Bogyoke And His Journey To A Moy

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Computer typing . . . wunna30 Electronic Book 1st Edition October 2008

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5

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6

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pmtkyfjyKpkol\trSm &efukefwdkif;? vomNrdKUe,f (,cif - w½kwfydkif;)wGif BuD;jyif;í vlvm;ajrmuf vmol wpfOD;taejzifh uRefawmfonf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\ trGdKifodkUvQdKU0Sufc&D;oGm;MuyHktaMumif; Mum;od xm;onfrSm MumavNyD/ EdkifiHa&;avhvmvdkufpm;aom rdwfaqGrsm;ESifhawGUí AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;taMumif; pum;pyfrd avwdkif; þtaMumif;udk rMumcP ajymjyzl;ygonf/ xdkrdwfaqGrsm;\ wdkufwGef;rIaMumifh ,ckuJhodkU pma&;om;jcif;jzpfygonf/ þpmtkyfudk a&;om;jyKpk&mwGif EdkifiHa&;usrf;jyK pma&;q&m wuúodkvfpdefwif a&;om;onfh... (1) &JabmfoHk;usdyfarmfuGef; (2) 1945 jrefrmEdkifiH zufqpfawmfvSefa&;ordkif; pmtkyfrsm;udk t"du tajcwnfí uRefawmf a&;om;jyKpkaMumif;udk 0efcHygonf/ uRefawmf\ pmtkyfjzpfajrmufa&;twGuf vdktyfaeaom pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;udk &SmazG ay;olrsm;tm; aus;Zl;Oyum& txl;wif&SdaMumif; azmfjytyfygownf;/ okawoDjrifhxGef;

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AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; tw¬KyÜwÅdtusOf;csKyf (1915-1947) olUuRefrcHvdkol OD;rif;a&mif\ajr;jzpfonf\ ewfarmufNrdKUae a&SUaeBuD; tb OD;zm? trd a':pk wdkU\ om;axG;jzpfonf/ 1915ck? azazmf0g&Dv(13)&uf? (1276 ck? waygif;vqef; 1 &uf) paeaeUwGif zGm;jrifonf/ i,fpOf xdefvif;[kac:í tpfudk atmifoef;trnfESifhvdkuf&ef atmifqef;[k ac:wGif trnf wyfay;cJhonf/ oli,fwef;ausmif;om; armifatmifqef; 1922 ckESpf (touf 7 ESpf) wGif ewfarmufNrdKU q&mawmf OD;aombdwausmif;wGifaecJhonf/ 1928 ckESpf (touf 13 ESpf)wGif a&eHacsmif;NrdKU trsdK;om;txufwef;ausmif;odkU ajymif;í aecJhonf/ 1932 ckESpfwGif a&eHacsmif;NrdKU trsdK;om; txufwef;ausmif; rS 10wef; pmar;yGJ atmifonf/ www.myanmarcupid.net

16

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wuúodkvfausmif;om; udkatmifqef; 1932 ckESpfwGif &efukefwuúodkvfodkU a&mufonf/ 1935-36 ckESpfwGif &efukefwuúodkvf or*¾trIaqmif tzGJUESifh tdk;a0r*¾Zif; t,f'Dwmtjzpf aqmif&Gufonf/ xdkodkUaqmif&GufaepOf tdk;a0r*¾Zif;wGifyg&Sdaom (HELL HOUND AT LARGE)]acG;o&rf;BuD;vGwfaeonf} aqmif;yg;a&;oludk xkwfazmfrajymí wuúodkvfausmif;rS xkwfy,fjcif;cH&onf/ 1936 ckESpf? azaz:0g&Dv 22 &ufaeUwGif wuúodkvfausmif;oydwfBuD; arSmufonf/ wuúodkvfoydwfarSmuf&onfh ta&;BuD;aom taMumif;t&if;rS udkatmifqef;tm; ausmif;rS xkwfy,fjcif;aMumifh jzpfonf/ 1937 ckESpfwGif 0dZÆmwef; atmifjrifonf/ 1927 ckESpfwGif &efukefwuúodkvf yJcl;aqmif o[m,ESifh pmzwftoif; Ouú| tjzpf aqmif&Gufonf/ 1937-38 ckESpfwGif wuúodkvfor*¾ 'k-Ouú|tjzpf aqmif&Gufonf/ 1937-38 ckESpfwGif ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m ausmif;om;rsm; or*¾ Ouú| tjzpf aqmif&Gufonf/ 1928 ckESpfwGif udkatmifqef;acgif;aqmifaom ausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJUwpfck tdE´d,jynf odkU oGm;cJhonf/ 1938 ckESpf ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m ausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ Ouú| tjzpfrS EIwfxGufonf/ 1938 ck? yxrqHk;wuúodkvfausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,f? wuúodkvfaumifpD0iftjzpf wifajr§muf jcif;cH&onf/ ocifatmifqef; 1938 ckESpfwGif wdkUArmtpnf;t½Hk; taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; tjzpf aqmif&Gufonf/ 1300 jynfh ta&;awmfyHkudk tm;ay;ulnDonf/ 1939 ckESpf armfvNrdKifü usif;yaom wdkUArmtpnf;t½Hk; nDvmcHwGif ppftwGif;ü NAdwdoQudk rulpwrf; tqdkwifonf/ 1940 jynfhESpf ArmhxGuf&yf*dkPf;BuD; zGJUpnf;wnfaxmif&mwGif taxGaxG twGif;a&;rSL;tjzpf aqmif&Gufonf/ 1940 jynfhESpf [oFmwc½dkif0efu qkawmfaiG(5 usyf)jzifh ocifatmifqef;tm; zrf;&ef 0&rf; xkwfonf/ 0&rf;qkaiGrSm vlxkacgif;aqmifwpfOD;udk apmfum;jcif;jzpfí wpfjynfvHk;u ½Iwfcsonf/ 1940 jynfhESpf 0&rf;ajy;ae&pOf wuúodkvfaumifpD0if vlBuD;tjzpfrS EkwfxGufonf/

