C R Issues Lessons

wbe©vnx cwiPvj‡Ki ï‡f”Qv evYx K‡qK `kK Av‡Mi K_v| eªvwRj †`kxq Aa¨vcK cvDwj †d«Bix wk¶v m¤ú‡K© GKwU we‡kl ZË¡ Avwe®‹vi Ki‡jb| wewfbœ Z_¨ I Dcv‡Ëi gva¨‡g wZwb cÖgvY Ki‡jb †h, cÖPwjZ wk¶v e¨e¯’vi gva¨‡g GKRb Kay~l †hfv‡e wkw¶Z n‡q I‡V Zv‡Z A‡bK Ac~Y©Zv _v‡K| we‡kl K‡i GKgyLx wk¶vi d‡j cwicvk¦© †_‡K A‡b‡K Ávb msMÖn Ki‡Z m¶g nq bv| d‡j mgvR Rxe‡b †h wekvj Ávb fvÛvi c‡o Av‡Q, Zv Ae‡nwjZ _vK‡Z _vK‡Z GKmgq wb‡¯—R n‡q c‡o| mgv‡Ri g‡a¨ myß I ¸ß †mB Ávb‡K Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g weKwkZ Kivi c×wZ Avwe®‹vi K‡i cvDwj †d«Bix e¨vcK cÖPvi I L¨vwZ jvf K‡ib| mvgvwRK g~j¨‡eva cÖwZôvq, we‡klfv‡e mgv‡R bZzb RvMi‡Yi †¶‡Î GB c×wZi mwVK cÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g `w¶Y Av‡gwiKvq GK Af~Zc~e© wece mvwaZ nq| mvd‡j¨i †mB m~Î a‡i cvDwj †d«Bix‡K wb‡Ri †`k †_‡K weZvwoZ Kiv n‡qwQj| wKš‘ ZZw`‡b †mB wk¶v e¨e¯’v †d«Bix c×wZ bv‡g e¨vcK cÖmvi jvf K‡i| gyw³hy‡×i ci Non-Formal Education-G A‡bK ‡emiKvwi Dbœqb ms¯’v GB c×wZ Kv‡R jvMv‡bvi †Póv K‡i| GB cÖ‡Póvi gva¨‡g †`k I mgvR‡K Lye mn‡R Av‡jvwoZ Kiv hvq| evsjv‡`‡kI ‡mB c×wZ e¨vcK RbwcÖqZv AR©b Ki‡Z mg_© nq| †mB cÖ‡Póvi wmuwo †e‡q nxW evsjv‡`k `wi`ª Rb‡Mvôxi Kv‡Q ¯’vbxq Bmy¨wfwËK Av‡jvPbvi cÖqvm wb‡q‡Q| nxW evsjv‡`‡ki D‡Ïk¨ GBÑ hviv wb:¯^ I nZ`wi`ª, hv‡`i mvnvh¨ Kivi †KD †bB, Zviv wb‡Riv †hb wb‡R‡`i mvnvh¨v‡_© KvR Ki‡Z m¶g nq| †mB j‡¶¨ cvDwj †d«Bix c×wZ Abymi‡Yi gva¨‡g wb‡Ri ¯^v_© mswkó welq Zviv †hb mwVKfv‡e Zz‡j ai‡Z cv‡i| mg‡qi Zv‡j Zv‡j mgvR I ms¯‹…wZ‡Z A‡bK cwieZ©b mvwaZ n‡q‡Q| wek eQi Av‡M mgvR Rxe‡bi †hme mgm¨v wbim‡bi j‡¶¨ Ges Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ KvR Kiv n‡Zv AvR Zvi MwZ-cÖK…wZ A‡bKUv cv‡ë †M‡Q| †mB cwiewZ©Z cwiw¯’wZ‡Z m„ó bZzb bZzb mgm¨v wb‡q Avgv‡`i fve‡Z n‡”Q| MÖvgxY ch©v‡q hviv GB me mgm¨vi †gvKv‡ejv K‡ib, Zviv hw` †m-m¤ú‡K© mg¨K avibv bv cvq Zvn‡j †m-mgm¨v mgvavb K‡í m‡Pó n‡Z cvi‡e bv| †mB j‡¶¨ Bmy¨wfwËK wb‡`©kbv cÖYqb Kiv n‡q‡Q, †hb ¯’vbxq RbmvaviY Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g Zv‡`i mgvR-Rxe‡bi mgm¨vi g~j wPwýZ Ki‡Z m¶g nq| Avi mgm¨vi g~j wbiƒwcZ n‡j mgvavb mn‡RB †ewi‡q Av‡m| m‡PZbZv e„w× I MÖvgxY mgm¨v mgvav‡b GB Bmy¨wfwËK mfvi wb‡`©kbv mv_©KZv jvf Ki‡eÑ G Avgvi `„p wek¦vm| G D‡`¨v‡Mi m‡½ RwoZ mevB‡K RvbvB Avš—wiK Awfb›`b|

Bmy¨

GjwMb mvnv wbe©vnx cwiPvjK

cÖvmw½K K_v nxW evsjv‡`k `wi`ª RbM‡Yi Av_©-mvgvwRK Dbœq‡b DrmM©xK…Z GKwU RvZxq †emiKvix Dbœqb ms¯’v| †`‡ki 5wU wefv‡M 13wU †Rjvi 28wU Dc‡Rjvq mvgvwRK Dbœqb Kg©m~Px ev¯—evwqZ n‡”Q| GB Kg©m~Pxi g~j j¶¨ n‡jv- Ô`wi`ª gvbyl ‡UKmB Dcv‡q RxweKv wbe©vn Ki‡Z m¶g n‡e Ges mvgvwRK m¤cÖxwZ I mngwg©Zvi gv‡S emevm Ki‡eÕ| Avi GB j¶¨‡K mvg‡b †i‡L nZ`wi`ª‡`i Dbœqb, ¯’vbxq †UKmB msMVb ˆZix, †RÛvi ˆelg¨ I bvix mwnsmZv n«vm, mykvmb I AwaKvi wb‡q KvR Pj‡Q| AskMÖnYg~jK Dbœqb Kvh©µ‡gi AvIZvq msMwVZ `‡ji m`m¨‡`i wb‡q cÖwZwbqZ Bmy¨ mfv AbywôZ n‡”Q| GB Bmy¨ mfvq g~jZ †h me welq I mgm¨v `wi`ª gvbyl†K mvg‡b G‡Mv‡Z w`‡”Q bv †mB me wel‡q m‡PZbZv m„wói j‡¶¨ gvV ch©v‡q Dbœqb mv_xiv `‡ji m`m¨‡`i mv‡_ Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Q| `xN©w`b a‡i Bmy¨ mfvi Av‡jvPbvi welqe¯‘ Dbœqb mv_x†`i Kv‡Q wjwLZ I meUv GK m‡½ †`qv hvqwb| GB KvRwU myôz I my›`ifv‡e m¤úv`b Kivi †¶‡Î cÖZ¨¶ I c‡iv¶fv‡e hviv RwoZ wQj Zv‡`i cÖ‡Z¨K‡K K…ZÁZv RvbvB| we‡klfv‡e mn‡hvMx wbe©vnx cwiPvjK wg. wmj‡f÷vi nvj`vi AK…cYfv‡e w`K-wb‡`©kbvg~jK civgk© w`‡q GB KvRwU mg„× K‡i‡Qb- GRb¨ Zvu‡K Avš—wiKfv‡e ab¨ev` RvbvB| eBwU DcKvi‡fvMx‡`i ¶gZvq‡bi j‡¶¨ m‡PZbZv m„wó‡Z mvgvwRK Dbœqb Kg©m~Pxi mv‡_ RwoZ mK‡ji Kv‡R mnvqK n‡e e‡j Avwg `„pfv‡e wek¦vm Kwi|

Bmy¨

wek¦bv_ ivq ‡m±i cÖavb mvgvwRK Dbœqb Kg©m~Px

m¤úv`‡Ki wb‡e`b gvbe mf¨Zvi Elvj‡Mœ gvbyl wewfbœ cÖwZK~j Ae¯’vi gv‡S evm KiZ| d‡j Zv‡`i‡K wewfbœ mgm¨vi gy‡LvgywL n‡Z n‡q‡Q| G mgm¨v¸‡jv Zviv cÖ_‡g GKvKx mgvav‡bi †Póv K‡i e¨_© n‡q GKZve× nIqvi wPš—v K‡i| MÖvgwfwËK evsjv‡`‡ki 85% Rb‡Mvôx Ae‡nwjZ, wbh©vwZZ, AwaKvi ewÂZ| Zv‡`i mvgvwRK mgm¨v Zz‡j aivi Rb¨ nxW evsjv‡`k Rb¥jMœ †_‡K KvR K‡i Avm‡Q| GÕj‡¶¨ nxW wcwWwc (AskMÖnYg~jK Dbœqb Kg©m~Px) `j MVb K‡i m`m¨‡`i wewfbœ Bmy¨ ev mgm¨v wPwýZ Ki‡Z mnvqZv K‡i| Zv‡`i mgm¨v mgvav‡bi ev¯—e †KŠkj cÖ‡qv‡Mi Rb¨ Zv‡`i wb‡q wewfbœ cÖwk¶Y Kg©kvjv I mfv K‡i Avm‡Q| Bmy¨wfwËK mfv, Gi g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg| mvgvwRK, ivR‰bwZK, A_©‰bwZK, gvbweK I mvs¯‹…wZK †cÖ¶vc‡U D™¢yZ †h me mgm¨v gvby‡li Rxe‡b cÖfve we¯—vi K‡i Zv †h mfvq Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv, ZvB n‡jv Bmy¨wfwËK mfv| GBme welq wb‡q †h mfvq Av‡jvPbv nq| Bmy¨ mfvq wcwWwc `‡ji m`m¨iv mgv‡Ri wewfbœ mgm¨v ev m„ó bZzb Bmy¨ wb‡q gvwmK Av‡jvPbvq wgwjZ n‡q _v‡K| Gme mfvq Zviv we‡kl mgm¨v¸‡jv wPwýZ K‡i Ges mgm¨v †gvKv‡ejvq †KŠkj wba©vib K‡i| d‡j Zv‡`i ¯^v_© msiw¶Z nq Ges †bZ… ‡Z¡ MwZkxjZv ev‡o|

Bmy¨

Bmy¨wfwËK mfv cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ GKwU wb‡`©wkKvi cÖ‡qvRb `xN©w`b †_‡K Abyf~Z n‡q Avm‡Q| G‡Z mfv¸‡jv cwiPvjbvi †¶‡Î MwZkxjZv Avm‡e Ges m`m¨iv wm×vš— MÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g m`m¨‡`i ¶gZvq‡Y Kvh©Kix f~wgKv ivL‡Z cvi‡e| nxW evsjv‡`k mvgvwRK Dbœqb Kg©m~wP wcwWwc `‡ji m`m¨‡`i eZ©gvb Pvwn`v I cÖ‡qvRb we‡ePbv K‡i mgmvgwqK 20wU Bmy¨i Dci ¸i“Z¡ w`‡q‡Q| G¸‡jvi AwaKvskB m`m¨‡`i cÖvZ¨wnK Rxe‡b BwZevPK cÖfve †dj‡e Ges Zv‡`i cwievi, msMVb I mgvR KvVv‡gv‡Z AvZ¥m‡PZbZv m„wó Ki‡e| GB wb‡`©wkKv m`m¨‡`i‡K AvZ¥wek¦vm AR©b I Rxeb`¶Zv Dbœq‡bI DØy× Ki‡e Ges GKZv I `„p g‡bvej RvMv‡Z mvnvh¨ Ki‡e| Avkv Kwi, nxW evsjv‡`‡ki mvgvwRK Dbœqb Kg©m~wPi gvV ch©v‡qi Kgx©‡`i Rb¨ eBwU mnvqK n‡e| Z‡eB G cÖKvkbvi mv_©KZv|

Gg. RvnvsMxi †nv‡mb ‡Kv-AwW©‡bUi mvgvwRK Dbœqb Kg©m~wP

Bmy¨

mdj Bmy¨wfwËK mfvi Rb¨ Dbœqb mv_xi `vwqZ¡ • • • • • • • •

m`m¨‡`i cÖwZ Av¯’v ivLv; fvj †kªvZv nIqv; KZ…©Z¡c~Y© e¨envi cwinvi Kiv; Av‡jvPbvq mevB‡K AskMÖnY Kiv‡bv; wb‡Ri gZ Pvwc‡q bv †`qv; m`m¨‡`i gZvg‡Zi cÖwZ kª×vkxj _vKv; mgqgZ mfv ïi“ I †kl Kiv; m`m¨‡`i Dcw¯’wZ wbwðZ Kiv; • m`m¨‡`i cÖwZ A½xKvi i¶v Kiv; • m`m¨‡`i gv‡S mwVKfv‡e `vwqZ¡ e›Ub K‡i †`qv; • ‡iRy‡jkb †jLv †kl K‡i Dcw¯’Z mevi ¯^v¶i †bqv; • c~e©eZx wm×vš— hvPvB Kiv I cybivq wm×vš— wb‡Z mvnvh¨ Kiv; • m`m¨‡`i cvwievwiK I e¨w³MZ †LuvR Lei †bqv; • cieZx© mfvi ZvwiL, mgq I ¯’vb Rvwb‡q †`qv|

g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e, cÖwZwU Bmy¨ mfvq Av‡jvPbv †k‡l m`m¨‡`i‡K wm×vš— MÖnY Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ Ki‡Z n‡e Ges wm×vš—¸‡jv Ggb n‡e hv‡Z cieZx© mfvq AMÖMwZ hvPvB K‡i †`Lv hvq| Bmy¨ mfvi †¶‡Î Dbœqb mv_xi `¶Zv g~j¨vqb Kivi wb‡`©kK mg~n: 1. mfv¸‡jv‡Z m`m¨‡`i Dcw¯’wZi nvi

2. Bmy¨ †iwR÷vi wbqwgZ I mwVK wbq‡g †jLv 3. Bmy¨ m¤ú‡K© m`m¨‡`i aviYv 4. Bmy¨ Av‡jvPbvi †cÖw¶‡Z m`m¨‡`i cÖvZ¨wnK Rxe‡b Zvi cÖwZdjb 5. `‡ji m`m¨‡`i wbKU Kgx©i MÖnY‡hvM¨Zv 6. m`m¨‡`i Rxeb c×wZ I AvPi‡Yi BwZevPK cwieZ©b 7. Kg© GjvKvi me©gn‡j Kgx©i cwiwPwZ I MÖnY‡hvM¨Zv

wba©vwiZ welqmg~n: 1.¯^v¯’¨ cvV cvV cvV cvV cvV cvV cvV

: : : : : : :

1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7

eq:mwÜKvj cwievi cwiKíbv Mf©eZxi hZœ I wUwU wUKv cywói Acwinvh©Zv h²v †ivM ‡hŠb‡ivM I GBWm& gv`Kvmw³i Kzdj

2.gvbevwaKvi I mykvmb cvV cvV cvV cvV cvV

: : : : :

2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5

bvix wbh©vZb wkïkªg †gŠwjK AwaKvi I mykvmb ‡fvUvwaKvi bvix I wkï cvPvi cÖwZ‡iva

3.cwi‡ek Bmy¨

cvV : 3.1 ¯^v¯’¨m¤§Z cvqLvbv cvV : 3.2 cwi‡ek I e„¶‡ivcb cvV : 3.3 cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM

4.mgvR cwieZ©b I ¯’vbxq msMVb ˆZwi cvV cvV cvV cvV cvV

: : : : :

4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5

Rb¥ wbeÜb evj¨weevn I eûweevn ‡hŠZzK ZvjvK ¯’vbxq †mevg~jK cÖwZôvb

1. ¯^v¯’¨ : •

eq:mwÜKvj

• cwievi cwiKíbv • Mf©eZxi hZœ I wUwU wUKv • cywói ¸i“Z¡ • h²v †ivM • ‡hŠb‡ivM I GBWm& Bmy¨

•

gv`Kvmw³i Kzdj

cvV: 1.1

eq:mwÜKvj D‡Ïk¨: GB cvV †k‡l AskMÖnYKvixMY

eq:mwÜKvjxb aviYv Ges Gmgq †Q‡j †g‡q‡`i kvwiixK I gvbwmK cwieZ©Y¸‡jv ej‡Z cvi‡eb|



cÖRbb I †hŠb ¯^v¯’¨ wk¶vi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|



wK‡kvi wK‡kvix †Q‡j‡g‡q‡`i mv‡_ KiYxq welq¸‡jv wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Ki‡eb Ges †g‡b Pj‡eb| wkïKvj I †hŠeb - G `yÕeq‡mi gvSvgvwS †h mgq Zv‡K eq:mwÜKvj ev ˆK‡kvi e‡j| mvaviYZ: 10 †_‡K 19 eQi eqm ch©š— eq:mwÜKvj| G eq‡mi †Q‡j‡`i‡K wK‡kvi I ‡g‡q‡`i‡K wK‡kvix ejv nq| G mgq Zv‡`i kvixwiK I gvbwmKfv‡e wewfbœ cwieZ©b nq| wK‡kvi‡`i KÚ¯^i Bmy¨

fvix nq, exh©cvZ ïi“ nq, †hŠbv‡½ †jvg MRvq Ges wK‡kvix‡`i gvwmK ïi“ nq, ¯—b eo nq| gvbwmK cwieZ©b †hgb• g‡b bvbv wØav-Ø›Ø I Av‡eM †`Lv hvq • ARvbv wel‡q Rvbvi †KŠZ~nj Rv‡M • ‡Q‡j I †g‡qiv ci¯ú‡ii cÖwZ AvKl©b †eva K‡i • ‡Pnviv I †cvkv‡Ki cÖwZ m‡PZb nq • Ab¨‡`i †_‡K wb‡R‡K Avovj K‡i ivL‡Z Pvq • eo‡`i evav-wb‡la ïb‡Z fvj jv‡M bv • ¯^vaxbfv‡e _vK‡Z cQ›` K‡i gv-evev †Kb †Q‡j‡g‡q‡`i mv‡_ m¤úK© ivL‡eb ? ‡`‡ki †gvU RbmsL¨vi 23 fvM n‡jv wK‡kvi-wK‡kvix Ges GivB AvMvgx w`‡bi fwel¨Z| GB eq‡m Zv‡`i M‡o DVv Af¨vm I AvPiY¸‡jv fwel¨Z Rxeb Mo‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| gv evev G mgq Zv‡`i‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨ I Dc‡`k w`‡q my›`i fwel¨Z Mo‡Z mvnvh¨ Ki‡Z cv‡ib| eq:mwÜKvjxb cwieZ©‡b wK‡kvi-wK‡kvix‡`i g‡b bvbv cÖkœ †`Lv †`q| wb‡R‡`i kixi, bvix-cyi“‡li m¤úK© wel‡q Rvb‡Z B”Qv Rv‡M| ‡ekxi fvM †¶‡Î AwffveKiv cÖRbb I †hŠb ¯^v¯’¨ wb‡q †Q‡j‡g‡qi mv‡_ Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z Pvb bv| Gi d‡j Zviv bvbv ai‡bi mgm¨v ev wec‡` co‡Z cv‡i| †hgbBmy¨

• gvbwmKfv‡e Amnvq‡eva Ki‡Z cv‡i bvbv RvqMv †_‡K fyj Z_¨ †c‡Z cv‡i •

• ‡hŠb n‡Z cv‡i

wbcxo‡bi

wkKvi

A‰ea †hŠb m¤ú‡K© Rwo‡q †h‡Z cv‡i| d‡j GBPAvBwf I GBWmmn †hŠb †ivM ev AbvKvw•¶Z Mf©avi‡bi fq _v‡K| •

evev-gv hw` Gmgq †Lvjv‡gjv I Avš—wiKfv‡e Zv‡`i †e‡o DVvi wewfbœ w`K I mgm¨v wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡ib Z‡e Zv‡`i bvbviKg fq-fxwZ, wØav-Ø›Ø I mgm¨v `~i n‡q cieZx© Rxe‡b Kv‡R jvM‡e Ges fyj Kivi m¤¢vebv _vK‡e bv| ZvB †Q‡j-‡g‡q‡`i my›`i fwel¨Z Mo‡Z Zv‡`i mv‡_ ‡Lvjv‡gjv K_v ejyb, Zv‡`i eyS‡Z wkLyb I Zv‡`i mgm¨vq GwM‡q Avmyb| gv-evev wn‡m‡e †Q‡j-‡g‡q‡`i wK ej‡eb? • G eq‡m Zv‡`i †h cwieZ©b nq †mUv ¯^vfvweK, GRb¨ wPwš—Z ev j¾v cvIqvi wKQz †bB| • G eq‡m kixi ZvovZvwo ev‡o, ZvB ch©vß Lvevi LvIqv DwPZ| • kixi my¯’ ivLvi Rb¨ e¨vqvg Kiv DwPZ • gvwm‡Ki mgq †g‡q‡`i cwi¯‹vi Kvco ev c¨vW e¨envi Kiv DwPZ • G eq‡m ev‡R †Q‡j‡g‡q‡`i mv‡_ †gkv DwPZ bq

Bmy¨

• ‡g‡q‡`i 15 eQi eqm †_‡K 5wU wUwU wUKv †bqv DwPZ • ‡g‡qiv 18 Ges †Q‡jiv 21 eQ‡ii Av‡M we‡q Kiv DwPZ bq • ¯^vgx-¯¿x Qvov Ab¨ Kv‡iv mv‡_ †hŠb m¤úK© Ki‡j †hŠb‡ivM I GBWm n‡Z cv‡i| A‡bK mgq gv-evev †Q‡j-‡g‡qi K_v g‡bv‡hvM w`‡q †kv‡bb bv, GKZidv Dc‡`k †`b| wKš— Zv‡`i K_v ïb‡j Ges Zv‡`i aviYv¸‡jv wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Ki‡j Zviv fvj-g›` eyS‡Z cv‡i Ges mwVK c‡_ Pj‡Z †Póv K‡i| ‡Q‡j‡g‡q‡`i wbqgvbyewZ©Zv ‡QvU‡ejv †_‡K G†`i wbq‡gi g‡a¨ Pj‡Z †kLv‡bv `iKvi| G eq‡m Giv ¯^vaxbfv‡e Pjv‡div Ki‡Z Pvq| Gmgq wbqg Kvbyb Zv‡`i cQ›` bvI n‡Z cv‡i, Z‡e wbq‡gi g‡a¨ Pj‡j wK wK myweav Ges bv Pj‡j wK wK Lvivc w`K Av‡Q Zv eywS‡q ejv cÖ‡qvRb| wK‡kvi eq‡m eÜz-evÜe cÖ‡Z¨K †Q‡j‡g‡qi Gmgq A‡bK eÜz, cvov cÖwZ‡ekxi mv‡_ cwiwPZ nIqvi my‡hvM _v‡K| G eq‡mi eÜz-evÜe fwel¨Z Rxe‡bi Dci cÖfve †d‡j| ZvB mwVK eÜz evQvB Ki‡Z Zv‡`i mvnvh¨ Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| gZ-we‡iva †gvKv‡ejv G eq‡m Zviv wb‡R‡`i eo g‡b Ki‡Z ïi“ K‡i Ges wb‡R‡`i gZvgZ LvUv‡Z †Póv K‡i| A‡bK mgq AwffveKiv Zv gvb‡Z cv‡i bv| d‡j `yÕc‡¶i g‡a¨ g‡bvgvwjb¨ m„wó nq| GB Ae¯’v Gwo‡q Pjv fvj| Zv‡`i cÖksmv Ki‡j fwel¨‡Z K_v †g‡b Pj‡Z AvMÖnx nq| ‡Q‡j‡g‡q‡`i AvZ¥m¤§vb‡eva ‡h me †Q‡j‡g‡qi wb‡Ri Dci wek¦vm I m¤§vb Av‡Q Zviv Bmy¨

A‡bK mvnm I Av¯’v wb‡q Rxe‡b Pj‡Z cv‡i| ‡h †Kvb cwi‡e‡k wb‡R‡K Lvc LvIqv‡Z cv‡I Ges me ai‡bi cwiw¯’wZ †gvKv‡ejv I Lvc LvIqv‡Z Zv‡`i Rb¨ myweav nq| ZvB• ‡Q‡j‡g‡q‡`i gZvgZ‡K ¸i“Z¡ w`b • msmv‡ii †QvULv‡Uv Kv‡Ri `vwqZ¡ w`b • ZvivI †h cwiev‡ii ¸i“Z¡c~Y© m`m¨ Zv Zv‡`i eywS‡q w`b • mewKQz‡Z †Q‡j I ‡g‡q‡K mgvb my‡hvM w`b • ‡Q‡j †g‡qi mvg‡b SMov weev` ‡_‡K weiZ _vKzb • ‡Q‡j‡g‡qiv fyj Ki‡j eKvSKv bv K‡i fvjfv‡e eywS‡q ejyb • `~e©j I cÖwZeÜx mš—v‡bi cÖwZ GKUz †ekx hZœevb †nvb

Bmy¨

1.1

wk¶v_x©‡`i cvV hvPvB: eq:mwÜKvj

cÖkœ wK‡kvi Kviv?

Rv‡b I ey‡S (msL¨v) DËi`vZvi msL¨v cy‡ivcy ‡gvUv G‡Kev‡i wi gywU Rv‡b bv

DËi

wK‡kvix 10 †_‡K 19 eQ‡ii †Q‡j‡g‡qivB wK‡kvi wK‡kvix|

eq:mwÜKvj wK? wkïKvj I †hŠeb-G `yÕ‡qi gvSvgvwS mgq n‡jv eq:mwÜKvj| eq:mwÜKv‡j †Q‡j I †g‡q‡`i wK wK gvbwmK cwieZ©b †`Lv hvq?

wØav, ØÜ I Av‡eM †`Lv hvq; ARvbv welq Rvbvi †KŠZ~nj Rv‡M; wecixZ wj‡½i cÖwZ AvKl©Y‡eva, †mŠ›`‡h©i cÖwZ m‡PZb nq; wb‡R‡K Avovj K‡i ivL‡Z Pvq; ¯^vaxb _vK‡Z cQ›` K‡i; evuav wb‡la fvj jv‡M bv|

eq:mwÜKv‡j †Q‡j‡g‡qiv wK ai‡bi wec` ev mgm¨vq co‡Z cv‡i?

wb‡R‡`i Amnvq †eva K‡i; fzj Z_¨ †c‡Z cv‡i; †hŠb wbcxo‡bi wkKvi n‡Z cv‡i; A‰ea †hŠb m¤ú‡K© Rwo‡q bvbvb wecwË NUv‡Z cv‡i|

eq:mwÜKv‡j GKZidv Dc‡`k bv w`‡q †Q‡j‡g‡q†`i †Q‡j ‡g‡q‡`i mv‡_ mv‡_ wcZv mym¤úK© ivL‡eb|

Bmy¨

gvZvi AvPiY †Lvjv‡gjv fv‡e Zv‡`i †Kgb nIqv DwPr? mgm¨v wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Ki‡j †Q‡j‡g‡qiv Zv‡`i fvjg›` eyS‡Z cv‡i Ges mwVK c‡_ Pj‡Z cv‡i|

cvV: 1.2

cwievi cwiKíbv D‡Ïk¨: GB cvV †k‡l AskMÖnYKvixMY

cwievi cwiKíbvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb



cwievi cwiKíbvi DcKiY m¤ú‡K© wek`fv‡e ej‡Z cvi‡eb Ges wb‡R‡`i Dc‡hvMx welq¸wj wPwýZ K‡i e¨envi Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|



cwievi cwiKíbv m¤ú‡K© KiYxq welq¸‡jv wb‡q AvZ¥xq-¯^Rb I cÖwZ‡ekx‡`i mv‡_ Av‡jvPbv Ki‡eb Ges Zv‡`i mnvqZv Ki‡eb| A‡b‡K cwievi cwiKíbv m¤ú‡K© wek` Rvb‡Z Pvb| A‡b‡K Avevi j¾v †eva K‡ib| wKš‘ my›`i fwel¨‡Zi Rb¨ Avgv‡`i cÖ‡Z¨‡KiB cwievi cwiKíbv m¤ú‡K© Rvbv Bmy¨

DwPr| G‡Z j¾vi wKQz †bB| KviY G m¤ú‡K© ¯^”Q aviYv _vK‡j KLb mš—vb †bqv DwPZ, †m e¨vcv‡i †f‡e wP‡š— wm×vš— †bqv hvq | cwiev‡ii m”QjZv I Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ ¯^vgx-¯¿x Avjvc Av‡jvPbv I wm×vš— MªnY K‡i kvixwiK I gvbwmK cÖ¯‘wZ wb‡q cwiKwíZfv‡e cwievi MVb‡K cwievi cwiKíbv e‡j| A_©vr cwievi cwiKíbv n‡”Q wb‡R‡`i B‡”Q Abyhvqx cwievi MVb Kiv| ejv †h‡Z cv‡i GKwU cwiev‡i Avw_©K Ae¯’v, gv‡qi ¯^v¯’¨, Pvicv‡ki Ae¯’v BZ¨vw` wPš—v K‡i cwiKwíZ Dcv‡q †h cwievi MVb Kiv nq †mUvB cwievi cwiKíbv| cwiev‡ii cÖwZwU mš—vb‡K gv evev wKfv‡e M‡o Zzj‡eb I Rxebhvcb Ki‡eb Zv Av‡M †_‡K wVK K‡i †b‡eb| cwievi cwiKíbv †Kb? ¯^vgx-¯¿xi cQ›` gZ mg‡q Ges mxwgZ msL¨vq mš— vb wb‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i • wkï I gv‡qi Rxe‡bi SzuwK I g„Zz¨i nvi Kgvq • Nb Nb Mf©aviY msµvš— RwUjZv n«vm K‡i • gv I wkïi ¯^v¯’¨ I ‡mŠ›`h© evovq • ¯^vgx I ¯¿xi kvixwiK, gvbwmK I Avw_©K Pvc Kgvq • cwiev‡ii mK‡ji Lv`¨, e¯¿, evm¯’vb, wk¶v I ¯^v‡¯’¨i DbœwZ‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i • ¯^vgx-¯¿xi gv‡S mngwg©Zv I mg‡SvZv evovq •

Bmy¨

Rxeb‡K myLx I my›`i K‡i M‡o Zzj‡Z ¯^vgx-¯¿x `yÕR‡b wg‡j wPš—v fvebv K‡i cwiKwíZfv‡e cwievi MVb Kiv DwPZ| †mUvB cwievi cwiKíbv| Rb¥wbqš¿Y c×wZ wK? cwiev‡ii mK‡ji Rb¨ fv‡jv ¯^v¯’¨, cwiev‡ii mevi g‡a¨ m¤úK© fv‡jv ivLvi Rb¨ cwievi †QvU ivLv cÖ‡qvRb| cwievi †QvU ivLvi Rb¨ `iKvi nq Rb¥wbqš¿Y c×wZ| GB c×wZ n‡”Q Rb¥ cÖwZ‡ivag~jK c×wZ, hv GKRb gwnjv‡K AbvKvw•¶Z Mf©mÂvi Gov‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| GQvov Aí eq‡m ev”Pv nIqvi nvZ †_‡K †invB cvIqv I ¯^v¯’¨ wVK ivLvi Rb¨ †h †Kvb ¯^vgx-¯¿xiB Rb¥wbqš¿Y c×wZi cÖ‡qvRb Av‡Q|

