Arabian History.pdf

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1

amÀKZÀiI³ D¯cm[nImcnIfpsS Imew ss_Xp aJvZnknsâ tamN\w Aen(d) IÀ_ebpsS I®oÀ Dadp_v³ A_vZp Akokv Dahn¿ hnShm§p¶p alvZn_n³ a³kzqÀ B[p\nI Atd_y

Hcp cmjv{S\nÀ½mWw DaÀ(d) Dkvam³(d) apeq¡n¿¯v A_vZpÂaenInsâ `cWw lnimap_v\p A_vZpÂaenIv Aºmkn bpKw bqtdm]y·mÀ hcp¶p

Gjym h³IcbpsS sX¡p]Snªmdv ØnXnsN¿p¶ hnkvXrX `qJÞamWv Atd_y. 30,07,305 N.In.ao. hnkvXoÀ®w IW¡m¡s¸Sp¶p. BZv, kaqZv, PpÀ lqw F¶nhÀ ChnSps¯ ]ucmWnI tKm{X§fmbncp¶p. H«\h[n Imew ap¼pÅ Ncn{Xw Gsd¡psd hnizk\obamb hn[¯n Atd_y¡mbn FgpXs¸«n«p v. AÚm\Imew F¶p hntijn¸n¡s¸« Imes¯ cN\IÄ, Ad_nIÄ a\x]mTam¡nh¨ \mtSmSn¡YIÄ, sFXnly§Ä, lntdmtUm«kv, ¹o\n F¶o bqtdm]y·mcpsS cN\IÄ,]mÝmXy k©mcnIfpsS hnhcW§Ä XpS§nb \nch[n Ncn{X t{kmXÊpIÄ Atd_ysb ]cnNbs¸Sp¯p¶Xmbn«p v. hyhkmb hmWnPy cwK§fnepw ImemhØ¡\ptbmPyamb PohnX hyhlmc§Ä cq]s¸Sp¯p¶Xnepw [otcmZm¯amb PohnXw \bn¡p¶Xnepw Ad_nIÄ {]kn²n t\SnbhcmWv. F¶m Cu IgnhpIfpw AXnsâ {]Xyp¸¶§fpw H¶pahsc kwkvImc k¼¶cm¡m³ aXnbmbXmbncp¶nÃ. kmlnXys¯ aZy¯nsâ aZmekbptSbpw, kvXpXKoX§sf tKm{Xt¸mÀ\ne§fnse h{Pmbp[§fpam¡n amäpIbmbncp¶p AhÀ. [ocX sIm hÀ¡v H¶pw t\Sm\mbnÃ. tKm{X§Ä X½nep mbn«pÅ \nc´c kwL«\§fÃmsX. hmfnsâ Nne¼enÃm¯, tNmcbpsS NoäenÃm¯ kwL«\§fpsS BÀ¸phnfnIfnÃm¯ Znhk§Ä hncense®m³ t]mepw CÃmbncp¶p. sImÅbpw sImÅnsh¸pw \nÀ_m[w \SamSnbXpaqew sskzcPohnXw Hcp ]mgv¡n\mhp am{Xambncp¶p. sXÃv A`nam\t¯msSbmbncp¶p AhcnsXms¡ sNbvXncp¶Xv. kmlnXycwKw D¯pwKtkm]m\¯nembncp¶nÃ. ]t£, kmlnXy¯n\v am\hnIXbpsS Nphbp mbncp¶p. A£cm`ymkapÅhcpsS F®w shdpw ]Xnt\gpam{Xw. Cu Iq¯m«§Ä¡nSbnepw AhÀ¡v ssZh{]XnjvTIfpsS Imcy¯n ]ªapmbncp¶nÃ. Ckvemansâ BhnÀ`mh Ime¯v ap¶qän Adp]Xv {]XnjvTIÄ GIssZhs¯ Bcm[n¡m\mbn temI¯mZyw ]WnX IAv_¡I¯v Xs¶bp mbncp¶p. _ÂJmC \n¶v Awdp_v³ epAbv F¶bmfmWv IAv_bnte¡v BZyw hn{Klw sIm ph¶sX¶v ]dbs¸Sp¶p.