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17

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18

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\ trdGKifodkY vQdKU0Sufc&D;

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ppf0efBuD; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; 1943 ck? rwfv 17 &ufaeUwGif a'gufwmbarmf? a'gufwmodrf;armif? ocifjr wdkU ESifh twl ArmhvGwfvyfa&;twGuf aqG;aEG;&ef *syefjynfodkU oGm;cJhonf/ 1943 ck? rwfv 22 &ufaeUwGif *syefbk&if\ qkwHqdyf csD;jr§ifhjcif; cH&onf/ 1943 ck? Mo*kwfv 1 &ufaeUwGif a'gufwmbarmftpdk;&tzGJUü ppf0efBuD;tjzpf aqmif&Gufonf/ 1943 ckESpfwGif tdE´d,jynf&Sd r[mrdwfppfXmecsKyfESifh vQdKU0SufpGm qufoG,fonf/ 1944 ck? Mo*kwfvwGif zufqpfwdkufzsufa&; jynfolUvGwfvyfa&; tzGJUcsKyfBuD; udk vQdU0SufpGm zGJUpnf;onf/ 1944ck? pufwifbmv4&ufaeUwGif&efukefNrdKUü *syefbk&if\qkwHqdyfxyfrHcsD;jr§ifhjcif;cH&onf/ awmfvSefa&;orm; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; 1945 ck? rwfv 17 &ufaeUwGif &efoludk wdkufcdkuf&eftwGuf wyfrawmfudk OD;aqmifí ppfajrjyifodkU xGufcJhonf/ 1945 ck? rwfv 27 &ufaeUwGif zufppf*syefudk awmfvSefonf/ 1945 ck? Mo*kwfv 19 &ufaeUwGif aeol&def tpnf;ta0;BuD;ü obmywdtjzpf aqmif&Gufí ArmhvGwfvyfa&; awmif;qdkonf/ 1949 ck? Zefe0g&DvwGif a&Twd*Hktv,fypö,Hüusif;yaom jynfvHk;uRwf z-q-y-v nDvmcHudk OD;pD;onf/ 1946ck? Mo*kwfvwGiftpdk;&trIxrf;rsm;udkoydwfarSmufapumNAdwdoQtpdk;&tay:tefwkonf/ 1946 ck? pufwifbmv 27 &ufaeUwGif bk&ifcH\ trIaqmifaumifpDü 'kwd, obmywd tjzpf &mxl;vufcHonf/ 1947 ck? Zefe0g&DvwGif jrefrmEdkifiH\ udk,fpm;vS,f tzGJUudk OD;pD;um t*Fvefjynf vef'efNrdKU ü atmifqef;tufwvDpmcsKyf csKyfqdkonf/ 1947 ck? azazmf0g&Dv 12 &ufaeUwGif wdkif;&if;om; aoG;pnf;a&;jzpfaom yifvHknDvmcHudk OD;pD;usif;yonf/ 1947 ck? rwfv 19 &ufaeUwGif *sLbvDa[mü usif;yaom z-q-y-v yPmr jyifqifrInDvmcHudk obmywdtjzpf aqmif&Gufonf/ 1947 ck? ZGefv 16 &ufaeUwGif yxr wkdif;jyKjynfjyK vTwfawmfü tcsKyftjcm tmPmydkif or®wEdkifiH zGJUpnf;&ef tqdkwifonf/ 1947 ck? Zlvkdifv 13 &ufaeUwGif NrdKUawmfcef;rü ta&;tBuD;qHk;aom rdefUcGef; >rufMum;onf/ (þrdefUcGef;rSm AdkvfcsKyf aemufqHk;>rwfMum;cJhaom rdefUcGef; jzpfonf/) 1947 ck? Zlvdkifv 19 &uf? paeaeU eHeuf 10 em&D 45 rdepf tcsdefwGif e,fcsJU vufyg;ap\ vufcsufjzifh usqHk;&&Smonf/ (10? 7? 65 aeUpGJjzifh xkwfa0aom rarhEdkifaom 19 Zlvdkif? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh tmZmenfMuD;rsm;\ tw¦KyÜwÅdpmtkyfi,frS ul;,lazmfjyygonf/)

