Bautista Barexam4

1977 Bar Examination Question and Answer By: Bautista, Cecille Loie G.

Topic: Power to invest funds in another business Question: M Corporation is a Philippine Corporation engaged in deep sea fishing. Its operations resulted in losses. Because of the unprofitable operations in deep sea fishing, the Corporation wants to engage in general construction business, one of its secondary purposes. Discuss briefly how the corporation may validly engage in the construction business. Answer: In order that M Corporation may validly engage in the construction business and thereby invest its funds therein, the following requisites must be complied with, to wit: Under Section 42 of the Corporation Code of the Philippines, there must be a meeting for the purpose, notice of which shall be given to all stockholders on record whether or not they shall be entitled to vote thereat. In said meeting, the board of directors of the corporation must be authorized to engage in such business in a regulation by the affirmative vote of the stockholders holding shares in the corporation entitling them to exercise at least two-thirds of the voting power on such a proposal at the stockholders’ meeting.

1977 Bar Examination Question and Answer By: Bautista, Cecille Loie G. Topic: Rights of the minority stockholders Question: What are the rights of the minority stockholders who do not want to divert the Corporate funds into a secondary purpose? Answer: Under Section 17(a) of the Corporation Code, any stockholder who did not vote to authorize the section of the board of direction may, within forty days after the date upon which such action was authorized, object thereto in writing and demand payment for his shares. If, after such demand, the corporation and stockholder cannot agree upon the value of his share or shares at the time of such corporate action was authorized, such value shall be ascertained by three disinterested persons, one of whom shall be named by the stockholder, another by the corporation, and the third by the two thus chosen. The findings of the appraisers shall be final and no action shall be taken by the corporation upon said resolution until after the payment shall have been made of said award, which must be made within thirty days thereafter. In addition to any civil remedy on the part of the stockholder, the directors of the corporation shall be subject to criminal prosecution for any violations of this provision. Upon payment by the corporation to the stockholder of the agreed or awarded price of his shares, the stockholder shall forthwith transfer and assign the share or shares held by him as directed by the corporation.

1977 Bar Examination Question and Answer By: Bautista, Cecille Loie G. Topic: Condition before a shareholder can vote Question: X subscribed to 700 shares of stock in a single subscription to a corporation but paid only for 400 shares, for which he was issued fully paid certificates for 400 shares. Is he entitled to vote the paid up shares notwithstanding the fact that he has not paid the remaining 300 share? Explain. Answer: Yes, X is entitled to vote. In this regard, Section 37 of the Corporation law provides that “no certificate of stock shall be issued to a subscriber as fully paid up until the par value thereof or the full subscription in the case of no par stock, has been paid by him to the corporation,” and “subscribed shares not fully paid up may be voted provided no subscription call or interest due on subscription is unpaid and delinquent.” As may readily be seen, the said provision requires as a condition before a shareholder can vote his shares, that his full subscription be paid in the case of the no par value stock; and in case of stock corporation with par value, as in the present case, the stockholder can vote the shares fully paid by him only, irrespective of the unpaid delinquent shares.

1977 Bar Examination Question and Answer By: Bautista, Cecille Loie G. Topic: Voting Trust Agreement Question: A, as owner of certain number of shares of stock in X Corporation, entered into a voting trust agreement with B. On the basis of the voting trust agreement, B announced his desire to run for a seat in the Board of Directors of X Corporation. C, another stockholder, objected and question the eligibility of B to be a director of X Corporation. Is C’s contention correct? Why? Answer: C’s contention is correct. The voting trust involves a much more complete surrender of all legal rights and remedies by the shareholders than any other control device. By it the beneficial owner ceases to be recognized as a shareholder of record and may be deprived not only of any right to vote for directors, but also of any right to inspection; notice or information as against the corporation or any voice in making most fundamental changes, such as mergers and consolidations, sales of entire assets, increase and reduction of capital and by-law and charter amendments which may adversely affect him Virtually ceasing to be recognized as a shareholder of record, B therefore is ineligible to be a director of X Corporation. In this connection Section 30 of the Corporation Law states: “Every director must own in his own right at least one share of the capital stock of the stock corporation of which he is a director, which stock shall stand in his name on the books of the corporation. Any director who ceases to be the owner of at least one share of the capital stock of a corporation of which he is a director shall thereby cease to be a director.”

