Baeza 2 Jan Douwe Van Der Ploeg
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Empire & the Peasantry (Part 2) Jan Douwe van der Ploeg Rural Sociology Baeza, Curso de Agro-ecología Enero de 2009
Empire: some features
Monopolistic networks that increasingly link production, processing, distribution and consumption of food Conquest and expansion Centralization of planning and control Appropriation of value added Powerful but fragile Institutionalized slow-down Intelligent geography Denaturalization Massive exclusion
Squeeze on Agriculture
Squeeze on Agriculture
Sconnession e dalla natura
Regolazione Squeeze on Agriculture
Sconnession e dalla natura
Sottomissione agli “Imperi Alimentari”
Value added per economic sector (1980 = 100) valore aggiunto per branca 1980 = 100 160%
150%
140%
130%
alim tess legno chimiche minerali metalli meccan autom
148%
120% 112% 110%
109% 106%
100%
90%
92% 91% 84%
80%
79%
70% 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
ARTICOLAZIONE TRIPLICE Society
Agricultural production
ature
Farming population
CRISI AGRARIA
Society
Agricultural production
ature
Farming population
‘Local’ village consumers
clients
consumers
clients house for elderly
butchery
grocery processing-
farms farms
bakery n trader
unit
farms
farms
elsewhere
clients
hospital
‘Local’ village consumers
clients
consumers
clients house for elderly
butchery
grocery processing
farms farms
bakery n trader
unit
farms
farms
elsewhere
clients
hospital
The emergence of ‘Empire’
clients
consumers consumers
clients
house for elderly
butchery
grocery
processing
farms farms
bakery
unit
farms
trader farms
elsewhere
clients
hospital
Merger; accumulated demand
Catering company EU tendering rules
clients
consumers consumers
clients
house for elderly
butchery
grocery
processing
farms farms
bakery
unit
farms
trader farms
elsewhere
clients
hospital
Merger; accumulated demand
Catering company EU tendering rules
clients
consumers consumers
clients
house for elderly
butchery
grocery
bakery
processing
exclusion
farms
farms
unit
farms
elsewhere
Merger; accumulated demand
hospital
New providers trader
farms
clients
Contemporary food-related problems and challenges Malnutrition (1):
Up to 80% of elderly people in US nursing homes suffering from malnutrition 15-20% of patients in UK enter hospital malnourished, 25-30% leave hospital malnourished
Contemporary food-related problems and challenges
Actor – Network: the peasant community of Catacaos
Actor – Network: the peasant community of Catacaos
NEEDS
Actor – Network: the peasant community of Catacaos
RESOURCES
Locally available resources - dispersed Regional state
electricity
capital
water Working Pumping
force
stations
seeds
Desert land
Refrigerated containers airfield
Paita harbour
Drip irrigation
Market
Market
information
channels
Assembling locally available Resources Empire Regional state
electricity
capital
water Working Pumping
force
stations
seeds
Desert land
Refrigerated containers airfield
Paita harbour
Drip irrigation
Market
Market
information
channels
Area precedentemente desertica Nuove frontiere: il ritorno dei reticolati
Terre comunali precedentemente verdi
L’esproprio dell’acqua per usi privati
Uva da tavola
cipolle
Asparagi Peperoni
Asparagi freschi: Mercato Olandese, €1/ 500gr
The Peasant Condition
Struggle for autonomy
Hostile environment
The Peasant Condition
Selfcontrolled resource base Struggle for autonomy
Hostile environment
Quality of land and fertilization
Explanation of different ways of fertilization
Planting of trees
Fruit trees
Fruit production
Cattle
Goats and using the hills
A very important resource: farmers’ knowledge
Another resource: young children
Social resources: bathing house
Social networks (1)
Social network (2)
The Peasant Condition
Co-production
Selfcontrolled resource base Struggle for autonomy
Hostile environment
The Peasant Condition markets Co-production
Selfcontrolled resource base Struggle for autonomy
Hostile environment