amÀKZÀiI³ CkvamCu \_nbpsS hntbmK¯n\p tijw GItZiw c mbnc¯n Aªqdne[nIw kwhÕc§Ä¡p tijamWv apl½Zv \_n(kz) P\n¡p¶Xv. F¶ncp¶mepw temI¯v

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GIssZh hnizmk¯nsâ shfn¨w AWªpt]mbn«nÃmbncp¶p. \_nbpsS P\\thfbn Xs¶ hdJXv_n³ \u^ens\ t]mepÅ GIssZh hnizmknIÄ a¡bnep mbncp¶p. ]t£, \_nbpsS P\\¯n\p sXm«pap¼mWv AhÀ¡v HtcIoIrX kwLSnX cq]ap mbncp¶Xv. "lp\^mDIÄ' F¶ t]cn AhÀ Ncn{X¯nednbs¸Sp¶p. F.Un. Aªqän Fgp]s¯m¶v G{]n Ccp]¯nsbm¶n\mWv temI¯nsâ amÀKZÀiI³ apl½Zv apkvX^m(kz) P\n¨Xv. A\mY\mbncp¶p P\n¡pt¼mÄ. A£cm`ymkanÃmsX I¨hS¯nteÀs¸«pw aäp kmaqly {]hÀ¯\§Ä \S¯nbpw \_n hfÀ¶p. Atd_ybpsS ZpchØtbmÀ¯v B a\Êv Iepjambn. B XncpIc§Ä lndmKplbpsS AÔImc¯n Hcp shfn¨¯n\mbn \o«n¸nSn¨p. B a\Ên I®ocn IpXnÀ¶ {]mÀY\ma{´§Ä apg§n. Hcp \mÄ AÃmlphnsâ ZqX³ Pn_vcoÂ(A) {]Xy£s¸«p. {]hmNIXzw \ÂIn A\p{Kln¨p. AXphgn a\pjycmin apgph³ A\p{KloXcmbn. kXy¯nsâ i_vZw apg§n. XuloZnsâ [ocKmY apt¶m«p \o§m³ XpS§n. {]tem`\, {]tIm]\§fn hiwhZ\mImsX {]hmNI\pw B ImÂ]mSpIfn ]mZaaÀ¯n A\pNchrµhpw kXyamÀ¤¯n kackÖcmbn. F´n\pw Hcp¡apÅ A\pbmbnIsf hmÀs¯Sp¯p. AhÀ ]ÀÆX§sft¸mse XuloZn\v Icpt¯In. F¶m XuloZnsâ Ahkm\s¯ \mfhpw XpS¨p\o¡m³ JpssdinIÄ FXnÀ¸nsâ sImSp¦mägn¨phn«p. Ahkm\s¯ apkvenans\ XpS¨p \o¡m³ i{Xp¡Ä ZrV{]XnÚsbSp¯tXmsS Poh\pÅ aXs¯ c£n¡m³ ssZhI¸\bp mbn. lnPvd Bcw`n¨p. {]hmNIs\bpw A\pNc·mtcbpw Im¯ncn¡p¶ hensbmcp P\Xbp v bkvcn_nÂ. At§m«mbncp¶p ]emb\w. Ahkm\s¯ A\pbmbntbbpw IS¯nhnSm³ {]hmNI³ At§bäw bXv\n¨p. km[yambhscms¡ t]mbn¯oÀ¶t¸mÄ {]hmNI\pw ]pds¸«p. {]hmNI\pw A\pNc·mÀ¡pw aZo\bn cmtPmNnX hcth¸v. AhÀ \_n(kz)tbmSpÅ _lpam\mÀYw bkvcn_n\v aZo\¯p¶_n (\_nbpsS \Kcw) F¶v ]p\À\maIcWw sNbvXp.

