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BANK BANK & & LEMBAGA LEMBAGA KEUANGAN KEUANGAN NON NON BANK BANK 11 Provided by Ari Raharjo

Asal Muasal • Transaksi keuangan: Barter (penjual & pembeli bertemu langsung) • Berkembang: muncul perantara (penjual & pembeli tdk bertemu langsung) • Muncul “uang” sbg alat pembayaran • Perantara “uang” adl lembaga keuangan

Sejarah • Sdh ada pd jaman babylonia (2000 thn sblm masehi) • Bank modern: Inggris, Belanda & Belgia (abad 16), masih berupa emas & perak sbg alat p’byran

Bank vs non bank Penghimpunan dana • Langsung mrpk simpanan masy • Tidak langsung berupa kertas berharga/penyerta an/pinjaman

• Tidak langsung berupa kertas berharga/penyerta an/pinjaman

Bank vs non bank Penyaluran dana • Utk modal kerja, investasi, konsumsi • Utk badan usaha dan individu • Utk jangka pendek, menengah dan panjang

• Terutama utk investasi • Terutama utk badan usaha • Terutama utk jangka menengah & panjang

Jenis Lemb Keu Perbankan (UU no. 10, 1998: Jenis: • Bank Umum • BPR Prinsip Usaha: • Konvensional • Syariah

Non Bank: • Leasing • Asuransi • Modal ventura • Anjak Piutang • Pegadaian • Dana pensiun • Kartu kredit • Pasar modal

Klasifikasi uang Narrow Money (M1): • Uang kartal (uang kertas, koin) • Uang Giral/demand deposite (giro)

• Broad Money: • M2 = M1 + Saving deposite (tabungan) + Time deposite (deposito) • M3 = M2 + simpanan dana di LKBB

Tingkat likuiditas: •Kartal > giral > tabungan > deposito > Dana LKBB •M1 > M2 > M3

Fungsi Bank 1. Agent of Trust 2. Agent of Development (pemberian kredit utk pembangunan 3. Agent of services (jasa transfer, save deposite box, jaminan bank)

Financial Intermediaries Fund Unit Defisit Borrowers Income

Fund

Bank & Non Bank

Unit Surplus Lenders Income

Otoritas Moneter UU no. 23, 1999 tentang Bank Sentral  BI Tugas BI: • Menetapkan & melaksanakan kebijakan moneter: laju inflasi, operasi pasar uang, menentukan tk diskonto, cadangan wajib minimum, kredit, kebijakan nilai tukar, cadangan devisa • Mengatur & menjaga kelancaran sistem pembayaran • Mengatur & mengawasi bank

Kesehatan Bank • BMPK (batas Maks Pemberian kredit/Legal Lending Limit) • Likuiditas Wajib Minimum/cadangan wajib minimum/reserve requirement • Posisi devisa netto (Net open position): selisih aktiva & pasiva dlm valas • Rasio kecukupan modal (Capital Adequacy Ratio): Penyediaan modal minimum thd Aktiva Tertimbang Menurut Resiko)

Kesehatan Bank • Loan to Deposit Ratio (LDR): kredit berbanding dana pihak ketiga • Return on Asset & Return on Equity

Regulasi Sebelum thn 1980 • Belum ada peraturan yg jelas tentang perbankan • Kredit likuiditas BI hy utk bank2 tertentu (bank pemerintah) • Bank menanggung program pemerintah • Baru ada Surat Berharga Pasar Uang (SBPU) • Bank swasta relatif sedikit • Bank Pemerintah: BRI 1951, BEII 1968, BBD 1968, BDN 1960, BTN 1963, BNI 1946, Bapindo 1960

Regulasi Sejak 1980 – 1990 • Paket 1 Juni 1983: Penghapusan pagu kredit, pengurangan KLBI, kebebasan penetapan suku bunga • 1984: BI menerbitkan SBI • Paket 27 Okt 1988: Kemudahan membuka kantor bank, kemudahan pendirian bank swasta, boleh menyelenggarakan tabungan. Likuiditas min turun mjd 2%, tdk ada batas maks pinjaman, Penambahan modal BLBB dpt melalui pasar modal