The Peasant Condition survival
markets Co-production
Selfcontrolled resource base Struggle for autonomy
Hostile environment
The Peasant Condition survival
markets Co-production
feed bac k
Selfcontrolled resource base Struggle for autonomy
Hostile environment
The Peasant Condition survival
markets Co-production
feed bac k
Selfcontrolled resource base Struggle for autonomy
Hostile environment
other activities
The Peasant Condition Co-operation
survival
markets Co-production
feed bac k
Selfcontrolled resource base Struggle for autonomy
Hostile environment
other activities
The Basic Structure of Farming markets
resources
conversion
non commodity circuits
output
Repeasantization 1
Conversion
Repeasantization 1
2 Conversion
Repeasantization 1
2 Conversion
3 regrounding agriculture upon nature
Repeasantization 1
2 Conversion
3 regrounding agriculture upon nature 4 pluri-activity
Repeasantization 1
2 Conversion
3 regrounding agriculture upon nature 4 pluri-activity 5 new forms of local co-operation
Repeasantization 1
2
6
Improving Conversion I/O
3 regrounding agriculture upon nature 4 pluri-activity 5 new forms of local co-operation
Contadini giovani della Frisia
multifunzionalità
multifunzionalità
Famiglia Hoekstra Loënga, Frisia
multifunzionalità
Famiglia Vellinga Nijland, Frisia
Ricerca “Impact” N = 3264
Irlanda Inghilterra Olanda Germania Italia Spagna
51 % Nuove attività tipo SR
∆ NVA €5.9 109
∆ NVA €5.9 109
51 % Nuove attività tipo SR
Riduzione dei costi
60 %
∆ NVA €5.7 109
∆ NVA €5.9 109
51 % Nuove attività tipo SR
Pluriattività
27 %
∆ Reddito € 20.1 109
Riduzione dei costi
60 %
∆ NVA €5.7 109
Nessuna = 17% ∆ NVA €5.9 109
51 % Nuove attività tipo SR
Pluriattività
27 %
∆ Reddito € 20.1 109
Riduzione dei costi
60 %
∆ NVA €5.7 109
Nessuna = 17% ∆ NVA €5.9 109
51 % Nuove attività tipo SR
Pluriattività
27 %
Riduzione dei costi
60 %
∆ Reddito € 20.1 109
∆ Totale = €31.7 109 (tot. red. agr. = €41 .1 109)
∆ NVA €5.7 109
• Autoregolazione • Nuovi soluzioni istituzionali • Dalle modalità verso scopi
Rivalorizzare il ruolo degli agricoltori
Riconoscere e rinforzare la polivalenza
Interrelated forms of resistance
Overt
Covert
struggles
sabotage Intervening in the organization of labour and production: introducing alterations
First example
Second example
“Resistance is no longer a form of reaction but a form of production and action [….]. Resistance is no longer one of factory workers; it is a completely new resistance based on innovativeness […] and on autonomous cooperation between producing [and consuming] subjects. It is the capacity to develop new, constitutive potentialities that go beyond reigning forms of domination” (Negri, 2006: 54).
How to build theoretically on resistance, synergy and superiority? Towards:
multilevel
multiactor &
multidimensional models
Slot in heterogeneity Slot in mouldability of both nature and society Explore tendencies and countertendencies Link to promising pockets
Natura Beef (Switzerland) Foundation of association (1977 – 1980) Institute for Federal office Agricultural Agricultural institutional of agriculture economics network
Berne, Vaud, …
Subsidies Help for organisation
direct support for « non milk delivery »
Swiss Association of suckling cow breeders ASVNM
-communication, exchanges, -professional defence, -technical references.
producers
Milestones -Foundation ASVNM initiated by producers -Goal: improve farmer’s income - Approach: improve production methods, promote methods, coordinate supply, find outlet for new product - Shared values: environmentally friendly and health - From 42 farmers in 1977 to 118 in 1980
local consumers
P. Damary (SRVA) and Marguerite Paus (ETH)
Natura Beef (Switzerland) Marketing and upscaling (1980 – 1990) Federal office of agriculture National production?
subsidies
Swiss Association of suckling cow breeders 9 regional associations
-communication, -professional defence, Bell -technical references, -marketing, -herd-book, -controls.