Hcp cmjv{S\nÀ½mWw kzmX{´y¯ntâbpw \nÀ`bXz¯ntâbpw cmjv{Sambncp¶p aZo\. kmtlmZcy¯nsâ AXpeyamb A\p`qXn e`n¨ a®mbncp¶p AXv. \qäm pIÄ \o tKm{XhÀ¤ kwL«\§Ä¡v s\Sp\mbIXzw hln¨p. ]pIbqXn \n¡p¶ c v tKm{X§sf (Hukv, JkvdPv) {]hmNI³ H¶n¸n¨p. a¡bn \n¶v \mSpw hoSpw hn«v h¶ kzlm_nIÄ¡v aZo\¡mÀ FÃm klmbhpw sNbvXp. kz¯pw k¼mZyhpw `mcyamsc t]mepw ]ckv]cw ]Ip¯v sImSp¯v kzoIcn¨p. hnizmknIÄ ktlmZc§fmbn, aZo\bpsS kpJm´co£¯n Hcp ]dpZok ]WnXp. aZo\bnse blqZnIÄ, apivcn¡pIÄ F¶nhcpambn {]hmNI³ DS¼Sn sNbvXp. am\pjy Ncn{X¯nse BZy enJnX `cWLS\ AhnsS FgpXs¸«p. aZo\bnse dn¸»n¡n kzbw \nÀWbmhImiapÅ {]PIfmbncp¶p blqZnIfpw apivcn¡pIfpw. Ckveman\pw {]hmNI\pw aZo\ `cn¡m\pÅ AhImiw ssIh¶p. F¶m FÃmhÀ¡pw Ahcmcmbmepw kam[m\t¯msS Pohn¡pIbpw sN¿mw. aZo\s¡Xnsc \nch[n XhW It¿ä§fp mbn. apkvenwIÄ¡v sskzcw Xcm³ i{Xp¡Ä Xocpam\n¨n«nsöv Cu \o¡§fn \n¶v t_m[yambncp¶p. AhÀ¡v Xncn¨SnbneqsS KpW]mTw \ÂtI n h¶p. Bkq{XnXamb \o¡§fpw \bss\]pWyhpw BßmÀYXbpw a\pjykvt\lhpw Zbbpw ssZh`ànbpw sIm v Hcp henb P\X {]hmNIsâ t\XrXzawKoIcn¨p. IdIfª XuloZnsâ AacXzw AhÀ PohnXw sIm v k½Xn¨p. Pmlnen¿¯nsâ apgp k{¼Zmb§Ä¡psaXnsc AkaXz¯nsâ A{Ia§Äs¡Xnsc km¼¯nI NqjW¯ns\Xnsc a\pjymhImi [zwk\¯ns\Xnsc amÀK{`wi¯ns\Xnsc

3

Hcp almhn¹hw Pbn¡pIbmbncp¶p. Ccp]¯naq¶v kwhÕc§Ä sIm v Hcp almPohnXw {]hmNI³ Pohn¨p ImWn¨pX¶p. ]dªp sImSp¯pw A[nIhpw sNbvXp ImWn¨pw AhnSp¶v ]Tn¸n¨p. B Po hnX¯n \n¶v Hcp \nanjhpw ]pdwXncnªp \nÂt¡ kmlNcyw CkvemanI kaql¯n\nÃ. A{Xbpw DZm¯w. Ncn{Xw \_n(kz)bpsS hntbmKw tcJs¸Sp¯n. AhnSp¶v CltemIhmkw shSnªp. B kab¯v Atd_y D]`qJÞw Ckvemansâ A[o\Xbnembncp¶p. temIw \Sp§n. Ncn{Xw I®ocn IpXnÀ¶p.