Regulasi • Paket 20 Des 1988: Penyelenggaraan bursa efek oleh swasta, leasing, anjak piutang, modal ventura, kartu kredit, pembiayaan konsumen • Paket 29 Mei 1993: penyempurnaan aturan kesehatan bank (CAR, LLL, KUK, LDR)

Regulasi • • • • • •

Dampak: Adanya kepastian hukum Bank swasta bertambah Tingkat persaingan bank naik SBI & SBPU semakin populer Mobilisasi dana melalui bank naik

Regulasi

Sejak Krisis Ekonomi 1997 • Tingkat kepercayaan masy turun • Sebagian besar bank tdk sehat • Terjadi negatif spread (suku bunga tab/dep > kredit) • Muncul peraturan2 baru: UU no. 23 1999, UU no. 10 1998 dst • Jumlah bank menurun (237 bank sblm krisis mjd 89 bank)

Jenis Bank Menurut Kegiatan Usaha: • Bank Umum • Bank Perkreditan Rakyat

Bank Umum • Adl bank yg melaksanakan kegiatannya secara konvensional dan/atau syariah dan memberikan jasa dlm lalu lintas pembayaran • Kegiatan: menghimpun dana dari masy (giro, deposito berjangka, sertifikat deposito, tabungan), kredit, surat pengakuan hutan, transfer, save deposit box, dll

BPR • Adl bank yg melaksanakan kegiatannya secara konvensional dan/atau syariah dan tidak memberikan jasa lalu lintas pembayaran • Kegiatan: menghimpun dana masy (deposito berjangka, tabungan), kredit

MICROFINANCE IN INDONESIA Rural Banks (BPR/BPRS) Act

= The Banking Act No.7/1992 as amended by the Act No.10/1998

License Supervision

Bank

= Bank Indonesia, the Central Bank = The Central Bank Act No.23/1999

BRI Unit Act License Supervision

MFIs

Formal Non Bank

= The Banking Act No.10/1998 = Bank Indonesia, the Central Bank = * BRI Branches * Bank Indonesia for BRI as a Whole (Commercial Bank) Village Credit Agency (Badan Kredit Desa/BKD) Act = Banking Act No.10/1998 License = Based on Decree of Ministry of Finance Supervision = BRI on behalf of Bank Indonesia Cooperatives (KOSIPA) Act = Cooperative Act No.25/1992 License = State Ministry of cooperative & SME Supervision = State Ministry of cooperative & SME Pawnshop:

Owned by the government Supervision : Ministry of FinanceLDKP (Village Fund and Credit Institutions) Act = --------License = Governor of each Province Supervision Non • Non Government Organization (NGO) = Local Government Level I Formal • Self Help Group • BMT (microfinance based on syariah/Islamic

I. MICROFINANCE PROFILE Institution

No. of Unit

Total Asset ( Billion Rp )

Total Saving (Billion Rp )

No. Depositors (thousand)

Total Loan ( Billion Rp)

No. of Debtors (thousand)

BANK BRI Unit (Mar-07)

4, 229

48,535

44,389

30,090

27,789

3,443

Rural Bank (BPR) (Sep-07)

1.823

26,080

17,690

6,707

20,434

2,578

BKD (Aug--07)

5,345

372

71

460

237

383

SUB TOTAL

11,278

69,059

54,414

39,473

42,908

6,245

Saving and Loan Coop. (Apr-00)

1,097

85

85

Na

531

655

Village Credit Institution in Bali (LPD) (Dec-04)

1,296

1,437

1,117

970

966

317

850

3,474

Na

Na

2,789

Na

3,243

4,996

1,202

970

4,286

972

3,043

Na

567

1,756

549

1,680

3,043

Na

567

1,756

549

1,680

17,564

74,055

56,183

42,199

47,743

8,897

NON BANK A. FORMAL

Pawnshop (Dec-04) SUB TOTAL B. NON FORMAL Cooperatives under Syariah Principles (BMT) (Sept-04) SUB TOTAL TOTAL

*) Not including BPR under Syariah principles

II. THE HISTORY OF RURAL BANKS 1.

19th Century under the colonial period BPR (Rural Banks) were recognized as Bank Kredit Desa (Village Credit Bank), Lumbung Desa (Paddy Bank), Bank Desa (Village Bank), and Badan Kredit Desa (Village Credit Agency)