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19

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\ trdGKifodkY vQdKU0Sufc&D;

okawwDjrifhxGef;

ocifatmifqef;trGdKifodkUrxGufcGmrD jrefrmjynfEdkifiHa&;tajctae 1885 ckESpf? Edk0ifbmv 28 &ufaeUwGif jrefrmEdkifiH\ jynfh&Sif bk&ifoDaygrif;ESifh rdzk&m;wdkUtm; t*Fvdyfe,fcsJU vufeufudkifwyfrsm;u zrf;qD;NyD; tdE´d,EdkifiHodkU ac:,l oGm;cJhonf/ xdktcsdefrSpí jrefrmEdkifiHawmfonf tcsKyftjcmtmPmydkifEdkifiH tjzpfrS uRefEdkifiHtjzpfodkU a&muf&Sdawmh\/ olUuRefrcHvdkolrsm; jrefrmEdkifiHwGif;&Sd wdkif;&if;om;toD;oD;wdkU\ rsdK;cspfyk*¾dKvfacgif;aqmifrsm;onf wdkif;wpfyg; wdkU\ tkyfcsKyfrIatmufwGif raevdkMuay/ xdkUaMumifh olUuRefrcHvdkaom pdwf"mwfjzifh NAdwdoQe,fcsJU ppfrsm;tNyD;wGif wdkif;&if;om;rsdK;cspfrsm;onf x
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20

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\ trdGKifodkY vQdKU0Sufc&D;

okawwDjrifhxGef;

jrefrmtrsdK;om;rsm;xJwGif 1/ yGifjzLe,frS AdkvfOwÅr 2/ rif;wkef;e,frS Adkvf&GJ 3/ ausmufqnfe,frS Adkvfomusef; 4/ qD;yifBuD;e,frS jrifpdkif;rif;om;BuD; 5/ a&Tbdke,frS xdyfwifrSwf 6/ ykyÜg;e,frS Adkvfeufausmf 7/ 0Ja*gife,frS Adkvf&mñTefU 8/ &Sdrf;rum;e,frS Adkvf&drf 9/ yk*He,frS AdkvfjcHK 10/ uRef;cifBuD;e,frS AdkvfvSausmf 11/ acsmif;cGrS rif;om; apm&efEdkif 12/ ewfarmufrS Adkvfva&mifbGJUcH NrdKUolBuD; OD;rif;a&mif ponfwdkUrSm xif&Sm;ausmfMum;vSaom awmfvSefa&;acgif;aqmifBuD;rsm; jzpfonf/ xdktxJwGif Adkvfva&miftrnfcH OD;rif;a&mifonf ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifBuD; AdkvfcsKyf atmifqef;\ tbdk;jzpfaomaMumifh vlodrsm;\/ Adkvfva&mif trnfcH OD;rif;a&miftm; av;wdkifpif pcef;wGif t*FvdyfwdkUu zrf;rdí OD;acgif;jzwftowfcH&Smonf/ þodkUjzifh jrefrm? &Srf;? csif;? ucsif? u&ifeD? u,m;? ponfh jynfaxmifpkom; wdkif;&if;zGm; rsdK;cspfyk*¾dKvfrsm; acgif;aqmifí e,fajra'otvdkuf toD;oD;x
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21

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\ trdGKifodkY vQdKU0Sufc&D;

okawwDjrifhxGef;