D¯cm[nImcnIfpsS Imew \_n(kz) CltemIhmkw shSnbpt¼mÄ ]n³Kmansb Xocpam\n¨ncp¶nÃ. B AhImiw P\§Ä¡v sImSp¡pIbmbncp¶p. CkvemanI cmjv{S¯nsâ Xeh³ Bcmbncn¡Wsa¶v apkvenwIÄ Xocpam\n¨p. A_q_IvÀ kzn±oJv(d) {]hmNIcpsS Bßkplr¯pw BWp§fn BZyw Ckvemw ]pÂInbhcpw kzn±oJv F¶ A]c\ma¯n\Àl\mIpw hn[w \_n(kz)sb ]n´pSÀ¶hcpambncp¶p. A_q_IvÀ kzn±oJv F¶ [\mVy³ Xsâ k¼¯v apgph³ Ckveman\v sImSp¯p. `cW¯nsâ \nb{´Ww XuloZn\pw Xncpkp¶¯n\pw A[njvTnXambn At±lw P\§Ä¡v sImSp¯p. Xm³ EPpamÀ¤¯n Dd¨p\n¡p¶ Imet¯mfw am{Xsa Rm³ \n§fpsS `cWm[nImcnbmhp¶pÅq. A§s\bÃm¯ ]£w Fs¶ \n§Ä t\Àhgn ]Tn¸n¡Wsa¶v AhnSp¶v P\§tfmSv ]dªp. kIm¯v \ntj[nIÄ, hymP{]hmNI·mÀ ChÀ CkvemanI kaql¯n Ipg¸¯n\v {ian¨ ImeL«ambncp¶p AXv. CubSp¯p am{Xw Ckvemante¡v IS¶ph¶hÀ¡nSbn On{ZXbp m¡pw hn[w Imcy§Ä Ipgªpadnbm³ A _q_IvÀ(d) A\phZn¨ncp¶nÃ. A¡q«¯n tdma³, t]Àjy³ km{amPy§Ä DbÀ¯nhn« `ojWnbpw Hcp {]XnkÔnbmbncp¶p. Chsbms¡ X{´]qÀÆw A_q_IvÀ(d) t\cn«p. Cu km{amPy§fn \n¶v Ckvemansâ i_vZapbcm³ `cWIqS§Ä A\phZn¨nÃ. P\XbpsS hnizmks¯ NqjWw sNbvXp AhcpsS at\makvXnjvI§sf N§ebn Ipcp¡nbn«v Nn´mkzmX{´yw \ntj[n¡s¸«ncn¡pIbmbncp¶p AhnsS. JmenZv_n³ heoZnsâ t\XrXz¯nepÅ CkvemanI ssk\yw Cu cmPy§fn Ibdns¨¶p. AhnS§fn Ckvemansâ sh¶ns¡mSn ]mdn¨p. B`y´c Iem]§Ä ASn¨aÀ¯pIbpw CkvemanI kaql¯n\v XnIª Bßhnizmkw \ÂIpIbpw sNbvXpsh¶XmWv A_q_IvÀ(d)sâ {][m\ `cWt\«§Ä. Iq«¯n hnip² JpÀB³ t{ImUoIcWw AXnal¯mb kw`mh\bmWv. acn¡p¶Xn\pap¼v Xs¶ Dadn(d)s\ Jeo^bm¡n hkzn¿¯v sNbvXp. P\§Ä GIIWvTambn AXwKoIcn¡pIbmbncp¶p.