Rb¥wbqš¿Y c×wZmg~n bbwK¬wbK¨vj A¯’vqx c×wZ: • KbWg • Lvevi ewo wK¬wbK¨j A¯’vqx c×wZ: • Bb‡RKkb • AvB BD wW • bicv›U ¯’vqx c×wZ: • cyi“l eܨvKiY (f¨v‡mKUwg) • gwnjv eܨvKiY (jvB‡Mkb) Bmy¨

we‡kl c×wZ: • cÖvK„wZK c×wZ KbWg: GwU cyi“l‡`i Rb¨ GKwU cwievi cwiKíbv c×wZ| KbWg cvZjv ivev‡ii Øviv ˆZwi| GUv cyi“l‡`i eûj e¨eüZ GKwU c×wZ| Gi mdj e¨envi †hŠbevwnZ †ivM †_‡KI `¤úwZ‡K i¶v K‡i| Rb¥ wb‡iva QvovI KbWg e¨env‡i evowZ DcKvi Av‡Q| GwU cyi“l I gwnjvi wbtm„Z i†mi gv‡S cÖwZeÜK wnmv‡e KvR K‡i weavq GwU GBPAvBwf I †hŠb‡ivM †iva K‡i| GQvov KbWg h‡_ó m¯—v I mn‡RB enb‡hvM¨| Ges Zv e¨envi K‡i †d‡j †`qv hvq| Lvevi ewo: Lvevi ewo Rivqyi gy‡Li †klv‡K Nb Ges PUP‡U K‡i| d‡j ïµvYyi c‡¶ GUv †f` K‡i Rivqy‡Z cÖ‡ek Kiv KwVb n‡q c‡o| Gi cvkvcvwk mš—vb avi‡Yi Rb¨ Rivqyi †fZ‡ii ¯—‡ii cÖ¯‘wZ‡Z evav †`q| hvi Rb¨ wbwl³ wWg (RvB‡MvU) Rivqy‡Z †cÖvw_Z n‡Z cv‡i bv| Mf© mÂv‡ii Rb¨ Ab¨Zg cÖavb kZ© wW¤^ùziY| Lvevi ewo Zv eÜ K‡i Rb¥wbqš¿‡Y mnvqZv K‡i| GB c×wZ AZ¨š— Kvh©Ki| Gi Av‡iv DcKvwiZv Av‡Q| †hgb 28 w`‡bi mywbw`ó FZzPµ I Kg i³mªve| Kg i³¶i‡Yi Kvi‡Y i³ ¯^íZvi gvÎv A‡bK K‡g hvq| d‡j e¨_vI Kg nq| Lvevi ewo e¨env‡ii d‡j Rivqy‡Z wm÷ ev K¨vÝv‡ii SuzwK K‡g| GQvov A¯’vqx c×wZ nIqvi Kvi‡Y †h †Kvb mgq ewo LvIqv †Q‡o w`‡q

Bmy¨

Ab¨ c×wZ MÖnY Kiv hvq ev Mf©aviY Kiv hvq| Zv mn‡R cvIqv hvq Ges e¨enviI mnR| Bb‡RKkb: Bb‡RKkb gwnjv‡`i Rb¨ A¯’vqx I ¯^í‡gqv`x Rb¥wbqš¿Y c×wZ| GB c×wZ‡Z Bb‡RKk‡bi gva¨‡g GK ai‡bi wm‡š’wUK cÖ‡R‡÷ib kixi XywK‡q †`qv nq| gvsm †ckx‡Z cªwZ wZb gv‡m GKevi †`qv nq| G‡Z i³ Pvc ev‡o bv I gv‡qi `ya K‡g bv| GwU wbivc`, Kvh©Ki Ges mnRjf¨| AvB BD wW: cvw÷K Ges Zvgvi ˆZwi, Bs‡iwR A¶i ÔT’-i ,g‡Zv †QvU DcKiY, hv Rivqyi †fZ‡i ¯’vcb Kiv nq| Lvevi ewo Ges Bb‡RKk‡bi g‡Zv GUvI GKwU Kvh©Ki `xN©‡gqv`x A¯’vqx c×wZ| AvB BD wW gvwm‡Ki mgq i³mªve n«vm K‡i| d‡j †c‡U e¨_vI Kg nq| GQvov GwU cÖ‡qvM Kiv mnR Ges GKevi cÖ‡qvM Ki‡j hZw`b B‡”Q aviY Kiv hvq| mš—vb wb‡Z PvB‡j B‡”Q gZ GUv AcmviY Kiv hvq| cÖwZw`b ewo LvIqv ev KbWg e¨env‡ii g‡Zv Sv‡gjv †bB| bicv›U: GUv cwievi cwiKíbvi GKwU `xN©‡gqv`x, A¯’vqx I Kvh©Ki c×wZ| GB c×wZ‡Z K„wÎg cÖ‡R‡÷ib ni‡gvb gwnjvi Dci evûi Pvgovi wb‡P ¯’vcb Kiv nq| bic¨v›U GKUv 5 eQi ch©š— Rb¥wbqš¿Y K‡i| c×wZwU AZ¨š— Kvh©Ki Ges Gi e¨envi Lye mnR| GwU GKwU A¯’vqx c×wZ Ges Gi cvk¦© cÖwZwµqv A‡bK Kg|

Bmy¨

f¨v‡mKUwg: AÛ‡Kvl ev ïµKxU, ïµKxUevnx bvjx w`‡q †ewi‡q Av‡m| GB ïµKxUevnx bvjx A‡¯¿vcvPvi K‡i †K‡U †`qv‡K f¨v‡mKUgx e‡j| wUD‡eKUwg ev jvB‡Mkb: GwU gwnjv‡`i A‡¯¿vcvPvi K‡i eܨvKi‡Yi GKwU ¯’vqx c×wZ| gwnjv eܨvKiY‡K wUD‡eKUwg ejv nq| GwU GKwU mnR Acv‡ikb| GB Acv‡ikb‡K jvB‡MkbI ejv nq| myweav: Awb”QvK…Z Mf©avi‡Yi fq _v‡K bv| Kvh©KvwiZv nvi kZKiv 100 fvM| †hŠb wgj‡bi Avb›` †Kvb As‡kB K‡g bv| RwUjZvi SzwK Kg| ¯’vqx Ges LiPI GKKvjxb| wKfv‡e eyS‡ev †Kvb c×wZwU me‡P‡q fvj? †Kvb GKwU Rb¥wbqš¿Y c×wZ †e‡Q †bqvi myweavi Rb¨ m¶g `¤úwZ‡`i we‡klfv‡e `yÕ‡Uv w`K j¶¨ ivL‡Z nq| cÖ_gZ e¨w³MZ welq, wØZxqZ ¯^v¯’¨MZ welq| Rb¥wbqš¿Y c×wZ †e‡Q †bqvi me‡P‡q ¸i“Z¡c~Y© we‡eP¨ welq n‡jv, †KvbwU‡Z `¤úwZ me‡P‡q †ewk ¯^v”Q›`¨ †eva K‡i, †KvbwU MÖnxZvi ¯^v‡¯’¨i Rb¨ wbivc` Ges †mwU wVKgZ e¨envi Kiv hvq wK bv| wbivc` Kvj wK? Rb¥wbqš¿‡Yi cÖvK…wZK c×wZ wnmv‡e A‡bK wbivc` Kvj wba©vib K‡i †hŠb wgjb NUvb| A‡b‡Ki g‡b cÖkœBmy¨

GB wbivc` Kvj wK Ges wKfv‡e GB wbivc`Kvj †g‡b Pjv hvq? ‡ewki fvM †g‡qi 28 w`b ci ci gvwmK nq| Z‡e Gi Kg †ewkI n‡Z cv‡i| gvwm‡Ki cy‡iv mgqwU‡K 3 fv‡M fvM K‡i †bqv hvq| gv‡Si 10 w`‡bi g‡a¨ †hŠbwgjb n‡j M‡f© mš—vb Avmvi m¤¢vebv †ewk _v‡K| Gi Av‡Mi Ges c‡ii w`b¸‡jv n‡”Q wbivc` Kvj| GB c×wZ †g‡b Pj‡jI †h †Kvb mgq M‡f© mš—vb Avm‡Z cv‡i|

1.2 wk¶v_x©‡`i cvV hvPvB: cwievi cwiKíbv cÖkœ

Rv‡b I ey‡S (msL¨v) DËi`vZv i msL¨v cy‡ivcy ‡gvUvg G‡Kev‡i wi ywU Rv‡b bv

DËi

cwievi cwiKíbv wK? cwiev‡ii m”QjZv I Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ ¯^vgx¯¿x Avjvc Av‡jvPbv I wm×vš— wb‡q cwiKwíZ cwievi MVbB cwievi cwiKíbv|

Bmy¨

cwievi †Kb?

cwiKíbv ¯^vgx-¯¿xi cQ›` g‡Zv mg‡q I mxwgZ msL¨vq mš—vb wb‡Z, wkï I gv‡qi Rxe‡bi SzuwK I g„Zy¨i nvi Kgv‡Z, cwiev‡ii mevi Lv`¨, e¯¿, evm¯’vb, wk¶v I ¯^v‡¯’¨i DbœwZ Ki‡Z, ¯^vgx ¯¿xi mngwg©Zv I mg‡SvZv evov‡Z cwievi cwiKíbv cª‡qvRb|

Rb¥ wbqš¿b c×wZ `ywU- ¯’vqx I A¯’vqx| KqwU? Rb¥ K‡qKwU ejyb?

wbqš¿‡bi KbWg, ewo, B‡ÄKkb, c×wZ bicv›U, AvBBDwW, GbGmwf, jvB‡Mkb|

wKfv‡e eyS‡eb Rb¥wbqš¿Y c×wZ †Kvb c×wZ †e‡Q wb‡Z `¤úwZ‡K me‡P‡q fvj? e¨w³MZ I ¯^v¯’¨MZ welq cÖ_‡g †f‡e †`L‡Z n‡e| `¤úwË me‡P‡q †ekx ¯^v”Q›` †eva K‡i, ¯^v‡¯’¨i Rb¨ wbivc` I mwVKfv‡e hv e¨envi Kiv hvq Ggb c×wZ †e‡Q wb‡Z n‡e|

Bmy¨

cvV: 1.3

Mf©eZxi hZœ I wUwU wUKv D‡Ïk¨: GB cvV †k‡l AskMÖnYKvixMY

Mf©Kvjxb, cÖm‡ei e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb

Av‡M

Ges

c‡i

KiYxq



cÖmeKvjxb RwUjZv m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb Ges wb‡Ri wKsev cÖwZ‡ekx Kv‡ivi RwUj Ae¯’vi mgq e¨e¯’v wb‡Z cvi‡eb|



wUKv m¤ú‡K© mg¨K aviYv jvf Ki‡eb Ges wb‡Ri mš—vb I wK‡kvix †g‡q‡`i wUKv †`qvi e¨e¯’v Ki‡eb| gv nIqv GKUv eo AwfÁZv| A‡b‡Ki _v‡K bvbv iKg fxwZ, wewfbœ †KŠZ~nj I aviYv| A‡b‡KB g‡b K‡ib, †ewk †L‡j M‡f©i mš—vb eo n‡q hv‡e, ZLb cÖm‡e Amyweav n‡e| †KD †KD g‡b K‡ib †ewk †L‡j M‡f©i mš—v‡bi eo nevi RvqMv K‡g hv‡e, ZLb †m wVKgZ †e‡o DV‡Z cvi‡e bv| Avgv‡`i Rvb‡Z n‡e Mf©eZx n‡j wKfv‡e kix‡ii hZœ ‡bqv DwPZ| Mf©Kvjxb mg‡q gv mš— vb‡K e‡q P‡j‡Qb memgq| mš—vb †e‡o IVvi Rb¨ gv‡qi kixi †_‡K †U‡b wb‡”Q Lv`¨ I kw³| gv ˆZwi n‡”Qb cÖm‡ei Rb¨ Ges mš—v‡bi `ya ˆZwii Rb¨| G KvR¸‡jv‡Z ¶q n‡”Q Mf©eZx gv‡qi cÖPzi kw³ I cywó| Avi GB kw³ Bmy¨

I cywói ¶q c~i‡Yi Rb¨ Mf©eZx gv‡qi cÖ‡qvRb AwZwi³ cywóKi Lv`¨ MÖnY Ges wekªvg| GQvovI Mf©Kvjxb mg‡q Av‡iv KZ¸‡jv w`‡K h‡_ó bRi †`qvi cÖ‡qvRb Av‡Q| wbqwgZ Wv³vi ev cÖwk¶Ycªvß e¨w³i Kv‡Q ¯^v¯’¨ cix¶v Kiv| • wbqwgZ †Mvmj Kiv Ges cwi¯‹vi I wX‡jXvjv Rvgv Kvco civ| • GB mgq wekªv‡gi LyeB cÖ‡qvRb, ZvB `ycy‡i LvIqvi ci Aš—Z Avav N›Uv wekªvg †bqv| • cvqLvbv hv‡Z k³ bv nq, ZvB cvwb, kvK-mwâ †ewk cwigv‡b †L‡q †cU cwi¯‹vi ivLv| • msmv‡ii ¯^vfvweK KvRKg© Kiv| Z‡e fvix wRwbm DVv‡bv hv‡e bv| • cywóKi Lvevi GKUz †ewk cwigv‡b LvIqv| • Wv³v‡ii civgk© Qvov †Kvb Jla bv LvIqv| wKQz wKQz Jla Mf©¯’ mš—v‡bi gvivZ¥K ¶wZ K‡i Ges GBme Jl‡ai cÖfv‡e mš—vb my¯’fv‡e Rb¥vq bv| †mBme Jla bv LvIqv| • Mf©Kvjxb †mev ev RwUjZv myôzfv‡e †gvKvwejvi Rb¨ wKQz mÂq Kiv| •

MvQ `ye©j n‡j djbI `ye©j nq| GKBfv‡e Mf©eZx gv hw` `ye©j nb Z‡e Zvi M‡f©i mš—vbI `y©ej n‡e| ZLb `yRbB Amy¯’ n‡Z cv‡i, n‡Z cv‡i g„Zy¨i gy‡LvgywL| Mf©Kvjxb mg‡q kix‡ii hZœ †bqv †Kb cÖ‡qvRb? Mf©Kvjxb mg‡q Avjv`v h‡Zœi welqwU A‡b‡KB ¸i“Z¡ w`‡q we‡ePbv K‡ib bv| Avgv‡`i Rvbv `iKvi Bmy¨

Mf©Kvjxb mg‡q kix‡ii hZœ †bqv †Kb cÖ‡qvRb? Mf©Kvjxb mgq n‡jv Lye ¸i“Z¡c~Y© GKwU mgq| GKRb gv‡qi Rxe‡b I Zvi cwiev‡ii Rb¨ Mf©Kvj Ges wkïi Rb¥`vb GKw`‡K †hgb Avb›``vqK Ab¨w`‡K †Zgb GKwU SzwKc~Y© AwfÁZv| GB mgq gv‡qi kix‡i GKRb wkï †e‡o I‡V| gv‡qi kixiI ˆZwi nq cÖm‡ei Rb¨| wVKgZ gv‡qi hZœ bv wb‡j ev ¯^v¯’¨Kgx©i civgk© Abyhvqx bv Pj‡j A‡bK mgq Rxe‡bi Avk¼vI †`Lv †`q| AbvMZ mš—vb I gv‡qi Rxe‡bi SzuwK Kwg‡q Avb‡Z Mf©Kvjxb mg‡q Mf©eZxi kix‡ii hZœ †bqv Aek¨B cÖ‡qvRb| mš—vb cÖm‡ei Av‡M wK wK †mev wb‡Z n‡e ? GKwU my¯’ wkï Rb¥ †`qvi Rb¨ Mf©eZx gv‡qi A‡bK ai‡bi †mev cÖ‡qvRb| Mf©eZx nIqvi 3 gv‡mi g‡a¨ Wv³vi ev ¯^v¯’¨Kgx©i Kv‡Q †h‡Z n‡e| G mg‡q cÖvq cÖwZgv‡mB Wv³vi ev ¯^v¯’¨Kg©xi civgk© wb‡Z nq| 5-8 gv‡mi g‡a¨ 2wU wUwU wUKv wb‡Z nq| ¯^v¯’¨‡K‡›`ª hvIqv QvovI wKQz wKQy hZœ I †mev Av‡Q, hv gv Ges Zvi cwiev‡ii mevB wg‡j wbwðZ Ki‡eb †hgbgv‡qi Lvevi : G mgq gv I M‡f©i wkï `yÕR‡bi my¯’Zvi Rb¨ GKUz †ewk Bmy¨

cwigv‡b cywóKi Lvevi LvIqv cÖ‡qvRb| we‡kl K‡i wkï †e‡o IVvi Rb¨ Avwgl RvZxq Lvevi †hgb- gvQ, gvsm, wWg, Wvj, `ya †ewk †L‡Z n‡e| GQvov meyR kvK-mwâ I dj QvovI †hme Lvev‡i †jvnv †ewk Av‡Q, †hgbKvPvKjv, cvjskvK, KPz, KPzkvK, KwjRv, gvsm BZ¨vw` †ewk †L‡Z n‡e| ‡ewk cwigv‡b cvwb (w`‡b 8/10 Mvm) †L‡Z n‡e I ivbœvq Av‡qvwWbhy³ jeY e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e| wekªvg : Mf©ve¯’vq ch©vß wekªvg cÖ‡qvRb| Mf©eZx gv‡qiv Kgc‡¶ `ycy‡i Lvevi ci Avav N›Uv wekªvg †b‡eb Ges iv‡Z 8 N›Uv Nygv‡eb | e¨w³MZ cwi”QbœZv : Gmgq cÖwZw`b †Mvmj Kiv, `vZ gvRv, Pzj AvPov‡bv, cwi¯‹vi Kvco civ DwPZ| G†Z kixi I gb fv‡jv _v‡K| †Mvm‡ji mgq ¯—‡bi †evUv cwi¯‹vi Kiv n‡j mš—vb‡K `ya LvIqv‡Z myweav nq| fvix KvR : Mf©Kvjxb mg‡q ¯^vfvweK KvRKg© Kiv kix‡ii Rb¨ fv‡jv| wKš‘ wKQz wKQz KvR †hgb †ekx Kvco †avqv, cvwbfwZ© Kjm †bqv, fvix evjwZ ev nvwo ‡Zvjv DwPr bq| Mf©eZx gv‡K †hb GB ai‡bi KvR Ki‡Z bv nq †mw`‡K cwiev‡ii mevi †Lqvj Kiv DwPr| GB ai‡bi Kv‡R Zv‡K mvnvh¨ Ki‡Z n‡e| ¯^vfvweK I wbivc` cÖm‡ei Rb¨ Mf©Kvjxb †mev GKRb Mf©eZx gv‡qi Rb¨ Lye Ri“ix| cwiev‡ii mevB‡K Zv‡K mvnvh¨ Ki‡Z n‡e| cÖm‡ei Rb¨ wbivc` RvqMv †KvbwU ? A‡b‡KB g‡b K‡ib mš—vb evwo‡Z cÖme Kiv‡bv fv‡jv| A‡b‡K mš—vb cÖm‡ei Rb¨ Mf©eZx gv‡K wb‡Z Pvb ¯’vbxq ¯^v¯’¨ †K‡›`ª| Bmy¨

cÖkœ n‡jv : mš—vb cÖm‡ei Rb¨ †Kvb ¯’vbwU wbivc`| wb‡Ri evwo, bv ¯^v¯’¨ †K›`ª? mš—vb Rb¥ `vb GKRb gv‡qi Rxe‡b LyeB ¸i“Z¡c~Y© gyn~Z©| GB mgq A‡bK iKg mgm¨v I Mf©RwbZ RwUjZv n‡Z cv‡i| g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e Mf©eZx n‡j Mf©eZx gv †h ‡Kv‡bv mgq RwUjZvi m¤§yLxb n‡Z cv‡ib| †mB Kvi‡Y mš—vb cÖm‡ei Rb¨ ¯^v¯’¨ ‡K‡›`ª hvIqvB wbivc`| ¯^v¯’¨ ‡K‡›`ª Wv³vi, bvm© cÖ‡qvRbxq Jla I hš¿cvwZ me cvIqv hvq| ZvB cÖ‡qvR‡b †h †Kvb Ri“ix Ae¯’v mvgjv‡bv hvq| wKš‘ evwo‡Z Gme e¨e¯’v _v‡K bv| hw` GKvš—B evwo‡Z cÖme Kiv‡Z nq Z‡e Aek¨B cÖwk¶YcÖvß avÎxi Øviv cÖme Kiv‡bv DwPZ| cÖ‡qvR‡b m‡½ m‡½ nvmcvZv‡j ev wbKU¯’ ¯^v¯’¨ ‡K‡›`ª ‡cÖi‡Yi h_vh_ e†›`ve¯— ivLv DwPZ| cÖm‡ei RwUjZv I SuzwK Gov‡Z ¯^v¯’¨ ‡K‡›`ª cÖme Kiv‡bvB fvj| wbR evwo‡Z cÖme Kiv‡j cÖwkw¶Z avÎx w`‡q cÖme Kiv‡bv `iKvi| Z‡e †m‡¶‡Î Aek¨B cÖ‡qvR‡b †ivMx‡K `ª“Z ¯’vbvš—‡ii e¨e¯’v c~‡e©B Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| wbivc` cÖm‡ei Rb¨ wK Kiv DwPZ? ‡Kv‡bv Mf© Ges cÖmeB SzuwK gy³ bq| †h †Kv‡bv gyn~‡Z©B RwUjZv †`Lv w`‡Z cv‡i| †mB Rb¨ Avgv‡`i †R‡b ivLv `iKvi, wbivc` cÖm‡ei Rb¨ wK Kiv DwPZ| cÖme GKwU ¯^vfvweK cÖwµqv| wKš‘ Avgv‡`i g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e, †h †Kv‡bv gyn~‡Z© RwUjZvi m„wó n‡Z cv‡i| hw` A`¶ Ges Acwi”Qbœfv‡e cÖme Kiv‡bv nq Z‡e cieZx©‡Z gv‡qi cÖmeKvjxb msµvgY ev gv wkï Df‡qi abyósKvi (wU‡Ubvm) n‡Z cv‡i| wbivc` cÖm‡ei Rb¨ Gmgq Mf©eZxi we‡kl h‡Zœi cÖ‡qvRb Av‡Q| ZvB wbivc` cÖm‡ei Rb¨ Avgv‡`i DwPZBmy¨

• msµgY cÖwZ‡iv‡ai e¨e¯’v †bqv • evwo‡Z cÖme Kiv‡jI †Wwjfvix wKU e¨envi Kiv I avÎxi nvZ †avqv • ‡h †Kv‡bv ai‡Yi RwUjZv‡K †gvKvwejvi Rb¨ cÖ¯‘Z _vKv| ¯^vfvwe‡Ki †P‡q †ewk mgq e¨_v _vK‡j Zv‡K ¯^v¯’¨‡K‡›`ª cvVv‡bv| c~e© cÖ¯‘wZ n‡jv wbivc` cÖm‡ei Ab¨Zg kZ©| Mf© I cÖm‡ei mgq wK ai‡Yi RwUj Ae¯’v m„wó n‡Z cv‡i ? mš—vb M‡f© Avmvi ci †_‡K mš —vb Rb¥ †bqvi 42 w`b ch©š— †g‡q‡`i wKQz RwUj mgm¨v †`Lv w`‡Z cv‡i| GB mgm¨v¸‡jv LyeB wec`RbK| GB mgq mwVK e¨e¯’v bv wb‡j gv I wkï `yÕR‡bi Rxeb wecbœ n‡Z cv‡i| ZvB wb‡Pi †h †Kvb GKwU mgm¨v †`Lv w`‡j ZvovZvwo nvmcvZv‡j wb‡q †h‡Z n‡e| 1.

2.

3.

i³mªve : Mf©ve¯’vq i³mªve| cÖm‡ei mgq ev cÖm‡ei ci Lye †ewk i³mªve| Mf©dzj bv cov| gv_v e¨_v I Svcmv †`Lv : Mf©ve¯’vq, cÖmeKv‡j I cÖm‡ei c‡i kix‡i cvwb Avmv | Lye †ewk gv_v e¨_v I ‡Pv‡L Svcmv †`Lv| fxlY R¡i : Mfv©e¯’vq ev cÖm‡ei ci wZb w`‡bi †ewk R¡i ev `~M©Ühy³ mªve| Bmy¨

4.

5.

wejw¤^Z cÖme : cÖme e¨_v 12 N›Uvi †ewk _vKv| cÖm‡ei mgq mš—v‡bi gv_v Qvov Ab¨ †Kv‡bv A½ cÖ_‡g †ei nIqv| wLPzwb : Mf©ve¯’vq, cªm‡ei mgq ev cÖm‡ei c‡i wLuPzwb|

Kv‡K wUKv w`‡Z nq? wUKv w`‡Z nq GK eQ‡ii bx‡Pi wkï‡K| hZ kxNÖ wUKv †`qv hvq ZZ fvj| KviY wUKv †`qvi c~‡e©B hw` GB †iv‡Mi RxevYy kix‡i Xy‡K hvq Z‡e wUKv w`‡q †Kvb jvf nq bv| GRb¨ mgqgZ mKj wkï‡K wUKv w`‡Z nq| beRvZK wkïi hv‡Z abyósKvi bv n‡Z cv‡i, GRb¨ mKj Mf©eZx gwnjv‡K 2 †WvR wU.wU wUKv w`‡Z nq| Avgv‡`i †`‡k 15 †_‡K 49 eQ‡ii mKj gwnjv‡K 5 †WvR wU.wU. wUKv †`qv nq| wUKv †bqvi wbqg: 1g †WvR 15 eQi c~Y© nevi ci A_ev Mf©eZx n‡j 4_© gvm †_‡K 2q †WvR

-

1g †WvR †`evi 4 mßvn ci

3q †WvR

-

2q †WvR †`evi 6 gvm ci

4_© †WvR

-

3q †WvR †`evi 1 eQi ci

5g †WvR

-

4_© †WvR †`evi 1 eQi ci

Bmy¨

1.3 wk¶v_x©‡`i cvV hvPvB: Mf©eZxi hZœ Rv‡b I ey‡S (msL¨v)

cÖkœ

DËi`vZvi G‡Kev‡ msL¨v cy‡ivcy ‡gvUv i Rv‡b wi gywU bv

DËi

Mf©eZxi AwaK Mf©Kvjxb mg‡q gv mš— cywóKi Lvevi vb‡K e‡q P‡jb, mš—vb LvIqv `iKvi †Kb? †e‡o DVvi Rb¨ gv‡qi kixi †_‡K Lv`¨ I kw³ MÖnY K‡i, cÖme Ges

Bmy¨

mš—v‡bi `ya ˆZixi Rb¨ gv‡K cÖ¯ËwZ wb‡Z nq -d‡j Gmgq Mf©eZxi kix‡i kw³ I cywói ¶q n†Z _v‡K| ZvB Zvi AwZwi³ cywói cÖ‡qvRb| Mf©eZxi †Kvb w`K¸‡jvi cÖwZ we‡kl bRi †`qv DwPr?

wbqwgZ cÖwkw¶Z e¨w³i gva¨‡g ¯^v¯’¨ cix¶v Kiv, cwi¯‹vi cwi”Qbœ _vKv, cwiwgZ wekªvg †bqv, cvwb I kvKmwâ †ekx cwigv‡b LvIqv, fvix KvR bv Kiv, Wv³v‡ii civgk© Qvov †Kvb Jla bv LvIqv, Mf© RwUjZv †gvKvwejvi Rb¨ A_© mÂq Kiv|

wbivc` cÖm‡ei msµgY cÖwZ‡iv‡ai e¨e¯’v Rb¨ wK Kiv †bqv, †Wwjfvix wKU `iKvi? e¨envi Kiv, RwUj Ae¯’v †gvKvwejvi Rb¨ cÖ¯‘Z _vKv| wbivc` cÖm‡ei ¯^vfvwe‡Ki †P‡q †ekx Ab¨Zg kZ© wK? mgq e¨_v _vK‡j †ivMx‡K ¯^v¯’¨ †K‡›`ª cvVv‡bv| c~e© cÖ¯‘wZB n‡jv wbivc` cÖm‡ei Ab¨Zg kZ©| Mf© wK?