Regional branches of Coop
producers
2 regional cattle Involved in strategy traders regional branches of Coop, independent butchers
Milestones -Problematisation: no recognition of the special qualities of the product on the market, no price difference with conventional beef - Shared solution: sales of beef with name and logo (NaturaBeef) and naturalness as image -Informal alliance with Bell (chain of butchers) -Outlet through Coop - From 118 farmers in 1980 to 750 in 1990
Consumers in Basel and Region P. Damary (SRVA) and Marguerite Paus (ETH)
Natura Beef (Switzerland) Reinforcing negotiation position (1990 – 2003) Federal office of agriculture subsidies Swiss Association of suckling cow breeders
producers
-communication, -professional defence, -technical references, -marketing, -herd-book, -controls.
2 regional cattle traders Traitafina
Coop
Communication
“traditional” butchers
Involved in strategy
collective housing, restaurants
-Coop wants exclusivity of label (in retail sector) - As response ASVNM decided to reinforce its negotiation position by issuing annual sales licenses (chain control) -Coop develops its own environmental label CoopNaturaPlan with NaturaBeef as eyecatcher -ASVNM develops quality label SwissPrimBeef -From 750 farmers in 1990 to 3750 in 2003
+NaturaBeef channel SwissPrimBeef channel
Milestones
Swiss home-consumers
Swiss restaurant-consumers
P. Damary (SRVA) and Marguerite Paus (ETH)
Natura Beef (Switzerland)
P. Damary (SRVA) and Marguerite Paus (ETH)
Food as an integrated and territorial policy domain Supply and demand
PR OC UR EM EN
Health
Regional economy
PU BL IC
FO OD
Quality of life
Public sector as market party
: KS D OR AN E TW RS SID NE ME TRY OD SU UN FO ON CO C IVE G ND A AT TIN RN E C IT Y TE N / C AL )CON RS E E (R DUC O PR
T
Market
Food Environment Education
Employment
Social inclusion
Government
Civil society URBAN FOOD STRATEGIES
Cities and peri-urban regions as food policy actors
Citizen as consumer
Empire: some features
Monopolistic networks that increasingly link production, processing, distribution and consumption of food Conquest and expansion Centralization of planning and control Appropriation of value added Powerful but fragile Institutionalized slow-down Intelligent geography Denaturalization Massive exclusion
Squeeze on Agriculture
Squeeze on Agriculture
Sconnession e dalla natura
Regolazione Squeeze on Agriculture
Sconnession e dalla natura
Sottomissione agli “Imperi Alimentari”
Value added per economic sector (1980 = 100) valore aggiunto per branca 1980 = 100 160%
150%
140%
130%
alim tess legno chimiche minerali metalli meccan autom
148%
120% 112% 110%
109% 106%
100%
90%
92% 91% 84%
80%
79%
70% 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
ARTICOLAZIONE TRIPLICE Society
Agricultural production
ature
Farming population
CRISI AGRARIA
Society
Agricultural production
ature
Farming population
‘Local’ village consumers
clients
consumers
clients house for elderly
butchery
grocery processing-
farms farms
bakery n trader
unit
farms
farms
elsewhere
clients
hospital
‘Local’ village consumers
clients
consumers
clients house for elderly
butchery
grocery processing
farms farms
bakery n trader
unit
farms
farms
elsewhere
clients
hospital
The emergence of ‘Empire’
clients
consumers consumers
clients
house for elderly
butchery
grocery
processing
farms farms
bakery
unit
farms
trader farms
elsewhere
clients
hospital
Merger; accumulated demand
Catering company EU tendering rules
clients
consumers consumers
clients
house for elderly
butchery
grocery
processing
farms farms
bakery
unit
farms
trader farms
elsewhere
clients
hospital
Merger; accumulated demand
Catering company EU tendering rules
clients
consumers consumers
clients
house for elderly
butchery
grocery
bakery
processing
exclusion
farms
farms
unit
farms
elsewhere
Merger; accumulated demand
hospital
New providers trader
farms
clients
Contemporary food-related problems and challenges Malnutrition (1):
Up to 80% of elderly people in US nursing homes suffering from malnutrition 15-20% of patients in UK enter hospital malnourished, 25-30% leave hospital malnourished
Contemporary food-related problems and challenges
Actor – Network: the peasant community of Catacaos