wnfwhHap&ef qufvufBudK;pm;onf/ xdkwpfcsdefwnf;rSmyif 'Drdkua&pDenf;t& w&m;ojzifhr[kwfbJ rsdK;½dk;tvdkuf &mxl;qufcHcGifh&onfh pepfqdk;udk aus;&Gmrsm;wGif qufvufwnf&SdapcJhayonf/ xdkUaMumifh zcifolBuD;aoqHk;vQif om;jzpfolu olBuD;&mxl;udk tvdktavsmuf qufcHEdkif cGifh&Sdonf/ olBuD;onf tpdk;&ucefUtyfxm;aom NrdKUe,ft&m&Sdrsm;xHrS tcGifhtmPmudk &&Sdxm;ol jzpfonf/ olBuD;onf rdrd\aus;&GmwGif olUoabmtwdkif; zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fjcif;? tcGeftwkwfrsm; rw&m; aumuf,ljcif;? aus;&Gmvlxktm; rw&m;zrf;qD;ESdyfpufjcif;rsm;udk jyKvkyfcGifh&&SdcJhayonf/ NAdwdoQe,fcsJUtpdk;&\ NrdKUydkif? e,fydkift&m&SdBuD;rsm;onf aus;&GmolBuD;rsm;xHrS vmbfaiGypönf;rsm;udk vufcHí aus;&GmolBuD;rsm;\ rw&mjyKrIrsm;udk vspfvsL½IcJhonf/ wpfcsdKUaom olBuD;qdk;rsm;\ rw&m;jyKrIrsm;udk rcH&yfEdkifvGef;í NrdKUydkif? e,fydkif? ykvdyXf me ponfrsm;odkU vma&muf wdkifMum;aom t½dk;cH&Gmom;rsm;&SdcJhonf/ xdk&Gmom;rsm;udk NAdwdoQ e,fcsJUtpdk;&\ vufyg;apt&m&Sd rsm;u Oya'trsdK;rsdK;jzifh ajcmufvSefUonf/ ta&;,l zrf;qD;jcif;cHMu&avonf/ olBuD;qdk;rsm;\ rw&m;rIrsm;udk iHkUírcHEdkifojzifh txuft&m&Sdrsm;xH wdkifMum;rdolwdkUtm; emrnfausmfapmrI? tvkyfvufrJhjzpfrI? rouFmzG,fjzpfrIponfh tjrifuyfonfh Oya'rsm;jzifh ta&;,l jcif;cH&onf/ jynfolvlxkonf tm;udk;&mrJhb0jzifh twd'ku© a&mufcJhMu&ayonf/ olBuD;qdk;rsm;onf rdrdwdkU\ toufocifaus;Zl;&Sifjzpfonfh jAL½dku&uft&m&Sdrsm;udk aus;Zl; qyfonfhtaejzifh ylaZmfjcif;? y o jcif;rsm;udk jyKvkyfcJhMuonf/ NrdKUe,ft&m&Sdrsm;onf tpdk;&udpöjzifhaomfvnf;aumif;? aysmfyGJpm;aomf vnf;aumif;? aus;vufawm&Gm;rsm;odkU oGm;a&mufonfhtcg ESpfvHk;jyL;aoewfudkif txl;tmPm& olBuD;rsm;u zG,fzG,f&m&mwdkUjzifh {nfhcHMuonf/ xdkUaemuf &GmwGif;&Sd acsmarmvSyaom rdef;rysdKrsm;udk NrdKUe,ft&m&Sd tm; aysmfawmfqufaponf/ ,if;odkU aysmfawmfqufjcif;udk jiif;qefrdol rdef;rysdKESifh rdbaqGrsdK;wdkU onf txl;tmPm& olBuD;rif;\ enf;y&d,m,ftrsdK;rsdK;wdkUjzifh &efjyKrIudk cHMu&avonf/ NAdwdoQe,fcsJU t*Fvdyftpkd;&onf tkyfcsKyfa&;bufwGif þodkUjyKrlxm;NyD; pD;yGm;a&;bufwGif acgif;yHkjzwf aoG;pkyfonfhvkyfief;rsm;udk pDrHudef;csíaqmif&GufcJhonf/ jrefrmEdkifiHwGif pdkufysdK;rIr&Sdaom ajruGufvyfrsm;wGif v,f,mpdkufysdK;vkyfudkifEdkif&ef tdE´d,rS tdE´d,trsdK;om;v,form;rsm;pGmudk ESpfpOfac:,lcJhonf/ tdE´d, v,form;rsm;udk ajrrsm;a0iSay;NyD; pdkufysdK;a&;vkyfief;udk vkyfudkifap cJhonf/ wpfzufrSvnf; t*Fvdyftpdk;&\ udk,fpm;vS,rf sm;jzpfaom "e&Sif? t&if;&Sif ukefonfBuD;rsm; u jrefrmtrsdK;om;wdkU\ v,f,mxGuf oD;ESHrsm;udk tedrfhqHk;aps;odkU ESdrfí0,f,lapcJh\/ xdkUtwGufaMumifh jrefrmv,form; qif;&Jom;trsm;pkonf qif;&JwGif;eufvmonf/ þtcsdef wGif t*Fvdyftpdk;&onf wpfzufrS jrefrmv,form;rsm;tay:wGif vlceG f? ajrcGef? ,mcGef ponfjzifh tcGeftrsdK;rsdK;wdkUudk rw&m;aumufcHjyefonf/ jrefrmaus;awmae awmifolv,form;rsm;tzdkU oD;ESHaps;ESdrfí 0,fjcif;cH&í aiGp &Sm;yg;csdef jzpfonf/ xdkUaMumifhtcGefawmftwGuf ay;p&maiGr&Sd/ ,if;tcg t*Fvdyftpdk;&\ vufyg;ap olBuD;qdk;rsm;? tcGefawmft&m&Sdqdk;rsm;u jrefrmv,form; wdkU\ v,f,m? uRJ? EGm;? tdrfajr ponfwdkUudk avvHypfa&mif;csNyD; odrf;,lMuawmhonf/

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22

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\ trdGKifodkY vQdKU0Sufc&D;

okawwDjrifhxGef;