2. Bank Indonesia Deregulation Package, October 1988 : BPR could be established by a minimum capital requirements of 50 millions rupiahs 3. Rural Bank was legalized by the Banking Act No.7 of 1992. This Banking Act recognizes 2 type of banks : commercial banks and rural banks

II. THE HISTORY OF RURAL BANKS The Banking Act No. 7 of 1992 • Rural bank is established to extend financial services to low income level community especially in rural areas. • Non bank financial institutions had been granted licenses from ministry of finance might transform their businesses into banks max in 1 (one) year • Other non bank financial institutions could get license as rural banks by fulfilling requirement stipulated by government regulation No. 71 of 1992 with the deadline to fulfill the requirement was October 31, 1997.

III. RURAL BANK PERFORMANCES .(in billion Rp) No.

Accounts

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

Sep 2007

1

No. of Rural Banks

2,141

2,141

2,158

2,009

1,880

1,823

2

Total Asset

9,080

12,635

16,707

20,393

23,045

26,080

3

Loan: - total

6,683

8,985

12,149

14,654

16,948

20,434

- no. of accounts (in thousands)

1,825

1,993

2,167

2,478

2,471

2,578

Third party fund

6,126

8,868

11,161

13,178

15,771

17,690

- Total

2,002

2,617

3,301

3,757

4,581

5,375

- No. of accounts (in thousands)

4,891

5,046

5,439

5,672

6,555

6,336

4,124

6,251

7,860

9,421

11,190

12,315

438

489

322

332

365

371

338

429

539

604

509

513

8.7%

8,0%

7.59%

7.98%

9.73%

8.49%

5.9

5.6

5.3

5.8

6.83

5.06%

77%

74.5%

80.7%

82%

87,37%

84.26%

3.72%

3.4%

3.2%

3.0%

2.96%

2.62%

- Sound

65%

67%

68%

71%

69.3%

69.6%

- Fairly sound

16%

17%

16%

13%

14.3%

14,4%

- Less sound

9%

8%

8%

9%

9.9%

11,2%

10%

8%

8%

7%

6.5%

4,8%

4

a. Saving Deposit

b. Time Deposit - Total - No. of accounts (in thousands) 5

Current year profit/ loss

6

Non Performing Loan (NPL) Gross

7

Non Performing Loan (NPL) Net

8

Loan to Deposit Ratio (LDR)

8

Return on Asset (RoA)

10

Rural Bank Soundness

- Unsound

RURAL BANK PERFORMANCES

Trend of Rural Bank Total Asset, Loan, and Third Party Deposit 2001 - Sep 2007 30,000 25,000

Total Asset

20,000

Total Loan

15,000

Total Third Party Deposit

10,000 5,000 2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

RURAL BANK CHARACTERISTICS 1. LOCATION a. Close to its community b. Located primarily in rural areas 2. ORGANIZATION a. Community banking system within province b. Can be owned only by Indonesia citizen either individual or corporation 3. OPERATION a. Can only take deposits and provide loans b. Can not access to payment system c. Can not deal with foreign exchange 4. PROCEDURES - BPR implements simple and fast procedures in providing services to its customers (2- 3 days) - Loan analysis is done in one or two sheet evaluation form - BPR staff approach the customers for direct transaction (deposit, credit installment) 5. PRODUCTS a. Loan : - short term (weekly and monthly) - mostly for working capital b. Deposit : saving and time deposit 6. CUSTOMERS a. Micro, small enterprises and low level income people in villages, rural, urban and city b. Economic sectors : agriculture; small and home industry;trading, restaurant, hostel; services; and others

RURAL BANK CREDIT BASED ON ECONOMIC SECTORS - Sep 2007

Agriculture

6.4%

1.6%

43.2% 38.7% 10.2%

Small and Home Industry Trade, Restaurant, and Hostel Services Others

Jenis Bank

Menurut Bentuk Badan Usaha • PT • Koperasi • Perusahaan Daerah Menurut target pasar: • Retail bank • Corporate bank • Retail-corporate bank

Aktiva Bank Giro (checking account): simpanan yg penarikannya dpt dilakukan sewaktu2 dg cek atau bilyet giro. • Cek: perintah membyr kpd bank pd saat penyerahan. Tidak dpt dibatalkan • Bilyet giro: perintah pemindahbukuan pd tgl tertentu dan pihak yg tercantum dlm bilyet. Dapat dibatalkan

Aktiva Bank • Deposito Berjangka: Simpanan pihak III yg pengambilannya berdasarkan waktu tertentu sesuai perjanjian • Tabungan: Simpanan pihak III yg pengambilannya dpt dilakukan sewaktu2.