RwUjZv Mf©ve¯’vq i³mªve, gv_ve¨_v I Svcmv †`Lv, fxlb R¡i, wejw¤^Z cÖme, wLuPzwb|

Mf©Kvjxb wUKv beRvZ‡Ki abyósKvi bv wK? nIqvi Rb¨ Mf©eZx gwnjv‡K 2wU wUKv w`‡Z nq| M‡f©i 4_©

Bmy¨

gv‡m 1g †WvR Ges GKgvm ci 2q †WvR w`‡Z nq |

cvV: 1.4

cywói Acwinvh©Zv D‡Ïk¨: GB cvV †k‡l AskMÖnYKvixMY

cywó wK, cywói ¸i“Z¡ m¤ú‡K© e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb

I

cywóKi

Lvevi



wK‡kvix‡`i cywói cÖ‡qvRbxqZv m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb| wb‡R‡`i Ges cÖwZ‡ekx wK‡kvix †g‡q‡`i cywóKi Lvevi MÖn‡Y DrmvwnZ Ki‡eb| cywó wK? Avgiv A‡bK mgq cywónxbZvi K_v ïwb, AcywóRwbZ bvbv †iv‡Mi K_v ïwb| Lv‡`¨i m‡½ ¯^v‡¯’¨i m¤úK©B nj cywó| mwVK wbq‡g Lv`¨ MÖnY Ki‡j Lv`¨ Avgv‡`i kix‡i kw³ †`q, kixi e„w× K‡i kixi fvj iv‡L Ges wewfbœ †iv‡Mi nvZ †_‡K evuPvq| ¯^v¯’¨ MV‡b Lv‡`¨i f~wgKv A_©vr

Bmy¨

Lv‡`¨i m‡½ my¯’ mej I KvR Kivi ¶gZv eRvq ivLvi †h m¤úK© Zv‡KB cywó ejv nq| cywóKi Lvevi ej‡Z Avgiv wK eywS? ‡h mKj Lv`¨ Avgv‡`i kix‡ii ¶q c~iY K‡i, e„w× NUvq †ivM cªwZ‡iva K‡i I kw³ †`q †m¸wjB cywóKi Lv`¨| A‡b‡KB g‡b K‡i ïaygvÎ `vgx Lvev‡iB cywó Av‡Q| Avm‡j Zv bq, me Lvev‡iB cywó Av‡Q| GK GK ai‡Yi Lvev‡i GK GK ai‡Yi cywó Av‡Q| ‡Kej GK ai‡bi Lv`¨ kix‡ii Rb¨ cywóKi bq| Pvj, Wvj, †Zj, kvK-mwâ, gvQ BZ¨vw` wgkª‡YB Lv`¨`ªe¨ cywóKi nq| wK‡kvi wK‡kvix‡`i Rb¨ cywói cÖ‡qvRb †Kb ? wK‡kvi wK‡kvix Ae¯’vq kixi `ª“Z e„w× cvq| fwel¨‡Zi fv‡jv ¯^v‡¯’¨i Rb¨ G mgqUvq wb‡R‡K ˆZix Ki‡Z nq| †`‡ni e„w× we‡kl K‡i kix‡ii KvVv‡gvMZ e„w×i Rb¨ GB mgq cÖPzi Avwgl I K¨vjwmqvg mg„× Lvevi cÖ‡qvRb| G mgq †`‡ni Pvwn`v gvwdK cywóKi Ges mylg Lvevi bv †c‡j kix‡ii e„w× cy‡ivcywi nq bv| Gmgq kix‡ii bvbv iKg cwieZ©b n‡Z _v‡K| eq:mwÜKv‡j hw` wK‡kviwK‡kvixiv cywóKi Lvevi bv Lvq Zvn‡j Zv‡`i kixi wVKgZ MVb n‡e bv Ges wewfbœ AmyL-wemyL n‡Z cv‡i| G Rb¨ G mgq cÖ‡qvRbxq cywóKi Lvevi LvIqv DwPZ| mylg Lvevi ‡Kvb¸‡jv? mylg Lvevi n‡jv †mB mg¯— Lvevi hvi g‡a¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq meKwU Lv`¨ Dcv`vbB (A_v©r Avwgl, kK©iv, †Zj, wfUvwgb, LwbR, jeb I cvwb) mwVK cwigv‡Y _v‡K|

Bmy¨

Avwgl: Avwgl kixi fvj ivL‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| kix‡ii e„w× Ges ¶q c~i‡Yi Rb¨ Avwg‡li cÖ‡qvRb| Avwgl `yB cÖKvi, cªvYxR Avwgl I Dw™¢`R Avwgl| `ya, `B, Qvbv, gvQ, ïUwK gvQ, gvsm, gyiMx BZ¨vw` n‡jv cÖvYxR Avwgl| Avi Wvj, gUiïuwU, wkg, wk‡gi exwP, †Qvjv, mqvweb, Pxbvev`vg BZ¨vw` n‡jv Dw™¢`R Avwgl| kK©iv ev †k¦Zmvi: kK©iv ev †k¦Zmvi RvZxq Lvevi kix‡i kw³ †hvMvq| Pvj, Mg, fyÆv, he, wPwb, Avjy, wgwó Avjy, KPz, mywR, wPov, gywo, ˆL BZ¨vw`‡Z †ewk cwigv‡Y kK©iv RvZxq Dcv`vb Av‡Q| ‡Zj ev Pwe©: ‡Zj ev Pwe© kix‡i Kg©¶gZvi Drm wnmv‡e KvR K‡i| †Zj RvZxq Lvevi kK©ivq cwiewZ©Z n‡q kix‡i kw³ †`q| †Zj RvZxq Lvevi bv ‡L‡j kvK-mewR †_‡K wfUvwgb Avgv‡`i kix‡i cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| wewfbœ ‡Zj †hgb- mqvweb †Zj, m~h©gyLxi †Zj, wN, gvLb, gvQ gvs‡mi †Zj BZ¨vw`‡Z ‡Zj ev Pwe© RvZxq Dcv`vb _v‡K| wfUvwgb ev Lv`¨ cÖvY: wfUvwgb kixi‡K i¶v K‡i| wfUvwg‡bi Afv‡e bvbv iKg †ivM nq; Ggb wK g„Zy¨I n‡Z cv‡i| wfUvwgb K‡qK cÖKv‡ii nq| wfUvwgb ÔGÕ: wfUvwgb ÔGÕGi Afv‡e ivZKvbv †ivM nq| GB Afve cyiY bv n‡j gvbyl AÜ n‡q Bmy¨

†h‡Z cv‡i| gv‡qi ey‡Ki `ya mKj cÖKvi njy` djg~j I meyR kvK mewR †L‡j wfUvwgb ÔGÕ-Gi Afve c~iY nq| gjv I ‡Xjv gv‡Q cÖPzi cwigv‡b wfUvwgb ÔGÕ Av‡Q| cvKv †c‡uc, wgwó Kzgov, MvRi, cvKv Avg I KvVv‡j wfUvwgb ÔGÕ _v‡K| wfUvwgb ÔweÕ: wfUvwgb ÔweÕ-Gi Afv‡e gvbwmK Aw¯’iZv, wRnŸvq I ‡Vuv‡Ui †KvYvq Nv BZ¨vw` †ivM †`Lv w`‡Z cv‡i| †XuwK QvUv Pvj, Wvj A¼zwiZ †Qvjv, kvK mwâ BZ¨vw`‡Z wfUvwgb ÔweÕ cvIqv hvq| wfUvwgb ÔwmÕ: wfUvwgb ÔwmÕ kixi †_‡K `~wlZ c`v_© †ei K‡i w`‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| †ivM cªwZ‡iva ¶gZv evovq Ges Z¡K fvj iv‡L| AvgjwK, †cqviv, †jey, Avgov BZ¨vw`‡Z wfUvwgb ÔwmÕ _v‡K| LwbR c`v_© : eqtmwÜKv‡j wewfbœ iKg LwbR c`v‡_©i cÖ‡qvRb nq| Gi †fZi K¨vjwmqvg I †jŠn me†P‡q †ewk| K¨vjwmqvg: wWg, `ya, `B, ¸o, ïUwK gvQ, KvUvmn †QvU gvQ BZ¨vw`‡Z †ewk K¨vjwmqvg Av‡Q| K¨vjwmqvg nv‡oi e„w× NUvq I `uvZ myMwVZ K‡i| K¨vjwmqv‡gi Afv‡e nvo wVKgZ evo‡Z cv‡i bv| nvZ cv‡qi nv‡oi e„w× e¨vnZ nq| gvbyl j¤^v nq bv | ‡jŠn: KPz kvK, jvD kvK, cvU kvK, jvj kvK BZ¨vw` mKj cÖKvi kvK mwâ‡Z cÖPzi †jŠn Av‡Q| ¸o, wWg, gvsm, KwjRv, ïUwK gvQ BZ¨vw`‡Z cÖPzi †jŠn RvZxq Dcv`vb Av‡Q| †jŠn mg„× Lvevi †L‡j i³ nq| cvwb: Lv`¨ Dcv`vb cwi‡kvlY I wecv‡Ki Rb¨ cvwb LyeB Ri“ix| Bmy¨

kix‡ii cª‡qvRb Abyhvqx h_vh_ cwigv‡b DcKvix Dcv`vb mylg Lv`¨ †_‡K cvIqv hvq| mn‡R cywóKi Lv`¨ wKfv‡e cvIqv ‡h‡Z cv‡i? Avgiv Lye mn‡RB cywóKi I mylg Lv`¨ †c‡Z cvwi| • Wvj, kyUwK gvQ, wk‡gi exwP †_‡K| • cÖPzi cwigv‡Y meyR kvKmwâ †L‡q| • wbqwgZ †jey †L‡q, KviY †jey‡Z cªPzi cwigvb wfUvwgb ÔwmÕ cvIqv hvq| • fv‡Zi gvo bv ‡d‡j fvZ ivbœv K‡i| • Lv‡`¨i ¸Yv¸Y wePvi K‡i mwVK wbq‡g †avqv I KvUv Ges XvKbv w`‡q ivbœv K‡i| • `ya, wWg I gvsm †L‡q| cÖ‡qvRbxq Lvev‡ii Afv‡e kix‡ii cyy‡ivcywi e„w× mwVKfv‡e nq bv| ZvB gywU‡q hvIqvi AvksKvq Kg LvIqv G‡Kev‡iB wVK bv| eis AbvKvw•¶Z ‡gvUv nIqv †_‡K wb‡R‡K i¶v Ki‡Z wbqwgZ e¨vqvg Kiv DwPZ|

Bmy¨

1.4 wk¶v_x©‡`i cvV hvPvB: cywó cÖkœ

DËi

cywó wK ?

Avgiv †h Lvevi LvB, †h hZœ cvB, †h ¯^v¯’¨‡mev I cwi‡e‡ki g‡a¨ _vwK Zvi ˆ`wnK cÖwZdjbB n‡jv cywó| mylg Lvevi wK? †h Lvev‡i cÖ‡qvRbxq me Dcv`vb _v‡K ZvB n‡jv mylg Lvevi| †hgb- Avwgl, kK©iv, †Zj, wfUvwgb, LwbR, jeb I cvwb| wK‡kvi wK‡kvix‡`i wK‡kvi eq‡m kixi `ª“Z e„w× cywói cÖ‡qvRb cvq| Gmgq cywóKi Lvevi bv †Kb? †L‡j kixi wVKgZ MVb n‡e bv Ges wewfbœ Amy‡L kixi `~e©j n‡Z cv‡i| wfUvwgb ÒGÓ-i ivZKvbv †ivM nq| Afv‡e wK nq? †Kvb Lvev‡i i³ †jŠn mg„× Lvev‡i i³ nq| ev‡o? †hgb- KPz kvK, jvD kvK, jvj kvK, ¸o, wWg, KwjRv, ïUwK gvQ|

Bmy¨

Rv‡b I ey‡S (msL¨v) DËi`v ‡gvU G‡Kev‡i Zvi cy‡iv vgyw Rv‡b msL¨v cywi U bv

cvV :1.5

h²v†ivM D‡Ïk¨ : GB cvV †k‡l AskMÖnYKvixMY

h²v ‡ivM, †iv‡Mi we¯—vi I DcmM© m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb



h²v †iv‡Mi wPwKrmv m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb Ges wb‡Ri cwievi Ges cÖwZ‡ekx Kv‡ivi h²vi DcmM© †`Lv w`‡j e¨e¯’v wb‡Z cvi‡eb|



cwievi, AvZ¥xq¯^Rb wKsev cÖwZ‡ekx‡`i h²vi ‡ivM we¯—vi †iv‡a c`‡¶c wb‡eb| h²v evsjv‡`‡ki GKwU cÖavb †ivM| cÖwZ eQi 3 j¶ †jvK h²v †iv‡M Avµvš— nq Ges 70 nvRvi †jvK cÖwZeQi h²v †iv‡M g„Zz¨eiY K‡i| Bmy¨

h²v mvaviY mw`©Kvwki g‡Zv GKwU †ivM| GB †ivM evZv‡m Qovq| h²v Avµvš— †ivMxi wb:k¦vm, nuvwP-Kvwk Ges K‡di m‡½ GB †iv‡Mi Rxevby dzmdzm †_‡K †_‡K †ewi‡q Ges evZv‡m Qovq| h²v †iv‡Mi Rxevby wb:k¦v‡mi m‡½ my¯’ †jv‡Ki †`‡n cÖ‡ek K‡i G ‡iv‡M Avµvš— Ki‡Z cv‡i| mvaviYZ cwiev‡ii m`m¨, eÜz-evÜe hviv Ave× N‡i †ivMxi m‡½ `xN©Kvj AwZevwnZ K‡i ZvivB G †iv‡M †ekx Avµvš— nq| h_vh_ wPwKrmv bv n‡j GKRb dzmdz‡mi h¶vq Avµvš— †ivMx cÖwZ eQ‡i cÖvq 10 Rb my¯’ †jvK‡K msµwgZ Ki‡Z cv‡i| h²v †iv‡Mi Rxevby k¦vm-cÖk¦v‡mi gva¨‡g dzmdz‡m cÖ‡ek K‡i| dzmdzm †_‡K h²v †iv‡Mi Rxevby kix‡i me©Î Qov‡Z cv‡i| h²v †iv‡Mi Rxevby Øviv dzmdzm Avµvš— n‡j Zv‡K dzmdz‡mi h²v e‡j| dzmdz‡m h²vi Rxevby esk we¯—vi K‡i I ¶‡Zi m„wó K‡i Ges K‡di gva¨‡g †ewi‡q Av‡m| hLb GB Kd AYyex¶Y hš¿ Øviv cix¶v Kiv nq ZLb h²vi Rxevby †`Lv hvq, †m‡¶‡Î †ivMx Ab¨ †jv‡Ki gv‡S h²vi Rxevby Qov‡Z cv‡i | h²v †ivM kix‡ii Ab¨vb¨ Ask‡KI Avµvš— Ki‡Z cv‡i †hgb: • ‡gi“`Û • gw¯—®‹ • MÖwš’ Bmy¨

• ‡cU • kix‡ii Ab¨ †h †Kvb Ask GB me A‡½i h²v‡K dymdzm ewnf©~Z h²v e‡j| h²v †iv‡Mi cÖavb DcmM© n‡jv : 3 (wZb) mßvn A_ev AwaK mgq Kvwk _vKv| Kvwki m‡½ †h DcmM© _v‡K †m¸‡jv n‡jv : • R¡i Ges iv‡Z Nvg nIqv • IRb K‡g hvIqv • K¬vwš— I ¶zavg›`v • K‡di m‡½ i³ cov Gme DcmM© _vK‡j †ivMx‡K Wv³v‡ii civgk© †bqv DwPZ| evsjv‡`‡k RvZxq h²v wbqš¿Y Kg©m~Pxi AvIZvq Wv³viMY wPwKrmv ‡mevq wb‡qvwRZ Av‡Qb| †mLvb †_‡K webvg~‡j¨ †mev wbb| m‡›`nRbK dzmdz‡mi h²v †ivMxi †¶‡Î Aek¨B K‡di 3wU bgybv msMÖn Ki‡Z n‡e Ges j¨ve‡iUwi‡Z cix¶v Ki‡Z n‡e| K‡di 3wU bgybv Avjv`vfv‡e 2 w`‡bi g‡a¨ msMÖn Ki‡Z n‡e| cix¶vi Kd hZ`~i m¤¢e dzmdz‡mi wfZi †_‡K Av‡m, †m Rb¨ mgq wbb Ges `xN© Kvwk w`‡q Kd msMÖn Ki“b| h²v †iv‡Mi Rxevby Lvwj †Pv‡L †`Lv hvq bv | cix¶vMv‡i AYyex¶Y h‡š¿i mvnv‡h¨ K‡d h²vi RxevYy Av‡Q wKbv Zv †`Lv hvq | h²vi wPwKrmv 6-8 gvm a‡i Kiv nq| †ivMx‡K mKj Dc‡`k mwVKfv‡e Aek¨B †g‡b Pj‡Z n‡e Ges †Kvb cÖKvi Amyweav n‡j Zv Wv³v‡ii mv‡_ Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z n‡e| Bmy¨

h²v †ivMx‡K nvmcvZv‡j fwZ© Ki‡Z nq bv| †Kvb e¨vw³i Dcw¯’wZ‡Z †ivMx cÖZ¨n Ilya †meb Ki‡eb| h²vi Jla †me‡bi †¶‡Î ¯^v¯’¨Kg©x, mgvRKg©xMY n‡”Qb me‡P‡q wek¦vm‡hvM¨ Z`viKKvix|

†¯^”Qv‡meK,

h²v wPwKrmvi cÖ_g 2 gvm ci Kd Avevi cix¶v Ki‡Z nq| hw` K‡d RxevYy bv cvIqv hvq Z‡e cieZx© 4 gv‡mi Rb¨ Jla †`qv nq| H mgq mßv‡n wZbw`b Jla †meb Ki‡Z n‡e| mvgwqKfv‡e my¯’ n‡jI m¤ú~Y© wPwKrmv bv nIqv ch©š— †meb eÜ Kiv hv‡e bv| GgbwK cvk¦©cÖwZwµqv †`Lv w`‡jI| G‡Z h²vi RxevYy kix‡i †_‡K hvq Ges esk we¯—vi K‡i| d‡j †ivMx AveviI Amy¯’ n‡q c‡o| cieZx©‡Z Jla Avi KvR bvI Ki‡Z cv‡i| KviY h²v †iv‡Mi RxevYy Lye kw³kvjx| wewmwR wUKv beRvZ‡Ki R‡b¥i wZbw`‡bi g‡a¨ w`‡Z nq| G‡Z ev”Pviv gvivZ¥K h²v ‡ivM †_‡K i¶v cvq| cÖwZ‡iva: • N‡ii wfZi gy³ Av‡jv evZvm cÖ‡ek Ki‡j h²vi we¯—vi K‡g hvq| • gy³ Av‡jv evZvm fvmgvb h²v †iv‡Mi RxevYy Kwg‡q †`q Ges k¦vm-cÖk¦v‡mi m‡½ kix‡i RxevYy †XvKvi m¤¢vebv K‡g hvq| • mivmwi m~‡h©i Av‡jv‡Z ZvovZvwo h²vi RxevYy g‡i hvq, wKš‘ AÜKvi I eÜ N‡i G RxevYy K‡qK N›Uv †eu‡P _vK‡Z cv‡i| Bmy¨

Kvwki mgq gyL †X‡K ivLv Ges †hLv‡b †mLv‡b, we‡kl K‡i Ave× RvqMvq _y_y bv †djv| • h²vi RxevYy evZv‡m K‡qK N›Uv _vK‡Z cv‡i| •

myZivs wZb mßv‡ni †ekx Kvwk n‡jB GbwRI wK¬wbK ev miKvix nvmcvZv‡j Kd cix¶v Ki“b| h²v n‡j i¶v bvB GB K_vi wfwË bvB|

1.5 wk¶v_x©‡`i cvV hvPvB: h²v cÖkœ

Rv‡b I ey‡S (msL¨v) DËi`vZ G‡Kev‡i vi cy‡ivcy ‡gvUvg Rv‡b msL¨v wi ywU bv

DËi

h²v wK?

mw`© Kvwki g‡Zv GKwU cÖavb †ivM| GB †ivM evZv‡m Qovq|

wKfv‡e GB †ivM Qovq?

Avµvš— †ivMxi wb:k¦vm, nuvwP-Kvwk Ges K‡di m‡½ GB †iv‡Mi Rxevby my¯’ e¨w³i †`‡n cÖ‡ek K‡i|

h²v †iv‡Mi cÖavb wZb mßvn ev Zvi AwaK DcmM© wK? mgq Kvwk _vKv| h²v †iv‡Mi wPwKrmv Ki‡Z KZw`b jv‡M?

6-8 gvm|

wKfv‡e h²vi nvZ †_‡K euvPv hv‡e?

N‡ii wfZi gy³ Av‡jv evZvm _vKv,Kvwki mgq gyL †X‡K ivLv Ges †hLv‡b †mLv‡b _y_y bv †djv|

Bmy¨

cvV: 1.6

‡hŠb ‡ivM I GBWm D‡Ïk¨: GB cvV †k‡l AskMÖnYKvixMY

‡hŠb ‡ivM, GBWm e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

ev GBPAvBwf †iv‡Mi



‡hŠb‡iv‡Mi RwUjZv m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb Ges wb‡Ri wKsev cÖwZ‡ekx Kv‡ivi ‡hŠb‡ivM †`Lv w`‡j mgqgZ e¨e¯’v wb‡Z cvi‡eb|



GBPAvBwf ev GBWm †iv‡Mi KviY I msµg‡Yi Dcvq Rvb‡eb Ges wb‡Ri cwievi I GjvKvevmx‡K cÖwZ‡iv‡ai Rb¨ m‡PZb Ki‡eb|

†hŠb ‡ivM ˆ`wnK wgj‡bi d‡j †hme ‡ivM Qovq Zv‡K †hŠb ‡ivM e‡j| †hgb M‡bvwiqv, wmwdwjm, K¬vgvBwWqv, GBPAvBwf ev GBWm, †ncvUvBwUm, wewmwW BZ¨vw`| Z‡e ‡Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv mgq Ab¨fv‡eI G ‡ivM Qov‡Z cv‡i| †hŠb †ivM n‡j kix‡ii wewfbœ As‡k msµgb ev AmyL n‡Z cv‡i| †hgb wmwdwjm I M‡Yvwiqv n‡j †hŠb‡½ Nv nq| wKš‘ GBWm ev †ncvUvBwUm n‡j †hŠbv‡½ Nv n‡e bv Z‡e kix‡ii Ab¨ RvqMvq mgm¨v †`Lv †`q| wKfv‡e Qovq ? Bmy¨

‡ekxifvM †hŠb‡ivM msµwgZ e¨w³i mv‡_ †hŠbwgj‡bi d‡j Qovq| †hŠbwgjb QvovI Qov‡Z cv‡i, †hgb 

‡hŠb ‡ivM Av‡Q Ggb Kv‡iv i³ kix‡i wb‡j



‡hŠb ‡ivMxi e¨envi Kiv m~uP I wmwiÄ Rxevbyg~³ bv K‡i Ab¨ Kv‡iv kix‡i B‡ÄKkb w`‡j



‡hŠb ‡iv‡M Avµvš— Mf©eZx gv‡qi Mf©ve¯’vq, cÖm‡ei mgq ev ey‡Ki `ya MÖn‡Y wkïi g‡a¨ Qov‡Z cv‡i|

‡hŠb ‡iv‡Mi we‡kl wKQy j¶Y: j¶Y • ‡hŠbv½ †_‡K c~uR †ei nIqv • cÖmªv‡ei mgq e¨v_v I R¡vjv Kiv • Nb Nb cÖmªve nIqv • ‡hŠbv½ w`‡q njy` c~u‡Ri g‡Zv mv`v mªve †ei nIqv • ‡hŠbv‡½ AZ¨vwaK PzjKvwb • KL‡bv KL‡bv cÖmªve I †hŠbwgj‡bi mgq e¨v_v I Kó nIqv • ‡hŠbv½ I Gi Av‡kcv‡k Nv • KzuPwKi I kix‡ii Ab¨vb¨ MÖwš’ dz‡j hvIqv • g~Îbvjx †_‡K c~uR †ei nIqv • AÛ‡Kvl dz‡j hvIqv • cÖmªv‡ei mgq R¡vjv Kiv • cÖmªv‡ei mgq e¨v_v I R¡vjv Kiv • Nb Nb cÖmªve nIqv • KL‡bv KL‡bv cÖmªve I †hŠbwgj‡bi mgq e¨v_v I Kó nIqv •

‡hvwbc‡_ mªve I PzjKvwb

cyi“l / gwnjv

‡iv‡Mi bvg

cyi“l

M‡bvwiq v

gwnjv

gwnjv I cyi“l

wmwdwj m

cyi“l

K¬vgvB wWqv

gwnjv

gwnjv

Bmy¨

UªvB‡Kv-

‡gvwbqv wmm

• cÖmªve I †hŠbwgj‡bi mgq e¨v_v ‡QvU †dvmKvi g‡Zv hš¿Yv`vqK ¶Z • cÖmªv‡ei mgq e¨v_v I R¡vjv Kiv • gwnjv‡`i †hvwbc‡_ cvwbi gZ mªve hvIqv •

gwnjv I cyi“l

nviwcm †RwbUv wjqv

‡hŠb ‡iv‡Mi -Gi RwUjZv mwVK mg‡q I mwVK wPwKrmv bv Kiv‡j †hŠb‡ivM †_‡K wewfbœ RwUjZv ev mgm¨v †`Lv w`‡Z cv‡i| wKQy wKQy †hŠb‡iv‡Mi d‡j  ‡ivMx eܨv n‡q †h‡Z cv‡i  M‡f©i ev”Pv bó n‡Z cv‡i 

wkï AÜ n‡q Rb¥v‡Z cv‡i

 c½y wkï Rb¥ wb‡Z cv‡i 

Rivqy gy‡L K¨vÝvi n‡Z cv‡i

 GBWm †iv‡M mn‡R Avµvš— n‡Z cv‡i ‡hŠb‡ivM †_‡K i¶v cvIqvi Dcvq: ‡hŠb‡ivM †_‡K i¶v Ki‡Z n‡j wek¦¯— m½x Qvov Ab¨ Kv‡iv mv‡_ †hŠb m¤úK© bv ivLv 

 cÖwZevi †hŠb wgj‡bi mgq mwVK wbq‡g KbWg e¨envi Kiv  GKevi e¨env‡ii ci †d‡j w`‡Z nq Ggb m~uP I wmwiÄ e¨envi Kiv i³ †bevi cÖ‡qvRb n‡j ‡hŠb †iv‡Mi Rxevby Av‡Q wKbv cix¶v K‡i wbwðZ n‡q wb‡Z n‡e| 

GBW&m Bmy¨

GBW&m (AIDS) (G‡KvqvW© BgDb †Wwdwm‡qwÝ wmb‡Wªvg) n‡”Q HIV bvgK fvBivm Øviv msµwgZ GKwU gvivZœK msµvgK †ivM| HIV n‡jv : H (Human) = k‡Øi A_© gvbyl, I (Immunodeficiency) = k‡ãi A_© cÖwZ‡iva ¶gZv Afve, V (Virus) = fvBivm| HIV fvBiv‡mi Avµg‡bi d‡j gvbe‡`‡ni

†ivM cÖwZ‡iva ¶gZv K‡g hvq| Gi d‡j evievi Ges µgvMZ †ivMRxevYyi Avµg‡b kix‡i KZ¸‡jv DcmM© ev j¶Y †`Lv †`q Zv‡K GBW&m e‡j| myZivs HIV n‡jv GKwU fvBiv‡mi bvg Ges AIDS n‡jv HIV fvBivm Øviv m„wóKvix msµgK †ivM| GBW&m †ivM n‡j kix‡ii †ivM cÖwZ‡iva ¶gZv bó K‡i †`q| wK Kvi‡Y GBW&m nq ? GBPAvBwf bvgK GK cÖKvi fvBivm Øviv †KD msµwgZ n‡j GBW&m nq| kix‡ii Rjxq c`v_©mg~‡n, we‡klZ i³, exh©, gy‡Li jvjv Ges †hvwb wbtm„Z Rjxq c`v‡_© fvBivmwU we`¨gvb _v‡K| fvBivmwU kix‡ii †ivM cÖwZ‡iva ¶gZv‡K bó K‡i w`‡q Ab¨vb¨ †iv‡Mi msµgY cÖwZ‡iv‡a kixi‡K A¶Z K‡i †`q| GBW&m GKwU gvivZœK †ivM, hvi †Kv‡bv wPwKrmv bvB| GB fvBiv‡m Avµvš— n‡j kix‡ii †ivM cÖwZ‡iva ¶gZv _v‡K bv ZLb †h †Kvb †iv‡MB †m Avµvš— n‡Z cv‡i Ges †m †iv‡MB Zvi g„Zy¨ n‡Z cv‡i| GBW&m cÖwZ‡iv‡ai †Kv‡bv wUKvI GLb ch©š— Avwe¯‹…Z nqwb| d‡j GBWm †iv‡M g„Zz¨ AeavwiZ| GBW&m -i j¶Y wK? Bmy¨

GBPAvBwf RxevYy Øviv Avvµvš— n‡j AwZ ax‡i ax‡i †`‡ni †ivM cÖwZ‡iva ¶gZv †f‡½ co‡Z _v‡K| axi MwZ‡Z †ivM cÖwZ‡iva ¶gZv †f‡½ co‡Z 8 †_‡K 10 eQiI jvM‡Z cv‡i| GB `xN© mgq c‡i Avµvš— e¨w³i mvaviYZ: †h mKj j¶Y †`Lv †`q, Zv n‡jv • wUwe ev h²v ‡ivM †`Lv †`q • ax‡i ax‡i †`‡ni †ivM cÖwZ‡iva ¶gZv †f‡½ co‡Z _v‡K • gvivZ¥Kfv‡e IRb K‡g hvq • GK gv‡miI †ewk mgq a‡i cvZjv cvqLvbv n‡Z cv‡i • `xN©w`b R¡i _v‡K • evievi Kvb I Mjvq Nv nq • mg¯— kix‡i Ges Z¡‡K Pg©‡ivM nq • QÎvK RvZxq †ivM nq • Nv‡o I eM‡j ¸wU †e‡a dz‡j hvq • k¦vmZ‡š¿i cÖ`v‡n Avµvš— n‡Z cv‡i | GBW&m wKfv‡e Qovq? • GBW&m Avµvš— †ivMx‡`i m‡½ Aeva I Aiw¶Z †hŠb wgj‡bi gva¨‡g • GBW&m Avµvš— †ivMxi i³ MÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g • GBW&m †ivMxi e¨eüZ m~uP-wmwiÄ, KvuwP, ¶yi/†iRi, †eW BZ¨vw` e¨envi Ki‡j • GBW&m Avµvš— gv‡qi Mf©RvZ mš—vb • GBW&m Avµvš— gv‡qi ey‡Ki `ya cvbKvix wkïi • Mfxi Pz¤^b, hve gva¨‡g jvjvi AbycÖ‡ek N‡U

Bmy¨

‡hŠb wgjb QvovI GBW&m Avµvš— e¨w³i e¨eüZ wmwiÄ, ¶zi, BZ¨vw`i gva¨‡g ev gv‡qi kixi †_‡K beRvZ‡Ki kix‡i GBW&m Qov‡Z cv‡i| GBW&m nIqvi AvksKv Kv‡`i †ewk _v‡K ? hv‡`i GBW&m Avµvš— nIqvi AvksKv †ewk _v‡K• mgKvgx cyi“l (hviv cyi“‡l cyi“‡l †hŠbm½g K‡i) • eûbvixMvgx cyi“l (hviv A‡bK bvixi m‡½ †hŠb KvR K‡i) • eûcyi“lMvgx bvix (hviv A‡bK cyi“‡li m‡½ †hŠb KvR K‡i) • ‡hŠbKgx© (cyi“l I gwnjv) • wmwi‡Äi gva¨‡g †bkv MÖnYKvix • i³ ev A‡b¨i A½-cÖZ¨½ MÖnYKvix hviv A‡b‡Ki m‡½ †hŠb KvR K‡i Zv‡`i GBW&m nIqvi AvksKv A‡bK †ewk| GBW&m wKfv‡e Qovq bv ? • GBW&m ‡ivMxi mv‡_ †KvjvKzwj Ki‡j • nv‡Z ai‡j wKsev n¨vÛ‡kK Ki‡j • AkÖ“ †_‡K ev Nvg †_‡K • ‡ivMxi e¨eüZ Rvgv Kvco ‡_‡K • GKB _vjv evmb e¨envi Ki‡j • GKB Kv‡c Pv †L‡j • gkv gvwQ Øviv

Bmy¨

GBW&m †_‡K wKfv‡e wb‡R‡K gy³ ivLv hvq ? • ‡hŠb wgj‡bi mgq KbWg e¨envi Kiv • wb‡Ri wek¦¯— eÜz (¯^vgx/¯¿x) Qvov †hŠb m¤úK© bv ivLv • eûMvwgZv cwinvi Kiv • GBW&m Avµvš— e¨w³i mv‡_ †hŠb wgjb †_‡K weiZ _vKv • RxevYygy³ wmwiÄ I m~P e¨envi Kiv • i³ MÖn‡Y mZK©Zv Aej¤^b Kiv • ag©xq Abykvmb †g‡b Pjv I my¯’ Rxeb hvcb Kiv GBW&m mvgvwRK Ges cvwievwiK †¶‡Î wK ai‡Yi cvwievwiK cÖfve cÖfve †d‡j ? cvwievwiK eÜb †f‡½ co‡e mvgvwRK cÖfve mvgvwRK mvnv‡h¨i Rb¨ Kg©V †jvK K‡g hv‡e Pvc n‡e Drcv`b e¨e¯’v †f‡½ co‡e A_©‰bwZK Pvc m„wó D‡`¨v³v K‡g hv‡e n‡e (g„Zz¨) ¶zav I `vwi‡`ª¨i cÖmvi ci wbf©ikxj †jvK e„w× NU‡Z _vK‡e cv‡e A‡b¨i AbyMÖn wb‡q Amy¯’ wkïi Rb¥ n‡e evuP‡Z n‡e Abv_ wkïi msL¨v e„w× msmvi Rxeb n‡q DV‡e cv‡e `ywe©mn I Akvwš—gq GBW&m n‡j wK Ki‡Z n‡e ? Kv‡iv GBW&m nIqv gv‡bB †m Kjw¼Z bq| Avgv‡`i A‡b‡Ki aviYv †h, A‰eafv‡e †hŠb KvR Ki‡jB GBW&m nq Ges Kv‡iv GBW&m n‡j Avgiv Zv‡K Lvivc †Pv‡L †`wL| wKš‘ GUv wVK bq| eis Zv‡K mnRfv‡e †bqv GKRb gvby‡li `vwqZ¡| Zv‡K †mev Kiv, gvbwmKfv‡e mvnm †hvMv‡bv, mngwg©Zv †`Lv‡bv Avgv‡`i KvR | Bmy¨

GBW&m Avµvš— e¨w³i mv‡_ Avgv‡`i ¯^vfvweK AvPiY Kiv DwPZ | GBW&m n‡j wKfv‡e Pj‡Z n‡e ? ‡Kvb Kvi‡Y hw` GBW&m nq Zvn‡j h_vm¤¢e gvbwmKfv‡e k³ _vKvB eyw×gv‡bi KvR Ges wKfv‡e fvj _vKv hvq †m †Póv Ki‡Z n‡e | • cwi¯‹vi cwi”QbœZvi wbqg †g‡b Pj‡Z n‡e • cywóKi I wfUvwgbhy³ Lvevi †L‡Z n‡e • wb‡Ri Uz_eªvk, †iRvi e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e (Ab¨ †KD †hb e¨envi bv K‡i) • ¯^vfvweK KvRKg©, wekªvg I cÖwZw`b wKQz e¨vqvg Ki‡Z n‡e • ‡hŠb wgj‡bi mgq Aek¨B KbWg e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e • ‡g‡q‡`i †¶‡Î mš—vb PvB‡j ev wkï‡K ey‡Ki `ya LvIqv‡Z PvB‡j ¯^v¯’¨Kgx©i civgk© wb‡Z n‡e • nvwm-Lywk _vKv, †Kvb welq wb‡q `ywðš—v bv Kiv| ¯^vfvweKfv‡e mKj KvRK©g Ki‡Z n‡e| gvbwmKfv‡e k³ _vKv, wKQz wbqg †g‡b Pjv GBW&m Avµvš— e¨w³i Rb¨ Ri“ix |

1.6 wk¶v_x©‡`i cvV hvPvB: GBWm Rv‡b I ey‡S (msL¨v)

cÖkœ

G‡Ke DËi`vZvi ‡gvU v‡i msL¨v cy‡ivcy vgyw wi Rv‡b U bv

DËi

†hŠb ‡ivM¸‡jv wK M‡bvwiqv, wmwdwjm, wK ? K¬vgvBwWqv BZ¨vw` GBWm wK?