2011 Bar Examination Question and Answer By: Bautista, Cecille Loie G.

Topic: Right of Pre-emption Question: ABC Corp. increased its capital stocks from Php10 Million to Php15 Million and, in the process, issued 1,000 new shares divided into Common Shares "B" and Common Shares "C." T, a stockholder owning 500 shares, insists on buying the newly issued shares through a right of pre-emption. The company claims, however, that its By-laws deny T any right of pre-emption. Is the corporation correct? (A) (B) (C) (D)

No, since the By-Laws cannot deny a shareholder his right of pre-emption. Yes, but the denial of his pre-emptive right extends only to 500 shares. Yes, since the denial of the right under the By-laws is binding on T. No, since pre-emptive rights are governed by the articles of incorporation.

Suggested answer: (A) No, since the By-Laws cannot deny a shareholder his right of pre-emption. Under section 39, All stockholders of a stock corporation shall enjoy pre-emptive right to subscribe to all issues or disposition of shares of any class, in proportion to their respective shareholdings, unless such right is denied by the articles of incorporation or an amendment thereto: Provided, That such pre-emptive right shall not extend to shares to be issued in compliance with laws requiring stock offerings or minimum stock ownership by the public; or to shares to be issued in good faith with the approval of the stockholders representing two-thirds (2/3) of the outstanding capital stock, in exchange for property needed for corporate purposes or in payment of a previously contracted debt. Hence, the corporation is incorrect.

2011 Bar Examination Question and Answer By: Bautista, Cecille Loie G. Topic: Management Contract Question: X Corp. operates a call center that received orders for pizzas on behalf of Y Corp. which operates a chain of pizza restaurants. The two companies have the same set of corporate officers. After 2 years, X Corp. dismissed its call agents for no apparent reason. The agents filed a collective suit for illegal dismissal against both X Corp. and Y Corp. based on the doctrine of piercing the veil of corporate fiction. The latter set up the defense that the agents are in the employ of X Corp. which is a separate juridical entity. Is this defense appropriate? (A) No, since the doctrine would apply, the two companies having the same set of corporate officers. (B) No, the real employer is Y Corp., the pizza company, with X Corp. serving as an arm for receiving its outside orders for pizzas. (C) Yes, it is not shown that one company completely dominates the finances, policies, and business practices of the other. (D) Yes, since the two companies perform two distinct businesses. Suggested answer: (C) Yes, it is not shown that one company completely dominates the finances, policies, and business practices of the other. Section 44 provides that: No corporation shall conclude a management contract with another corporation unless such contract shall have been approved by the board of directors and by stockholders owning at least the majority of the outstanding capital stock, or by at least a majority of the members in the case of a non-stock corporation, of both the managing and the managed corporation, at a meeting duly called for the purpose: Provided, That (1) where a stockholder or stockholders representing the same interest of both the managing and the managed corporations own or control more than one-third (1/3) of the total outstanding capital stock entitled to vote of the managing corporation; or (2) where a majority of the members of the board of directors of the managing corporation also constitute a majority of the members of the board of directors of the managed corporation, then the management contract must be approved by the stockholders of the managed corporation owning at least two-thirds (2/3) of the total outstanding capital stock entitled to vote, or by at least two-thirds (2/3) of the members in the case of a non-stock corporation. No management contract shall be entered into for a period longer than five years for any one term. Hence, the defense is inappropriate.