Actor – Network: the peasant community of Catacaos
NEEDS
Actor – Network: the peasant community of Catacaos
RESOURCES
Locally available resources - dispersed Regional state
electricity
capital
water Working Pumping
force
stations
seeds
Desert land
Refrigerated containers airfield
Paita harbour
Drip irrigation
Market
Market
information
channels
Assembling locally available Resources Empire Regional state
electricity
capital
water Working Pumping
force
stations
seeds
Desert land
Refrigerated containers airfield
Paita harbour
Drip irrigation
Market
Market
information
channels
Area precedentemente desertica Nuove frontiere: il ritorno dei reticolati
Terre comunali precedentemente verdi
L’esproprio dell’acqua per usi privati
Uva da tavola
cipolle
Asparagi Peperoni
Asparagi freschi: Mercato Olandese, €1/ 500gr
The Peasant Condition
Struggle for autonomy
Hostile environment
The Peasant Condition
Selfcontrolled resource base Struggle for autonomy
Hostile environment
Quality of land and fertilization
Explanation of different ways of fertilization
Planting of trees
Fruit trees
Fruit production
Cattle
Goats and using the hills
A very important resource: farmers’ knowledge
Another resource: young children
Social resources: bathing house
Social networks (1)
Social network (2)
The Peasant Condition
Co-production
Selfcontrolled resource base Struggle for autonomy
Hostile environment
The Peasant Condition markets Co-production
Selfcontrolled resource base Struggle for autonomy
Hostile environment
The Peasant Condition survival
markets Co-production
Selfcontrolled resource base Struggle for autonomy
Hostile environment
The Peasant Condition survival
markets Co-production
feed bac k
Selfcontrolled resource base Struggle for autonomy
Hostile environment
The Peasant Condition survival
markets Co-production
feed bac k
Selfcontrolled resource base Struggle for autonomy
Hostile environment
other activities
The Peasant Condition Co-operation
survival
markets Co-production
feed bac k
Selfcontrolled resource base Struggle for autonomy
Hostile environment
other activities
The Basic Structure of Farming markets
resources
conversion
non commodity circuits
output
Repeasantization 1
Conversion
Repeasantization 1
2 Conversion
Repeasantization 1
2 Conversion
3 regrounding agriculture upon nature
Repeasantization 1
2 Conversion
3 regrounding agriculture upon nature 4 pluri-activity
Repeasantization 1
2 Conversion
3 regrounding agriculture upon nature 4 pluri-activity 5 new forms of local co-operation
Repeasantization 1
2
6
Improving Conversion I/O
3 regrounding agriculture upon nature 4 pluri-activity 5 new forms of local co-operation
Contadini giovani della Frisia
multifunzionalità
multifunzionalità
Famiglia Hoekstra Loënga, Frisia
multifunzionalità
Famiglia Vellinga Nijland, Frisia
Ricerca “Impact” N = 3264
Irlanda Inghilterra Olanda Germania Italia Spagna
51 % Nuove attività tipo SR
∆ NVA €5.9 109
∆ NVA €5.9 109
51 % Nuove attività tipo SR
Riduzione dei costi
60 %
∆ NVA €5.7 109
∆ NVA €5.9 109
51 % Nuove attività tipo SR
Pluriattività
27 %
∆ Reddito € 20.1 109
Riduzione dei costi
60 %
∆ NVA €5.7 109
Nessuna = 17% ∆ NVA €5.9 109
51 % Nuove attività tipo SR
Pluriattività
27 %
∆ Reddito € 20.1 109
Riduzione dei costi
60 %
∆ NVA €5.7 109
Nessuna = 17% ∆ NVA €5.9 109
51 % Nuove attività tipo SR
Pluriattività
27 %
Riduzione dei costi
60 %
∆ Reddito € 20.1 109
∆ Totale = €31.7 109 (tot. red. agr. = €41 .1 109)
∆ NVA €5.7 109
• Autoregolazione • Nuovi soluzioni istituzionali • Dalle modalità verso scopi
Rivalorizzare il ruolo degli agricoltori
Riconoscere e rinforzare la polivalenza
Interrelated forms of resistance
Overt
Covert
struggles
sabotage Intervening in the organization of labour and production: introducing alterations
First example
Second example
“Resistance is no longer a form of reaction but a form of production and action [….]. Resistance is no longer one of factory workers; it is a completely new resistance based on innovativeness […] and on autonomous cooperation between producing [and consuming] subjects. It is the capacity to develop new, constitutive potentialities that go beyond reigning forms of domination” (Negri, 2006: 54).