GKwU gvivZ¥K msµvgK

Bmy¨

†ivM| GBWm wKfv‡e Qovq?

GBWm Avµvš— †ivMxi mv‡_ Aiw¶Z †hŠbm½g Ki‡j Ges Zv‡`i i³ MÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g, Zv‡`i e¨eüZ m~P wmwiÄ e¨envi Ki‡j|

GBWm I †hŠb wek¦¯— m½x Qvov Ab¨ †ivM †_‡K euvPvi Kv‡iv mv‡_ m½g bv Kiv, Dcvq wK? Rxevbyg~³ m~P wmwiÄ e¨envi, i³ MÖn‡Y mZK©Zv, agx©q wbqg †g‡b Pjv|

cvV: 1.7

gv`Kvmw³i Kzdj D‡Ïk¨: GB cvV †k‡l AskMÖnYKvixMY

gv`K`ªe¨ I Gi Kzdj m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|



gv`‡Ki nvZ †_‡K wb‡R, GjvKvevmx‡K i¶v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

cwievi

Ges



cwievi I mgv‡R gv`K cÖwZ‡iva m‡PZbZv e„wׇZ D‡`¨vMx n‡eb| gv`Kvmw³ wK? wbZvš—B e¨w³MZ †KŠZ~nj †gUv‡Z wM‡q A‡b‡KB †bkvMÖ¯— n‡q c‡o| ‡mB †bkv Avgv‡`i Rxe‡b †W‡K Av‡b me©bvk| Avgiv A‡b‡K GLbI gv`Kvmw³i Bmy¨

e¨vcv‡i m‡PZb n‡q DV‡Z cvwiwb| wKš‘ G wel‡q Avgv‡`i m‡PZbZv AZ¨š— Ri“ix| gv`K`ªe¨ ej‡Z Avgiv eywS Ggb `ªe¨ hv †L‡j †bkv nq| G¸‡jv n‡jv MvuRv, †dwÝwWj, Pim, fvO, ¸j, RÏ©v, ‡n‡ivBb, †cw_wWb, g` BZ¨vw`| ‡Kv‡bv e¨w³ hLb D³ `ªe¨¸‡jvi Ici †bkvMÖ¯— n‡q c‡o ZLb Zv‡K gv`Kvm³ ejv nq| ‡h †Kv‡bv ai‡bi gv`K`ª‡e¨i Dci hLb †KD †bkvMÖ¯ — n‡q c‡o ZLb Zv‡K gv`Kvm³ ejv hvq| gv`Kvmw³i ¶wZKi w`K¸‡jv wK? gv`Kvmw³i ¶wZKi w`K¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© A‡b‡Ki my¯úó †Kv‡bv avibv bv _vKvq A‡b‡KB mn‡R gv`K`ªe¨ MÖnY K‡i _v‡K| A‡b‡KB Avevi Gi ¶wZKi w`KUv we‡kl ¸i“Z¡ w`‡q ‡`‡L bv| Avgv‡`i †f‡e †`L‡Z n‡e gv`Kvmw³i Kzdj ev ¶wZKi w`K¸‡jv wK? my¯’ Rxe‡bi Ici gv`K `ª‡e¨i cÖfve gvbwmK ¯^v¯’¨: • Rvbvi ¶gZv Ges Kv‡Ri `¶Zv Kwg‡q †`q • Av‡eM‡K wbqš¿Ynxb K‡i †d‡j • wm×vš— †bqvi ¶gZv Kwg‡q †`q • gvbwmK cxob evwo‡q †`q • DMÖ AvPi‡Yi Rb¥ †`q • AvZ¥nZ¨vi cÖeYZvi evwo‡q †`q • Kvh©Ki †hvMv‡hv‡Mi ¶gZv n«vm K‡i • Ab_©K ZK© Kivi cÖeYZv ˆZwi K‡i • AvNvZ Kivi cÖeYZv ˆZwi nq • ciwbf©ikxj K‡i †d‡j Bmy¨

•

gw¯—®‹ I k¦vmh‡š¿i ¶gZv‡K Kwg‡q †`q

kvixwiK ¶wZ: • gw¯—‡®‹i mœvqy‡Kvl‡K †g‡i †d‡j • ‡Ljvayjvi `¶Zv Kwg‡q †`q • kix‡ii ¯^vfvweK DòZvi ZviZg¨ NUvq • kix‡ii m~¶è Abyf~wZ¸‡jv Kwg‡q †`q • ¯^vfvweK Lv`¨vf¨vm bó K‡i • Aš¿ ‡_‡K wfUvwgb †kvl‡Y evav †`q • ‡hŠb ¶gZv n«vm cvq wbivcËv: GBW&m nevi Avk¼v evwo‡q †`q • d‡j `yN©Ubvi Avk¼v †e‡o hvq • Ny‡gi Jla ev Ab¨ †Kvb †bkv`ª‡e¨i mv‡_ †meb Ki‡j g„Zy¨ ch©š— n‡Z cv‡i • ¯§„wZkw³ Kwg‡q †`q •

‡ivM

wjfvi wm‡ivwm‡mi Avµvš— n‡Z cv‡i • ü`‡iv‡Mi Rb¥ w`‡Z cv‡i • gyL, Lv`¨bvjx I k¦vmbvjxi K¨vÝv‡ii Avk¼v evwo‡q †`q (we‡kl K‡i m‡½ aygcvb Ki‡j) • wKWwb bó K‡i †dj‡Z cv‡i • ‡ivMcÖwZiva ¶gZv Kwg‡q †`q •

A_©‰bwZK ¶wZ • Kv‡R duvwK †`evi cÖeYZv ev‡o • ¯^v¯’¨ msµvš— Kvi‡Y LiP †e‡o hvq • ‡bkvMÖ¯—‡`i wPwKrmvi Rb¨ Ges Aciva †e‡o hvq d‡j iv‡óªi LiP †e‡o hvq • Kg©¶g Rbkw³ n«vm cvq Bmy¨

gv`K`ªe¨ kvixwiK, gvbwmK, A_©‰bwZK, mvgvwRK BZ¨vw` w`K †_‡K Avgv‡`i ¶wZMÖ¯— K‡i _v‡K | gv`Kvmw³i cÖwZ‡iva I Gi cÖwZKvi wKfv‡e Kiv m¤¢e? gv`K Avgv‡`i Rb¨ we‡kl ¶wZKi| A‡b‡KB wPš—v K‡i, Avgiv wb‡Riv gv`K MÖnY Ki‡ev bv, Ab¨‡KI gv`K MÖn‡Y wbi“rmvwnZ Ki‡ev | gv`Kvmw³ wKfv‡e cÖwZ‡iva Kiv hvq? Q‡j ‡g‡q‡`i gb ‡hb gv`K`ª‡e¨i e¨env‡ii w`‡K bv hvq †mRb¨ Zv‡`i cwievi Zv‡`i cÖwZ we‡kl †Lqvj ivL‡Z cv‡i| evwoi gyi“eŸxiv Avš—wiK e¨envi, Av`i-‡mœn, wb‡R‡`i ˆbwZK ¸Yvejx Ges gnr e¨w³‡`i Kvwnbx ïwb‡q wK‡kvi-wK‡kvix‡`i‡K my¯’ weKv‡ki c‡_ wb‡q Avm‡Z cv‡i| ZvQvov-

cvwievwiKfv‡e •

cwiev‡i gv`K`ªe¨ †meb eÜ Ki‡Z n‡e • cwiev‡i †KD †bkv Ki‡j Zv‡K Gi Lvivc w`K¸‡jv †evSv‡Z n‡e Ges cÖ‡qvR‡b wPwKrmvi gva¨‡g Zv‡K ZvovZvwo my¯’ K‡i Zzj‡Z n‡e • ‡Ljvayjv, mvs¯‹…wZK Abyôvb I Dbœqbg~jK Kv‡R Drmvn w`‡Z n‡e • ag©xq Kv‡R DrmvwnZ Ki‡Z n‡e • wb‡Ri e¨vcv‡i `vwqZ¡kxj Kiv‡Z n‡e Bmy¨

Zv‡`i‡K †evSv‡Z n‡e †h, gv`K`ªe¨ †meb eÜ Kivi Rb¨ wb‡Ri B”QvB h‡_ó • we‡bv`‡bi wewfbœ Dcvq Luy‡R w`‡Z n‡e •

mvgvwRKfv‡e mgv‡R gv`K`ª‡e¨i cÖmvi †iv‡a mvgvwRKfv‡e D‡`¨vM MÖnY Kiv • M‡íi gva¨‡g gv`K`ªe¨ †mebKvixi Ki“b cwiYwZ Zz‡j aiv • gv`Kvm³‡`i my¯’ K‡i mgv‡R cÖwZôvi e¨e¯’v Kiv • gv`K`ª‡e¨i mnRjf¨Zv †iva Kiv • ‰bwZK wk¶v Kvh©µ‡gi cÖmvi NUv‡bv •

cvwievi I mvgvwRK m‡PZbZv wk¶v

I

mwVK

D‡`¨vM

fv‡jv

eÜz

wbe©vPb `vwqZ¡kxjZv

BZ¨vw`

gv`Kvmw³

cÖwZ‡iva I cÖwZKv‡ii c_|

1.7 wk¶v_x©‡`i cvV hvPvB: gv`K`ªe¨ cÖkœ

DËi

DËi`vZvi msL¨v

Bmy¨

Rv‡b I ey‡S (msL¨v)

cy‡ivcy ‡gvUvg G‡Kev‡i wi ywU Rv‡b bv

gv`K`ªe¨ ej‡Z wK †h `ªe¨ †L‡j †bkv nq ewyS? ZvB gv`K`ªe¨| K‡qKwU gv`K`ª‡e¨i ejyb?

MuvRv, g`, Avwdg, ¸j, bvg R`©v, ZvgvK, †n‡ivBb|

gv`K`ªe¨ MÖn‡Y ¯^v‡¯’¨i ¶wZ, kvixwiK, wK wK ¶wZ nq ? A_©‰bwZK, cvwievwiK I mvgvwRK ¶wZ nq| gv`Kvmw³ cwievi †_‡K mš—v‡bi cÖwZ‡iva Ki‡Z cÖwZ we‡kl bRi †`qv, wK Kiv `iKvi? `vwqZ¡kxj e¨envi, Av`i †mœn, ˆbwZK ¸Yvejx, gnr e¨vw³‡`i Kvwnbx Rvbvi e¨e¯’v K‡i w`‡q|

Bmy¨

2. gvbevwaKvi I mykvmb • bvix wbh©vZb • wkïkªg • †gŠwjK AwaKvi I mykvmb • ‡fvUvwaKvi • bvix I wkï cvPvi

Bmy¨

cvV : 2.1

bvix wbh©vZb D‡Ïk¨: GB cvV †k‡l AskMÖnYKvixMY

bvix wbh©vZ‡bi KviY I djvdj e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|



bvix wbh©vZ‡bi wei“‡× cÖwZ‡iva e¨e¯’v wb‡Z cvi‡eb| bvix wbh©vZb ev bvixi cÖwZ mwnsmZv AvR mviv we‡k¦ GKwU Av‡jvwPZ welq| eû Kvj a‡i bvix‡K wØZxq †kªYxi gvbyl wn‡m‡e †`Lv n‡”Q| Gi cwibwZB n‡jv bvix wbh©vZb, hv mvgvwRKfv‡e AZ¨š— N„wYZ GKwU KvR| bvix wbh©vZb n†jv Ggb †Kvb AvPiY hv cÖZ¨¶ ev c‡iv¶fv‡e kvixwiK, ˆRweK I gvbwmK hš¿Yvi D‡`ªK K‡i, †hLv‡b ivóª, mgvR I cvwievwiK Rxe‡b bvix Zvi AwaKvi Ges Kv‡Ri myweav †_‡K ewÂZ nq| bvix wbh©vZ‡bi aiY  kvixwiK ¯úk© Ges

AvNvZ  Pjv‡divq wewawb‡la Av‡ivc  bvix I wkï cvPvi  ‡hŠZzK

Bmy¨

 al©Y  ‡g‡q wkï nZ¨v  ‡g‡q wkïi †cvkvK I Lvev‡ii ‡¶‡Î wfbœZv I ˆelg¨  GwmW wb‡¶c  cwZZve„wˇZ eva¨ Kiv  bvix nZ¨v  ZvjvK  eû weevn BZ¨vw` bvix wbh©vZ‡bi cÖfve : mvgvwRK cÖfve • mvgvwRK Aw¯’iZv e„w× cvq| • AcwiKwíZ Awbqwš¿Z mš—vb Rb¥ †bq| • AvBb k„•Ljvi AebwZ N‡U| • wbgœ IRb I Kg †gav m¤úbœ wkï Rb¥ †bq| gvbwmK cÖfve • gvbwmK Aemv‡`i Rb¥ ‡`q|

• cvwievwiK Ø›Ø †`Lv †`q| • AvZ¥nZ¨vi cÖeYZv ev‡o| • ‡jLvcov, Kv‡R K‡g© †bwZevPK cÖfve| • Rxeb I RMr m¤ú‡K© †bwZevPK aviYvi m„wó nq| ¯^v¯’¨MZ cÖfve • Mf© avi‡Y A¶gZv †`Lv ‡`q| • ‡hŠb †ivM e„w× cvq| • Mf©cv‡Zi nvi †e‡o hvq| Bmy¨

• Acywói wkKvi nq|

• • • •

cywônxb wkï Rb¥ †bq| AvZ¥nZ¨vi cÖeYZv e„w× cvq| gvZ…g„Zz¨-wkïg„Zz¨ e„w× cvq| RwUj ¯¿x †ivM †`Lv †`q| • A½nvwb N‡U| • `xN©¯’vqx `~e©jZv I Amy¯’Zv e„w× cvq| A_©‰bwZK cÖfve • Avq-DcvR©‡b †bwZevPK cÖfve c‡o| • kªg kw³i c~Y©v½ e¨envi AwbwðZ n‡q c‡o| • Drcv`bkxjZv n«vm cvq| • RvZxq Dbœqb e¨vnZ nq| ivR‰bwZK cÖfve • gwnjv cÖwZwbwaZ¡ n«vm cvq| • bvix‡`i ¶gZvqb e¨vnZ nq|

• ivR‰bwZK Aw¯’iZv e„w× cvq| • ‡RÛvi AmgZv e„w× cvq| †`‡k bvix wbh©vZb e‡Üi Rb¨ 2003 mv‡j GKwU ms‡kvabx AvBb cvk n‡q‡Q| †hLv‡b GwmW

wb‡¶‡ci m‡e©v”P kvw¯— g„Zz¨`Û ev hve¾xeb Kviv`Û ev GK j¶ UvKv A_©`Û|

 al©‡bi m‡e©v”P kvw¯— g„Zz¨`Û ev hve¾xeb

mkªg Kviv`Û Ges AwZwi³ GK j¶ UvKv A_©`Û|

 ‡hŠZz‡Ki Kvi‡Y hw` bvixi g„Zz¨ N‡U ev g„Zz¨

NUv‡bvi †Póv Kiv nq Zvn‡j g„Zz¨`Û I AwZwi³ A_©`Û|

Bmy¨

 †hŠb wbcxo‡bi Rb¨ 10 ermi, wKš‘ Kgc‡¶ 3 ermi

mkªg Kviv`Û Ges AwZwi³ A_©`Û|

 bvixi AvZœnZ¨vq cÖ‡ivPbv- †Kvb bvixi B”Qvi wei“‡× †Kvb e¨w³i B”QvK…Z †Kvb Kvh© Øviv m¤ £gnvwb nevi cÖZ¨¶ Kvi‡Y †Kvb bvix AvZœnZ¨v Ki‡j ev AvZœnZ¨v Ki‡Z cÖ‡ivwPZ Kivi Rb¨ 10 ermi wKš‘ Ab~¨b 5 eQi mkªg Kviv`Û Ges AwZwi³ A_©`Û| GZ KwVb AvBb cÖYq‡bi c‡iI bvix wbh©vZ‡bi cwiw¯’wZ bvRyK Ae¯’vq i‡q‡Q| Avgiv bvix‡K cwic~Y© gvbyl wn‡m‡e fve‡Z| bvix‡K mwVKfv‡e gh©v`v bv w`‡j GB wPÎ e`jv‡e bv| ZvB bvix wbh©vZb cÖwZ‡iv‡a Avgv‡`i KiYxq n‡jv : •

• •

• • • • • •

•

mvgvwRK m‡PZbZv e„w× Kiv| bvix cvPvi †iv‡a cÖ‡qvRbxq e¨e¯’v MÖnY Kiv| cÖPwjZ AvBb mnR I ev¯—evqb‡hvM¨ Kiv| wewfbœ ¯—‡i gZwewbgq mfvi Av‡qvRb Kiv| bvix‡K gvbyl wnmv‡e gh©v`v †`Iqv| ¯’vbxq MY¨gvb¨ e¨w³‡K bvix wbh©vZ‡bi wei“‡× `vwqZ¡kxj Kiv| bvix †bZ…Z¡ m„wó Ges me©Î bvixi AskMÖnY wbwðZ Kiv| bvix‡K ¯^vej¤^x wn‡m‡e ˆZix Kiv| bvixi cÖwZ BwZevPK `„wófw½i D‡Ï‡k¨ RbMY‡K m‡PZb Kiv| †cvóvi, wjd‡jU, cvKvW©, wfwWI wPÎ, wd¬c PvU© cÖ`k©‡bi gva¨‡g m‡PZbZv e„w× Kiv|

bvix wbh©vZb cÖwZ‡iv‡ai j‡¶¨ evsjv‡`‡k bvix wbh©vZb cÖwZ‡iva w`em cvwjZ n‡”Q| 1995 mv‡ji 24 AvM÷ w`bvRcy‡ii `kgvBj bvgK ¯’v‡b wZbRb cywjk Bmy¨

Bqvmgxb (15) bv‡g GK wK‡kvix‡K al©b I nZ¨v K‡i| GB ee©i I ˆcPvwkK NUbv mviv‡`‡k bvix wbh©vZ‡bi wei“‡× Zxeª Av‡›`vj‡bi m~Pbv K‡i| ZLb †_‡K bvix I gvbevwaKvi msMVbmg~n GB w`bwU†K bvix wbh©vZb cÖwZ‡iva w`em wnmv‡e cvjb K‡i Avm‡Q| GQvovI cÖwZ eQi mviv we‡k¦ Avš—R©vwZK bvix w`em cvjb Kiv nq|

2.1 wk¶v_x©‡`i cvV hvPvB: bvix wbh©vZb Rv‡b I ey‡S (msL¨v)

cÖkœ

DËi`vZvi msL¨v

DËi

bvix wbh©vZb Ggb †Kvb AvPiY hv bvixi ej‡Z wK ewyS? kvixwiK, ˆRweK I gvbwmK hš¿Yvi D‡`ªK K‡i d‡j ivóª, mgvR I cwievi Rxe‡b †m Zvi AwaKvi I Kv‡Ri myweav †_‡K ewÂZ nq|

Bmy¨

G‡Kev cy‡ivc ‡gvUv ‡i Rv‡b ywi gywU bv

K‡qKwU bvix ‡hŠZzK, al©Y, GwmW wbh©vZ‡bi aiY wb‡ÿc, ZvjvK, eûweevn, ejyb? cvPvi, kvixwiK ¯úk©, AvNvZ, nZ¨v| bvix wbh©vZ‡bi mvgvwRK, gvbwmK, A_© d‡j Gi cÖfve †Kvb ‰bwZK, ¯^v¯’¨MZ I ivR †Kvb †¶‡Î c‡o? ‰bwZK †¶‡Î| bvix wbh©vZb mvgvwRK m‡PZbZv, cÖwZ‡iva Ki‡Z cvPvi †iva, AvB†bi wK Kiv `iKvi? mnRxKiY Ges ev¯— evqb‡hvM¨ Kiv, bvix‡K gvbyl wnmv‡e gh©v`v †`qv| bvix wbh©vZb cÖwZ‡iva w`em K‡e cvwjZ nq?

24 †k AvMó

cvV : 2.2

wkïkªg D‡Ïk¨: Bmy¨

GB cvV †k‡l AskMÖnYKvixMY

wkïkªg wK Ges wkïkª‡gi ¶wZKi w`K e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb



wkïkªg cÖwZ‡iv‡a m‡PZb n‡eb Ges wb‡Ri cwievi I GjvKvq wkïkªg cÖwZ‡iv‡a c`‡¶c wb‡eb| wek¦Ry‡o wkïkªwg‡Ki msL¨v cÖwZwbqZ e„w× cv‡”Q| GKvi‡Y Avš—R©vwZK kªg ms¯’v 2002 mvj †_‡K 12 Ryb‡K ÔAvš—R©vwZK wkïkªg we‡ivax w`emÕ cvj‡bi †NvlYv w`‡q‡Q| we‡k¦ eZ©gv‡b cÖwZ 6 Rb wkïi g‡a¨ GKRb wkïkª‡gi m‡½ RwoZ| wkïkªg wkï‡`i kvixwiK, gvbwmK I eyw×wfwËK weKv‡ki cwicš’x| RvwZmsN wkï AwaKvi mb` Abyhvqx 18 eQ‡ii Kg eqmx cÖwZwU †Q‡j†g‡q‡K ÔwkïÕ ejv hv‡e| Avš—R©vwZK kªg ms¯’vi g‡Z, mKj †`‡ki wkïi mvaviY me©wbgœ eqm 15 eQi| wkïkª‡gi kvw¯— m‡e©v”P 500 UvKv Rwigvbv A_ev 3 gv‡mi †Rj| evsjv‡`‡k `wi`ª cwiev‡ii wkïiv RxweKvi cÖ‡qvR‡b bvbv ai‡bi †ckvq RwoZ _v‡K| eZ©gv‡b G‡`‡k kZKiv 43 fvM wkï kªgRxex| Giv mvaviYZ evmv-evwoi KvR, †nv‡Uj-Pv‡qi †`vKv‡b, B‡jKwUªK I‡qwìs †j` †gwk‡b, evm †U‡¤úvmn wewfbœ cwien‡bi †njcvi, KviLvbvi kªwgK, gv`K`ªe¨ wewµ, nKvi, †dwiIqvjv, Kzwj wgw¯¿i Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ i‡q‡Q| ‡g‡q wkïiv B”Qv-Awb”Qvq Bmy¨

eva¨ n‡q wKsev cvPv‡ii wkKvi n‡q †Rvic~e©K †hŠbe„wË, bqZ wkï c‡Y©vMÖvwd‡Z Rwo‡q c‡o| Av_©-mvgvwRK Kvi‡Y Avgv‡`i g‡Zv Z…Zxq we‡k¦i ‡`‡k wkïiv kªwgK n‡Z eva¨ nq| `wi`ª cwievi¸‡jv‡Z AwaK mš—v‡bi Kvi‡Y cwiev‡i mvnvh¨ Ki‡Z wkï‡`i †ivRMv‡ii AbymÜvb Ki‡Z nq| MÖv‡g wkïiv evev gv‡qi ms‡M †¶ZLvgvi, av‡bi Kj, gvwU KvUv, iv¯— wbg©vY wKsev gyw` †`vKv‡b kªg †`q| kn‡i Kj-KviLvbv, ¶z`ª e¨emv, Mv‡g©›Um, wbg©vb KvR wKsev evmv-evwo‡Z KvR K‡i| bvix cÖavb cwiev‡ii wkï‡`i eva¨ n‡q wkïkªg w`‡Z nq| Avgv‡`i †`‡ki wkïiv bvbv SuzwKc~Y© †hgb- †hŠb Kgx©, †PvivPvjvb, wewo I e¨vUvix mn ivmvqwbK KviLvbvi KvR, Mvm d¨v±wi, U¨vbvwi, jeb KviLvbv, cwienb, gqjv-AveR©bv msMÖn, I‡qwìs, gv`K`ªe¨ Drcv`b I cvPvi, A¯¿ enb I cvPvi Ges D‡Ui RwK wnmv‡e Kv‡Ri mv‡_ Rwo‡q i‡q‡Q| Gai‡bi SzuwKc~Y© Kv‡R wkï‡`i Rov‡bvi d‡j †`‡ki Av_© mvgvwRK Dbœq‡b eo evav| cÖvq 13 jvL wkï SzuwKc~Y© Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ Av‡Q| †g‡qwkï†`i weivU Ask K… wlKv‡R wKsev M„ncwiPvwiKvi Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ i‡q‡Q| †g‡qwkï‡`i kªwgK wn‡m‡e ‡ek K`i i‡q‡Q| KviY cvwikªwgK Kg, gRywi wb‡q †`b`ievi K‡i bv, nVvr KvR †Q‡o P‡j hvq bv, Bmy¨

wbi‡e mewKQz mn¨ K‡i| wKš— †c‡Ui `v‡q KvR Ki‡Z eva¨ nIqv †g‡q‡`i Rb¨ bvbv wec` IZ †c‡Z _v‡K| Zviv A‡bK mgq †hŠb wbcxob, cvPvi, A‰ea Mf©ve¯’v I SywKc~Y© Mf©cv‡Zi wkKvi nq †ekx| wkï‡`i ˆkk‡ei †KvgjZv, ˆK‡kv‡ii `yiš—cbv, ¯^vfvweKfv‡e †e‡o DVvi Avb›` mewKQz †K‡o †bq wkïkªg| AcÖvß eq‡m gvÎvwZwi³ kªg Avi SzwKi Kvi‡Y Zv‡`i Rxebxkw³ wbt‡kl K‡i †d‡j| cieZx©‡Z Giv `¶ Rbkw³ iƒ‡c M‡o D‡V bv| Giv kix‡ii IR‡bi †P‡q †ekx fvix †evSv enb K‡i| †Kvgj nv‡Z Zz‡j †bq KwVb nvZzwo| B”Qvi wei“‡× wbw¶ß nq wbwl× cjx‡Z| A‡nZzK g„Zz¨SuzwK, fMœ¯^v¯’¨, †ivMe¨vwa, Zv‡`i wbZ¨m½x| wk¶vi Av‡jv †_‡K ewÂZ GB wkïiv mvgwqKfv‡e wb‡Ri I cwiev‡ii Avnvi †hvMv‡Z m¶g n‡jI G‡`i mvg‡b _v‡K bv †Kvb fwel¨r| AwaK kª‡gi Kvi‡Y Zv‡`i ¯^vfvweK eyw× I weKvk `y‡UvB gvivZ¥Kfv‡e e¨vnZ nq| wkïkªg e‡Ü Avgv‡`i KiYxq: • `vwi‡`ª¨i Kvi‡Y wkïkªg evo‡Q| ZvB `vwi`ª¨ we‡gvP‡b e¨vcK KvR Ki‡Z n‡e| • wkï‡`i A‰eZwbK wk¶vi my‡hvM myjf Ki‡Z n‡e| • K…lK I gRyi‡`i cb¨ I kª‡gi b¨vh¨ gRyixi e¨e¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e| • wkïkªg e‡Ü AvB‡bi h_vh_ ev¯—evqb Kiv Ges AvBb j•NbKvixi wei“‡× K‡Vvi e¨e¯’v MÖnY| • wkïkª‡gi Kzdj m¤ú‡K© wkïi evev-gv‡K m‡PZb Kiv| • wkïkª‡g eva¨ n‡j †m‡¶‡Î wkïi Rb¨ nvjKv Kv‡Ri e¨e¯’v Kiv|

Bmy¨

RxweKvi cÖ‡qvR‡b, AwffveK‡`i cÖ‡ivPYvq Ges wb‡qvMKZ©vi AvMÖ‡n wkïiv Aev‡a kªg w`‡q hv‡”Q| G‡Z Zv‡`i †eu‡P _vKvi Aej¤^b _vK‡jI Rxeb weKvk Ges wbivcËv I myi¶vi AwaKvi jw•NZ n‡”Q| `vwi`ª¨ hZw`b _vK‡e wkïkªg ZZw`b _vK‡e| Z‡e SuzwKc~Y© wkïkªg e‡Ü mKj‡K D‡`¨vMx n‡Z n‡e| kª‡gi bv‡g wkï‡`i Dci Ab¨vq, †kvlY Ges AgvbweK AvPiY¸‡jv eÜ Ki‡Z n‡e| Zv‡`i Rb¨ b¨vh¨ gRyix I wbivc` Kg©cwi‡ek wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e| ‡hme KviLvbvq a~jvevwj I ¶wZKviK wRwbm e¨envi nq †mLv‡b wkï‡`i gv¯‹ e¨envi Avi †hLv‡b GwmW e¨envi K‡i †mLv‡b wkï‡`i Mvfm e¨envi Kivi e¨e¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e|

2.2 wk¶v_x©‡`i cvV hvPvB: wkïkªg Rv‡b I ey‡S (msL¨v)

cÖkœ

DËi`vZvi ‡gvU msL¨v cy‡ivc vgyw G‡Kev‡i ywi Rv‡b bv U

DËi

wkïkªg ej‡Z wK mvaviYZ 15 eQ‡ii †Kvb ewyS? wkïkª‡gi mv‡_ RwoZ n‡j †mUv‡K wkkykªg e‡j| K‡qKwU SzuwKc~Y© wkïkªg D‡jL Ki“b?

†hŠbKgx©, †PvivPvjvb, ZvgvK I ivmvqwbK KvR, U¨vbvix, jeb, cwienb, I‡qwìs, gv`K`ªe¨ BZ¨vw`|

Bmy¨

wkïkª‡gi kvw¯— 500 UvKv Rwigvbv A_ev 3 wK? gvm †Rj| wkïkª‡gi d‡j wK wkï‡`i kvixwiK, gvbwmK I ¶wZ nq? eyw×wfwËK weKvk nqbv| Avš—R©vwZK wkïkªg we‡ivax w`em K‡e?