2011 Bar Examination Question and Answer By: Bautista, Cecille Loie G.

Topic: Unpaid Subscription Question: It is settled that neither par value nor book value is an accurate indicator of the fair value of a share of stock of a corporation. As to unpaid subscriptions to its shares of stock, as they are regarded as corporate assets, they should be included in the: (A) capital value. (B) book value. (C) par value. Suggested answer: (B) book value. Section 74 par. 4 provides that: “Stock corporations must also keep a book to be known as the "stock and transfer book", in which must be kept a record of all stocks in the names of the stockholders alphabetically arranged; the installments paid and unpaid on all stock for which subscription has been made, and the date of payment of any installment; a statement of every alienation, sale or transfer of stock made, the date thereof, and by and to whom made; and such other entries as the by-laws may prescribe. The stock and transfer book shall be kept in the principal office of the corporation or in the office of its stock transfer agent and shall be open for inspection by any director or stockholder of the corporation at reasonable hours on business days.”

2011 Bar Examination Question and Answer By: Bautista, Cecille Loie G. Topic: Casting of Votes in a non-stock Corporation Question: In elections for the Board of Trustees of non-stock corporations, members may cast as many votes as there are trustees to be elected but may not cast more than one vote for one candidate. This is true (A) unless set aside by the members in plenary session. (B) in every case even if the Board of Trustees resolves otherwise. (C) unless otherwise provided in the Articles of Incorporation or in the By-laws. (D) in every case even if the majority of the members decide otherwise during the elections. Suggested answer: (C) unless otherwise provided in the Articles of Incorporation or in the By-laws. Section 24 provides that unless otherwise provided in the articles of incorporation or in the bylaws, members of corporations which have no capital stock may cast as many votes as there are trustees to be elected but may not cast more than one vote for one candidate.

2011 Bar Examination Question and Answer By: Bautista, Cecille Loie G. Topic: appraisal right Question: The rule is that the valuation of the shares of a stockholder who exercises his appraisal rights is determined as of the day prior to the date on which the vote was taken. This is true (A) regardless of any depreciation or appreciation in the share's fair value. (B) regardless of any appreciation in the share's fair value. (C) regardless of any depreciation in the share's fair value. (D) only if there is no appreciation or depreciation in the share's fair value. Suggested answer: (A) regardless of any depreciation or appreciation in the share's fair value. Section 82 provides that: “The appraisal right may be exercised by any stockholder who shall have voted against the proposed corporate action, by making a written demand on the corporation within thirty (30) days after the date on which the vote was taken for payment of the fair value of his shares: Provided, That failure to make the demand within such period shall be deemed a waiver of the appraisal right. If the proposed corporate action is implemented or affected, the corporation shall pay to such stockholder, upon surrender of the certificate or certificates of stock representing his shares, the fair value thereof as of the day prior to the date on which the vote was taken, excluding any appreciation or depreciation in anticipation of such corporate action.”

2011 Bar Examination Question and Answer By: Bautista, Cecille Loie G. Topic: cumulative voting Question: EFG Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization, scheduled an election for its six-member Board of Trustees. X, Y and Z, who are minority members of the foundation, wish to exercise cumulative voting in order to protect their interest, although the Foundation's Articles and Bylaws are silent on the matter. As to each of the three, what is the maximum number of votes that he/she can cast? (A) 6 (B) 9 (C) 12 (D) 3 Suggested answer: (A) 6 Section 24 provides that stockholder may vote such number of shares for as many persons as there are directors to be elected or he may cumulate said shares and give one candidate as many votes as the number of directors to be elected multiplied by the number of his shares shall equal, or he may distribute them on the same principle among as many candidates as he shall see fit. Unless otherwise provided in the articles of incorporation or in the by-laws, members of corporations which have no capital stock may cast as many votes as there are trustees to be elected but may not cast more than one vote for one candidate. Candidates receiving the highest number of votes shall be declared elected. No cumulative voting in a non-profit corporation only in a stock corporation. Hence, the maximum number of votes that each member may cast are 6 votes as there are 6 trustees to be elected.