jrefrmawmifolv,form;rsm;onf t*Fvdyftpdk;&aumufcHaom rw&m;tcGefaiGrsm;udk ay; aqmif&ef twdk;pm;cspfwD;ukvm;rsm;xHwGif aygifESHMu&onf/ ESpftenf;i,fMumonftxd v,f,majr rsm;udk jyefNyD;ra&G;Edkifonfhtcg twdk;ESifht&if;ygaygif;í v,form;xHrS v,f,mudk cspfwD;u odrf;,l vdkufavonf/ xkdtjzpftysufrsm;onf jrefrmEdkifiHwGif;&Sd awmifolv,form;wdkif; cHpm;aeMu&aom jzpf&yfrsm;jzpfonf/ rdk;acgif a&BuD; ydk;udkufí v,f,mvkyfief;rsm;ysufpD;Muaomtcg jrefrmv,f orm;xkMuD;onf tiwfab;BuD;ESifh &ifqdkif&avawmhonf/ jynfoludk zdESdyfcsKyfcs,f&ef 1885 ckESpfrS 1897 ckESpftxd t*Fvdyftpdk;&onf r[mrif;BuD;wpfOD;cefUNyD; tkyfcsKyfapcJhonf/ 1897 ckESpfwGif 'kwd,bk&ifcHwpfOD;cefUxm;NyD; jrefrmEdkifiHudktkyfcsKyfjyefonf/ r[mrif;BuD;udkcefUxm; pOfu vdktyfonfh Oya'rsm;udk tdE´d,vTwfawmfu jy|mef;ay;cJhonf/ 'kwd,bk&ifcHcefUpOfu Oya'jyK tzGJU0ifudk;OD;yg0ifí bk&ifcHu zGJUpnf;ay;cJhonf/ xdkOya'jyKtzGJUonf e,fcsJU tkyfcsKyfa&;pepfqdk;rsm; udk r,drf;r,dkif ap&atmif vdktyfonfh Oya'rsm;udk jy|mef;ay;&av\/ 1909 ckESpfwGif armfvrifwdkpDrHudef;ay:xGef;vm\/ xdkpDrHudef;t& Oya'jyK tzGJU0if trwfrsm;udkOD;a&wdk;csJUcJhonf/ þtzGJUwGif 14 OD;udk bk&ifcHu a&G;cs,fonf/ usefwpfOD;udk Oa&my wdkufom;rsm;om yg0ifaom ukefonfBuD;toif;u a&G;cs,f&onf/ tm;vHk;aygif;tzGJU0if 15 OD; &Sdonf/ þtzGJUonf jrefrmEdkifiHtpkd;&\ ESpfpOf &oHk;rSef;ajc aiGpm&if;udk yg0ifaqG;aEG;&onfhtjyif jynfolvlxktay: zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fonfh Oya'rsm;udk jyKvkyfay;&avonf/ 1900 jynfhESpfausmfvmonfhtcsdefwGif jrefrmEdkifiHwGif e,fcsJUawmfvSefa&; vIyf&Sm;rIrsm; wjznf;jznf; NidrfoufoGm;awmh\/ þodkUNidrfoufrIudk tcGifhaumif;,lNyD; t*Fvdyftpdk;&onf jrefrmEdkifiHxGuf qefpyg;? uRef;opf? a&eH? "mwfowÅK? ausmufrsuf &wemrsm;udk t&if;wnfNyD; acgif;yHkjzwf aoG;pkyf&ef pDrHudef;trsdK;rsdK; csrSwfí aqmif&Guf awmhonf/ þpDrHudef;rsm; taumiftxnfay:ap&ef jynfwiG f; vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;rsm;udk jyKjyifxdk;csJU onf/ xkdpDrHudef;rsm;tm; aqmif&Guf&mwGif jrefrmtrsdK;om; trIxrf;rsm;\ tultnD rsm;pGmvdktyf onf/ jrefrmvli,frsm;tm; jAL½dkua&pD ynma&;pepf wGif pdwfyg0ifpm;vmatmif aqmif&Gufonf/ ,if;odkUjzifh txufwef;atmifjrifvQif aomfvnf;aumif;? wuúodkvfrSbGJU&vsifaomfvnf;aumif? pm;yGJukvm;xdkifrsm;jzifh t*Fvdyftpdk& uay;aom &mxl;tqifhqifhwGif usdK;EGHpGm0ifa&mufí wm0efxrf; Muavawmhonf/ e,fcsJUqefUusifa&; jrefrmtrsdK;om;vli,frsm;onf t*Fvdyftpdk;&uay;tyfaom tqifhtwef;wdkUwGif pnf;pdrf ,pfí aeMuonf/ xdktcsdefwGif wdkif;jynfESifhvlrsdK;wdk;wufBuD;yGm;a&;udk aqmif&Gufvdkonfh vli,f tcsdKUonf jrefrmtoif;tzGJUrsm; pwifwnfaxmifvmMuonf/ www.myanmarcupid.net

23

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\ trdGKifodkY vQdKU0Sufc&D;

okawwDjrifhxGef;

1906 ckESpfwGif Ak'¨bmomuvsmP,k0 trnfcH jrefrmtoif;BuD;udk OD;baz? OD;armifBuD; (trfat)? a'gufwmb&if qdkolwdkUu pwifwnfaxmifcJhMuonf/ þtoif; BuD; t*Fvdyfbmom twdkaumufjzifh 0dkif? trf? bD? at [k ac:onf/ 1910 jynfhESpf wGif 0dkif? trf? bD? at rS ol&d, trnfcH jrefrm owif;pmBuD;wpfapmifudk oHk;&ufvQif wpfBudrf xkwfa0cJh\/ tdE´d,jynftkyfcsKyfa&;udk jyKjyifajymif;vJ&eftwGuf rGefaw*lcsrf;pzdkUpDrHudef; udk 1918 ckESpfwGif taumiftxnfazmfcJhonf/ tdE´d,EdkifiHtwGif;ü yg0ifaom jrefrmEdkifiH twGuf pDrHudef;wGif ryg&SdcJhay/ xdkUtwGufaMumifh OD;baz? OD;yk ESihf OD;xGef;&Sdef paom 0dkif? trf? bD? at toif;acgif;aqmif rsm;onf 1919 ckESpfwGif t*FvefEdkifiHodkU oGm;a&mufNyD; ta&;qdkMuonf/ jrefrmEdkifiHodkU jyefvmaomtcg EdkifiHa&; pdwf"mwf wuf
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24