DaÀ(d) A_q_IvÀ(d)s\t¸mse {]KÛ\mb kzlm_nbmWv l{k¯v Dadp ^mdqJv(d). {]hmNIcpsS c mw D¯cm[nImcnbmbncp¶p Dadp ^mdqJv(d). t]Àjy¡mcpw tdmam¡mcpambpÅ kwL«\w DaÀ(d)sâ `cW¯n iàn {]m]n¨p. ap¸Xn\mbncw hcp¶ apkvenw ]SbmfnIÄ Adp]Xn\mbnct¯mfw hcp¶ t]Àjy³ ssk\yt¯mSv kAvZp_v³ A_ohJvJmkznsâ t\XrXz¯n Gäpap«n. CtXkabw bÀaq¡n JmenZv_n³ heoZnsâ t\XrXz¯n \m¸Xn\mbnct¯mfw apkvenwIÄ Hcp e£¯n¸cw tdmam¡msc s]mcpXn ]cmPbs¸Sp¯n. t]Àjy³ km{amPyw Ncn{X¯nsâ `mKamhpIbpw tdma³ km{amPy¯nsâ X{´{][m\ Øe§Ä ]nSn¨S¡pIbpw sNbvXp. t]ÀjybpsS XeØm\amb aZmC\ns\ e£yam¡n kAvZp_v³ A_ohJvJmkzpw ssk\yhpw \S¯nb bp²w FSp¯p ]dbmhXmWv. ssS{Koknsâ Ingt¡ Icbn B[p\nI _KvZmZnsâ Øm\¯mbncp¶p aZmC³ D mbncp¶Xv. ssS{Kokv IS¶mWv aZmC\nset¯ Xv. \mhnItk\ CÃm¯

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apkvenw ssk\yw IS¯oc¯p \n¶v ssZhoI \maapÑcn¨v ssS{KokneqsS IpXncsb ]mbn¨p. t]Àjy¡mÀ `bNInXcmbn HmSpIbmbncp¶p. ]t£, AhÀ AS§nbncp¶nÃ. HSp¡w \lmh´nsâ t]mÀ\ne§fn \n¶v t]Àjy³ ssk\ys¯ apkvenwIÄ aeÀ¯nbSn¨p. Cu hnPb¯n AXymËmZw ]mSnsöv DaÀ(d) ]dªp. "{]hmNIsâ ImÂ]mSpIÄ ]n´pScpI. \n§Ä Zpjn¡mXncp¶m \n§Ä¡p \ÃXv.'

ss_Xp aJvZnknsâ tamN\w DaÀ(d)sâ `cWIme¯v \S¶ {][m\ kw`hhnImk§fnsem¶mWnXv. tdma³ km{amPy¯nsâ `mKamb kndnbbnembncp¶p ss_Xp aJvZnkv. ss{IkvXhcmbncp¶p AXnsâ ]cn]meIÀ. bÀaq¡n JmenZv_n³ heoZnsâ t\XrXz¯nepÅ ssk\yw tdma³ ssk\ys¯ tamNn¸n¨t¸mÄ Xs¶ `cWm[nImcnbmb lnÀJ XeØm\w kndnbbn \n¶v tIm¬Ìmânt\m¸nfnte¡v amänbncp¶p. apkvenwIÄ ss_Xp aJvZnkv D]tcm[n¨t¸mÄ ss{IkvXhÀ kÔn¡v X¿mdmbn. DaÀ(d) t\cn«v h¶p kÔntcJ X¿mdm¡Wsa¶mbncp¶p AhcpsS B hiyw. hnhcadnªt¸mÄ Aen(d)sb {]Xn\n[nbm¡n DaÀ(d) kndnbbn h¶p. ss{IkvXhcpsS [\hpw A`nam\hpw apkvenw `cW¯n ]qÀ®kpc£nXambncn¡psa¶v IcmsdgpXn H¸psh¨psImSp¯p. ]t£, CuPn]vXn \n¶pw CkvemanI Jnem^¯ns\Xnsc tdma¡mÀ ]pXnb AkzØXIÄ krjvSn¨p. Awdp_v\p Bkzns\ CuPn]vXv tamNn¸n¡m³ DaÀ(d) NpaXes¸Sp¯n. c p hÀjw sIm v CuPn]vXv Ckvemansâ hcpXnbn h¶p. _ÀJ, en_nb F¶nhbpw apkvenw ssk\yw IogS¡n.

