture-bound syndromes: disorders found only in particular cultures
• Biopsychosocial model: incorporates biology, psychology, and culture into a single explanation of abnormal behavior Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
What is Anxiety Disorder?
Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Disorders of Anxiety, Trauma, and Stress LO 14.4 Types and Symptoms of Anxiety Disorders
• Anxiety disorders: the main symptom is excessive or unrealistic worry and fearfulness – free-floating anxiety: anxiety that is unrelated to any realistic, known source
Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Anxiety Disorders LO 14.4 Types and Symptoms of Anxiety Disorders
• Phobia: an irrational, persistent fear of an object, situation, or social activity – social phobia (social anxiety disorder): fear of interacting with others or being in social situations that might lead to a negative evaluation – specific phobia: fear of objects or specific situations or events
Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Phobic Disorders LO 14.4 Types and Symptoms of Anxiety Disorders
• Claustrophobia: fear of being in a small, enclosed space • Acrophobia: fear of heights • Agoraphobia: fear of being in a place or situation from which escape is difficult or impossible – diagnosis requires that one feels anxiety in at least two of five situations Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Anxiety Disorders LO 14.4 Types and Symptoms of Anxiety Disorders
• Panic disorder: panic attacks occur frequently enough to cause the person difficulty in adjusting to daily life – panic attack: sudden onset of intense panic in which multiple physical symptoms of stress occur, often with feelings that one is dying
Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Anxiety Disorders LO 14.4 Types and Symptoms of Anxiety Disorders
• Generalized anxiety disorder: excessive anxieties and worries occur more days than not for at least 6 months
Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder LO 14.4 Types and Symptoms of Anxiety Disorders
• Obsessive-compulsive disorder: intruding, recurring thoughts or obsessions create anxiety that is relieved by performing a repetitive, ritualistic behavior (compulsion)
Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Disorders of Trauma and Stress LO 14.4 Types and Symptoms of Anxiety Disorders
• Acute stress disorder (ASD): a disorder resulting from exposure to a major, traumatic stressor – symptoms include anxiety, dissociation, recurring nightmares, sleep disturbances, problems in concentration, and moments in which people seem to relive the event in dreams and flashbacks – lasting as long as one month after the event Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Disorders of Trauma and Stress LO 14.4 Types and Symptoms of Anxiety Disorders
• Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD): the symptoms associated with ASD last for more than one month – symptoms of PTSD may not develop until more than 6 months after a traumatic event
Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Causes of Anxiety Disorders LO 14.4 Types and Symptoms of Anxiety Disorders
• Psychodynamic explanations point to repressed urges and desires that are trying to surface, creating anxiety that is controlled by the abnormal behavior • Behaviorists believe that disordered behavior is learned through both positive and negative reinforcement
Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Causes of Anxiety Disorders LO 14.4 Types and Symptoms of Anxiety Disorders
• Cognitive psychologists believe that excessive anxiety comes from illogical, irrational thought processes
Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Causes of Anxiety Disorders LO 14.4 Types and Symptoms of Anxiety Disorders
• Irrational thinking – magnification: the tendency to interpret situations as far more dangerous, harmful, or important than they actually are – all-or-nothing thinking: the belief that one’s performance must be perfect or the result will be a total failure – overgeneralization: the interpretation of a single negative event as a never-ending pattern of defeat and failure – minimization: the tendency to give little or no importance to one’s successes or positive events and traits Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Causes of Anxiety Disorders LO 14.4 Types and Symptoms of Anxiety Disorders
• Biological explanations of anxiety disorders – chemical imbalances in the nervous system – genetics – more activity in amygdala and limbic system
• Cultural variations – ataque de nervios – koro – taijin kyofusho (TKS) Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
What is Mood Disorder?
Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Disorders of Mood LO 14.5 Types of Mood Disorders and Their Causes
• Affect: in psychological terms, emotion or mood • Mood disorders: disorders in which mood is severely disturbed – major depressive disorder: severely depressed mood that comes on suddenly and seems to have no external cause may include thoughts of death or suicide most common of diagnosed disorders of mood Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Disorders of Mood LO 14.5 Types of Mood Disorders and Their Causes
• bipolar disorder: periods of mood that may range from normal to manic, with or without episodes of depression (bipolar I disorder), or spans of normal mood interspersed with episodes of major depression and episodes of hypomania (bipolar II disorder) – manic episode: a period of excessive excitement, energy, and elation or irritability
• seasonal affective disorder (SAD): a mood disorder caused by the body’s reaction to low levels of sunlight in the winter months Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Figure 14.1 The Range of Emotions Most people experience a range of emotions over the course of a day or several days, such as mild sadness, calm contentment, or mild elation and happiness. A person with a mood disorder experiences emotions that are extreme and, therefore, abnormal.
Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Causes of Mood Disorders LO 14.5 Types of Mood Disorders and Their Causes
• Behavioral theories link depression to learned helplessness • Cognitive theories see depression as the result of distorted, illogical thinking • Biological explanations of mood disorders look at the function of serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine systems in the brain – genetic origins Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
What is Personality Disorder?
Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Personality Disorders LO 14.9 Types and Causes of Personality Disorders
• Personality disorder: a disorder in which a person adopts a persistent, rigid, and maladaptive pattern of behavior that interferes with normal social interactions – Cluster A: seen as odd or eccentric (Paranoid, Schizoid, Schizotypal) – Cluster B: behavior is dramatic, emotional, or erratic (Antisocial, Borderline, Histrionic, Narcissistic) – Cluster C: the main emotion is anxiety or fearfulness (Avoidant, Dependent, Obsessive-Compulsive)
Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Personality Disorders LO 14.9 Types and Causes of Personality Disorders
• Antisocial personality disorder: a person has no morals or conscience and often behaves in an impulsive manner without regard for the consequences of that behavior • Borderline personality disorder: maladaptive personality pattern in which the person is moody and unstable, lacks a clear sense of identity, and often clings to others Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Causes of Personality Disorders LO 14.9 Types and Causes of Personality Disorders
• Cognitive-learning theorists see personality disorders as a set of learned behavior that has become maladaptive – bad habits learned early on in life – belief systems of the personality disordered person are seen as illogical
• Biological explanations look at genetic factors and stress hormones Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Causes of Personality Disorders LO 14.9 Types and Causes of Personality Disorders
• Other possible causes of personality disorders may include disturbances in family communications and relationships, childhood abuse, neglect, overly strict parenting, overprotective parenting, and parental rejection
Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
What is Schizophrenia
Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Schizophrenia • Schizophrenia - severe disorder in which the person suffers from disordered thinking, bizarre behavior, hallucinations, and is unable to distinguish between fantasy and reality. • Psychotic - the break away from an ability to perceive what is real and what is fantasy. Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
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Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Schizophrenia • Positive symptoms - symptoms of schizophrenia that are excesses of behavior or occur in addition to normal behavior; hallucinations, delusions, and distorted thinking. – Delusions - false beliefs held by a person who refuses to accept evidence of their falseness. Delusional disorder - a psychotic disorder in which the primary symptom is one or more delusions (may or may not be schizophrenia).
– Hallucinations - false sensory perceptions, such as hearing voices that do not really exist. Menu Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Schizophrenia • Negative symptoms - symptoms of schizophrenia that are less than normal behavior or an absence of normal behavior; poor attention, flat affect, and poor speech production. – Flat affect - a lack of emotional responsiveness.
Menu Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Types of Schizophrenia • Disorganized - type of schizophrenia in which behavior is bizarre and childish and thinking, speech, and motor actions are very disordered. • Catatonic - type of schizophrenia in which the person experiences periods of statue-like immobility mixed with occasional bursts of energetic, frantic movement and talking. • Paranoid - type of schizophrenia in which the person suffers from delusions of persecution, grandeur, and jealousy, together with hallucinations. Menu Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Types of Schizophrenia • Undifferentiated - type of schizophrenia in which the person shows no particular pattern, shifting from one pattern to another, and cannot be neatly classified as disorganized, paranoid, or catatonic. • Residual - type of schizophrenia in which there are no delusions and hallucinations, but the person still experiences negative thoughts, poor language skills, and odd behavior.
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Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Causes of Schizophrenia • Psychoanalytic theories see schizophrenia as resulting from a severe breakdown of the ego, which has become overwhelmed by the demands of the id and results in childish, infantile behavior. • Behaviorists focus on how reinforcement, observational learning, and shaping affect the development of the behavioral symptoms of schizophrenia. • Cognitive theorists see schizophrenia as severely irrational thinking. Menu Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Causes of Schizophrenia • Biological explanations focus on dopamine, structural defects in the brain, and genetic influences in schizophrenia. • Stress-vulnerability model - explanation of disorder that assumes a biological sensitivity, or vulnerability, to a certain disorder will develop under the right conditions of environmental or emotional stress.
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Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
END OF CHAPTER 14 • Questions?
Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
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