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\ trdGKifodkY vQdKU0Sufc&D;

okawwDjrifhxGef;

yxre,fcsJUawmfvSefa&; ausmif;om;oydwf 1920 jynfhESpfrS pNyD; jrefrmEdkifiHwGif e,fcsJUqefUusifa&; vIyf&Sm;rIwdkufyGJrsm;onf wjznf;jznf;BuD;xGm;vmonf/ &efukefwuúodkvfü ausmif;om;rsm;onf 1920 jynfhESpf? 'DZifbmv 5 &uf (wefaqmifrkef;vqkwf 10 &uf) aeUwGif oydwfpwifarSmufcJhonf/ aemiftcgwGif xdkaeUudk trsdK;om;atmifyGJaeUtjzpf owfrSwfNyD; ½Hk;ydwf&uftjzpf jrefrm EdkifiHwpf0ef;wGif owfrSwfcJhMuonf/ jrefrmtrsdK;om;rsm;\pdwfxJwGif ynmoifMum;a&;pepfrSm zdESdyfcsKyfcs,frIrsm;jzifh jynfhaeonf [k ,lqonf/ jynfolrsm;u wuúodkvfynm&yfrsm;xda&mufpGmoifMum; EkdifrSomvQif trsdK;om;vGwf ajrmufa&; vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;wGif atmifatmifjrifjrif &dSvdrfhrnf[k txif&SdaeMuavonf/ 1920 jynfhESpftxd &efukefwuúodkvfonf tdE´d,EdkifiH umvuwÅm;wuúodkvf\ vufatmuf cHwuúodkvfwpfck jzpfonf/ &efukefwuúodkvfudk oD;jcm;wuúodkvftjzpfxm;&Sd&ef tpdk;&wGif tpDtpOf &Sd\/ tdE´d,yg&*lwpfOD;onf &efukefwuúodkvf pnf;rsOf;Oya'udk a&;qGJonf/ xdkpnf;rsOf;t& wuúodkvfopfonf tpdk;&\ tpDtrHatmufwGif&Sdonf/ ausmif;tdyf ausmif;pm;aeaom ausmif;om; rsm;om wuúodkvfwGif ynmoifMum;cGifh&Sdavonf/ xdkacwfu wuúodkvfausmif;omwpfOD;\ wpfESpfwGuf ukefusaiGrSm usyf 400 rQom&Sdonf/ xdkaiGonf t*FvefEdkifiH&Sd atmufpzdkUESihf uif;b&pf wuúodkvfrsm;rS ausmif;om;rsm;\ ukefusp&dwf q,fyHkwpfyHkrQyifr&Sday/ xdkaiGudkyif jrefrmtrsdK;om;wdkUu ukefusEdkifpGrf;r&Sday/ ausmif;tdyf ausmif;pm; ae&rnfqdkaomtcsufonf jrefrm ausmif;om;rsm;\ qif;&JEGrf;yg;rIESifh y#dyu©jzpfapay\/ ,if; wuúodkvfOya'opfyg tcsufrsm;onf jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd ausmif;om;xkudk zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fonfh oabmyg&Sdí 1920? 'DZifbmv 5 &ufaeUwGif oydwfBuD;udk wpfcJeufarSmufvdkufonf/ jrefrmwpfrsdK; om;vHk;uvnf; ausmif;om;rsm;\tHk
25

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\ trdGKifodkY vQdKU0Sufc&D;

okawwDjrifhxGef;

q&mawmf OD;Owår &efukef wuúodkvf ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh *sD? pD? bD? at tzGJUBuD;u xdxda&mufa&muf e,fcsJU t*Fvdyftpdk;&tm; qefUusifvIyf&Sm;aepOf jrefrmvlxkBuD;onf pnf½Hk;tHk
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26

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\ trdGKifodkY vQdKU0Sufc&D;

okawwDjrifhxGef;

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27

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\ trdGKifodkY vQdKU0Sufc&D;

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wGif t&m&Sdqdk;ESifh olBuD;qdk;wdkUuvnf; tcGefraqmifEdkifonfh v,form;rsm;udk zrf;qD;ta&; ,lavonf/ jrefrmqif;&Jom; v,form;rsm;\ b0vGwaf jrmufa&;udk arQmfrSef;onfh v,form; awmfvSefa&;BuD;onf þtcsdefwGif om,mowDe,frS pwifay:aygufvmcJh\/ q&mpH? q&mNrdKif? OD;pHausmf? OD;ÓP? OD;pH&Sm;[lom trnfig;rsdK;cH,laom q&mpHonf om,m0wDc½dkif tvHawmifpcef; udk v,form; *VKefawmfvSefa&;XmecsKyftjzpfowfrSwfNyD; 1930 jynfhESpf? 'DZifbmv 22 &ufaeUrSpí e,fcsJUtpdk;&tm; awmfvSefavonf/ v,form;awmfvSefa&; wyfrawmfom;rsm;onf iwf&if;rao? wdkuf&if;aornf qdkonfh a
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28

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\ trdGKifodkY vQdKU0Sufc&D;

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wdkUtcdsefwGif wdkUArmtpnf;t½Hk;BuD;udk jrefrmvli,frsm;u pwifwnfaxmifonf/ 1930-31 ckESpfqDrSpí wnfaxmifcJhonf/ wdkUArmtpnf;t½Hk;udk ocifbaomif; ESifh taygif;toif;wpfpku pwifwnfaxmifcJhjcif;jzpfonf/ ocifbaomif; ESifhtwl ajcvsiftkef;cif? ocifvSabmf? udkwifpdef? udkausmfxGef;paomyk*¾dKvfrsm;u wdkUArmtpnf;t½Hk;BuD;ay:xGef;vmEdkifa&;twGuf txl;yif BudK;pm;cJhMu avonf/ wdkUArmtpnf;t½Hk;BuD;\ a
29