Dkvam³(d) kzÀKw sIm v kt´mjhmÀ¯ Adnbn¡s¸«hcmbncp¶p Dkvam³(d). \_nbpsS c p s]¬a¡sf hnhmlw sNbvXp "Zp¶qssd\n' F¶ A]cm`n[m\¯nednbs¸«p. DaÀ(d) \ntbmKn¨ Hcp {]tXyI kanXn P\§fn \n¶v A`n{]mbamcmªmWv Dkvam³(d)s\ Jeo^bmbn XncsªSp¯Xv. aq¶mw Jeo^bmbn `cWtasäSp¡pt¼mÄ {]mbw Fgp]Xv hbÊv. 12 hÀjw `cWw \S¯n. Ing¡v Kkv\nbpw Im_qfpw hscbpÅ {]tZi§fpw ]Snªmdv SpWojybpw CkvemanI Jnem^¯nsâ `mKambn. CkvemanI Jnem^¯nsâ Iogn Hcp {]_eamb \mhnItk\ cq]oIrXambXv Dkvam³(d)sâ {][m\ kw`mh\Ifnsem¶mWv.

Aen(d) \_nbpsS PmamXmhv. CkvemanI apt¶ä§fn t\Xr]camb ]¦phln¨p. ]¯mw hbÊn Xs¶ XuloZnsâ XWen h¶p. hnÚm\¯n AenbpsS ss\]pWyw {]hmNI³ FSp¯p ]dªncp¶p. Dkvam³(d)s\ AÚmXÀ sImes¸Sp¯nbt¸mgmWv Aen(d) Jeo^bmIp¶Xv. Dkvamsâ LmXIs\ Is ¯m³ Ignbm¯ IgnhpsI«h³ F¶v ]ecpw At±ls¯ A[nt£]n¨ncp¶p. CkvemanI Jnem^¯ns\ On¶`n¶am¡m\pÅ h{Pmbp[ambn AhÀ Cu {]iv\s¯ D]tbmKs¸Sp¯n. Dkvam³(d)sâ LmXIsc I p]nSn¡m\pÅ ImeXmakw F´psIm msW¶v A¡mcy¯n hntbmPn¸v tcJs¸Sp¯nb BCix(d), XzÂlx(d) F¶o {]apJ kzlm_nIsf Aen(d) t_m[ys¸Sp¯nbncp¶p. ]t£, Ipg¸¡mÀ FÃm A\pcRvP\ {ia§tfbpw A«nadn¨p. AhÀ¡v Ckvemansâ, kaql¯nsâ PohÑhambncp¶p th nbncp¶Xv. apkvenwIsf X½neSn¸n¡m³, DaÀ(d) aps¼mcn¡Â ap¶dnbn¸v \ÂInb, B`y´ciànIÄ InWªp {ian¨p. AXn\m Cu L«¯n Jeo^¡v asämcp Imcyhpw {i²n¡m³ Ignªncp¶nÃ. BCix(d)bpw Aen(d)bpw X½nep m¡nb A\pcRvP\w Cu On{ZiànIÄ XpScm³ A\phZn¨nÃ. Aen(d)bpw apBhnbx(d)hpw Cu hnjb¯n CSªp. Hcp Gäpap«ep mbn.

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]ckv]cw ]ncnbpwap¼pXs¶ JpÀBsâ ASnØm\¯n H¯pXoÀ¸p mbn. CtX¯pSÀ¶v a\pjycpsS a[yØw Ip^vdmsW¶p ]dªv JhmcnPpIÄ cwKs¯¯n. AhÀ Aen(d), apBhnbx(d), {]iv\¯n a[yØ\mb Awdp_v³ Bkzv(d) F¶nhsc h[n¡m\mbn Dgdn \S¶p. HSphn AhÀ Aen(d)sb sImes¸Sp¯n. AenbpsS acWtijw Iq^¡mÀ aI³ lk³(d)s\ \nÀ_Ôn¨v `cWta¸n¨p. kndnbbnse KhÀWdmbncp¶ apBhnbx(d)¶v CXv Zln¨nÃ. C¡mcyw Adnªt¸mÄ C\nsbmcp Ipg¸¯n\p \n¡msX lk³(d) Øm\XymKw sNbvXp. CXmWv BapÂPamA (kwLSnXhÀjw). CtXmsS Jnem^¯pÀdminZx Ahkm\n¡pIbmbn. cmjv{Sn kwhn[m\w, kmaqlnI \hoIcWw, \bX{´w F¶o hninjvS aqey§fn Jnem^¯pÀdminZx temINcn{X¯n anI¨p\n¡p¶p. Hcp henb temIs¯ DÄs¡mÅm\pw A[nImc hntI{µoIcWt¯msSbpw P\Iob klIcWt¯msSbpw BßmÀ YXtbmsSbpw Hcp ]pXnb `cW kwkvImcw krjvSn¡m³ IgnªXv Jnem^¯pÀdminZxbpsS kw`mh\Ifn anI¨XmWv.