2011 Bar Examination Question and Answer By: Bautista, Cecille Loie G. Topic: 5-year rule on amendment of corporate term Question: T Corp. has a corporate term of 20 years under its Articles of Incorporation or from June 1, 1980 to June 1, 2000. On June 1, 1991 it amended its Articles of Incorporation to extend its life by 15 years from June 1, 1980 to June 1, 2015. The SEC approved this amendment. On June 1, 2011, however, T Corp decided to shorten its term by 1 year or until June 1, 2014. Both the 1991 and 2011 amendments were approved by majority vote of its Board of Directors and ratified in a special meeting by its stockholders representing at least 2/3 of its outstanding capital stock. The SEC, however, disapproved the 2011 amendment on the ground that it cannot be made earlier than 5 years prior to the expiration date of the corporate term, which is June 1, 2014. Is this SEC disapproval correct? (A) No, since the 5-year rule on amendment of corporate term applies only to extension, not to shortening, of term. (B) Yes, any amendment affecting corporate term cannot be made earlier than 5 years prior to the corporation’s expiration date. (C) No, since a corporation can in fact have a corporate life of 50 years. (D) Yes, the amendment to shorten corporate term cannot be made earlier than 5 years prior to the corporation’s expiration date. Suggested answer: (A) No, since the 5-year rule on amendment of corporate term applies only to extension, not to shortening, of term. Section 11 provides that: A corporation shall exist for a period not exceeding fifty (50) years from the date of incorporation unless sooner dissolved or unless said period is extended. The corporate term as originally stated in the articles of incorporation may be extended for periods not exceeding fifty (50) years in any single instance by an amendment of the articles of incorporation, in accordance with this Code; Provided, That no extension can be made earlier than five (5) years prior to the original or subsequent expiry date(s) unless there are justifiable reasons for an earlier extension as may be determined by the Securities and Exchange Commission.

2011 Bar Examination Question and Answer By: Bautista, Cecille Loie G. Topic: vacancy occurring in the BOD or BOT Question: X is a director in T Corp. who was elected to a 1-year term on Feb. 1, 2010. On April 11, 2010, X resigned and was replaced by R, who assumed as director on May 17, 2010. On Nov. 21, 2010, R died. S was then elected in his place. Until which time should S serve as director? (A) (B) (C) (D)

April 11, 2011. Feb. 1, 2011. May 17, 2011. Nov. 21, 2011

Suggested answer: (B) Feb. 1, 2011. Section 29 provides that any vacancy occurring in the board of directors or trustees other than by removal by the stockholders or members or by expiration of term, may be filled by the vote of at least a majority of the remaining directors or trustees, if still constituting a quorum; otherwise, said vacancies must be filled by the stockholders in a regular or special meeting called for that purpose. A director or trustee so elected to fill a vacancy shall be elected only or the unexpired term of his predecessor in office. Hence, S shall only serve as director until Feb 1, 2011- expiration X’s term.

2011 Bar Examination Question and Answer By: Bautista, Cecille Loie G. Topic: ultra vires act. Question: X Corp., whose business purpose is to manufacture and sell vehicles, invested its funds in Y Corp., an investment firm, through a resolution of its Board of Directors. The investment grew tremendously on account of Y Corp.'s excellent business judgment. But a minority stockholder in X Corp. assails the investment as ultra vires. Is he right and, if so, what is the status of the investment? (A) Yes, it is an ultra vires act of the corporation itself but voidable only, subject to stockholders’ ratification. (B) Yes, it is an ultra vires act of its Board of Directors and thus void. (C) Yes, it is an ultra vires act of its Board of Directors but voidable only, subject to stockholders’ ratification. (D) Yes, it is an ultra vires act of the corporation itself and, consequently, void. Suggested answer: (C) Yes, it is an ultra vires act of its Board of Directors but voidable only, subject to stockholders’ ratification. Section 42 provides that a private corporation may invest its funds in any other corporation or business or for any purpose other than the primary purpose for which it was organized when approved by a majority of the board of directors or trustees and ratified by the stockholders representing at least two-thirds (2/3) of the outstanding capital stock, or by at least two thirds (2/3) of the members in the case of non-stock corporations, at a stockholder’s or member’s meeting duly called for the purpose.

