Blood And Hemopoiesis_lab Report

Group 3: David Earl Dadivas Rose Ann Esteban Karyl Sabrina Javellana Methence Tayuba

Submitted on: September 13, 2006

LABORATORY ACTIVITY BLOOD AND HEMOPOIESIS PROCEDURE: 1. Put a drop of blood on a clean slide. Using a second slide in contact with the first at 45°, smear the drop away from you until it evenly distributes between the 2 slides and leaves a thin film of blood on the first. If too much blood is used, the layer of cells left will be too thick, the leukocytes will be more or less obscured and will not stain properly. 2. Put a drop of Wright’s stain and allow to dry immediately. If drying is delayed, coagulation commences and the leukocytes will not be evenly distributed; RBC will develop small spinous processes or the “crenated” look.

3. Locate the cellular components of blood in your prepared specimen, or a prepared slide of human blood smear. 4. Under the oil immersion objective, focus on a section of a red bone marrow smear and look for the different cells described above. Note the appearance of the numerous cellular elements in their different stages of development. Note some fat cells seen among the blood cells. 5. Draw and label the histologic appearance of the following: a. RBC

b. Granulocytes: neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

c. Agranulocytes: monocytes, lymphocytes

d. Red Bone Marrow and its cellular elements

6. Draw and label the stages of sequential hemopoietic development of each of the formed elements in the bone marrow.

STUDY – FOCUSING QUESTIONS

1. Compare and/or contrast the following by tabulating the required information: a. Types and Subtypes of Leukocytes Percentage in Total WBC Count

Shape and Visibility of Nuclei

GRANULOCYTES Neutrophils 55-65%

Eosinophils 1-3%

Basophils 0.5-1%

Lymphocytes 20-35%

Monocytes 3-8%

10-12 mm in diameter; consists of 2-5 lobes connected by thin strands of chromatin.

Has 2 oval lobes connected by a nuclear thread; no nucleolus.

Big, intensestaining round or slightly indented nucleus.

Oval or slightly indented nucleus is eccentrically located.

Round, spherical in vivo.

Round, spherical in vivo.

A thin rim of clear blue cytoplasm surrounds nucleus.

Abundant cytoplasm

Phagocytize bacteria and particulate matter in CT, then die and form pus.

Participate in allergic reactions by phagocytizing Ag-Ab complexes and by this dampen the allergic response Bone marrow

Heterochromatic nucleus is divided into irregular lobes, often obscured by overlying basophilic specific granules. Nucleus is U or S shaped. Cytoplasm is round, spherical in vitro; Filled with coarse, basophilic, membrane bound, water soluble granules. Involved in allergic and inflammatory reactions.

Immunological reponses of the body

After differentiating into a macrophage in the CT, it becomes phagocytic;

Bone marrow

Bone marrow and Plasma cells (BLymphocytes). Predominant

Stem Cells of Bone marrow

1. Long-lived lymphocytes survive for yearspredominate

100 days or more

Amount of Cytoplasm

Primary Function

AGRANULOCYTES

Bone marrow Origin Predominant Type in Circulation

Most predominant 8 days

Predominant 3-6 days

Least predominant 10-12 days

Life Span

Predominant

2. Short-lived lymphocyteshours/days/weeks

b. Types and Subtypes of Leukocytes Content and Staining Property of Specific Granules

GRANULOCYTES

AGRANULOCYTES

Neutrophils

Eosinophils

Basophils

Specific granules have low staining affinity and stain light pink ('neutral stain'). They contain phagocytins (bactericidal),

Specific granules stain pink with Wright’s stain and contains proteins not found in

Heparin and vasoactive compounds

Lymphocytes

Monocytes

collagenase, to help the cell move through connective tissue, and lactoferrin, which is toxic to bacteria and fungi.

Content and Staining Property of Azurophil Granules

Azurophilic granules contain lysosomal enzymes, defensins, and some lysozyme. They stain aviolet colour when prepared with Wright's stain. The enzymes produce hydrogen peroxide which is a powerful antibacterial agent.

other cell types: major basic protein, eosinophilic cationic protein (both aid in killing parasitic worms), and eosinophilicderived neurotoxin. Azurophilic granules contain lysosomes.

Azurophil granules can only be seen in small lymphocytes.

Fine Azurophil granules are scattered amongst a grayishblue cytoplasm.

Lipid mediators, like leukotrienes, and several cytokines, one of them being interleukin4.

Other Cellular Products

Immunologic Competencies Arising From Cytoplasmic Contents

c. A Differential Count of Blood Components

White blood cell count (WBC)

Red cell count (RBC)

Normal Values 4,300 and 10,800 cells per cubic millimeter (cmm)/ 4.3 10.8 x 109 cells per liter 4.2 - 5.9 million cells(cmm)/ 4.2 5.9 x 1012 cells

Clinical Significance of Deviation from Normal Values An increase or decrease in the numbers of the different types of white blood cells can help identify infection, an allergic or toxic reaction to certain medications or chemicals, and many conditions, such as leukemia. If the RBC count is low (anemia), the body may not be getting the oxygen it needs. If the count is too high (a

per liter

13 - 18 grams per deciliter for men and 12 - 16 for women (international units 8.1 - 11.2 millimoles/liter for men, 7.4 9.9 for women) 45 - 52% for men and 37 48% for women

Hemoglobin (Hb)

Hematocrit (Hct)

86 - 98 femtoliters

Mean cell volume (MCV)

27 - 32 picograms Mean cell hemoglobin (MCH) 32 - 36% Mean cell hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) 11 - 15 Red cell distribution width (RDW)

Platelet count

150,000 400,000/ cmm (150 - 400 x 109/liter)

condition called polycythemia vera), there is a risk that the red blood cells will clump together and block tiny blood vessels (capillaries). The hemoglobin test measures the amount of hemoglobin in blood and is a good indication of the blood's ability to carry oxygen throughout the body.

This test measures the amount of space (volume) red blood cells occupy in the blood. The value is given as a percentage of red blood cells in a volume of blood. The MCV shows the size of the red blood cells. This helps in the diagnosis of different types of anemia. MCH value is the amount of hemoglobin in an average red blood cell. This helps in the diagnosis of different types of anemia. The MCHC measures the concentration of hemoglobin in an average red blood cell. This helps in the diagnosis of different types of anemia. Red cell distribution width (RDW) indicates different sizes of red blood cells are present. If there are too few platelets, uncontrolled bleeding may be a problem. If there are too many platelets, there is a risk of a blood clot forming in a blood vessel.

d. Platelet Granules Location in Platelet Environment Contents

Function

Alpha Granules Chromomere of platelet Fibrinogen Plate-derived growth factor Other proteins

Delta Granules Chromomere of platelet Serotonin

Lambda Granules Chromomere of platelet Lysosomal Enzymes

Aid in platelet aggregation

Aid in platelet aggregation.

Contribute to clot removal

Fibrinogen may act as glue binding platelets together.

e. Components

Cascade Events of Formation

Aggregated platelets Platelet Plug Platelets Damaged blood vessels Plasma proteins Fibrin Thrombus

Small defects in the endothelial lining of blood vessels leads to aggregation on the damaged tissue. Factors from blood plasma, damaged blood vessels, and platelets promote cascade interactions of around 13 plasma proteins. The cascade results in the formation of the thrombus through the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin by the enzyme thrombin.