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\ trdGKifodkY vQdKU0Sufc&D;

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30

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\ trdGKifodkY vQdKU0Sufc&D;

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31

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\ trdGKifodkY vQdKU0Sufc&D;

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32

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\ trdGKifodkY vQdKU0Sufc&D;

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33

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34

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\ trdGKifodkY vQdKU0Sufc&D;

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35

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\ trdGKifodkY vQdKU0Sufc&D;

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36

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\ trdGKifodkY vQdKU0Sufc&D;

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37

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\ trdGKifodkY vQdKU0Sufc&D;

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AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\ trdGKifodkY vQdKU0Sufc&D;

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39

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40

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42

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43

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46

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47

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48

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\ trdGKifodkY vQdKU0Sufc&D;

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49

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\ trdGKifodkY vQdKU0Sufc&D;

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AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\ trdGKifodkY vQdKU0Sufc&D;

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51

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\ trdGKifodkY vQdKU0Sufc&D;

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52

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\ trdGKifodkY vQdKU0Sufc&D;

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53

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54

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\ trdGKifodkY vQdKU0Sufc&D;

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55

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\ trdGKifodkY vQdKU0Sufc&D;

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56

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57

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60

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61

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AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\ trdGKifodkY vQdKU0Sufc&D;

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73

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\ trdGKifodkY vQdKU0Sufc&D;

okawwDjrifhxGef;

6/ ocifwifat; (Adkvfbkef;jrifh) 7/ ocifausmfpdef (Adkvfrdk;ndK) 8/ ocifoef;wif (Adkvfoef;wif) (azmfrdkqmuRef;? wdkif[kwfulNrdKUwGif uG,fvGef) 9/ ocifxGef;cif (AdkvfjrifhaqG) wdkU 9 OD; jzpfMuonf/ ocifudk,fwdkifrIdif;OD;pD;aom wdkUArmtpnf;t½Hk;rS yg0ifaom ocifvli,frsm; rSm... 1/ ocifatmifoef; (AdkvfawZ) 2/ ocifvSaz (Adkvfvusfm) 3/ ocifxGef;&Sdef (Adkvf&efEdkif) 4/ ocifvSNrdKif (Adkvf&efatmif) 5/ ocifvSarmif (AdkvfaZ,s) 6/ ocifat;armif (Adkvfrdk;) 7/ ocifatmifodef; (Adkvf&JxG#f) 8/ ocifA*srf; (Adkvfva&mif) 9/ ocifapmvGif (Adkvfrif;acgif) 10/ ocifxGef;vGif (AdkvfAv) 11/ ocifarmifarmif (AdkvfÓP) 12/ ocifoef;wif (Adkvfjr'if) 13/ ocifvS (Adkvfrif;a&mif) 14/ ocifpdk; (Adkvfjrifhatmif) 15/ ocifxGef;a&T (Adkvfvif;,kef) 16/ ocifpHvIdif (AdkvfrSL;atmif) 17/ ocif cifarmifOD; (Adkvfwm&m) 18/ ocifpHjr (Adkvfawmufxdef) 19/ udka&T (AkdvfausmfaZm) 20/ udkaqmif; (Adkvfxdef0if;) 21/ ocifoef;ñGefU (AdkvfZifa,mf) wdkU 21 OD;jzpfMuavonf/ jrefrmrsdK;cspf&Jabmfrsm;tm; vrf;c&D;wGif ykef;uG,fí tcuftcJtrsdK;rsdK;udk jzwfausmfum yifyef;pGmvmcJhMuolrsm; jzpfonfqdkum *syefjynfodkU a&mufvQifa&mufcsif; tem;,l pcef;rsm;odkU ydkUay;onf/ &Jabmfrsm;rSm tokwfvdkuf tokwfvdkuf a&mufvlolrsm;jzpf&m tem;,lNyD;onfh &Jabmfrsm; tm; *syefEdkif tkyfcsKyfrI vufatmufwGif &Sdonfh w½kwfjynf [dkifeefuRef;odkU ydkUay;onf/ jrefrmrsdK;cspf ocifvli,f &Jabmfrsm;onf [dkifeefuRef;wGif *syefppfynmrsm; pepfwus oifMum;apav\/

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AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\ trdGKifodkY vQdKU0Sufc&D;

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AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\ trdGKifodkY vQdKU0Sufc&D;