2011 Bar Examination Question and Answer By: Bautista, Cecille Loie G. Topic: interlocking directors Question: The Corporation Code sanctions a contract between two or more corporations which have interlocking directors, provided there is no fraud that attends it and it is fair and reasonable under the circumstances. The interest of an interlocking director in one corporation may be either substantial or nominal. It is nominal if his interest: (A) does not exceed 25% of the outstanding capital stock. (B) exceeds 25% of the outstanding capital stock. (C) exceeds 20% of the outstanding capital stock. (D) does not exceed 20% of the outstanding capital stock. Suggested answer: (D) does not exceed 20% of the outstanding capital stock. Section 33 provides that Except in cases of fraud, and provided the contract is fair and reasonable under the circumstances, a contract between two or more corporations having interlocking directors shall not be invalidated on that ground alone: Provided, That if the interest of the interlocking director in one corporation is substantial and his interest in the other corporation or corporations is merely nominal, he shall be subject to the provisions of the preceding section insofar as the latter corporation or corporations are concerned. Stockholdings exceeding twenty (20%) percent of the outstanding capital stock shall be considered substantial for purposes of interlocking directors.

2011 Bar Examination Question and Answer By: Bautista, Cecille Loie G. Topic: determination of fair value of the shares of a withdrawing shareholder. Question: In case of disagreement between the corporation and a withdrawing stockholder who exercises his appraisal right regarding the fair value of his shares, a three-member group shall by majority vote resolve the issue with finality. May the wife of the withdrawing stockholder be named to the three member group? (A) No, the wife of the withdrawing shareholder is not a disinterested person. (B) Yes, since she could best protect her husband's shareholdings. (C) Yes, since the rules do not discriminate against wives. (D) No, since the stockholder himself should sit in the three-member group. Suggested answer: (A) No, the wife of the withdrawing shareholder is not a disinterested person. Section 82 provides that If within a period of sixty (60) days from the date the corporate action was approved by the stockholders, the withdrawing stockholder and the corporation cannot agree on the fair value of the shares, it shall be determined and appraised by three (3) disinterested persons, one of whom shall be named by the stockholder, another by the corporation, and the third by the two thus chosen.

2011 Bar Examination Question and Answer By: Bautista, Cecille Loie G. Topic: issuance of stock dividends Question: The rule is that no stock dividend shall be issued without the approval of stockholders representing at least 2/3 of the outstanding capital stock at a regular or special meeting called for the purpose. As to other forms of dividends: (A) a mere majority of the entire Board of Directors applies. (B) a mere majority of the quorum of the Board of Directors applies. (C) a mere majority of the votes of stockholders representing the outstanding capital stock applies. (D) the same rule of 2/3 votes applies. Suggested answer: (B) a mere majority of the quorum of the Board of Directors applies. Section 43 provides that the board of directors of a stock corporation may declare dividends out of the unrestricted retained earnings which shall be payable in cash, in property, or in stock to all stockholders on the basis of outstanding stock held by them: Provided, That any cash dividends due on delinquent stock shall first be applied to the unpaid balance on the subscription plus costs and expenses, while stock dividends shall be withheld from the delinquent stockholder until his unpaid subscription is fully paid: Provided, further, That no stock dividend shall be issued without the approval of stockholders representing not less than twothirds (2/3) of the outstanding capital stock at a regular or special meeting duly called for the purpose.

2011 Bar Examination Question and Answer By: Bautista, Cecille Loie G. Topic: foreign equity required Question: Several American doctors wanted to set up a group clinic in the Philippines so they could render modern medical services. If the clinic is to be incorporated under our laws, what is the required foreign equity participation in such a corporation? (A) 40% (B) 0% (C) 60% (D) 70% Suggested answer: (B) 0%. (EO 184 – Foreign Investment Negative List).