12 Ryb|

cvV : 2.3

mykvmb I †gŠwjK AwaKvi D‡Ïk¨: GB cvV †k‡l AskMÖnYKvixMYBmy¨

•

AwaKvi I mykvmb m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|

•

mykvm‡bi Dcv`vb¸wj ej‡Z cvi‡eb Ges wb‡Ri GjvKvq ¯’vbxq †mev cÖwZôv‡b mykvm‡bi NvUwZ wPwýZ K‡i e¨e¯’v wb‡Z HK¨e× n‡Z cvi‡eb|

•

†gŠwjK AwaKvi m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb Ges wb‡R‡`i AwaKvi cÖwZôvq `wi`ª gvbyl GKZve× n‡Z cvi‡eb|

ivóª ev cÖwZôv‡bi cÖPwjZ wewaweavb Abymv‡i kvmK KZ…©K RbMY‡K cwiPvjbvi cÖwµqv n‡”Q kvmb| Avi †h kvmb cÖwµqvq cÖPwjZ wewa weavb Abymv‡i I RbM‡Yi gZvgZ‡K cÖvavb¨ w`‡q mgvR I gvby‡li Kj¨vY mvwaZ nq ZvB mykvmb| GK K_vq ejv P‡j, wm×vš— MÖnY Ges wm×vš— ev¯— evqb Kiv bv Kivi †h cÖwµqv Zv-B kvmb| kvmb ZLbB mykvmb n‡e hLb wb‡gœi kZ©¸‡jv cvjb Kiv n‡e| mykvmb cÖwZôvq cÖ‡qvRbxq 8wU kZ© RbM‡Yi AskMÖnY 2. AvB‡bi kvmb 3. ¯^”QZv 4. Revew`wnZv 5. Kvh©KvwiZv I `¶Zv 6. RbM‡Yi cÖ‡qvR‡bi cÖwZ ms‡e`bkxjZv 7. HKgZ¨gywLbZv 8. mvg¨ I mve©RbxbZv 1.

Bmy¨

RbM‡Yi AskMÖnY : mykvmb cÖwµqvi Ab¨Zg kZ© n‡”Q mK‡ji AskMÖnY| kvmb Kv‡Ri me©¯—‡i gZvgZ cÖ`vb, wm×vš— MÖnY, cwiKíbv cÖYqb I ev¯ —evq‡b RbM‡Yi mwµq AskMÖnY _vK‡e| AvB‡bi kvmb : mykvm‡bi Rb¨ c¶cvZnxb I Kj¨vYKi AvBwb e¨e¯’v _vKv Ri“ix| GQvovI gvbevwaKvi, we‡kl K‡i msL¨vjNy‡`i AwaKvimg~n ev¯—evwqZ I msiw¶Z n‡e| AvB‡bi c¶cvZnxb cÖ‡qv‡Mi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb ¯^vaxb, wbi‡c¶ I `ybx©wZgy³ AvBb cÖ‡qvM e¨e¯’v| kvmb cwiPvjbvq RbMYI mKj wbqgKvbyb †g‡b mnvqZv cÖ`vb Ki‡e| wbqgbxwZ mevi Rb¨ mgvb _vK‡e| ¯^”QZv : ¯^”QZv h_vh_ wbqg I weavb Abyhvqx wm×vš— MÖnY I Zvi ev¯—evqb Kiv| Ab¨ A‡_© †Kv‡bv wm×vš— I Zvi ev¯—evq‡bi cÖfve hv‡`i Dci co‡e Zviv G m¤úwK©Z me Z_¨ webv evavq I mivmwi Rvb‡Z cvi‡e - ZvB ¯^”QZv| cÖwZôv‡bi kvmb Kv‡Ri †h †Kvb wm×vš— m¤ú‡K© mKj Z_¨ cvIqv hv‡e Ges Zv mnR‡eva¨ iƒ‡c I gva¨‡g mK‡ji Rb¨ mieivn Kiv n‡e | Bmy¨

Revew`wnZv : Revew`wnZv mykvm‡bi gyL¨ Dcv`vb| ïay miKvix cÖwZôvbmg~n bq, e¨w³MZ KvR I mykxj mgv‡Ri cÖwZôvb I RbmvaviY I Zv‡`i cÖvwZôvwbK †÷K‡nvìvi‡`i Kv‡Q `vqe× n‡Z n‡e| †K Kvi Kv‡Q `vqe× - Zv wbf©i Ki‡e we‡eP¨ wm×vš— ev KvR cÖwZôvb ev ms¯’vi Avf¨š—ixb, bvwK evwn¨K Zvi Dci| ms¯’v ev cÖwZôvb Zvi wm×vš— ev KvR Øviv hv‡`i‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i, Zv‡`i Kv‡Q `vqe×| ¯^”QZv I AvB‡bi kvmb Qvov `vqe×Zv ev¯—evqb Kiv hvq bv| Kvh©KvwiZv I `¶Zv : mykvm‡bi Av‡iKwU ‰ewkó¨ n‡”Q kvmb cÖwµqv I cÖwZôvb¸‡jv mgv‡Ri Pvwn`v c~i‡Y †hme KvR K‡i Zv‡Z we`¨gvb m¤ú‡`i m‡eŸ©v”P e¨envi n‡q _v‡K| mykvm‡bi †¶‡Î `¶Zvi Av‡iKwU w`K n‡”Q Gi Øviv cÖvK…wZK m¤ú‡`i †UKmB e¨envi Ges cwi‡ek msi¶Y wbwðZ Kiv| RbM‡Yi cÖ‡qvR‡bi cÖwZ ms‡e`bkxjZv : mykvm‡bi Rb¨ cÖwZôvb I cÖwµqv¸‡jv‡K GKwU hyw³m½Z mg‡qi g‡a¨ †÷K‡nvìvi‡`i cÖ‡qvRb c~i‡Y m‡Pó _vK‡Z n‡e| HKgZ¨g~wLbZv : mgv‡Ri me ‡¶‡Î †ek wKQz c¶ I wewfbœ `„wófw½ _v‡K| mykvm‡bi Rb¨ mgv‡Ri ¯^v‡_©i h_v_© wm×vš — †KvbwU Ges Zv wKfv‡e ev¯—evqb Kiv hvq †m wel‡q GKwU HKgZ¨ _vKv cÖ‡qvRb| cÖwZôv‡bi j‡¶¨ mgv‡R we`¨gvb wewfbœ ¯^v_©‡Mvôxi g‡a¨ mg‡SvZv cÖwµqv _vKv cÖ‡qvRb| Bmy¨

mvg¨ I mve©RbxbZv : GKwU mgvR ZLbB cy‡ivcywi Kj¨vYKi nq hLb Gi cÖwZwU m`m¨ Abyfe K‡i †h, G mgv‡R ZviI Ask Av‡Q Ges †KD mgv‡Ri g~javiv †_‡K wew”Qbœ bq| cÖwZôv‡bi mKj ch©v‡q ¯^”QZv I Revew`wnZv cÖwZôvi c~e©kZ© n‡”Q mykvmb

AwaKvi e¨w³, cwievi, †Mvôx ˆea ev AvBbm¤§Zfv‡e A‡b¨i Kv‡Q, mKj cwievi, mgvR, ivóª ev we‡k¦i Kv‡Q hv `vex Ki‡Z cv‡i, ZvB AwaKvi| ‡gŠwjK AwaKvi : Abœ, e¯¿, wk¶v, wPwKrmv, evm¯’vb - GB cuvPwU †gŠwjK Pvwn`v Ges we‡bv`b, wbivcËv, evK& ¯^vaxbZvmn msweav‡b ¯^xK…Z mKj AwaKvi n‡jv †gŠwjK AwaKvi| evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡b ewY©Z †gŠwjK AwaKvimg~n1972 mv‡ji 16 wW‡m¤^i MY cwil‡` evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb Kvh©Ki nq| msweav‡bi 26 - 44 Aby‡”Q‡` evsjv‡`‡ki RbM‡Yi Rb¨ 18wU †gŠwjK AwaKvi mwbœ‡ewkZ n‡q‡Q| GB AwaKv‡ii cwicš’x †Kvb AvBb cvk Kiv hv‡e bv| msweav‡b ewY©Z †gŠwjK AwaKvimg~n : • agx©q ¯^vaxbZv • AvB‡bi †PvL mgZv Bmy¨

• • • • • • • • • • •

• • •

AvB‡bi mvnvh¨ jv‡fi my‡hvM gZ cÖKv‡ki AwaKvi RvwZ, ag©, eY© wbwe©‡k‡l mgvb AwaKvi ‡MvcbxqZv i¶vi AwaKvi AvBb we‡ivax kvw¯— †_‡K i¶vi AwaKvi AvZ¥i¶vi AwaKvi mgv‡e‡ki AwaKvi msev`c‡Îi AwaKvi ‡gjv‡gkv I msMV‡bi ¯^vaxbZv m¤úwË †fvM I jv‡fi AwaKvi GKB Aciv‡ai Rb¨ `Õyevi mvRv bv cvIqvi AwaKvi ¯^vaxbfv‡e Pjv‡divi AwaKvi B‡”QgZ †ckvq wb‡qvwRZ _vKvi AwaKvi bvix -

cyi“‡li mgvb AwaKvi

2.3 wk¶v_x©‡`i cvV hvPvB: mykvmb I AwaKvi Rv‡b I ey‡S (msL¨v)

cÖkœ AwaKvi wK?

DËi`vZvi G‡Kev cy‡ivc ‡gvUv msL¨v ‡i Rv‡b ywi gywU bv

DËi AvBbm¤§Z I b¨vqm½Zfv‡e A‡b¨i Kv‡Q hv wKQz `vex

Bmy¨

Kiv hvq ZvB AwaKvi| K‡qKwU ‡gŠwjK agx©q ¯^vaxbZv, AvB‡bi AwaKvi ejyb? †Pv‡L mgZv, gZcÖKv‡ki AwaKvi, mgv‡e‡ki AwaKvi, AvZ¥i¶vi AwaKvi, ¯^vaxbfv‡e Pjv‡div, m¤úwË †fvM I jv‡fi AwaKvi, †MvcbxqZv i¶v, AvBb we‡ivax kvw¯— †_‡K i¶vi AwaKvi BZ¨vw` AwaKvi j•Nb n‡j msMVb¸‡jv‡K GKZve× K‡i Avgiv wK Ki‡Z cÖkvmb‡K Rvbv‡Z cvwi| cvwi? mykvm‡bi kZ©¸‡jv ejyb ?

AvB‡bi kvmb, Revew`wnZv, ¯^”QZv, RbM‡Yi AskMÖnY, Kvh©KvwiZv I `¶Zv|

wKfv‡e eyS‡eb Avcbvi GjvKvq ¯‹yj I nvmcvZvjmg~‡n mykvmb Av‡Q wKbv?

mykvm‡bi me¸‡jv kZ© h_vh_fv‡e gvbv nq wKbv, GUv †`‡L Avgiv eyS‡Z cvie G mKj cÖwZôv‡b KZUzKz mykvmb i‡q‡Q|

Bmy¨

cvV : 2.4

‡fvUvwaKvi D‡Ïk¨: GB cvV †k‡l AskMÖnYKvixMY

‡fvU wK, †fvUvi nevi †hvM¨Zv I †fvUvi ZvwjKvq bvg Aš—©f~w³ BZ¨vw` wel‡q Rvb‡Z cvi‡e|



‡fvU cÖ`v‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb| wb‡R ‡fvU w`‡eb Ges cÖwZ‡ekx‡`i ‡fvU w`‡Z DrmvwnZ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|



†fvUv‡ii KZ©e¨ m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡eb Ges ‡hvM¨ cÖv_x© wbe©vPb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb | ‡fvU †Kb †`e ? ‡fvU n‡jv MYZvwš¿K AwaKvi| †fv‡Ui gva¨‡g wba©vwiZ n‡e Kviv †`k cwiPvjbv Ki‡e| RbMY n‡jv iv‡óªi bvMwiK| Avgiv evsjv‡`‡ki RbMY, ¯^vaxb mve©‡fŠg evsjv‡`‡ki bvMwiK| iv‡óªi g~j Dcv`vb 4wU : 1. RbMY, 2. ‡fŠMwjK mxgv‡iLv 3. miKvi 4. mve©‡fŠgZ¡| cÖK…Zc‡¶ GKwU iv‡óªi ‡fŠMwjK mxgv‡iLv hLb †mB iv‡óªi RbM‡Yi gvwjKvbvq _v‡K †mB Bmy¨

iv‡óªi RbM‡Yi wbe©vwPZ miKvi †`k cwiPvjbv K‡i iv‡óªi mve©‡fŠgZ¡ c~Y©Zv cvq| Avgiv nvRvi eQ‡ii cyiv‡bv RvwZ| AZx‡Z Avgiv civaxb wQjvg| cvVvb-‡gvNj Avgj †cwi‡q Bs‡iR G†jv †`k kvmb Ki‡Z| ewY‡Ki gvb`Û ivR`Û iƒ‡c †`Lv w`j| `yBkZ eQ‡ii weªwUk kvm‡bi ci fviZ fvM n‡q cvwK¯—vb bv‡g †h †`k †cjvg †mLv‡bI Avgiv ¯^vaxb wQjvg bv| cvwK¯—vbxiv †fv‡Ui AwaKvi †K‡o wbj| A_© ‰bwZKfv‡e ‡kvlY Kij| †mB †kvl‡Yi wei“‡× Õ70 mv‡ji †fv‡Ui gva¨‡g Avgv‡`i cÖwZwbwa wbe©vPb Kijvg| wKš‘ lohš¿ K‡i Avgv‡`i ‡fv‡Ui ivq A¯^xKvi Kij| Õ71 mv‡j gyw³hy‡× wcÖq Rb¥f~wg cwic~Y© ¯^vaxbZv AR©b Ki‡jv| Avgv‡`i cÖwZwbwaiv msweavb w`‡jb| Avgiv †cjvg bvMwiK AwaKvi cÖ‡qv‡Mi my‡hvM| we‡k¦i gvbwP‡Î Ôevsjv‡`kÕ bvg ivóªwU cÖwZwôZ n‡jv| RbM‡Yi †fv‡Ui ivq wQj e‡j GUv m¤¢e n‡qwQj | RbMY †hgb iv‡óªi Dcv`vb †Zgwb †fvU n‡”Q RbM‡Yi ¶gZv jv‡fi cÖavb gva¨g| †fv‡Ui AwaKvi ZvB Abœ, e¯¿, evm¯’vb, wk¶v I ¯^v‡¯’i AwaKvi cvIqvi g~jgš¿| gvby‡li †gŠwjK AwaKvi cÖwZôvi gva¨g n‡”Q ivóª| AvaywbK hy‡M ivóª n‡”Q MYZvwš¿K cÖRvZš¿| GB cÖRvZ‡š¿ RbM‡Yi wbe©vwPZ miKvi †fv‡Ui gva¨‡g MwVZ nq| gvby‡li AwaKvi I Zv‡`i B”Qv‡K iƒcvqb Ki‡e miKvi| RbMY †mB B”Qvi cÖKvk NUv‡e wbe©vP‡bi gva¨‡g| msm`xq c×wZ‡Z RbMY Bmy¨

mivmwi †fvU w`‡q Ggwc ev msm` m`m¨ wbe©vPb K‡i| Ggwciv RvZxq msm‡` e‡m AvBb ˆZix K‡ib| †mB AvBb w`‡qB †`k cwiPvwjZ nq| myZivs AvBb cÖYqY Kivi †hvM¨Zv hvi Av‡Q, Zv‡KB Avgiv wbe©vwPZ Kie| Zvn‡j †`‡ki Kj¨vY n‡e| G‡Z RbMYI DcK…Z n‡e| AZGe †fvU I RbMY G‡K Ac‡ii cwic~iK| †fvUvwaKvi cÖ‡qvM K‡iB RbMY iv‡óªi gvwjK nq Avi †fvU †c‡q miKvi MV‡bi gva¨‡g ivóª MwZkw³ jvf K‡i| ‡fvU GKwU bvMwiK I mvsweavwbK AwaKvi| †fvU cÖ`vb cÖwZwU bvMwi‡Ki KZ©e¨| RbM‡Yi kvmb cÖwZôvi cÖ_g avc nj †fvU †`qv Ges iv‡óª MYZš¿ PP©vi cÖ_g KvR nj †fv‡Ui AwaKvi‡K mwVKfv‡e cÖ‡qvM Kiv| B”QvgZ †fvU w`‡q †fv‡Ui cweÎ AvgvbZ bó Kiv hv‡e bv| G‡Z wb‡Ri AwaKvi ¶zbœ nq| ZvB GKRb m‡PZb bvMwiK wn‡m‡e †`‡L ï‡b ey‡S †fvU †`qv DwPr| Z‡e hv‡K †fvU †`qv n‡e wZwb n‡eb mwZ¨Kvifv‡e †`k‡cÖwgK, Rb`i`x, mr I †hvM¨ cÖv_x©| ‡Kb †fvUvi n‡ev : • bvMwiK AwaKvi cÖwZôv Ki‡Z • ‡fvU w`‡q RbcÖwZwbwa wbe©vPb Ki‡Z • cÖ‡qvR‡b wbe©vP‡b cÖv_x© n‡Z • ‡hvM¨ cÖv_x© wbe©vPb K‡i kw³kvjx ivóª cÖwZôv Ki‡Z • RbcÖwZwbwai gva¨‡g †`k I RbM‡Yi ¯^v‡_© AvBb cÖYq‡b Ask wb‡Z n‡e| ‡fvUvi nIqvi Rb¨ †hvM¨Zv : • evsjv‡`‡ki bvMwiK n‡Z n‡e • eqm Kgc‡¶ 18 eQi n‡Z n‡e Bmy¨

• gvbwmKfv‡e my¯’ n‡Z n‡e ‡fvU bv w`‡j – A‡hvM¨ I Amr †jvK wbe©vwPZ n‡q MYZš¿ I `vwi‡`ª¨ we‡gvP‡bi wec‡¶ KvR Ki‡e| ‡h cÖv_x©i g‡a¨ fvj ¸Yvejx cvIqv hv‡e Zvu‡KB †fvU †`e|

2.4 wk¶v_x©‡`i cvV hvPvB: †fvUvwaKvi Rv‡b I ey‡S (msL¨v)

cÖkœ

DËi`vZv G‡Kev i msL¨v cy‡ivc ‡gvUv ‡i Rv‡b ywi gywU bv

DËi

†fvUvi nIqvi evsjv‡`‡ki bvMwiK n‡Z n‡e, †hvM¨Zv wK wK? eqm Kgc‡¶ 18 n‡Z n‡e, gvbwmKfv‡e my¯’ _vK‡Z n‡e| ‡Kb †fvU w`e?

†fv‡Ui AwaKvi gv‡b Abœ, e¯¿, evm¯’vb, wk¶v I ¯^v‡¯’¨i AwaKvi cvIqvi g~jgš¿| B‡”Qg‡Zv †fvU w`‡q ‡fv‡Ui cweÎ AvgvbZ

Bmy¨

bó Kiv gv‡b wb‡Ri AwaKvi ¶zbœ Kiv| ZvB †fvU w`‡q RbM‡Yi kvmb cÖwZôv Kie| †fvU bv w`‡j wK mgv‡R g›` †jvK wbe©vwPZ ¶wZ n‡e? n‡q MYZš¿ I Mix‡ei wec‡¶ KvR Ki‡e| ‡fvU †`qvi mgq †`k‡cÖwgK, Rb`i`x, mr I wK wK we‡ePbv †hvM¨ cÖv_x© wKbv Zv Kiv DwPr? †`‡L, ï‡b I ey‡S †fvU w`‡Z n‡e|

cvV: 2.5

bvix I wkï cvPvi cÖwZ‡iva D‡Ïk¨: GB cvV †k‡l AskMÖnYKvixMYBmy¨



cvPvi wK Ges cvPv‡ii aiY I †KŠkj¸‡jv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|



cvPvi cÖwZ‡iv‡a wb‡Ri cwievi I cÖwZ‡ekx†`i m‡PZb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|



cvPv‡ii cÖPwjZ kvw¯—i wel‡q Rvb‡eb Ges cvPvi cÖwZ‡ivaKvix cÖwZôvb¸‡jv‡K mnvqZv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| cvPvi wK? bvix I wkï‡`i‡K AmvgvwRK ev †eAvBbx Kv‡R e¨envi Kivi Rb¨ ‡`‡ki wfZ‡i ev evB‡i wewµ K‡i †`Iqv‡K cvPvi e‡j| ‡Kvb ai‡Yi bvix I wkï cvPvi nq: 1. wkï| 2.

`wi`ª bvix I

wbi¶i I Aíeqmx bvix I wkï| 3. mnR-mij gwnjv I wkï| 4. wK‡kvix, AweevwnZv, ZvjvKcÖvß, ¯^vgx cwiZ¨v³ gwnjv| 5. evox †_‡K cvjv‡bv wK‡kvi-wK‡kvix| 6. PvKzixi D‡Ï‡k¨ MÖvg †_‡K Avmv gwnjv| mvaviYZ: †Kvb †Kvb †`‡k bvix I wkï cvPvi nq: fviZ, cvwK¯—vb, ‡bcvj, kªªxjsKv, ga¨cÖvP¨, gvj‡qwkqv| bvix I wkï cvPv‡ii †KŠkjmg~n wK? AcniY, fvj Lv‡`¨i cÖ‡jvfb, fq-fxwZ cÖ`k©b, abx nIqvi Bmy¨

¯^cœ †`Lv‡bv, ‡`‡k I we‡`‡k fvj we‡qi cÖ‡jvfb, ‡cÖg I wg_¨v fv‡jvevmvi dvu‡` †djv, ‰ea I A‰ea c‡_ we‡`‡k cvVv‡bvi cÖZviYv| cvPviKvix‡`i wK Kv‡R eva¨ K‡i: cwZZv e„wˇZ eva¨ Kiv, abx‡`i iw¶Zv wnmv‡e e¨envi Kiv, we‡bv`‡bi Kv‡R e¨envi, Akxj Qwe‡Z e¨envi, wkï‡`i A½-cÖZ¨½ weµq, gv`K`e¨ †PvivPvjvb Kv‡R e¨envi, D‡Ui RwK wnmv‡e e¨envi| bvix I wkï cvPvi †iv‡a e‡Ü KiYxq wK wK? • ‡h †Kvb ¯’v‡b wkï‡`i bv Qvov • ‡Kvb AcwiwPZ cyi“l ev gwnjv‡K evox‡Z Avkªq bv †`Iqv • AcwiwPZ †jv‡Ki †`Iqv Lvevi bv LvIqv • ‡cÖg msµvš— e¨vcv‡i †g‡q‡K m‡PZb Kiv • GjvKvi m‡›`nRbK †jvK †`L‡j †LuvR-Lei †bIqv • AcwiwPZ †jv‡Ki mwVK Z_¨ †R‡b †g‡q ev †Q‡j we‡q †`Iqv • AvZ¥xq-¯^Rb cvov cÖwZ‡ekx‡K m‡PZb Kiv wkï cvPvi BZ¨vw`i kvw¯—: avivÑ5 Abyhvqx hw` †Kvb e¨w³ cwZZve„wË, †eAvBbx ev bxwZ ewnf~©Z †Kvb Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨ †Kvb bvix‡K we‡`k n‡Z Avbqb K‡i ev we‡`k cvPvi ev †cÖiY K‡ib| A_ev µq ev Bmy¨

weµq K‡i ev †Kvb bvix‡K fvovq ev Ab¨ †Kvbfv‡e wbh©vZ‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ n¯—vš—i K‡i ev Abyiƒc †Kvb D‡Ï‡k¨ †Kvb bvix‡K Zvi `L‡j, wR¤§vq ev †ndvR‡Z iv‡L Zvn‡j D³ e¨w³ g„Zz¨`‡Û ev hve¾xeb Kviv`‡Û ev AbwaK 20 eQi wKš‘ Aby¨b 10 eQi mkªg Kviv`‡Û `wÛZ n‡e Ges Gi AwZwi³ A_©`‡ÛI `Ûbxq n‡e| hw` †Kvb e¨vw³ †Kvb bvix‡K cwZZve„wË ev Ab¨ †Kvb †eAvBbx ev bxwZ ewnf~©Z Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ ev e¨envi K‡i ev Zvi B”Qvi wei“‡× weevn Ki‡Z eva¨ K‡i ev ej cÖ‡qvM K‡i ev cÖjyä K‡i ev dzmwj‡q †hŠb m½g Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨ AcniY K‡i Zvn‡j D³ e¨vw³i hve¾xeb Kviv`Û ev 10 eQi mkªg Kviv`‡Û hv 7 erm‡ii Kg n‡e bv| `Ûbxq n‡e Ges AwZwi³ A_©`‡ÛI `Ûbxq n‡e| hw` †Kvb e¨vw³ ‡eAvBbxfv‡e wkï Avg`vbx, ißvbx ev weµq K‡i ev hw` Avg`vbx, ißvwb ev weµ‡qi D‡Ï‡k¨ †Kvb wkï‡K †Kvb e¨w³ wbR †ndvR‡Z iv‡L ev D³ D‡Ï‡k¨ †Kvb wkï‡K †Kvb e¨vw³i wbKU cvIqv hvq Zvn‡j D³ e¨vw³ g„Zz¨`‡Û A_ev hve¾xeb Kviv`‡Û `wÛZ n‡e| hw` †Kvb e¨vw³ gyw³cY Av`v‡qi D‡Ï‡k¨ †Kvb wkï‡K AcniY K‡i ev AvUK iv‡L Zvn‡j D³ e¨vw³ hve¾xeb Kviv`‡Û `wÛZ n‡e| cvPvi cÖwZ‡iva Kwi,

wbivc` Rxeb Mwo|

Bmy¨

2.5 wk¶v_x©‡`i cvV hvPvB: bvix I wkï cvPvi Rv‡b I ey‡S (msL¨v)

cÖkœ cvPvi wK?

DËi`vZvi msL¨v

DËi bvix I wkï‡`i AmvgvwRK ev †eAvBbx Kv‡R e¨envi Kivi Rb¨ †`‡k ev we‡`‡k wewµ K‡i †`qv‡K cvPvi e‡j |

wkï cvPv‡ii kvw¯ hve¾xeb GgbwK g„Zz¨`Ê — wK? n‡Z cv‡i Aciv‡ai aiY ey‡S 10 eQi mkªg Kviv`Ê hv 7 eQ‡ii Kg n‡e bv Ges AwZwi³ A_©`‡Û `Êbxq n‡e| cvPviKvix‡`i cwZZve„wË, iw¶Zv, Ak¥xj wb‡q wK Kv‡R Qwe ˆZix, kix‡ii A½-cÖZ¨½ eva¨ Kiv nq? wewµ, gv`K e¨emvq, D‡Ui RwK| Kv‡`i‡K mvavibZ Kiv nq?

`wi`ª bvix I wkï, wK‡kvix, cvPvi Z¤^x, ZvjvKcÖvßv, ¯^vgx cwiZ¨v³v, evox cvjv‡bv wK‡kvi-wK‡kvix, PvKzixi

Bmy¨

cy‡ivc ‡gvUv ywi gywU

G‡Kev ‡i Rv‡b bv

D‡Ï‡k¨ MÖvg †_‡K Avmv gwnjv| cvPvi e‡Ü Kiv `iKvi?

wK wkï‡`i GKv bv Qvov, AcwiwPZ KvD‡K evox‡Z Avkªq bv †`qv, AcwiwPZ Kv‡iv Lvevi bv LvIqv, †cÖ‡gi e¨vcv‡i †g‡q‡`i m‡PZb Kiv, GjvKvq m‡›`nRbK †jvK †`L‡j †LvR †bqv, mwVK Z_¨ bv †R‡b †Q‡j †g‡q‡K we‡q bv †`qv|

3. cwi‡ek • ¯^v¯’¨m¤§Z cvqLvbv • cwi‡ek I e„¶‡ivcb • cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM

Bmy¨

cvV : 3.1

¯^v¯’¨m¤§Z cvqLvbv D‡Ïk¨: GB cvV †k‡l AskMÖnYKvixMY

¯^v¯’¨m¤§Z cvqLvbv wK Zv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|



¯^v¯’¨m¤§Z cvqLvbv e¨env‡ii cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Dcjw× Ki‡eb Ges wbR cwievi I cÖwZ‡ekx†`i ¯^v¯’¨m¤§Z cvqLvbv e¨env‡i DØz× Ki‡eb| ¯^v¯’¨m¤§Z cvqLvbv eZ©gv‡b GKwU ¸i“Z¡c~Y© welq| ‡ivM evjvB n‡Z gyw³ †c‡Z cÖ_‡gB `iKvi ¯^v¯’¨m¤§Z cvqLvbv| GK mgx¶vq †`Lv †M‡Q Avgv‡`i †`‡k Bmy¨

m¨vwb‡Ukb e¨e¯’v bv _vKvi KviY n‡”Q `yBwU: `vwi`ªZv I 2. m‡PZbZvi Afve| 1.

1.