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*syefudk csufcsif;jyefí awmfvSef&ef tajctaeu rjzpfEdkifao;ay/ zufqpf *syefwdkU\ tvdkawmfustwdkif; ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmfudk zsufodrf;cJh&ayonf/ 1942 ckESpf Zlvdkifv 27 &ufaeUwGif taumif;qHk; 3000 cefUom a&G;cs,fí (bD? 'D? at) ArmhumuG,fa&;wyfrawmf [k trnfajymif;um jyefvnf zGJUpnf;jyefavonf/ ArmhumuG,fa&;wyfrawmfonf trsdK;rsdK;aom tcuftcJ qif;&JNidKjiifrIrsm;jzifh &ifqdkifcJh&\/ ay;xm;onfh t0wftpm;rSm trsdK;tpm;nHhzsif;Murf;wrf;vSonf/ tpm; taomufrSmvnf; r0a&pm pm;&\/ tom;ig;qdkonfrSmvnf; q,fcg wpfcg r&Edkifay/ tdyf&mtcif;rSm ESD;zsmMurf;ESifh csnfapmifwpfxnfom jzpf\/ vpmrSm 7 usyfESifh qifh 50 om jzpf\/ vGwfvyfa&;rkcfOD;udk rsufjcnfjywfrcHaom wyfrawmfom;rsm;onf rnfrQqif;&J yifyef; apumrl rnnf;rnLbJ ppfynmudkom tywfwukwft&,lcJhMu\/ 1943 ckESpf? Mo*kwfv 1 &uf aeUwGif *syefwdkUu jrefrmEdkifiHudkvGwfvyfa&;ay;aMumif; aMunmvdkufonf/ xdkodkUaMunmonfhaemuf bD? 'D? at ac: ArmhumuG,fa&;wyfrawmftm; Armhwyfrawmf[ktrnfajymif;vdkufonf/ AdkvfcsKyf atmifqef;udkvnf; ppf0efBuD;tjzpf wifajr§mufcJhav\/ *syefwdkUu vGwfvyfa&;ay;&ef aESmifhaES;cJhonf/ aMunmcJhonf vGwfvyfa&;uvnf; twk ta,mifrnfcHavmufom jzpfonf/ trSefrSm *syef0ifptcsdefuyif zufqpf*syefawmfvSefa&;rSm tpysdK; cJhonf[k qdk&ayrnf/ Armhwyfrawmfonf 1943 ckESpf upNyD; vIy&f Sm;pnf;½Hk;cJhonf/ r[mrdwfwyfrsm;ESifhvnf; qufoG,fjcif;rsm; jyKvkyfcJhonf/ 1945 ck? rwfv 27 &ufaeUwGif zufqpf*syef udk awmfvSefwdkuf cdkuf&ef zufqpfawmfvSefa&;BuD;udk pwifawmh\/ zufqpfawmfvSefa&;wGif ... Armhwyfrawmfonf zufqpf*syef&efolrsm;udk wdkufyGJaygif;wpfaxmifxufrenf; qifETJwdkuf cdkufcJh&onf/ xdkwdkufyGJrsm;teuf zufqpf*syef &efol ESpfaomif;rQ usqHk;cJhonf/ txl;ojzifh zufqpf*syefwdkU\ trSwf 54 'D0ZD H wyfrBuD;rS ta&;BuD;aom t&m&Sdtm;vHk; vdkvdkudk okwfoifEdkifcJhonf/ towfcH&aom zufqpf*syef&efolrsm;xHrS vufzwifeif*sife&,f wpfa,muf? ar*sm*sife&,f ESpfa,muf yg0ifcJhav\/ þodkUtm;jzifh zufqpf*syefrsm;udk pGrf;pGrf;wrHawmfvSef wdkufcdkufcJhaom Armhwyfrawmf\ t&nftaoG;owådudkvnf; jrif&NyD/ jynfaxmifpkzGm; wdkif;&if;om;tm;vHk;\ wpfcJeufaom pnf;vHk;nDñGwfrIudkvnf; awGU&NyD/ xdkodkU rsuf0g;xifxifawGUjrif&aom NAdwdoQwdkUonf jrefrmjynftm;vGwfvyfa&;ay;&efudpö udk rxDrJhjrif rjyKvkyf0Hhawmhay/ xdkpOfu wyfrawmf\ zcif? trsdK;om;acgif;aqmifBuD; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u &vQif&? r&vQifcsr,f[laom wdusjywfom;onfh pum;udk>rufMum;xm;\/ NAdwdoQwdkUonf rwwfomonfh tqHk;wGif jrefrmjynftm; vHk;0vGwfvyfa&;ay;&awmhonf/ www.myanmarcupid.net

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AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\ trdGKifodkY vQdKU0Sufc&D;

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1948 ck? Zefe0g&Dv 4 &ufaeUwGif jrefrmEdkifiHonf vGwfvyfa&;&cJhonf/ jrefrm wpfEdkifiHvHk; uRefjzpf&onfh 1886 ck? Zefe0g&Dv 1 &ufaeUrSpí a&wGufvQifum; 62 ESpfESifh 3 &uf wdwdMumcJhavonf/ c&pfouú&mZf 1948 ckESPf? Zefe0g&Dv 4 &ufaeU? eHeuftm½kPfOD; 4 em&D 20 rdepftcsdefwGif ,leD,H*suftvH onf wdkifxyfzsm;rS ajrodkUtus? Mu,frBuD;wpfvHk;udk Mu,f&H ig;vHk;jcH&Hxm;onfh usufoa&&SdvSaom jynfaxmifpktvHonf wdkifxdyfodkUa&mufoGm;\/ þtcsdef þtcg þor,rS pí jrefrmEdkifiHonf vHk;0 vGwfvyfaom tcsKyftjcmtmPmydkif EdkifiHtjzpf urÇmwGif ay:xGufvm ayownf;/ okawoDjrifhxGef;

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AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\ trdGKifodkY vQdKU0Sufc&D;

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okawwDjrifhxGef;

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