2011 Bar Examination Question and Answer By: Bautista, Cecille Loie G. Topic: separate and distinct personality of a corporation Question: The Board of Directors of XYZ Corp. unanimously passed a Resolution approving the taking of steps that in reality amounted to wilful tax evasion. On discovering this, the government filed tax evasion charges against all the company’s members of the board of directors. The directors invoked the defense that they have no personal liability, being mere directors of a fictional being. Are they correct? (A) No, since as a rule only natural persons like the members of the board of directors can commit corporate crimes. (B) Yes, since it is the corporation that did not pay the tax and it has a personality distinct from its directors. (C) Yes, since the directors officially and collectively performed acts that are imputable only to the corporation. (D) No, since the law makes directors of the corporation solidarily liable for gross negligence and bad faith in the discharge of their duties. Suggested answer: (B) Yes, since it is the corporation that did not pay the tax and it has a personality distinct from its directors. Jurisprudence provides that a corporation is an artificial being invested by law with a personality separate and distinct from that of its stockholders and from that of other corporations to which it may be connected. To disregard the separate juridical personality of a corporation, the wrongdoing must be established clearly and convincingly. It cannot be presumed. Hence, the stockholders are not liable. (Francisco vs. Numeriano Mallen Jr., G.R. no. 173169, September 22, 2010).

2011 Bar Examination Question and Answer By: Bautista, Cecille Loie G. Topic: proprietary; corporate name Question: A, the proprietor of a fleet of ten taxicabs, decides to adopt, as his business name, "A Transport Co., Inc." May this be allowed? (A) (B) (C) (D)

No, it would be deceptive since he is a proprietor, not a corporation. No, since "A" is a generic name, not suitable for registration. Yes, since his line of business is public transportation. Yes, since such name would give his business a corporate identity.

Suggested answer: (A) No, it would be deceptive since he is a proprietor, not a corporation.

2011 Bar Examination Question and Answer By: Bautista, Cecille Loie G. Topic: forms of articles of incorporation Question: The Articles of Incorporation must be accompanied by a Treasurer's Affidavit certifying under oath, among others, that the total subscription paid is: (A) (B) (C) (D)

not less than P25,000.00. not more than P5,000.00. not less than P5,000.00. not more than P25,000.00.

Suggested answer: (C) not less than P5,000.00. Section 15 provides that the Treasurer's Affidavit certifying under oath, among others, that the total subscription paid is not less than P5,000.00.

2011 Bar Examination Question and Answer By: Bautista, Cecille Loie G. Topic: Amendments to by-laws Question: In a special meeting called for the purpose, 2/3 of the stockholders representing the outstanding capital stock in X. Co. authorized the company's Board of Directors to amend its By-laws. By majority vote, the Board then approved the amendment. Is this amendment valid? (A) (B) (C) (D)

No since the stockholders cannot delegate their right to amend the By-laws to the Board. Yes since the majority votes in the Board was sufficient to amend the By-laws. No, because the voting in the Board should have been by majority of a quorum. Yes since the votes of 2/3 of the stockholders and majority of the Board were secured.

Suggested answer: (D) Yes since the votes of 2/3 of the stockholders and majority of the Board were secured. Section 48 provides that: The board of directors or trustees, by a majority vote thereof, and the owners of at least a majority of the outstanding capital stock, or at least a majority of the members of a non-stock corporation, at a regular or special meeting duly called for the purpose, may amend or repeal any by-laws or adopt new by-laws. The owners of two-thirds (2/3) of the outstanding capital stock or two-thirds (2/3) of the members in a non-stock corporation may delegate to the board of directors or trustees the power to amend or repeal any by-laws or adopt new by-laws: Provided, That any power delegated to the board of directors or trustees to amend or repeal any by-laws or adopt new by-laws shall be considered as revoked whenever stockholders owning or representing a majority of the outstanding capital stock or a majority of the members in non-stock corporations, shall so vote at a regular or special meeting.