`vwi`ªZv

gvbyl Avw_©K w`K †_‡K ‡hgb Mixe nq, †Zgwb Avevi g‡bi w`K †_‡KI Mixe _v‡K| Avgv‡`i †`‡k Ggb A‡bK †jvK Av‡Q hviv `yyÕ‡ejv †cU f‡i †L‡Z cv‡i bv| ‡m‡¶‡Î wKfv‡e ¯^v¯’¨m¤§Z cvqLvbv ¯’vcb Ki‡e? kvixwiK my¯’Zv bv _vK‡j Mixe gvbyl KL‡bvB `vwi‡`ª¨i `yó Pµ †_‡K †ewi‡q Avm‡Z cv‡i bv| kixi my¯’ ivLvi Rb¨ ¯^v¯’¨m¤§Z cvqLvbv cÖ‡qvRb| ZvB Avgv‡`i my¯’ _vK‡Z n‡j cÖ‡qvRb m¨vwb‡Ukb e¨e¯’v| Amy¯’Zvi nvZ †_‡K euvP‡Z n‡j Av‡M cÖ‡qvRb my›`i cwi‡ek| Avgv‡`i cwi‡ek `~wlZ n‡”Q gjg~Î ‡hLv‡b †mLv‡b Z¨vM Kivi d‡j| Avi G ‡_‡K Amy¯’ n‡”Q Avgv‡`i †`‡ki gvbyl| Avµvš— n‡”Q Wvqwiqv, K‡jiv, Avgvk‡qi g‡Zv RwUj I KwVb †iv‡M | Z_¨ m~‡Î Rvbv hvq, Avgv‡`i †`‡k cÖwZw`b Wvqwiqvq Avµvš— n‡”Q 342 Rb wkï| Avi gviv hv‡”Q wkïmn cÖvq GK j¶ cwPk nvRvi gvbyl Ges G‡`i wPwKrmv eve` e¨q n‡”Q cuwPk †KvwU UvKv| G‡Z miKv‡ii A‡bK e¨q e„w× cv‡”Q| ïay ¯^v¯’¨m¤§Z cvqLvbv e¨envi bv Kivi d‡j cvwbevwnZ †iv‡M we‡k¦ Avgv‡`i g‡Zv †`‡ki 80% gvbyl gviv hvq| GK Avš—©RvwZK wnmv‡e ‡`Lv †M‡Q, m¨vwbUvix †jwUªb e¨envi Ki‡j hZ cvwbevwnZ †ivM Av‡Q Zvi 77% n«vm cv‡e| ZvB mKj‡K DØy× Ki‡Z n‡e ¯^v¯’¨m¤§Z cvqLvbv ˆZwi Ki‡Z| 2.

m‡PZbZvi Afve

`wi`ªZv bq, m‡PZbZvi Afv‡eB gvbyl ¯^v¯’¨m¤§Z cvqLvbv ¯’vcb I e¨envi K‡i bv| MÖv‡g A‡bK †jvK Av‡Q Bmy¨

hviv B‡”Q Ki‡jB ¯^v¯’¨m¤§Z cvqLvbv ¯’vcb Ki‡Z cv‡i| gvbyl Amy¯’ n‡j Wv³v‡ii Kv‡Q hvq| wKš‘ Zviv Rv‡b bv, wK Rb¨ AmyL nq| Z_¨ m~‡Î Rvbv hvq, evsjv‡`‡k 39 fvM †jvK evB‡i gj-g~Î Z¨vM K‡i| hv‡`i cvqLvbv ‡bB 50%, †Lvjv gvV 17%, e‡b RsM‡j 15%, cÖwZ‡ekxi cvqLvbvq 12%, ‡Wvev bvjvq Ges 6% gvbyl hÎZÎ gjg~Î Z¨vM K‡i| Dc‡ii cwimsL¨vb n‡Z eySv hv‡”Q bv †h, ¯^v¯’¨m¤§Z cvqLvbvi Afv‡e Avgv‡`i GZ †ivMe¨vwa| ZvB my¯’fv‡e euvP‡Z n‡j ¯^v¯’¨-m¤§Z cvqLvbv e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e Ges †`‡ki Dbœq†bi Rb¨ mevB‡K mn‡hvwMZv Ki‡Z n‡e| ZvB 2010 mv‡ji g‡a¨ 100% ¯^v¯’¨m¤§Z cvqLvbv ¯’vcb| wbivc` cvqLvbv wK? ‡h cvqLvbvq gkv-gvwQ-KxUcZ½ BZ¨vw` Xy‡K gjg~‡Î em‡Z cv‡i bv, Ggb cvqLvbv‡K wbivc` cvqLvbv ejv nq cvqLvbvq gjg~Î wb®‹vk‡bi e¨e¯’v i‡q‡Q d‡j gjgyÎ Øviv cwi‡ek `~wlZ n‡Z cv‡i bv Ges †ivM Qov‡Z cv‡i bv Ges `~M©Ü Qovq bv Ggb cvqLvbv‡K Avgiv wbivc` cvqLvbv ewj| wbivc` cvqLvbvi e¨envi : • ‡hLv‡b †mLv‡b gjZ¨vM Ki‡j Zv †_‡K †ivM Qovq| evoxi †QvU eo mK‡jiB cvqLvbvq gjZ¨vM Kiv DwPZ| • Lvwj cv‡q cvqLvbvq hv‡eb bv| †QvU eo mK‡jiB m¨v‡Ûj e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e | • wkï‡`i gj eo‡`i g‡ji PvB‡Z A‡bK †ekx †ivM Qovq| wkï‡`i‡K cvqLvbvq gjZ¨vM Kiv †kLv‡Z n‡e| Bmy¨

• ‡QvU wkïiv cvqLvbvi evB‡i gjZ¨vM Ki‡j Zv‡`i gj m‡½ m‡½ †mLvb †_‡K cwi¯‹vi K‡i cvqLvbvq †d‡j w`‡Z n‡e| • cvqLvbv †_‡K wd‡i G‡m nvZ fvjfv‡e mvevb ev QvB w`‡q ay‡q wb‡Z n‡e | • Avcbvi evwo‡Z cvqLvbv bv _vK‡j AvRB MZ© K‡i evuk, KvV w`‡q Avcwb wb‡RB GKwU ¯^v¯’¨m¤§Z wbivc` cvqLvbv ˆZix K‡i †djyb| • cÖwZevi cvqLvbv e¨env†ii ci h‡_ó cwigvb cvwb w`‡q cvqLvbv cwi¯‹vi Ki“b | ‡Lvjv RvqMvq gjZ¨vM Kiv ¯^v‡¯’¨i Rb¨ ¶wZKi : • ‡Lvjv RvqMvq gjZ¨vM Ki‡j g‡ji Dci gvwQ e‡m Ges cv I cvLvq K‡i Rxevby wb‡q gvwQ Lvev‡ii Dci e‡m| GB `~wlZ Lvevi †L‡q gvbyl Amy¯’ nq| • ‡Lvjv RvqMvq gj Z¨vM Ki‡j e„wói cvwbi mv‡_ cyKzi, Lvj I b`xi cvwb wg‡k cvwb‡K `~wlZ K‡i †Zv‡j| GB `~wlZ cvwb †L‡q gvbyl Amy¯’ nq | • ‡Lvjv RvqMvq cvqLvbv Ki‡j cvqLvbvq wg‡k _vKv †ivMRxevYy Avgv‡`i kix‡i Xy‡K hvq| Gfv‡e Avgv‡`i K„wg n‡Z cv‡i| cÖwZwU evwo‡Z ¯^v¯’¨m¤§Z cvqLvbv ˆZix Kiv m¤¢e • evwo †_‡K GKUz `~‡i wbw`©ó GKwU ¯’v‡b MZ© K‡i (2 dzUX6 dzU) M‡Z©i gy‡Li Dci evuk ev KvV w`‡q Ggbfv‡e †X‡K w`‡Z n‡e hv‡Z gvSLv‡b GKwU wQ`ª _v‡K| Ges wQ`ªwUi Bmy¨

Dci GKwU wUb ev Kv‡Vi XvKbv ˆZix Ki‡Z n‡e | `yM©Ü Kgv‡Z ev gvwQ `~‡i ivLvi Rb¨ e¨env‡ii c‡i wKQyUv QvB wQwU‡q w`‡Z n‡e Ges XvKbv w`‡q wQ`ªwU eÜ K‡i ivL‡Z n‡e| • ¯^v¯’¨m¤§Z cvqLvbv _vbv Rb¯^v¯’¨ cÖ‡KŠkj Awd‡m wKsev GbwRI Awd‡m Aí`v‡g cvIqv hvq|

3.1 wk¶v_x©‡`i cvV hvPvB: ¯^v¯’¨m¤§Z cvqLvbv cÖkœ

Rv‡b I ey‡S (msL¨v) DËi`vZvi msL¨v cy‡ivcyw ‡gvUvgy G‡Kev‡i i wU Rv‡b bv

DËi

¯^v¯’¨m¤§Z ev ‡h cvqLvbvq (K) gkv wbivc` cvqLvbv gvwQ, KxUcZ½u Xz‡K wK? gjg~‡Î em‡Z cvi‡e bv, (L) gjg~‡Îi Øviv Pvicv‡ki cwi‡ek `~wlZ n‡e bv wKsev †ivM Qov‡e bv, (M) `~M©Ü Qov‡e bvZvB wbivc` cvqLvbv| cvwbevwnZ wbivc` cvqLvbv e¨envi †iv‡M kZKiv bv Kivi d‡j kZKiv 80 Rb KZRb gvbyl †jvK gviv hvq| gviv hvq? †Lvjv RvqMvq g‡ji Dci gvwQ e‡m cv I gj Z¨v‡M wK cvLv w`‡q Rxevby G‡b ÿwZ nq? Lvev‡ii Dci e‡m c‡i GB `ywlZ Lvevi †L‡q gvbyl Amy¯’ nq| Avevi e„wói cvwbi mv‡_ wg‡k cyKzi, Lvj I b`xi cvwb `~wlZ K‡i GB `ywlZ Lvevi †L‡q gvbyl Amy¯’ nq|

Bmy¨

cvV: 3.2

cwi‡ek I e„¶‡ivcb D‡Ïk¨: GB cvV †k‡l AskMÖnYKvixMY

cwi‡ek Ges cwi‡ek ¸i“Z¡ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

i¶vq



cwi‡ek `~lYgy³ ivLvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Dcjw× Ki‡eb Ges wbR cwievi I cÖwZ‡ekx†`i ¯^v¯’¨m¤§Z cwi‡ek m„wó‡Z DØz× Ki‡eb|



cwi‡e†ki fvimvg¨ eRvq ivL‡Z †ekx K‡i MvQ jvMv‡Z DrmvwnZ n‡eb| me gvbylB cwi‡e‡ki Ask| gvbyl I RxeRM‡Zi Rb¨ cwi‡ek| cwi‡e‡ki cÖwZwU Dcv`vbB G‡K Ac‡ii cwic~iK I mn‡hvMx wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i Ges Giga¨ Bmy¨

e„¶‡ivc‡bi

w`‡qB i¶v cvq cwi‡e‡ki fvimvg¨| cÖvK…wZK cwi‡ek gvbyl‡K k¦vm-cÖk¦v†mi Rb¨ evZvm †`q, Lv`¨-e¯¿evm¯’v‡bi †hvMvb †`q| Av‡iv †`q cÖvK…wZK I LwbR c`v_©| GKUv mgq wQj hLb gvbyl cÖK…wZi `qvq wbf©i KiZ| wKš‘ cieZx©‡Z Ávb-weÁv‡bi weKv‡k cÖK…wZ‡K gvbyl wb‡Ri Avq‡Ë¡ wb‡q Av‡m| wkíwece e`‡j †`q gvby‡li Rxeb hvcb| ebvÂj aŸsm nq, Pvlvev‡`I c×wZ cwiewZ©Z nq, cÖK…wZ‡K gvbyl †Lqvj LywkgZ wbqš¿Y K‡i| d‡j NU‡Z _v‡K cwi‡ek `~lY| bó n‡q hvq cwi‡e‡ki fvimvg¨| MÖvgxY cwievi¸‡jv Zv‡`i wbZ¨w`‡bi Rxeb cwiPvjbvq cÖvK…wZK cwi‡e‡ki Dci wbf©ikxj| Avi cÖvK…wZK GB cwi‡e‡ki mv‡_ m¤ú‡K©i g~j fywgKv bvixi| ZvB †h‡Kvb cwi‡ek `~lY I wech©‡qi cÖfve bvixi Dci me ‡_‡K †ekx| bvix cwi‡e‡ki GKwU Ask n‡q IVvq cwi‡e‡ki `~`©kvi mv‡_ bvixi `~`©kv GKvZ¥ n‡q hvq| evsjv‡`k K…wl cÖavb †`k| G‡`‡ki gvbyl cÖK…wZi Dci †ekx wbf©i K‡i| cÖvK… wZK cwi‡e‡k ¯^vfvweK cÖwµqvq hLb †bwZevPK cÖfve c‡o ZLbB m„wó nq `~l‡Yi| †fŠMwjK Ae¯’v‡bi Kvi‡Y eb¨v, Liv, R‡jv”Q¡vm cÖf„wZ cÖvK…wZK wech©q cÖwZwbqZ NU‡Z _v‡K| Gi mv‡_ Avevi hy³ n‡”Q gvbe m„ó `~‡h©vM| welv³ †avqv, KjKviLvbvi eR©¨, ivmvqwbK mv‡ii e¨vcK e¨envi, AcwiKwíZ bMi I wkívqb, ebvÂj aŸsm cªf„wZi cÖfve co‡Q cwi‡e‡k| DcK~jxq GjvKvq wPswo Pvl Rwg‡Z jeYv³Zv e„w× Ki‡Q| f~Mf©¯’ cvwb‡Z Av‡m©wb‡Ki gvÎvwZwi³ Dcw¯’wZ bZzb RwUjZv m„wó Bmy¨

Ki‡Q| wewfbœ GjvKvq GLb my‡cq cvwbi msKU gvivZ¥K AvKvi aviY Ki‡Q| ïay Av‡m©wbK bq, Rwg‡Z mvi KxUbvk‡Ki e¨envi Lvj wej cyKz‡ii cvwb `~wlZ n‡q gv‡Qi Avevm ¶wZMÖ¯’ n‡”Q| we‡k¦i ZvcgvÎv evo‡Q| evqy `~l†Yi d‡j AvenvIqv Pigfvevcbœ| cÖK…wZ n‡q DV‡Q A¯^vfvweK| Rjevqy cwieZ©‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_ gvbemf¨Zv AvR Aw¯—‡Z¡i msK‡U c‡o‡Q| GKB ZvcgvÎv _vK‡j AvMvgx GKkZ eQ‡i evsjv‡`‡ki 60 fvM mvM‡i Wy‡e hv‡e | wbwe©Pv‡i MvQ wba‡b evZv‡m DòZv ev‡o| Avi GB DòZv †_‡K Avgv‡`i GKgvÎ i¶v Ki‡Z cv‡i meyR e„¶| e„¶ gvby‡li cig eÜz| gvbyl‡K †eu‡P _vKvi me‡P‡q cÖ‡qvRbxq DcKiY¸‡jvi †hvMvb †`q e„¶| e„¶ gvby‡li Lv`¨, e¯¿, Avkªq w`‡q mvnvh¨ K‡i| ZvB e„‡¶i cÖ‡qvRbxqZv A‡bK †ekx| e„¶ msi¶‡Yi Rb¨ e„¶‡ivcb Kg©m~Px Aek¨B `iKvi| e„¶‡ivcb KvRwU we‡kl ¸i“Z¡c~Y© e‡j mevB‡K e„¶‡ivcb Awfhvb Pvjv‡bv `iKvi| e„¶‡ivc‡bi ¸i“Z¡ : e„¶ ïay cwi‡ek I AvenvIqvi fvimvg¨B eRvq iv‡L bv, cwi‡e‡ki †mŠ›`h© eû¸‡Y e„w× K‡i| MvQcvjv AwaK e„wócvZ NUv‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| b`xi fv½b †_‡K f~-fvM‡K i¶v K‡i| e„¶ So, eb¨v I Ab¨vb¨ cÖvK…wZK `~‡hv©‡Mi Bmy¨

nvZ †_‡K evmM„n‡K i¶v K‡i| KZUzKz eb cÖ‡qvRb:

_vKv

GKwU †`‡ki †gvU f~L‡Ûi kZKiv 25 fvM eb _vKv `iKvi| wKš‘ Avg‡`i †`‡k eZ©gv‡b ebf~wgi cwigvb 11 fvM| evsjv‡`‡ki eb f~wgi cwigvb nZvkvRbK| evsjv‡`‡k my›`ieb, fvIqvj eb, gaycy‡ii kvjeb wenvi, wm‡jU I PÆMvg †Rjvq cÖPzi ebf~wg Av‡Q wKš‘ e¨vcKfv‡e Ges AcwiKwíZfv‡e e‡bi MvQ KvUvq †`‡ki mvgwMÖK ebvÂj K‡g hv‡”Q| d‡j MvQcvjvi Afve †`Lv w`‡q‡Q Ges cÖvK…wZK fvimvg¨ webó n‡”Q| e„¶‡ivcb †Kb Ki‡ev : Lv‡`¨i Ab¨Zg Drm n‡”Q MvQ Mv‡Qi dj gvby‡li †`‡n cyywó †RvMvq  Mv‡Qi KvV †_‡K Nievox, AvmevecÎ, †bŠKv, Mvox, UªvK, w÷gvi, j BZ¨vw` ˆZix nq  MvQ ‡_‡K Avgiv Rxebi¶vKvix Aw·‡Rb cvB  AvenvIqvi fvimvg¨ i¶vq Mv‡Qi DcKvwiZv me‡P‡q †ekx  MvQ †_‡K 12 j¶ †gwÆK Ub R¡vjvwb KvV †c‡q _vwK  cïcvwLi Rxeb aviY wbf©i K‡i e„‡¶i Dci  

Bmy¨

 

hvq

`y‡h©vM †gvKv‡ejvi Rb¨ e„¶‡ivcb Kiv nq cwic~Y© I cwiYZ MvQ weµq Ki‡j A_© cvIqv

e„¶ i¶vq KiYxq:  mKj †kªYxi gvbyl‡K m‡PZb n‡Z n‡e|  AcÖ‡qvR‡b MvQ KvUv eÜ Ki‡Z n‡e|  A‰ea ‡PvivPvjvb eÜ Kivi Rb¨ eb msi¶‡Yi e¨e¯’v‡K Av‡iv †Rvi`vi Ki‡Z n‡e| e„¶ wbab I cÖwZKvi : e„¶ Avgv‡`i Rxeb avi‡Yi Rb¨ Acwinvh© n‡jI bvbv Kvi‡Y Zv †K‡U †djv n‡”Q| cÖvK…wZK R¡vjvwbi Afve, nvRvi nvRvi B‡Ui fvUv †cvov‡bv, wecyj Rb‡Mvwôi R¡vjvwb I Avmevec‡Îi Pvwn`v †gUv‡bv, †PvivPvjvb cÖf„wZ Kvi‡Y Avgv‡`i ebR m¤ú` bó n‡q hv‡”Q| GKwU MvQ KvU‡j Ab¨ MvQ jvMv‡bv nq bv| GKwU MvQ KvU‡j `kwU MvQ jvMv‡Z n‡e| ÔaŸsm bq m„wóÕ GB g‡bvfve wb‡q cÖwZwU gvbyl‡K GwM‡q Avm‡Z n‡e| †hfv‡e e„¶ KvUv n‡”Q GBfv‡e Pj‡Z _vK‡j AvMvgx K‡qK hy‡Mi g‡a¨ †`k Dò gi“f~wg‡Z cwiYZ n‡e| DòZv e„w× †c‡j c„w_exi Rgv‡bv eid Mj‡Z _vK‡e| G‡Z Avgv‡`i gZ †`‡ki bxPz GjvKv mvM‡i nvwi‡q hv‡e| ZvB †`k‡K euvPv‡Z n‡j e„¶‡ivcb Kg©m~Pxi ¸i“Z¡ Acwimxg|

Bmy¨

3.2

wk¶v_x©‡`i cvV hvPvB: cwi‡ek I e„¶‡ivcb

cÖkœ

Rv‡b I ey‡S (msL¨v) DËi`vZvi msL¨v cy‡ivcyw ‡gvUvgy G‡Kev‡i i wU Rv‡b bv

DËi

cwi‡ek wKfv‡e welv³ †auvqv, KjKviLvbvi `ywlZ nq? eR©¨, ivmvqwbK mv‡ii AwZ e¨envi, AcwiKwíZ bMi, ebvÂj aŸsm, wPswo Pvl BZ¨vw`| ‡ekx K‡i MvQ Lv‡`¨i Drm, cywói jvMv‡eb †Kb? †hvMvb †`q, Ni evwo Avmeve ˆZix Kiv hvq, Aw·‡Rb cvIqv hvq, cïcvwLi Avkªq, `y‡h©vM †gvKvwejv Kiv hvq, Avw_©Kfv‡e jvfevb nIqv hvq| e„¶‡ivc‡bi ¸i“Z¡ e„¶ cwi‡ek I AvenvIqvi ejyb? fvimvg¨ eRvq iv‡L| AwaK e„wócvZ NUvq, b`xi fv½b †iva K‡i, cÖvK… wZK `y‡hv©M †_‡K i¶v †c‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| ‡`‡k KZUzKz eb f~-L‡Ûi 25 fvM|

Bmy¨

_vKv `iKvi?

cvV : 3.3

cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM D‡Ïk¨: GB cvV †k‡l AskMÖnYKvixMY

`y‡h©vM m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb



`y‡h©v‡Mi KviY e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb Ges `y‡h©vMc~e©, `y‡h©vMKvjxb I `y‡h©vM cieZx© KiYxq m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡eb



`y‡h©v‡M wKfv‡e †gvKvwejv Ki‡Z nq wbR cwievi I cÖwZ‡ekx†`i ‡kLv‡Z cvi‡eb| †fŠ‡MvwjK Ae¯’v‡bi Kvi‡Y evsjv‡`k Dò gÛjxq A‡ji Aš—f©~³| eZ©gvb we‡k¦ evsjv‡`k we‡kl `ywU Bmy¨

cwiP‡q cwiwPZ| cÖ_gwU n‡jv `vwi`ª¨ I AwaK RbmsL¨v Ges wØZxqwU n‡jv cÖvK…wZK `y‡hv©M| cÖvK… wZK `y‡hv©M h_v: So, R‡jv”Q¡vm, eb¨v, Liv ev b`xfv½b BZ¨vw` cÖwZ eQiB Rxeb I m¤ú‡`i wecyj ¶wZmvab K‡i| `w¶‡Y mywekvj mgy`,ª Dˇi m‡e©v”P ce©Zgvjv, G `yÕ‡qi gv‡S Ae¯’v‡bi Kvi‡Y evsjv‡`‡k GB me cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM msNwUZ nq| hw`I GB me cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM wbg©~j Kiv m¤¢e bq| Z‡e mycwiKwíZ cÖkgb e¨e¯’v I DbœZ ai‡bi cÖ¯‘wZi gva¨‡g `y‡h©v‡Mi weiƒc djvdj n«vm Kiv m¤ ¢e| `y‡h©vM †gvKv‡ejvq cÖ¯‘wZ wn‡m‡e Avgv‡`i h‡_ó KiYxq i‡q‡Q| Gme cvjb Ki‡j Rvbgv‡ji ¶q-¶wZ n«vm Ges `ª“Z cybe©vmb Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i | `y‡hv©M wK ? `y‡hv©M n‡jv cÖK…wZ ev gvbyl m„ó Ggb AcÖZ¨vwkZ, Abwf‡cÖZ I wec`RbK Ae¯’v hv Rb Rxe‡bi ¯^vfvweK Pjv‡K e¨vnZ K‡i| `y‡hv©M e¨e¯’vcbv wK? `y‡hv©M cÖwZ‡iva †gvKv‡ejv Ges ¶q-¶wZ n«v‡mi Rb¨ M„nxZ cwiKíbv, cÖ¯‘wZ, †gvKvwejv Ges `y‡hv©M cieZ©x cyYe©vmb GB mg¯— Kg©KvÛ‡K mvgwMÖKfv‡e ejv nq `y‡hv©M e¨e¯’vcbv| `y‡hv©M cÖeY GjvKvq †h mg¯— `y‡hv©M cÖkgb I cÖZ¨vwkZ `y‡hv©M mg~‡ni ‡gvKvwejvq †h me cÖ¯ —wZ gyjK c`‡¶c MÖnY Kiv n‡q _v‡K, mvaviYZ Zv‡K cÖvK-`y‡hv©M e¨e¯’vcbv ejv nq| `y‡hv©M KZ cÖKvi :

Bmy¨

K) cÖK…wZ m„ó `y‡h©vM| †hgb: mvB‡K¬vb, eb¨v, f‚wgK¤ú BZ¨vw`| L) gvbe m„ó `y‡h©vM| †hgb: hy×, bvMwiK msNvZ, mš¿vm, `v½v-nv½vgv BZ¨vw`| evsjv‡`‡ki `y‡hv©M mg~n : U‡b©‡Wv: GwU mvaviYZ MÖx®§Kvj n‡Z el©vKvj Ges el©vKvj n‡Z kxZKv‡j N‡U _v‡K| U‡b©‡Wvi Kvi‡Y †h me ¶wZ mvab nq Zv n‡jv cÖvYnvwb, evwo-Ni I cïm¤ú` bó nq BZ¨vw`| U‡b©‡Wv †_‡K i¶vi Rb¨ evwoi Avw½bvq, Av‡k-cv‡k fvix wRwbmcÎ, KvV, wUb, Pv‡li hš¿cvwZ, †jvnv BZ¨vw` †Lvjv RvqMvq Qwo‡q wQwU‡q ivLv DwPr bq| evwoi KvQvKvwQ MvQcvjvi Wvj †K‡U I †Q‡U evwo‡K gy³ K‡i ivLv †h‡Z cv‡i| eb¨v: evsjv‡`k GKwU e-Øxc nIqv‡Z Gi ga¨ w`‡q wZbwU eo b`x e‡q ‡M‡Q| elv©Kv‡j GB me b`xi Drmmg~n ‡_‡K A_©vr fviZ I †bcvj n‡Z †h cvwb cÖevwnZ nq Ges †`‡k †h e„wócvZ nq Zv enb K‡i e‡½vcmvM‡i wb‡q hvIqv GB b`x¸‡jvi c‡¶ `ytmva¨ n‡q c‡o| d‡j eb¨v nq| eb¨v wbqwš¿Z GjvKvq evua †f‡½ eb¨v n‡j ¶q¶wZi gvÎv A‡bK e¨vcK I my`~i cÖmvix nq| Bmy¨

eb¨vgy³ GjvKv nIqvq RbMY eb¨vi Rb¨ cÖ¯—Z _v‡K bv Ges Rxeb hvÎvq e¨vcK cwieZ©b Av‡m| d‡j eb¨vq ¶q¶wZi cwigvb †e‡o hvq| AZGe euva ˆZixi cvkvcvwk euva i¶Yv‡e¶Y, euv‡ai `~e©j RvqMv wPwýZKiY I cwiPh©v Ges cÖ‡qvR‡b euv‡ai †cQ‡b mnvqK euva wbg©v‡Y miKvix, †emiKvix D‡`¨v‡Mi cvkvcvwk RbMY‡K GwM‡q Avm‡Z n‡e| mvB‡K¬vb R‡jv”Q¡vm: FZz cwieZ©‡bi mgq evqy mgy`ª †mªvZ ZvcgvÎv ZviZg¨ Ges evZv‡mi NbZ¡ Kvi‡Y GUv fviZ gnvmvMi I e‡½vcmvM‡i msNwUZ nq| evsjv‡`‡ki Ae¯’vb: e‡½vcmvM‡i Lvoxi g‡a¨ nIqvq mvgyw`ªK wbgœPvc ZxiMvgx nIqvi cÖeYZv _v‡K| R‡jv”Q¡vm N~wY©S‡oi mnhvÎx A_©vr N~wY©So n‡j R‡jv”Q¡vm nIqvi m¤¢vebv _v‡K| mvaviYZ: N~wY©So Qvov R‡jv”Q¡vm nq bv| †h N~wY©S‡o R‡jv”Q¡vm Kg †m N~wY©S‡o g„Zz¨ wKsev aŸs‡mi cwigvb Kg| Kv‡RB R‡jv”Q¡v‡m Rxeb euvPv‡bvi c_ Ges Zv wKfv‡e Ki‡Z n‡e †m m¤ú‡K© †R‡b ivLv cÖ‡qvRb| N~wY©So Avkªq‡K›`ª Ges DuPz ¯’v‡b bvix, wkï, Mevw` cï I e„ׇ`i‡K gnvwec` ms‡KZ ‡kvbvi mv‡_ mv‡_ wb‡q †h‡Z n‡e| cvwb‡Z fv‡m Ges hv Rxeb i¶vq mvnvh¨ K‡i Ggb fvmgvb e¯‘ evox‡Z ivL‡Z n‡e| Liv: Livi KviY nj fvi‡Z ïKbv †gŠmy‡g cvwb cÖev‡ni wefvRb Kiv, eb DRvo, b`xi bve¨Zv n«vm ev el©vKv‡ji cvwb aviY ¶gZv n«vm BZ¨vw`| Livi d‡j K…lK‡`i Rxeb Ges A_©bxwZ‡Z GKwU `xN©†gqv`x ‡bwZevPK cªfve c‡o| mgqgZ †mP I Pvlvev` c×wZi cwieZ©‡bi gva¨‡g Liv Bmy¨

cÖwZnZ Kiv hvq| Liv cÖeY GjvKvq wfbœZvi Dci I K… l‡Ki AwfÁZv jä Áv‡bi Av‡jv‡K mwVK †mP c×wZ MÖnY Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| Liv cÖeY GjvKvq Av‡M _vK‡Z †m‡Pi mKj cª¯‘wZ I cÖhyw³ msMÖ‡n ivLv †h‡Z cv‡i, hv‡Z k‡m¨i cvwbi Pvwn`v h_vmg‡q c~iY Kiv hvq| gnvgvix: ‡h †Kvb `y‡h©v‡Mi (eb¨v, Liv R‡jv”Q¡vm) ci `~wlZ cvwbi Kvi‡Y K‡jiv Ges Wvqwiqv gnvgvix AvKv‡i †`Lv †`q| hw`I m‡PZbZvg~jK Kvh©µ‡gi ga¨ w`‡q g„Zz¨nvi A‡bK Kgv‡bv m¤¢e| GQvov e¨vcKfv‡e m¨vjvBb evbv‡bv Ges evRviRvZKi‡Yi gva¨‡g cvwb k~b¨Zv †iva Kiv hvq| Z_vwc el©v †gŠmy‡g Ges eb¨v †k‡l cvwb †b‡g †M‡j g„Zz¨i nvi h‡_ó †ewk Ges me mgqB G¸‡jvi cÖv`yf©ve N‡U| g¨v‡jwiqv: †`‡k †h †h ¯’v‡b eb-R½j Av‡Q †mLv‡b g¨v‡jwiqvi cÖ‡Kvc I cÖv`yf©ve †ewk| mvaviYZ el©v †gŠmy‡gi Av‡M I c‡i Gi cÖv`yf©ve †`Lv †`q| Av‡m©wbK : Av‡m©wbK GK ai‡bi wel, hv mivmwi cvb ev †meb Ki‡j g„Zz¨ AeavwiZ| †`‡ki GK weivU AÂj a‡i Ges f‚Mf©¯’ R‡j Av‡m©wb‡Ki cwigvY †e‡o hvIqvq we‡kl K‡i wUDeI‡q‡ji R‡j Gi cwigvY †e‡o hvIqvq gvby‡li wewfbœ †ivM †`Lv w`‡”Q Ges Gi Rb¨ g„Zz¨I N‡U| GB cwiw¯’wZ‡Z fwel¨‡Z AviI fqven Ae¯’v m„wó n‡Z cv‡i| evqy`~lY : wk‡ívbœZ †`‡ki g‡Zv evqy`~lY mviv we‡k¦i Rb¨ GKwU eo Bmy¨

ûgwK| kn‡ii †auvqv hvbevn‡bi Kv‡jv †auvqv, eR© c`v_©, evqy`~lY GRb¨ we‡klfv‡e `vqx| f‚wgK¤c : evsjv‡`‡ki Ae¯’vb f‚wgK¤ccÖeb GjvKvq| evsjv‡`‡k AZx‡Z g„`y I gvSvwi ai‡bi K¤cb n‡q‡Q| evsjv‡`k GB kZvwãi †k‡l AvKv‡ii f‚wgK¤ccªeb GjvKvq cwiYZ n‡e e‡j we‡klÁiv g‡b K‡ib| f~wgK‡¤úi ¶q¶wZ †_‡K i¶vi Rb¨ evox ˆZixi Av‡M H A‡ji f~-ZvwË¡K Ae¯’v, GKwUf dë, f~wgi MVb BZ¨vw`i e¨vcv‡i †LuvR wbb| f~wgaŸm A‡j evox ˆZixi c~‡e© evoxi b·vcÖ‡KŠkj m¤ú‡K© wbwðZ †nvb| cÖ‡qvR‡b Z…Zxq c‡¶i gva¨‡g Gme cix¶v Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| f‚wgaŸm : f‚wgaŸm cwi‡e‡ki Ab¨Zg cÖavb wech©q| evsjv‡`‡ki 3wU †Rjv cvnvwo GjvKvq| †mLv‡b A‡bK cvnvwo wUjvI i‡q‡Q| ZvB Gme GjvKvq f‚wgaŸ‡mi Avk¼v A‡bK| f‚wgaŸm AvMvgx‡Z AviI evo‡e| ebf‚wg DRvo n‡”Q| cvnvo ev wUjv A‡ji gvwU w`‡q †QvU wbæ f‚wg fivU Kiv n‡”Q| d‡j f‚wgaŸm evo‡Q| b`xfvsMb : b`xfv½b KewjZ GjvKvq Ggbfv‡e Ni-evox ˆZix Kiv DwPr hv‡Z cÖ‡qvR‡bi mgq mn‡R GK¯’vb †_‡K Ab¨¯’v‡b mwi‡q c~bwb©gvb Kiv hvq| fv½bcÖeY ev fv½‡bi SuywK Av‡Q Ggb RvqMvq ¯’vqx cvKv KvVv‡gv ev feb wbg©vY Kiv DwPr bq|