How to build theoretically on resistance, synergy and superiority? Towards:
multilevel
multiactor &
multidimensional models
Slot in heterogeneity Slot in mouldability of both nature and society Explore tendencies and countertendencies Link to promising pockets
Natura Beef (Switzerland) Foundation of association (1977 – 1980) Institute for Federal office Agricultural Agricultural institutional of agriculture economics network
Berne, Vaud, …
Subsidies Help for organisation
direct support for « non milk delivery »
Swiss Association of suckling cow breeders ASVNM
-communication, exchanges, -professional defence, -technical references.
producers
Milestones -Foundation ASVNM initiated by producers -Goal: improve farmer’s income - Approach: improve production methods, promote methods, coordinate supply, find outlet for new product - Shared values: environmentally friendly and health - From 42 farmers in 1977 to 118 in 1980
local consumers
P. Damary (SRVA) and Marguerite Paus (ETH)
Natura Beef (Switzerland) Marketing and upscaling (1980 – 1990) Federal office of agriculture National production?
subsidies
Swiss Association of suckling cow breeders 9 regional associations
-communication, -professional defence, Bell -technical references, -marketing, -herd-book, -controls.
Regional branches of Coop
producers
2 regional cattle Involved in strategy traders regional branches of Coop, independent butchers
Milestones -Problematisation: no recognition of the special qualities of the product on the market, no price difference with conventional beef - Shared solution: sales of beef with name and logo (NaturaBeef) and naturalness as image -Informal alliance with Bell (chain of butchers) -Outlet through Coop - From 118 farmers in 1980 to 750 in 1990
Consumers in Basel and Region P. Damary (SRVA) and Marguerite Paus (ETH)
Natura Beef (Switzerland) Reinforcing negotiation position (1990 – 2003) Federal office of agriculture subsidies Swiss Association of suckling cow breeders
producers
-communication, -professional defence, -technical references, -marketing, -herd-book, -controls.
2 regional cattle traders Traitafina
Coop
Communication
“traditional” butchers
Involved in strategy
collective housing, restaurants
-Coop wants exclusivity of label (in retail sector) - As response ASVNM decided to reinforce its negotiation position by issuing annual sales licenses (chain control) -Coop develops its own environmental label CoopNaturaPlan with NaturaBeef as eyecatcher -ASVNM develops quality label SwissPrimBeef -From 750 farmers in 1990 to 3750 in 2003
+NaturaBeef channel SwissPrimBeef channel
Milestones
Swiss home-consumers
Swiss restaurant-consumers
P. Damary (SRVA) and Marguerite Paus (ETH)
Natura Beef (Switzerland)
P. Damary (SRVA) and Marguerite Paus (ETH)
Food as an integrated and territorial policy domain Supply and demand
PR OC UR EM EN
Health
Regional economy
PU BL IC
FO OD
Quality of life
Public sector as market party
: KS D OR AN E TW RS SID NE ME TRY OD SU UN FO ON CO C IVE G ND A AT TIN RN E C IT Y TE N / C AL )CON RS E E (R DUC O PR
T
Market
Food Environment Education
Employment
Social inclusion
Government
Civil society URBAN FOOD STRATEGIES
Cities and peri-urban regions as food policy actors
Citizen as consumer
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