2011 Bar Examination Question and Answer By: Bautista, Cecille Loie G. Topic: paid-up capital Question: A group of Malaysians wanted to invest in the Philippines’ insurance business. After negotiations, they agreed to organize "FIMA Insurance Corp." with a group of Filipino businessmen. FIMA would have a PhP50 Million paid up capital, PhP40 Million of which would come from the Filipino group. All corporate officers would be Filipinos and 8 out of its 10member Board of Directors would be Filipinos. Can FIMA operate an insurance business in the Philippines? (A) No, since an insurance company must have at least PhP75 Million paid-up capital. (B) Yes, since there is substantial compliance with our nationalization laws respecting paid-up capital and Filipino dominated Board of Directors. (C) Yes, since FIMA’s paid up capital more than meets the country’s nationalization laws. (D) No, since an insurance company should be 100% owned by Filipinos. Suggested answer: (C) Yes, since FIMA’s paid up capital more than meets the country’s nationalization laws. The Securities and Exchange Commission provides that the Minimum paid-up capital for life insurance company non-life insurance company is P1,000,000,000.00.

2011 Bar Examination Question and Answer By: Bautista, Cecille Loie G. Topic: removal of members of board of directors. Question: A law was passed disqualifying former members of Congress from sitting in the Board of Directors of government-owned or controlled corporations. Because of this, the Board of Directors of ABC Corp., a government-owned and controlled corporation, disqualified C, a former Congressman, from continuing to sit as one of its members. C objected, however, insisting that under the Corporation Code members of the board of directors of corporations may only be removed by vote of stockholders holding 2/3 of its outstanding capital stock in a regular or special meeting called for that purpose. Is C correct? (A) Yes, since the new law cannot be applied to members of the board of directors already elected prior to its passage. (B) No, since the disqualification takes effect by operation of law, it is sufficient that he was declared no longer a member of the board. (C) Yes, since the provisions of the Corporation Code applies as well to government-owned and controlled corporations. (D) No, since the board has the power to oust him even without the new law. Suggested answer: (B) No, since the disqualification takes effect by operation of law, it is sufficient that he was declared no longer a member of the board. Hence, section 28 which provides that any director or trustee of a corporation may be removed from office by a vote of the stockholders holding or representing at least two-thirds (2/3) of the outstanding capital stock, or if the corporation be a non-stock corporation, by a vote of at least two-thirds (2/3) of the members entitled to vote may not be applied in this case.

2011 Bar Examination Question and Answer By: Bautista, Cecille Loie G. Topic: foreign equity for public utilities Question: The Articles of Incorporation of ABC Transport Co., a public utility, provides for ten (10) members in its Board of Directors. What is the prescribed minimum number of Filipino citizens in its Board? (A) (B) (C) (D)

10 6 7 5

Suggested answer: (B) 6 EO 184 or the Foreign Investment Negative List provides that up to 40% foreign equity for public utilities. Thus, the minimum Filipino members of the board of directors in this case is 6.

2011 Bar Examination Question and Answer By: Bautista, Cecille Loie G. Topic: shorten of corporate term Question: The corporate term of a stock corporation is that which is stated in its Articles of Incorporation. It may be extended or shortened by an amendment of the Articles when approved by majority of its Board of Directors and: (A) (B) (C) (D)

approved and ratified by at least 2/3 of all stockholders. approved by at least 2/3 of the stockholders representing the outstanding capital stock. ratified by at least 2/3 of all stockholders. ratified by at least 2/3 of the stockholders representing the outstanding capital stock.

Suggested answer: (D) ratified by at least 2/3 of the stockholders representing the outstanding capital stock. Section 37 provides that a private corporation may extend or shorten its term as stated in the articles of incorporation when approved by a majority vote of the board of directors or trustees and ratified at a meeting by the stockholders representing at least two-thirds (2/3) of the outstanding capital stock or by at least two-thirds (2/3) of the members in case of non-stock corporations. Written notice of the proposed action and of the time and place of the meeting shall be addressed to each stockholder or member at his place of residence as shown on the books of the corporation and deposited to the addressee in the post office with postage prepaid, or served personally: Provided, That in case of extension of corporate term, any dissenting stockholder may exercise his appraisal right under the conditions provided in this code.