Aktiva Bank • Sertifikat Deposito: Simpanan pihak III yang pencairannya pd waktu tertentu dan bunganya dibayar didepan serta dpt diperjual belikan • Deposit on call: Penarikannya hy dpt dilakukan dg pemberitahuan terlebih dahulu

Aktiva Bank • Rekening Giro terkait Tabungan: menjaga saldo giro minimal • Call Money: pinjaman jk pendek yg bisa diperoleh bank dr interbank call money market (kalah kliring / rush) • Pinjaman antar bank: utk jk pendek & menengah

Aktiva bank • KLBI: digunakan utk membantu bank yg kalah kliring / rush • Setoran Jaminan: digunakan utk LC atau Bank Garansi • Jasa Transfer • SBPU

Aktiva bank Sumber lain: 1. Setoran jaminan (Storjam) Biasanya utk LC atau bank garansi

1. Dana Transfer Dana transfer dr masy yg belum dikeluarkan oleh bank

1. SBPU Beli dg harga discount dan dpt diperjualbelikan pd saat bank kurang likuid

Jenis Kredit • Kredit Modal Kerja • Kredit Investasi • Kredit Konsumsi

Jasa-jasa Bank • • • • • •

Bank Garansi Letter of Credit (LC) Pengiriman uang Kliring & inkaso Kartu plastik Money changer

• • • • •

Telebanking Custodian Wali amanat Safe deposite box Traveller check

Mekanisme LC Bank di Indonesia

5

Bank Asing

3

2 4 5 6

PT Ekspor

2 5 6

1

PT Asing 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Kontrak jual beli Buka LC Klarifikasi antar bank Info LC sdh dibuka Kirim brg & dok Pembayaran

Kliring: • Adl pertukaran warkat atau data keuangan elektronik antar bank baik atas nama bank maupun nasabah yang perhitungannya diselesaikan pada waktu tertentu • Warkat / data keuangan bukan uang tunai

Bank Umum Syariah • Dasar hukum: UU no. 10 thn 1998 • Pengertian: Bank yg dlm aktifitasnya baik penghimpunan dana maupun penyaluran dana memberikan imbalan atas dasar syariah yaitu jual beli dan bagi hasil.

Prinsip Kegiatan usaha Hiwalah: • Akad pemindahan piutang nasabah (muhil) kpd bank (muhal’alaih) dari nasabah lain (muhal) Ijarah: • Akad sewa menyewa barang antar bank (muaajir) dg penyewa (mustajir).

Istisha: • Akad jual beli brg antara pemesan dg penerima pesanan Kafalah: • Akad pemberian jaminan yg diberikan satu pihak kpd pihak lain sbg pemberi jaminan bertanggungjawab atas pembayaran kembali suatu hutang

Mudharabah: • Akad antara pemilik modal dg pengelola utk memperoleh keuntungan. Murabahah: • Akad jual beli antara bank dg nasabah Musyarakah: • Akad kerjasama usaha patungan

Qardh • Akad pinjaman dari bank kpd pihak tertentu yg wajib dikembalikan dg jml yg sama sesuai pinjaman Al Rahn • Akad penyerahan brg harta dr nasabah kpd bank sbg jaminan Sharf • Akad jual beli suatu valuta dg valuta lain

Wadi’ah • Akad penitipan brg/uang antara pihak yg memp brg dg pihak yg diberi kepercayaan utk menjaga keselamatan/keamanan/keutuhan brg Wakalah • Akad pemberian kuasa dari pemberi kuasa kpd penerima kuasa

• Modal disetor Rp. 3 trilyun