Bmy¨

`y‡h©v‡Mi cÖev‡n Kx nq : 1. Rxeb nvwb 2. AvNvZ/¶Z/Amvg_©¨Zv 3. AZ¨vekKxq Lv`¨ k‡m¨i ¶wZ 4. m¤cwË aŸsm 5. M„ncvwjZ cï-cvwLi ¶wZ 6. Rxeb hvc‡bi ¯’weiZv 7. euvPvi c_/PvKzwi nviv‡bv 8. emev‡mi Ae¯’v ev cwi‡ek e¨vnZ Kiv| 9. Rxe‡bi mv‡_ ‡h me †mev cÖwZôvb RwoZ †hgbnvmcvZvj, LvIqvi cvwb, cqtwb®‹vkb, we`y¨r, R¡vjvwb, mieivn Kvh©µg aŸsm Ges e¨vnZ K‡i| 10. mvgvwRK I gb¯—vwË¡K Pvc evovq| 11. ¯’vbxq I RvZxq AeKvVv‡gv aŸsm K‡i| 12. Pjgvb Dbœqb cÖ‡Póv e¨nZ K‡i| 13. A_©‰bwZK cðvrc`Zv, ¶zav evovq hv Acywó e‡q Av‡b| 14.MÖvg n‡Z RbMY kn‡i Av‡m| `y‡h©vM c~e©eZx c`‡¶cmg~n : • evwo‡Z wbqwgZ AvenIqv evZ©v ïbvi Rb¨ †iwWI msMÖn Kiv Ges AwZwi³ e¨vUvwi gRy` ivLyb| • Avcbvi evwo‡Z †Kvb GKUv wbw`©ó ¯’vb wPwýZ K‡i ivLyb| †hLv‡b Ri“wi Lv`¨, Lvevi cvwb, w`qvkjvB ev·, †gvgevwZ BZ¨vw` gvwUi wb‡P cuy‡Z ivLv hvq| • `~ieZx© Pi GjvKvq I Mfxi mgy‡`ª PjvPjKvix †R‡j †bŠKvmn mg¯— †bŠhv‡b UªvbwR÷vi †iwWI I jvBdeq ivLyb Ges wbqwgZ AvenvIqv evZ©v ïbyb| Bmy¨

• muvZvi KvUv Ges Mv‡Q DVvi †KŠkjvw` fvjfv‡e AvqË Ki“b| cÖ‡qvRb gyn~‡Z© AwZ mn‡R wfRv Mv‡Q DVvi Rb¨ `woi gB evwb‡q ivLyb| • jvBd R¨v‡KU, jvBdeq, Mvwoi cyiv‡bv Uvqvi I evqyfwZ© wUDe, cvw÷‡Ki Wªvg BZ¨vw` evwo‡Z msi¶Y Ki“b| • AcmviY wb‡`©k †c‡j †Kv_vq Avkªq MÖnY Ki‡eb, Zv wVK K‡i ivLyb| • AvmevecÎ, hš¿cvwZ, wUb BZ¨vw` fvjfv‡e †MvQv‡bv Ae¯’vq N‡ii wfZ‡i ivLyb| KviY cÖej evZv‡m D‡o G¸‡jv gvby‡li ¶wZ Ki‡Z cv‡i| • gvwU †d‡j evwoi wfUv DuPz Ki“b| bZzb evwo ˆZwii mgq evwoi wfUv DuPz Kivi Dci ¸i“Z¡ w`b| `y‡h©vM mgqKvjxb c`‡¶c : • †iwWI‡Z cÖPvwiZ AvenvIqv evZ©v wbqwgZ ïbyb| • wew”Qbœ Pi GjvKv †_‡K mZ¡i wbivc` ¯’v‡b P‡j Avmyb| • evwoi wbw`©ó ¯’v‡b cÖ‡qvRbgZ wPov, gywo, Pvj, Wvj, Lvevi cvwb, K‡qKwU bvwi‡Kj, w`qvkjvB ev·, †gvgevwZ BZ¨vw` wewfbœ cvÎ I cvwb wb‡ivaK e¨v‡M ‡i‡L 2 nvZ MZ© K‡i gvwUi wb‡P cyu‡Z ivLyb| • gwnjviv gv_vi Pz‡ji †ebx A_ev †Luvcv euvayb Ges UzKiv Kvco w`‡q gv_vi Pzj †eu‡a ivLyb| • †R‡j †bŠKvmn mKj †bŠhvb DcK‚‡ji KvQvKvwQ wbivc` ¯’v‡b wb‡q Avmyb| • Avkªq ‡K‡›`ª hvIqvi Rb¨ wkï, e„× I Amy¯’ e¨w³‡`i‡K mvnvh¨ Ki“b| • Avkªq ‡K‡›`ª hvIqvi c~‡e© Mevw` cïi euvab †Q‡o w`b| Bmy¨

• evwo‡Z we`y¨r ms‡hvM _vK‡j Avkªq †K‡›`ª hvIqvi c~‡e© †gBb myBP eÜ K‡i w`b| • j¶¨ ivLyb †KD †hb Avkªq †K‡›`ªi †hLv‡b-†mLv‡b gjg~Î Z¨vM bv K‡i Ges mevB †hb ¯^v¯’¨ wewa †g‡b P‡j| `y‡h©vM cieZx© c`‡¶cmg~n : • Avcbvi g‡bvej AUzU ivLyb| • Ni-Pvcv cov, Mv‡Qi Wv‡j AvU‡K cov cvwb‡Z fvmgvb †jvK‡`i D×vi Ki“b| • iv¯—v-NvU I evwoN‡ii AvwObvq Qov‡bv wQUv‡bv KvV, wUb, †jvnv fv½v, MvQcvjv BZ¨vw` mwi‡q †djyb| • AvnZ †jvKR‡bi †mev Ki“b Ges cÖv_wgK wPwKrmv w`b| • †¯^PQv‡meK I Kg©x`j‡K mvnvh¨ Ki“b| • wb‡Ri Nievwo †givgZ Ki“b Ges Nievwo †givg‡Z Ab¨‡K mvnvh¨ Ki“b| • N~wY©S‡oi mv‡_ R‡jv”Q¡vm cvweZ GjvKvq †Kv‡bv cyKzi, K‚c BZ¨vw`i cvwb cvb Ki‡eb bv| • gvwUi wb‡P cyu‡Z ivLv mwÂZ cvwb †ei K‡i cvb Ki“b| • cvwb dzwU‡q cvb Ki“b A_ev weï×KiY ewo cvwbi cv‡Î w`‡q Kgc‡¶ GKNÈv c‡i †mB cvwb cvb Ki“b|

Bmy¨

3.3 wk¶v_x©‡`i cvV hvPvB: cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM cÖkœ

Rv‡b I ey‡S (msL¨v) DËi`vZvi cy‡ivcy ‡gvUvg G‡Kev‡i msL¨v wi ywU Rv‡b bv

DËi

`~‡h©vM wK? cÖK…wZ ev gbyl¨ m„ó AcÖZ¨vwkZ,wec`RbK Ae¯’v hv RbRxeb‡K ¯^vfvweKfv‡e Pjv e¨vnZ K‡i| cÖK…wZ m„ó mvB‡K¬vb, f~wgK¤ú, `y‡h©vM wK? eb¨v, Liv, b`xfv½b| `y‡h©v‡Mi d‡j Rxeb nvwb, Lv‡`¨i Afve, wK ¶wZ nq? m¤úwË bó, mvgvwRK I gvbwmK Pvc ev‡o, Avw_©K AbUb †`Lv †`q| `y‡h©v‡Mi nvZ `y‡h©vM m¤ú‡K© †_‡K i¶v †c‡Z m‡PZb _vKv Ges wK Kiv DwPr? `y‡h©v‡Mi Av‡M I c‡i wK KiYxq Zv m¤ú‡K© aviYv ivLv|

Bmy¨

4.

mgvR cwieZ©b I ¯’vbxq msMVb ˆZix • Rb¥ wbeÜb • evj¨weevn I eûweevn • ‡hŠZzK • ZvjvK • ¯’vbxq †mevg~jK cÖwZôvb

Bmy¨

cvV : 4.1

Rb¥ wbeÜb D‡Ïk¨ t GB cvV †k‡l AskMÖnYKvixMY

Rb¥wbe܇bi cvi‡eb|

cÖ‡qvRb

m¤ú‡K©



wbR cwievi, AvZ¥xq I cÖwZ‡ekx‡`i wkï Rb¥MÖnY Ki‡j Rb¥ wbeÜb Ki‡Z DrmvwnZ Ki‡eb| evsjv‡`‡k Rb¥ wbeÜb cÖwZwU wkïi Rb¥MZ AwaKvi| RvwZmsN wkï AwaKvi mb‡` R‡b¥i ciciB wkïi Rb¥ wbeÜb wbwðZ Kivi K_v ejv n‡q‡Q| 1873 mvj †_‡K evsjv‡`‡ki Rb¥ I g„Zz¨ wbeÜb AvBb Abymv‡i GKwU wkï R‡b¥i 8 w`‡bi g‡a¨ wkïi Rb¥ wbeÜb eva¨Zvg~jK|

Bmy¨

Rvb‡Z

cÖwZwU wkïi AwaKvi myi¶vi c~e©kZ© n‡”Q Zvi Rb¥ wbeÜb Kiv| wkkyi Rb¨ mKj AvBb I wewaweavb h_vh_fv‡e cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z mwVK eqm wba©vib LyeB cÖ‡qvRb| GKRb wkïi Rb¥ wbe܇bi d‡j Zvi mwVK eqm wba©vib QvovI ‡m Av‡iv eû myweav cv‡e| Rb¥ wbe܇bi mv‡_ mv‡_ wkï cv‡e iv‡óªi ¯^xK…wZ| evsjv‡`‡k wkï m¤úwK©Z AvB‡b wkï AwaKvi i¶vq ivóª `vwqZ¡ wb‡q‡Q| evsjv‡`‡ki g‡Zv †`‡k wkkyi Rb¥ wbeÜb n‡jv wkï‡`i ¯’vqx cvwievwiK cwiwPwZ| Avi Rb¥ wbeÜb mb` n‡”Q †`‡ki gvby‡li GKwU AvbyôvwbK ¯^xK…wZcÎ| evsjv‡`‡k Rb¥ wbeÜb AvB‡bi AvIZvq BDwbqb cwil`, †cŠimfv I K¨v›Ub‡g›U †evW© Rb¥ wbeÜb Kivi Rb¨ `vwqZ¡cÖvß| 2004 mv‡ji wW‡m¤^‡i mKj wkïi Rb¥ wbeÜb eva¨Zvg~jK Kiv n‡q‡Q|

Rb¥ wbeÜb bv Kivq Amyweavmg~n: Rb¥ wbeÜb bv nevi d‡j cvPvi nIqv wkï Zv‡`i wbR †`k, Ni, Avkªq Ges bvMwiKZ¡ †_‡K ewÂZ n‡”Q| Rb¥ wbeÜb bv n‡j †fvUvi wn‡m‡e mwVK mg‡q bvg Aš—f©~w³ nq bv, PvKzixi eqmmxgv wba©vib mgm¨v nq, we‡`‡k cov‡kvbvq mgm¨v nq, †`‡ki bvMwiK wn†m‡e cÖgvY Kiv hvq bv, ¯‹z‡j mwVK mg‡q fwZ© Kiv‡bv hvq bv Ges evj¨weevn ‡iva Kiv m¤¢e nq bv|

Rb¥ wbe܇bi DcKvwiZv :  RvZxqZv bvMwiKZ¡ cÖgvY

I

Bmy¨

evj¨ weevn †iva m¤¢e wkï kªg mn‡R eÜ Kiv hvq wK‡kvi wePvi e¨e¯’vq wkï‡`i †¶‡Î AvPiY Kiv hvq  mwVK RbmsL¨v wba©vi‡Yi d‡j ¯^v¯’¨, wk¶v BZ¨vw` wewfbœ †mev cwiKíbv MÖnY m¤¢e nq  wewfbœ D‡Ï‡k¨ eqm evov‡bv-Kgv‡bvi cÖeYZv ‡iva Kiv hvq  wkï AwaKvi msi¶‡b AvBbMZ mnvqZv †c‡Z, †hgb ¯‹z‡j fwZ©, cvm‡cvU© cvIqv, †fvUvi ZvwjKvq bvg †jLv‡bv, ¯^v¯’¨ †mev cvIqv, weevn, m¤úwË weµq I DËivwaKvi wVK Ki‡Z Rb¥ mb` cÖ‡qvRb  PvKzixi eqmmxgv wba©viY Kiv hvq|    wbwðZ

wW‡m¤^i 2008-Gi ci eva¨Zvg~jKfv‡e Rb¥wbeÜb mb` 16wU †mev cÖvw߇Z cÖ‡qvRb n‡ecvm‡cvU© ˆZix weevn †iwR‡óªkb wk¶v cÖwZôv‡b fwZ© PvKix‡Z wb‡qvM WªvBwfs jvB‡mÝ ˆZix †fvUvi ZvwjKv ˆZix Rwg ‡iwRwóª e¨vsK wnmve †LvjvAvg`vbx ißvbx jvB‡mÝ Ki‡Z M¨vm, cvwb, we`y¨r I †dvb ms‡hvM †c‡Zevoxi bKkv Aby‡gv`b Ki‡Z wVKv`vix jvB‡mÝevox †iwRwóª‡UªW jvB‡mÝRvZxq cwiPq cÎ U¨v· cwiwPwZ b¤^i

Rb¥ wbeÜb wKfv‡e nq: wkïi wcZv-gvZv ev AwffveK wb‡R A_ev Ab¨ Kv‡iv gva¨‡g 6 (Qq) eQi ch©š— eqmx wkïi Z_¨ wba©vwiZ di‡g wjwce× K‡i Zv mivmwi BDwbqb cwil` ev †cŠimfvq Rgv w`‡Z nq| †Pqvig¨vb Z`‡š—i gva¨‡g Bmy¨

mZ¨Zv hvPvB K‡i Av‡e`b cÖvwßi 10 Kg© w`e‡mi g‡a¨ wbeÜb w`‡Z cv‡ib| 6 eQ‡ii D‡aŸ© hv‡`i eqm Zviv Rb¥ wbe܇bi Rb¨ Av‡e`b Ki‡j BDwbqb miKvix ¯^v¯’¨ wK¬wb‡Ki †gwWK¨vj Awdmvi A_ev miKvix GgweweGm Wv³vi Av‡e`bKvixi eqm m¤ú‡K© Z_¨ msMÖn di‡gi wba©vwiZ ¯’v‡b cÖZ¨qb Ki‡eb Ges mswkó IqvW© †g¤^vi Av‡e`bKvixi Rb¥¯’vb m¤ú‡K© di‡gi wba©vwiZ ¯’v‡b cÖZ¨qb Ki‡eb| AZ:ci BDwc/ †cŠi †Pqvig¨vb wkï Rb¥ wbe܇bi Av‡`k w`‡eb| Rb¥ wbeÜxKiY Kg©m~wP‡Z ¯^v¯’¨ I cwievi cwiKíbv wefv‡Mi gvVKgx© I BDwc †PŠwK`vi /`dv`vi `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib|

Rb¥ wbe܇bi KwZcq mvaviY wbqg :  cÖ‡Z¨‡K Rb¥ wbeÜb Ki‡Z n‡e  ‡hLv‡b Rb¥ †mB ¯’v‡bi BDwbqb A_ev †cŠimfvq wbeÜb Ki‡Z n‡e  6 eQi ch©š— wcZvÑgvZvi †`qv Z_¨ MÖnY‡hvM¨  wcZvi cwiPq Rvbv bv _vK‡j gvZvi cwiP‡q Rb¥ wbeÜb Kiv hv‡e  RgR ev”Pvi †¶‡Î 2wU c„_K wbeÜb Ki‡Z n‡e  wbe܇bi c~‡e© wkïi g„Zz¨ n‡j Rb¥ wbeÜb K‡i g„Zz¨ wbeÜb Ki‡Z n‡e  Rb¥ mb‡` fyj n‡j 7 w`‡bi g‡a¨ wd Qvov ms‡kvab Kiv hv‡e  h_v mg‡q Rb¥ wbeÜb I mb‡`i Rb¨ †Kvb wd w`‡Z nq bv  Wywc‡KU I Bs‡iRx Rb¥ mb` wb‡Z miKvi wba©vwiZ wd w`‡Z nq

Bmy¨

eqm ms‡kvab Ki‡Z n‡j BDwbqb cwil‡`i †ejvq Dc‡Rjv wbe©vnx Awdmvi Ges †cŠimfvi †¶‡Î †Rjv g¨vwR‡óª‡Ui wjwLZ Av‡`k cÖ‡qvRb wKš‘ eqm 10(`k) eQi c~Y© n‡j †Kvb Kg©KZ©v Av‡`k w`‡Z cvi‡eb bv|  Av‡e`bKvix Rb¥ mb` PvB‡j Av‡e`‡bi 30 w`‡bi g‡a¨ KZ„©c¶ Zv w`‡Z eva¨| Ab¨_vq wej‡¤^i KviY Av‡e`bKvix‡K wjwLZfv‡e Rvbv‡Z n‡e| 

4.1 wk¶v_x©‡`i cvV hvPvB: Rb¥ wbeÜb cÖkœ

Rv‡b I ey‡S (msL¨v) DËi`vZ G‡Kev vi cy‡ivc ‡gvUv ‡i msL¨v ywi gywU Rv‡b bv

DËi

Rb¥ wbeÜb Kivi RvZxqZv I bvMwiK‡Z¡i cÖgvY, myweav wK? wkïkªg I evj¨ weevn eÜ, PvKzixi eqmmxgv wba©vib, cvm‡cvU© †c‡Z Rwg µq weµq, †fvUvi ZvwjKvq bvg †jLv, ¯^v¯’¨‡mev cvIqv BZ¨vw` wKfv‡e wbeÜb nq ?

Rb¥ wkïi wcZv-gvZv ev AwffveK Ki‡Z A_ev Ab¨ Kv‡iv gva¨‡g 6 eQi ch©š— eqmx wkïi Z_¨ di‡g wj‡L BDwbqb cwil` ev †cŠimfvq Rgv w`‡Z n‡e|

Rb¥ wbe܇bi d‡j KqwU †mev cvIqv hv‡e?

16wU †mev|

KLb †_‡K 2008 mv‡ji wW‡m¤^i gv†mi ci eva¨Zvg~jKfv‡ †_‡K| e Rb¥ mb`

Bmy¨

jvM‡e?

cvV : 4.2

evj¨ weevn I eû weevn D‡Ïk¨: GB cvV †k‡l AskMÖnYKvixMY

evj¨ weevn I eû weev‡ni Kzdj m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb



evj¨ weevn I eû weev‡n wb‡R‡`i KiYxq m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡eb



G †_‡K wbR cwievi I cÖwZ‡ekx†`i gv‡S evj¨ weevn I eû weevn cÖwZ‡iv‡a mvgvwRK `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

Bmy¨

hw` †Kv‡bv mvevjK cyi“l †Kvb bvevjK †g‡q‡K, †Kvb bvevjK †Q‡j ‡Kvb mvevjK †g‡q‡K we‡q K‡i A_ev †Q‡j †g‡q `yÕRbB bvevjK bvevwjKv nq Zv‡KB evj¨ weevn e‡j| A_©vr 18 eQ‡ii bx‡P ‡Kv‡bv †g‡qi Ges 21 eQ‡ii bx‡P †Kv‡bv †Q‡ji we‡q n‡jB Zv‡K evj¨ weevn e‡j| evj¨ weev‡ni Amyweavmg~n :  kixi †f‡½ hvq (¯^v¯’¨ bó nq) 

¯^vgx-¯¿xi wfZi wgjwgk nq bv



Aí eq‡mB msmv‡ii †evSv gv_vq c‡o



¯^vgx-¯¿xi m¤úK© eyS‡Z cv‡i bv



k¦ïi, kvïoxi mgv`i eyS‡Z cv‡i bv



Aí eq‡m Nb Nb mš—vb nq



gv I wkï cywónxbZvq †fv‡M



SMov ev cvwicvwk¦©K Akvwš— †j‡M _v‡K



Zvjv‡Ki msL¨v ev‡o



eû weevn e„w× cvq

evj¨ weev‡ni kvw¯— : GKgvm †gqv` ch©š— webvkªg Kviv`Û wKsev GK nvRvi UvKv ch©š— Rwigvbv A_ev Dfq `ÛB n‡Z cv‡i| G kvw¯— evj¨weevnKvix, weevn m¤úbœKvix Ges Awffve‡Ki †¶‡ÎI Bmy¨

cÖ‡hvR¨| hviv weevn Av‡qvR‡b RwoZ _vK‡e Zv‡`i †¶‡ÎI GB kvw¯— cÖ‡hvR¨| G AvB‡b msNwUZ Aciva m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡cB †dŠR`vix Aciva| myZivs wbtm‡›`‡n Gi wePvi c×wZ †dŠR`vix Kvh©wewai Aaxb AbyaŸ© 6 gvm †gqv‡`i Kviv`Û †hvM¨ Aciva¸wji welq msw¶ß c×wZ‡Z AbywôZ n‡e| G Rb¨ evj¨weevn wb‡iva AvB‡bi Aax‡b †Kv‡bv Aciva msNwUZ n‡j Gi wePvi †dŠR`vix wewa AvB‡bi 260 (K) avivi AvIZvf~³ n‡e| evj¨ weevn cÖwZ‡iv‡a KiYxq: cÖwZwU wkïi Rb¥ wbeÜb Ki‡Z n‡e| GjvKvi MY¨gvb¨ e¨w³, †Pqvig¨vb I †g¤^i‡`i‡K Rvbv‡Z n‡e|  AwffveK‡`i Dci mvgvwRK Pvc m„wó Ki‡Z n‡e|  evj¨ weevn †iv‡a KvRx I Bgvg‡`i `vwqZ¡ cvj‡b mnvqZv Ki‡Z n‡e|  evj¨weevn cÖwZ‡iv‡a AwffveK‡`i ¶wZKi w`K¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© Rvbv‡Z n‡e|  ‡Kv_vI evj¨ weevn msNwUZ n‡j mswkó GjvKvi nxW evsjv‡`k Awd‡m Rvbv‡Z n‡e|  

eû weevn ¯¿x eZ©gvb _vKv Ae¯’vq cybivq we‡q Kiv‡K eû weevn e‡j| Bmjvg ag© eû weevn‡K wbwl× K‡iwb| Z‡e eû weevn‡K kZ©hy³ K‡i‡Q| Bmjv‡gi `„wó‡Z eû weev‡ni kZ©¸‡jv n‡jv :  ‡mœn-fvjevmvi w`K †_‡K mKj ¯¿x‡K GKB `„wó‡Z †`L‡Z n‡e| 

mKj ¯¿xi mv‡_ mgvb e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e| Bmy¨

mKj‡K mgvbfv‡e fiY‡cvlb w`‡Z n‡e|



mvaviY gvby‡li c‡¶ a‡g©i GB me kZ© cvjb K‡i eû weevn Kiv m¤¢e bq| ZvB ejv hvq ag© eûweevn‡K wbi“rmvwnZ K‡i‡Q| eûweev‡ni Lvivc w`K¸‡jv: msmv‡i LiP e„w× cvq msmv‡i Afve †`Lv †`q RbmsL¨v ev‡o msmv‡i Akvwš— e„w× cvq  msmv‡i †Q‡j-†g‡q‡`i mwVKfv‡e jvjb cvjb Kiv hvq bv  ¯^vgx-¯¿xi mym¤úK© _v‡K bv  msmv‡i wnsmv †e‡o hvq|    

eûweev‡ni wbqg: 1. eZ©gvb ¯¿xi wjwLZ AbygwZ wb‡Z n‡e, 2. ¯^vgx‡K BDwbqb cwil` †Pqvig¨v‡bi wbKU wØZxq we‡qi AbygwZ †P‡q Av‡e`b Ki‡Z n‡e, 3. ‡Pqvig¨vb Dfq c‡¶i cÖwZwbwa‡`i wb‡q mvwjkx cwil` MVb Ki‡eb| mvwjkx cwil` eûweev‡ni KviY ev †hŠw³KZv hvPvB Ki‡eb| A_©vr ¯¿x mš—vb Rb¥`v‡b, mvsmvwiK I `v¤úZ¨ `vwqZ¡ cvj‡b A¶g wKbv †`L‡eb| Dc‡iv³ AbygwZ cÎ e‡j ¯^vgx eû weevn Ki‡Z cv‡ib| eû weev‡ni kvw¯— : mvwjkx cwil‡`i AbygwZ Qvov eû weevn msMwVZ n‡j 1 (GK) ermi ch©š— webvkªg Kviv`Û A_ev Bmy¨

10,000 (`k nvRvi) UvKv ch©š— Rwigvbv A_ev Dfq `‡Û `wÛZ n‡e| eû weevn †iv‡a KiYxq :  we‡q†Z †iwR‡óªkb Kivi Rb¨ mevB‡K DØy× Ki‡Z

n‡e|  eû weev‡n wbi“rmvwnZ Ki‡Z n‡e|

 evj¨ weevn I †hŠZzK †jb‡`b eÜ Ki‡Z n‡e|  ‡g‡q‡`i wkw¶Z I ¯^vej¤^x K‡i Zzj‡Z n‡e|

4.2

wk¶v_x©‡`i cvV hvPvB: evj¨ weevn I eû weevn

cÖkœ

DËi`v Zvi msL¨v

DËi

evj¨ weevn wK? 18 eQ‡ii bx‡P †g‡q A_ev 21 eQ‡ii bx‡P †Q‡ji we‡q‡K evj¨ weevn e‡j| evj¨ weev‡ni GKgvm †Rj ev kvw¯— wK wK? 1000UvKv Rwigvbv A_ev Dfq `Ê n‡Z cv‡i| evj¨ weev‡ni ¯^v¯’¨ bó, SMov Akvw¯ d‡j wK ÿwZ —, NbNb mš—vb, gv I nq? wkïi Acywó, eû weevn e„w×, Zvjv‡Ki msL¨v e„w×| eû weev‡ni Kzdj msmv‡i LiP e„w×, wK ? Akvw¯— ev‡o, Afve †`Lv †`q, RbmsL¨v e„w×| eû weev‡ni mvwjkx cwil‡`i AbygwZ kvw¯— wK wK? Qvov eû weevn Ki‡j 1 ermi †Rj ev 10000 UvKv

Bmy¨

Rv‡b I ey‡S (msL¨v) G‡Kev‡ cy‡ivcy ‡gvUv i Rv‡b wi gywU bv

Rwigvbv ev Dfq `Ê n‡Z cv‡i| eû weev‡ni nvZ ‡iwR‡óªkb Qvov we‡q †_‡K i¶v †c‡Z bv Kiv,evj¨ weevn I wK Kiv DwPr? †hŠZzK eÜ Kiv, †g‡q‡`i wkw¶Z I ¯^vejw¤^ Kiv|

cvV : 4.3

‡hŠZzK D‡Ïk¨: GB cvV †k‡l AskMÖnYKvixMY

‡hŠZz‡Ki Kzdj m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|



‡hŠZzK †jb‡`b Kiv †_‡K weiZ _vK‡eb|



‡hŠZzK cÖwZ‡iv‡a mvgvwRK `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| ‡hŠZzK GKwU AgvbweK mvgvwRK KzcÖ_v| GB cÖ_vi AvIZvq weevn Kv‡j Kb¨vi gvZv-wcZv Øviv eic¶‡K bM` A_© I g~j¨evb `ªe¨ mvgMÖx, †hgb-¯^Y©vjsKvi, wUwf, d«xR BZ¨vw` cÖ`v‡bi cÖwZkÖ“wZ‡K †evSvq| †hŠZzK‡K cYcÖ_vI ejv P‡j| Bmy¨

‡Kv‡bv weev‡ni ei ev e‡ii wcZv-gvZv ev cÖZ¨¶fv‡e weev‡ni mv‡_ RwoZ ei c‡¶i Ab¨ ‡KD weev‡ni mgq ev Zrc~‡e© ev ˆeevwnK m¤úK© _vKvKv‡j weevn w¯’i ev AUzU ivLvi k‡Z© weev‡ni cY wnmv‡e K‡b c‡¶i wbKU `vexK…Z A_©, mvgMÖx ev Ab¨wea m¤ú`‡K †hŠZzK e‡j| Abyiƒcfv‡e †Kvb weev‡ni K‡b c¶ KZ©„K weev‡ni ei ev e‡ii wcZv gvZv ev cÖZ¨¶fv‡e weev‡ni mv‡_ RwoZ Ab¨ KvD‡K D³ weev‡ni mgq ev Zrc~‡e© ev ˆeevwnK m¤úK© _vKvKv‡j weevn w¯’i AUzU ev w¯’i ivLvi k‡Z© weev‡ni cY wnmv‡e cÖ`Ë ev cÖ`v‡b m¤§Z A_©, mvgMÖx ev Ab¨wea m¤ú`†K †hŠZzK eySv‡e| (bvix I wkï wbh©vZb `gb 2003 ms‡kvab AvBb) ‡hŠZzK †bIqv wK ai‡bi Aciva : ‡hŠZzK †bIqv kvw¯—‡hvM¨ Aciva| †h wb‡e ev hviv wb‡e Zv‡`i mevi mvRv n‡e| G Rb¨ †hŠZzK †bIqvi Aciva‡K ejv n‡q‡Q Avgj A‡hvM¨, Rvwgb A‡hvM¨, Av‡cvl A‡hvM¨| myZivs †hŠZzK `Ûbxq Aciva| ‡hŠZzK †bIqvi kvw¯—i cwigvb : ‡hŠZzK †bIqvi Rb¨ 1 †_‡K 5 eQi ch©š— Kviv`Û ev 5 nvRvi UvKv ch©š— Rwigvbv ev Dfq `ÛB n‡Z cv‡i| †h e¨w³ †hŠZzK †bIqvi e¨vcv‡i mnvqZv Ki‡e ZviI GKB iKg kvw¯— n‡e Ges †h e¨w³ †hŠZzK `vex Ki‡e ZviI GKB iKg kvw¯— n‡e| GQvov †hŠZzK MÖn‡Y hw` †KD DØy× K‡i †mB e¨w³I 3 aviv Abyhvqx Acivax n‡e Ges Zvi kvw¯— n‡e| Bmy¨

bvbv Kvi‡Y Avgv‡`i mgv‡R †hŠZzK Av`vb-cÖ`vb n‡q _v‡K| A‡bK evev gv Avw_©K A¯^”QjZv ev mvgvwRK `„wóf½xi Kvi‡Y †g‡q‡K msmv‡ii †evSv g‡b K‡i| ZvB †evSv jvN‡ei D‡Ï‡k¨ wKsev Dchy³ cvÎ †c‡j †jv‡f c‡o †hŠZzK w`‡q †g‡qi we‡q †`q| Avevi †Q‡j c¶ g‡b K‡i GKwU †g‡q‡K we‡q Kiv gv‡b Zv‡K I Zvi gv evev‡K mg~n wec` †_‡K D×vi Kiv| ZvB †Q‡j c¶ GB my‡hv‡M †g‡qc‡¶i KvQ †_‡K myweav †c‡Z Pvq| GQvovI Avw_©K Am”QjZv, †Q‡ji covïbvi LiP Pvjv‡bv, †Q‡j †eKvi n‡j e¨emv Kiv ev we‡`k cvVv‡bv BZ¨vw` Kvi‡Y †Q‡jc¶ †hŠZzK `vex K‡i| ‡hŠZzK †`qv ev †bqvi cwiYwZ KL‡bvB fv‡jv nq bv| hviv †hŠZzK w`‡q‡Qb ev wb‡q‡Qb AvcvZ `„wó‡Z Zv‡`i‡K jvfevb g‡b n‡jI cÖK…Zc‡¶ GwU Kj¨v‡Yi PvB‡Z AKj¨vYB †ekx e‡q Av‡b| †hŠZzK w`‡Z wM‡q GKwU †g‡qi cwievi‡K Avw_©K Pv‡ci g‡a¨ co‡Z nq| GKwU †Q‡ji cwieviI †Kej †hŠZzK wb‡q m”Qj n‡Z cv‡i bv| G‡Z cvwievwiK myL-kvwš— bó nq Ges cwievi aŸs†mi w`‡K P‡j †h‡Z cv‡i| †hŠZz‡Ki `vex †gUv‡Z bv cvivq A‡bK †g‡q wbg©g wbh©vZ‡bi wkKvi nq Ges AKv‡j g„Zz¨eiY K‡i| Avevi A‡b‡K AvZ¥nZ¨vi c_ †e‡Q †bq| ZvB †hŠZzK e‡Ü mK‡ji m‡PZbZv Ges †hŠZzK cwinvi Kiv GKvš— cÖ‡qvRb| Avgv‡`i mevi mw`”QvB cv‡i mgvR †_‡K †hŠZzK cÖ_v `~i Ki‡Z| Avmyb, †hŠZzK‡K bv ewj| mevB wg‡j †hŠZzKgy³ evsjv‡`k M‡o Zzwj| Bmy¨

AvZ¥m‡PZbZvB †hŠZzK cÖ_v ‡iva Kivi †kªô Dcvq

4.3 wk¶v_x©‡`i cvV hvPvB: †hŠZzK cÖkœ ‡hŠZzK wK?

Rv‡b I ey‡S (msL¨v) DËi`vZvi cy‡ivcy ‡gvUvg G‡Kev‡i msL¨v wi ywU Rv‡b bv

DËi ‡hŠZzK GKwU AgvbweK mvgvwRK KzcÖ_v| we‡qi mgq Kb¨vi AwffveK Øviv eic¶‡K A_© I g~j¨evb `ªe¨ mvgMÖx cÖ`v‡bi cÖwZkÖ“wZ‡K †evSvq|

‡hŠZzK wK kvw¯—‡hvM¨ Aciva| ai‡bi Aciva? GwU Avgj A‡hvM¨, Rvwgb I Av†cvl A‡hvM¨| myZivs †hŠZzK `Êbxq Aciva| ‡hŠZz‡Ki kvw¯— ?

wK 1 †_‡K 5 eQ‡ii Kviv`Ê ev 5000 nvRvi UvKv ch©š— Rwigvbv ev Dfq `Û n‡Z cv‡i|

†hŠZzK cÖwZ‡iv‡a Kiv DwPr?

mevi m‡PZbZv cÖ‡qvRb| wK †hŠZzK e‡Ü Avgv‡`i cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki mw`”QvB cv‡i GB Awfkvc †_‡K mKj‡K i¶v Ki‡Z|

Bmy¨

cvV : 4.4

ZvjvK D‡Ïk¨: GB cvV †k‡l AskMÖnYKvixMY

Zvjv‡Ki Kzdj m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|



Zvjv‡Ki †¶‡Î wb‡R‡`i KiYxq m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡eb|



AvBbm¤§Z ZvjvK `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

bv

n‡j

mvgvwRK

we‡q GKwU mvgvwRK I †`Iqvbx Pzw³| Ab¨vb¨ Pzw³i b¨vq GB Pzw³I f½ Kiv hvq| GB Pzw³ ¯^vgx †f‡½ w`‡j Zv‡K ZvjvK e‡j| A_©vr ¯^vgx hLb we‡q †f‡½ †`q, ZvB ZvjvK| • gy‡L gy‡L ZvjvK †`Iqvi AvBb †bB| • ¯¿x Mf©eZ©x _vK‡j ZvjvK Kvh©Ki n‡e bv| • ZvjvKcÖvß ¯¿x‡K cybivq we‡q Ki‡Z cvi‡e| (wnjv

we‡qi †Kv‡bv AvBb †bB)|

Bmy¨

• ZvjvKcÖvß ¯¿x‡K 90 w`‡bi (wZb gvm) fib-†cvlb I

†`b‡gvn‡ii UvKv w`‡Z n‡e|

• bvevjK †Q‡j mš—vb 7 erm‡ii bx‡P ¯¿xi Kv‡Q

_vK‡Z cvi‡e Ges Zv‡KI fiY †cvlb w`‡Z n‡e| †g‡q _vK‡j weev‡ni AvM ch©š— ¯¿xi Kv‡Q _vK‡Z cvi‡e Ges Zv‡KI fiY †cvlb w`‡Z n‡e| ¯^vgx wKfv‡e ¯¿x‡K ZvjvK w`‡Z cv‡i| Zvi AvBbMZ w`KÑ  ¯^vgx ¯¿x‡K ZvjvK w`‡Z PvB‡j ¯¿xi GjvKvi BDwbqb cwil‡`i ‡Pqvig¨vb I ¯¿x‡K wjwLZ †bvwUk w`‡Z n‡e|  †Pqvig¨vb †bvwUk cvIqvi w`b †_‡K 30 w`‡bi gv_vq

Dfq c¶‡K †W‡K mg‡SvZv Kivi †Póv Ki‡eb| †Póv e¨_© n‡j 60 w`‡bi gv_vq wØZxq ˆeV‡K em‡e| GLv‡bI Dfq

c¶‡K WvKv n‡e| GLv‡b †Póv e¨_© n‡j-

 Z…Zxq ‰eVK 90 w`‡bi gv_vq em‡e| AveviI Dfq

c¶‡K †evSv‡bi †Póv Kiv n‡e| hw` Dfq c¶ wgjvwgwk bv nq †Pqvig¨vb wjwLZ w`‡eb| †mB wjwLZ †bvwUk wb‡q KvRx Awd‡m hv‡e| †mLv‡b 200 UvKv wd w`‡q (†Q‡j c¶) ZvjvK Kvh©Kix n‡e| GLv‡b D‡jL¨ †h, †Pqvig¨vb †`b‡gvni Ges fiY †cvl‡bi UvKv Av`v‡qi e¨e¯’v wb‡e|

Zvjv‡Ki ¶wZKi w`K¸‡jv :  ZvjvK cÖvß gwnjvi LvIqv-covi Amywe‡a nq|  ‡Q‡j-†g‡qiv gv-evevi Av`i hZœ cvIqv †_‡K ewÂZ nq|  evev-gv I †Q‡j-†g‡q‡`i cwiPq _v‡K bv|  ZvjvKcÖvß gwnjvi cybivq we‡q †`Iqvi Amywe‡a nq|

Bmy¨

 ‡jv‡K N„Yv I AeÁvi

`„wó‡Z †`‡L|

 es‡ki gvb gh©v`v K‡g hvq|  gvgjv †gvKÏgvi m„wó nq|  gy‡L gy‡L ZvjvK w`‡j AvBbZ ZvjvK nq bv|  ZvjvKcÖvß ¯¿xi †`b‡gvni I 90 w`‡bi fib‡cvlb Av`v‡qi

Kv‡R mn‡hvwMZv Ki‡ev|  ‡bvwUk Qvov ZvjvK †`Iqv eÜ Ki‡ev|

4.4 wk¶v_x©‡`i cvV hvPvB: ZvjvK cÖkœ ZvjvK wK?

ZvjvK KLb?

n‡e

Rv‡b I ey‡S (msL¨v) DËi`vZvi cy‡ivcy ‡gvUvg G‡Kev‡i msL¨v wi ywU Rv‡b bv

DËi we‡q mvgvwRK I †`Iqvbx Pzw³| ¯^vgx hLb GB Pzw³ f½ K‡i we‡q †f†½ †`q ZLb †mUv‡K ZvjvK e‡j| bv g~‡L gy‡L ej‡j, Mf©eZx _vK‡j

¯¿x

wKfv‡e ZvjvK ¯^vgx ¯¿x‡K ZvjvK Kvh©Ki n‡e w`‡Z PvB‡j BDwbqb cwil‡`i †Pqvig¨vb I ¯¿x‡K †bvwUk w`‡Z

Bmy¨

n‡e| Zvjv‡Ki w`K wK?

¶wZKi fib‡cvl‡Yi Amyweav, mš—vb gv evevi Av`i hZœ †_‡K ewÂZ, N„Yv I AeÁvi `„wó‡Z †`‡L, gvgjv †gvKÏgv nq|

cvV: 4.5

¯’vbxq †mevg~jK cÖwZôvb D‡Ïk¨: (1) ¯’vbxq †mevg~jK cÖwZôvb¸‡jv wPb‡Z cvi‡e

Ges wb‡R‡`i †mLv‡b cÖ‡qvR‡b hv‡e| (2) wKfv‡e miKvix my‡hvM-myweav MÖnY Kiv

hvq †m wel‡q aviYv jvf Ki‡e Ges wb‡R‡`i Ae¯’vi cwieZ©‡b D‡`¨vM MÖnY Ki‡Z cvi‡e| Bmy¨

cÖK…Zc‡¶ miKvi n‡jv RbMY Øviv m„ó, RbMY‡K †mev`vbKvix m‡e©v”P ivóªxq msMVb| miKvi RbMY Øviv wbe©vwPZ Ges RbM‡bi Rb¨ Kj¨vYKi KvR KivB miKv‡ii `vwqZ¡| miKvix Kg©Pvixiv (Dc‡Rjv, BDwbqb, †Rjv I Ab¨vb¨ ch©v‡q) †eZb cvq RbM‡Yi Dci wewfbœ ai‡bi †h Ki avh© Kiv nq, Zv msMÖn K‡i| Avgiv cÖwZwbqZ Ki w`w”Q| cÖwZwU `ªe¨ µ‡qi mv‡_B Avgiv (VAT = Value Added Tax) f¨vU I Ki w`w”Q| GQvov Rwgi LvRbv w`w”Q| Avgv‡`i cÖ`Ë K‡ii UvKv w`‡q miKvix Kg©KZ©v-Kg©Pvix‡`i †eZb fvZvw` cÖ`vb Kiv nq| AZGe, miKvix mKj Kg©KZ©v-Kg©Pvix Avgv‡`i †meK| Avgv‡`i Kj¨v‡Y KvR KivB Zv‡`i cÖavb I cÖ_g KZ©e¨| GQvov miKvix †h me †mev I Dbœqbg~jK Kvh©µg nv‡Z †bq Zv Avgv‡`iB Rb¨| miKvi n‡jv RbM‡Yi cÖwZwbwa Øviv m„ó GKwU cÖwZôvb Ges Zviv RbM‡Yi KvR Kivi Rb¨ cÖwZkÖ“wZe×| miKvix cÖkvmb‡K we‡K›`ªxKi‡Yi gva¨‡g RbM‡Yi wbKU ‡mev †cuŠ‡Q ‡`Iqvi GKwU e¨e¯’v n‡jv ¯’vbxq miKvi| ¯’vbxq miKv‡ii `yÕwU ¯—i BDwbqb cwil` Ges Dc‡Rjv cwil`| mnvqK Z_¨: GKRb m‡PZb bvMwiK wn‡m‡e Avgv‡`i Rvb‡Z n‡e nv‡Zi bvMv‡j wK wK miKvix my‡hvM-myweav i‡q‡Q Ges wKfv‡e Zv MÖnY ev AR©b Kiv hvq| wb‡gœ miKvix my‡hvM-myweavi GKwU ZvwjKv cÖYqb Kiv n‡jv:

Bmy¨

IqvW© ch©vq: MÖvg¨ mvwjkx‡Z †g¤^vi‡`i mnvqZv †bqv| miKvix †mevg~jK cÖKí ev¯—evqbKv‡j †Kv‡bv e¨w³ ¶wZMÖ¯’ ev ewÂZ bv nIqvi †¶‡Î mnvqZv †bqv| 3. wfwRwW I wfwRGd KvW© myôzfv‡e Bmy¨‡Z mnvqZv cvIqv| 4. Ab¨vb¨ miKvix fvZv cÖvw߇Z mnvqZv cvIqv| 1. 2.

BDwbqb ch©vq: 1. MÖvg¨ mvwjkx‡Z †g¤^vi †Pqvig¨vb‡`i mnvqZv †bqv| 2. miKvix cÖKí I †mevg~jK cÖKí ev¯—evqbKv‡j †Kvb e¨w³ ¶wZMÖ¯’ ev ewÂZ bv nIqvi †¶‡Î mnvqZv †bqv| 3. wfwRwW I wfwRGd KvW© myôzfv‡e Bmy¨‡Z mnvqZv cvIqv| 4. Ab¨vb¨ miKvix fvZv cÖvw߇Z mnvqZv cvIqv| 5. PwiÎ, bvMwiKZ¡, Iqv‡ikvb I Ab¨vb¨ mb` cÖvwß| 6. †eAvBbx I Ab¨vqfv‡e hv‡Z cywjwk wbh©vZb ev †MÖdZvi bv K‡i †m †¶‡Î mnvqZv cvIqv| 7. we`¨gvb eo ai‡bi (†`Iqvbx I †dŠR`vix Dfq †¶‡Î) Ø›Ø, weev` ev MÛ‡Mv‡ji †¶‡Î b¨vh¨ wePvi jv‡f mnvqZv cvIqv| 8. BDwbqb ¯^v¯’¨ wK¬wbK n‡Z ¯^v¯’¨ †mev cvIqvi mnvqZv †bqv| Bmy¨

miKvix wiwjd ev †ikb cÖPwjZ _vK‡j †hvM¨ e¨w³‡K †mB my‡hvM MÖn‡Yi mnvqZv ‡`Iqv| 9.

Dc‡Rjv ch©vq K…wl wefvM:  K…wl wel‡q civgk© †bIqv|  K…wl wel‡q bZzb bZzb cÖhyw³ AR©‡b Z_¨MZ I nv‡Z Kj‡g wk¶v cvIqv|  KxU bvkK, mvi, †mP BZ¨vw` e¨envi msµvš— civgk© MÖnY| cï cvjb:  cï cvjb m¤cÖmvi‡Y civgk© MÖnY|  DbœZ I ksKi Rv‡Zi Mev`x cï cÖRbb I cÖwZcvj‡b civgk© I mnvqZv †bIqv|  jvfRbK I DbœZ cïcvj‡b bZzb bZzb aviYv cÖ`vb| grm¨ wefvM:  ˆeÁvwbK wfwˇZ jvfRbK gvQ Pv‡l mnvqZv †bqv|  Ae¨eüZ Rjvk‡q ˆeÁvwbK I jvfRbK gvQ Pv‡l mnvqZv cÖvwß| cjx Dbœqb: K…wl mgevq mwgwZ, gwnjv mgevq mwgwZ, weËnxb mgevq mwgwZ, gwnjv weËnxb mgevq mwgwZ BZ¨vw`i m`m¨ jv‡f mnvqZv| 

Bmy¨

wewfbœ cÖwk¶Y jv‡f mnvqZv MÖnY|  FY jv‡f mnvqZv †bqv| 

we.G.wW.wm:  Mfxi I AMfxi bjK~c cÖvw߇Z mnvqZv MÖnY|  DbœZ I fvj exR cÖvw߇Z mnvqZv cvIqv| ¯^v¯’¨ Kg‡c·:  hveZxq ¯^v¯’¨‡mev I civgk© `vb|  cwievi cwiKíbv welqK mvnvh¨ `vb| cywjk :  e¨w³i wec‡` cywj‡ki mvnvh¨ cvIqv|

 Rxe‡bi wbivcËv mnvqZv cvIqv|  gvgjv MÖnY mnvqZv cvIqv|  †gvKÏgv msµvš— myôz Z`š— jv‡f mnvqZv cvIqv|  kvwš—‡Z emevm I AwaKvimg~n mnvqZv †bqv| wePvi :  b¨vh¨ wePvi cÖvw߇Z mnvqZv cvIqv|  mvsweavwbK †gŠwjK AwaKvi †fvM Kivi mnvqZv MÖnY|  †`Iqvbx I †dŠR`vix msµvš— weev` wb®úwˇZ mnvqZv cvIqv| cÖkvmb :  GjvKvq kvwš-k„•Ljv i¶vq mnvqZv †bqv|

Bmy¨

 Lvm Rwg/ cyKzi jxR/ nvU-evRvi jxR cÖvw߇Z

mnvqZv MÖnY|  miKvix D”P ch©v‡q †hvMv‡hv‡Mi mnvqZv| f~wg :

 Rwgi `wjj, cP©v, cvÆv jv‡f mnvqZv †bqv|  Lvm Rwgi ZvwjKv cÖvw߇Z mnvqZv `vb|  Rwgi myôz †iK‡W© mnvqZv cvIqv| Avgiv mevB hw` miKvix my‡hvM-myweavmg~‡ni e¨vcv‡i m‡PZb _vwK Ges miKvix my‡hvM-myweav mg~‡n Avgv‡`i AwaKvi Av‡Q e‡j Rvwb| Zvn‡j wba©vwiZ cÖwµqvq Avgiv G my‡hvM¸‡jv MÖnY K‡i jvfevb n‡Z cvwi|

4.5 wk¶v_x©‡`i cvV hvPvB: ¯’vbxq cÖwZôvb cÖkœ

Rv‡b I ey‡S (msL¨v) DËi`vZv i msL¨v cy‡ivcyw ‡gvUvgy G‡Kev‡i i wU Rv‡b bv

DËi

¯’vbxq †mev †hme cÖwZôvb †_‡K ej‡Z wK eySvq? RbMY‡K ¯’vbxqfv‡e †mev †`qv nq|

Bmy¨

K‡qKwU ¯’vbxq we`¨vjq, ¯^v¯’¨wK¬wbK, †mev f~wg Awdm, BDwbqb cÖwZôv‡bi bvg cwil` ejyb? wKfv‡e Gme cÖwZôv‡bi my‡hvMmyweav cvIqv hvq?

cÖwZôv‡bi my‡hvMmyweav m¤ú‡K© m‡PZb _vK‡Z n‡e Ges wba©vwiZ my‡hvM myweav wel‡q †LvR Lei wb‡q Hme cÖwZôv‡b †hvMv‡hvM K‡i|

miKvix my‡hvM GjvKvi mKj‡K AewnZ K‡i myweav bv †c‡j mevi mw¤§wjZ D‡`¨v‡M wK Kie? KZ„©c‡¶i mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM Ki‡Z n‡e|

IqvW© I BDwbqb KwgwU Bmy¨

nxW evsjv‡`k-i cÖavb D‡Ïk¨ `wi`ª RbM‡Yi mvg_©¨vqb I Zv‡`i AwaKvi Av`v‡qi Rb¨ ¯’vbxq cÖwZôvb ˆZix Kiv| G j‡¶¨ mgv‡Ri cÖwZwbwa I `wi`ª‡`i wb‡q IqvW© I BDwbqb ch©v‡q ¯’vbxq cÖwZôvb msMwVZ Kiv| G msMVb¸‡jvi mgwš^Z D‡`¨vM GjvKvi `wi`ª‡`i AwaKvi Av`vq I ¯’vbxq mgm¨v mgvav‡b f~wgKv ivL‡e| GRb¨ AskMÖnYg~jK Dbœqb Kvh©µg wbæwjwLZ Dcv‡q cwiPvwjZ n‡e•

wcwWwc `j¸‡jv‡K Kvh©Kix `j wnmv‡e DbœxZ Kiv n‡e, †hb Zviv mvgvwRK msMVb (CBO) wnmv‡e KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i, †mBmv‡_ `‡ji m`m¨iv gvbevwaKvi I MYZvwš¿K AwaKvi m¤ú‡K© m‡PZb n†e;

• `wi`ª Rb‡Mvôx‡K Dbœqb cÖwµqvq hy³ Kivi Rb¨ mn‡hvMx `j Ges mvgvwRK D‡`¨v³v‡`i wb‡q D”P ch©v‡qi ¯’vbxq cÖwZôvb ‰Zix Kiv n‡e; G¸‡jv IqvW© I BDwbqb KwgwU bv‡g cwiwPZ n‡e|

¯’vbxq IqvW© I BDwbqb KwgwUi D‡Ïk¨: 

`wi`ª bvix-cyi“‡li Rb¨ ¯’vwqZ¡kxj msMVb M‡o

†Zvjv;  GKwU b¨vh¨, mgvR cÖwZôv Kiv;

mg„×kvjx

Ges

MYZvwš¿K

 MÖvgxY ¶gZv KvVv‡gv‡Z `wi`ª‡`i AskMÖnY wbwðZ Kiv;  miKvix-†emiKvix cÖwZôv‡bi mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM †i‡L `wi`ª‡`i c‡¶ †mev cÖvwß wbwðZ Kiv;  nxW evsjv‡`‡ki mvgvwRK Dbœqb Kg©m~Px m¤ú‡K© ¯’vbxq †bZ…e„‡›`i mv‡_ gZwewbgq Kiv;  ¯’vbxq f~wgKv ivLv;

ch©v‡q

DbœqbgyLx Bmy¨

Kg©Kv‡Û

IqvW© KwgwU GKRb gwnjv m`‡m¨i wbe©vPbx GjvKvi Iqv‡W© wcwWwc mvgvwRK msMV‡bi msL¨vi Dci wbf©i K‡i IqvW© KwgwUi c` msL¨v wba©vwiZ n‡e| KwgwU 7, 9 ev 11 m`m¨ wewkó n‡Z cv‡i| KwgwUi †gqv` n‡e 2 eQi| cÖwZ `yB gv‡m GKevi mfv n‡e| cÖ‡qvRb‡ev‡a wba©vwiZ mgq QvovI †h †Kvb mgq mfv Avnevb Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| IqvW© KwgwU MVb c×wZ: 1. cÖwZ Iqv‡W© wcwWwc `‡ji Ges mgv‡Ri cÖwZwbwa‡`i wb‡q GKwU IqvW© KwgwU MwVZ n‡e| 2.

mvgvwRK `j¸‡jv (CBO) wb‡gœv³ kZ© AR©b Ki‡jB IqvW© KwgwU‡Z Aš—f©~³ n‡Z cvi‡e `jwU ¯’vqx Ges Kgc‡¶ GKeQi wbqwgZfv‡e e‡m;  `jwU ¯’vbxqfv‡e mvgvwRK Kv‡R wKQz D‡jL‡hvM¨ f~wgKv †i‡L‡Q;

Bmy¨

 GjvKv‡Z `jwU Zvi KvR Ges †bZ…Z¡`v‡bi Rb¨ mvgvwRK msMVb wnmv‡e cÖwZwôZ;  cÖwZ `yB eQi ci ci `jwU †bZ…Z¡ cwieZ©‡bi Rb¨ evrmwiK mfv Wv‡K;  RbmsMV‡b `jwU mwµq f~wgKv cvjb K‡i Ges ¯’vbxq KwgwU mg~‡ni m`m¨ wbe©vwPZ Kivi Rb¨ wbe©vP‡b AskMÖnY K‡i;  `jwU‡Z F‡Yi wKw¯— Av`v‡qi nvi fvj;  ¯’vbxq KwgwU‡Z `jwUi cÖwZwbwa _vK‡e Ges ¯’vbxq mgm¨v m¤ú‡K© m‡PZb n‡e| IqvW© KwgwU MV‡bi Rb¨ mswkøó Iqv‡W©i mvgvwRK `j¸‡jv Zv‡`i cÖwZwbwa wbe©vPb Ki†e| GKB mv‡_ nxW evsjv‡`‡ki mKj Kg©KZ©v I Kgx© ¯’vbxq RbM‡Yi mv‡_ ˆeVK K‡i Zv‡`i ga¨ †_‡K cÖwZwbwa wbe©vPb Ki‡e| c‡i GB cÖwZwbwa‡`i wb‡q IqvW© KwgwU MwVZ n‡e| IqvW© KwgwUi `vwqZ¡ I KZ©e¨: 1.

MÖvgxY ¶gZv KvVv‡gv‡Z AskMÖnY

†fvUvwaKvi wel‡q m‡PZbZv m„wó;



¯’vbxq wbe©vP‡b AskMÖnY;

 ¯’vbxq ¯‹zj/gv`ªvmv, AskMÖnY;

wewfbœ KwgwU‡Z †hgbevRvi, gmwR`/gw›`i BZ¨vw`‡Z



ga¨¯’Zvi Av‡qvRb;



¯’vbxq mvwjkx cÖwµqvq AskMÖnY| Bmy¨

civgk©‡Ki f~wgKvmiKvix †emiKvix cÖwZôv‡bi mv‡_ mym¤úK© ¯’vcb K‡i `wi`ª gvby‡li †gŠwjK †mev cÖvwß wbwðZ Kiv; 2.

3.

¯’vbxq m¤ú‡`i myôz e¨envi;

4. mvgvwRK Kv‡Ri D‡`¨vM MÖnY AmvgvwRK Kv‡R cÖwZ‡iva M‡o †Zvjv-

Ges

 GjvKvq RbMY‡K ¯^v¯’¨m¤§Z cvqLvbv e¨env†i DØy× KiY;  beRvZ‡Ki R‡b¥i ci ci Rb¥ wbe܇b DØy× KiY;  RvZxq I Avš—R©vwZK w`em cvjb|

IqvW© KwgwUi cwic°Zvi (Graduation) ¯—i ev ch©vq mvgvwRK msMVb¸‡jv wk¶v_©xi gZ| GKwU wbw`©ó †gqv‡` Zviv wkLb I MVb Kvh©µ‡gi g‡a¨ _v‡K, AZ:ci Zviv cwic° nq| GB cÖwµqvq _vKvKvjxb Zv‡`i Ae¯’vb cwigvc Kivi Rb¨ wKQz m~PK/wb‡`©kK _vK‡e| GB ¯—i¸‡jv n‡e wZbwU, h_vµ‡g♦ m‡PZbZv e„w× I MVb ¯—i ♦ cwic° Ges MÖvRy‡qkb ¯—i ♦ MÖvRy‡qkb cieZx© ch©‡e¶Y ¯—i

¯—i

mgqKvj

m‡PZbZv e„w× I MVb ¯—i

2 eQi

D‡jL‡hvM¨ KvR I djvdj ¯^-e¨e¯’vcbv: 

wb‡Riv mfv WvK‡e Ges cwiPvjbv Ki‡e;



mgm¨v I mvgvwRK Bmy¨ wPwýZ K‡i mgvav‡bi Rb¨

Bmy¨

D‡`¨vM wb‡e;

cwic° Ges MÖvRy‡qkb ¯—i

MÖvRy‡qkb cieZx© ch©‡e¶Y ¯—i

3 eQi

1 eQi



nZ `wi`ª‡`i c‡¶ KvR Ki‡e;



wb‡Riv wm×vš— wb‡e Ges wgwbUm ivL‡e|



‡hvM¨ GKvwaK †bZ…Z¡ m„wó Ki‡e ;



miKvix-†emiKvix my‡hvMmyweav `wi`ª‡`i Rb¨ Av`vq Ki‡e;



¯’vbxq m¤ú†`i myôz e¨envi Ki‡e;



`wi`ª‡`i Avkªq Ges RbM‡bi Av¯’v _vK‡e|



nx‡Wi cÖwZ wbf©ikxjZv Kg‡e;



wb†R‡`i GKwU Znwej _vK‡e|

BDwbqb KwgwU BDwbqb KwgwU MVb c×wZ:

Bmy¨

1. cÖwZ BDwbq‡bi IqvW© KwgwU, mgv‡Ri cÖwZwbwa I nxW ÷vd‡`i mgš^‡q BDwbqb KwgwU MwVZ n‡e| 2. BDwbqb KwgwU MV‡bi Rb¨ GKwU mfv Avnevb K‡i IqvW© KwgwU, mgv‡Ri cÖwZwbwa I nxW ÷vd‡`i mgš^‡q BDwbqb KwgwU MVb Kiv n‡e| KwgwUi †gqv` n‡e 2 eQi| cÖwZ `yB eQi Aš—i KwgwU MYZvwš¿K c×wZ‡Z bZzb K‡i wbe©vwPZ n‡e| cÖwZ wZb gv‡m GKevi mfv n‡e| Riæix cÖ‡qvRb‡ev‡a wba©vwiZ mgq QvovI †h †Kvb mgq mfv Avnevb Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| BDwbqb KwgwUi `vwqZ¡ I KZ©e¨: 1. `wi`ª RbM‡Yi †gŠwjK Pvwn`v wbqwgZ I †UKmBfv‡e miKvix-†emiKvix I ¯^vqZ¡kvwmZ cÖwZôvb †_‡K cÖvwß wbwðZ KiY; 2. mKj †¶‡Î `wi`ª‡`i ¯^v_© msi¶Y; 3. ga¨¯’Zvi gva¨‡g ØÜ gxgvsmv; 4. ¯’vbxq wbe©vPbmgy‡n AskMÖnY; 5. Ab¨vb¨ †mevg~jK cÖwZôv‡bi mv‡_ m¤úK© eRvq ivLv; 6. IqvW© KwgwUi mvg_©¨ e„w×i Rb¨ mnvqZv cÖ`vb; Bmy¨

7. IqvW© KwgwUi Kvh©µg mycviwfkb I gwbUwis|

Kvh©Kix IqvW© I BDwbqb KwgwUi ˆewkó¨ n‡e wbgœiƒc: •

hviv `wi`ª RbM‡Yi K_v ïb‡Z AvMÖnx nq

• abx I `wi‡`ªi cv_©K¨ K‡i bv • gvby‡li `y:mg‡q cv‡k _v‡K • K_v I Kv‡R wgj _v‡K • RbM‡Yi ¶wZ nq Ggb KvR K‡i bv • mš¿vm ev mgvR we‡ivax KvR †_‡K RbMY‡K i¶v K‡i • ‡Kvb cÖKvi `ybx©wZ‡Z hy³ nq bv • bvh¨ wePvi Ges wbi‡c¶ ivq cÖ`vb K‡i| Dc‡iv³ ˆewkó¨ m¤úbœ cÖwZôvY mvavib RbM‡bi Av¯’v I wek¦vm AR©‡b m¶g nq| ‡h cÖwZôvb hZ‡ekx `wi`ª RbM‡bi RxebhvÎv I RxweKv‡K BwZevPKfv‡e cÖfvweZ Ki‡Z cv‡i †mB cÖwZôvb ZZ‡ekx Kvh©Ki| ‡mB cÖwZôvb Av‡iv †ekx Kvh©Ki n‡Z cv‡i hw` †mLvb †_‡K `wi`ª Rb‡Mvôx ¯^í mg‡q Zv‡`i cÖ‡qvRb I mgm¨vi mgq Kv‡Q cvq  hw` †mev wb‡q `wi`ª Rb‡Mvôx DcK…Z nq  `y:mg‡q fvj civgk© cvq Bmy¨

 cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©v‡M ÎvY I miKvwi my‡hvM myweav Av`vq K‡i w`‡Z cv‡i| mvwe©K ZË¡veav‡b: wmj‡f÷vi nvj`vi wek¦bv_ ivq

*******

Bmy¨