apeq¡n¿¯v Jnem^¯pÀdminZx¡p tijw XncsªSp¡s¸« `cWIqSasænepw apBhnbx(d) Bbncp¶p `cWm[nImcn. CdmJv hntamNI\mb kAvZp_v\p A_ohJvJmkzv(d) Hcn¡Â apBhnbx(d)sb I t¸mÄ "AÊemap Asse¡ A¿plÂaenIv'(Hm cmPmth At§¡v AÃmlphnsâ kpc£ D mhs«.) F¶mWs{X A`nkwt_m[\ sNbvXXv. AtX, CkvemanINcn{Xw C\n cmPm[n]Xy¯ntâXmWv. apeqIn¿¯mWv, Jnem^¯Ã. Ccp]XpsImÃambncp¶p apBhnbx(d)bpsS `cWImew. cmPy¯v {Iakam[m\¯n\v ]db¯¡ `wKsam¶pap mbnÃ. D¯cm{^n¡ CkvemanI `cW¯n\pIogn h¶Xv At±l¯nsâ Ime¯mWv. ZamkvIkmbncp¶p apBhnbm `cW¯nsâ BØm\w. kwkvImc¯nsâ AXn{]mNo\amb Cu \Kcw CkvemanI Ncn{X¯nse I®mb tI{µamWv. im´nbpw kam[m\hpw IfnbmSnbncp¶ Imeambncp¶p apBhnbbptSXv. P\§fpambn \à s]cpamäambncp¶p. hnIk\¯nsâ ]ShpIfneqsS Cu `cWw P\a\ÊpIfn Zo]vXamb kvacWIfpWÀ¯p¶p. apBhnbx(d) Xsâ ]n³Kmanbmbn ]p{X³ bkoZns\ \ma\nÀt±iw sNbvXp. CkvemanI Ncn{X¯n BZys¯ {]hWXbmbncp¶p Cu \ma\nÀt±iw. InkvdmbptSbpw ssIkdptSbpw amXrIbmWnsX¶v A¡mes¯ {]apJ kzlm_nIÄ Xpd¶Sn¨p. aq¶p hÀj¡mew am{Xw \_ntbmSv klhkn¡m³ `mKyw e`n¨ apBhnbx(d)\v Ckvemansâ cmjv{Sob hyhØnXnsb¡pdn¨pÅ [mcW¡pdhmbncp¶p C§s\sbmcp ZpchØ kw`hn¡m\pÅ ImcWw. BZyw {]XnÚ, ]ns¶ A[nImcw F¶ coXn A«nadnªp. BZyw A[nImcw ]ns¶ {]XnÚ F¶mbn amdn. CkvemanI cmjv{Sob Ncn{X¯n Cu {]hWX apkvX^m IamÂ]mjbpsS ImeL«t¯mfw bmsXmcp Cf¡hpw X«msX \ne\n¶p.

IÀ_ebpsS I®oÀ bkoZnsâ Øm\mtcmlWs¯ FXnÀ¯ P\§Ä Aen(d)bpsS ]p{X\mb lpssk³(d)sâ t\XrXz¯n kwLSn¨p. Iq^¡mÀ lpssk³(d)\v ]n´pW {]Jym]n¨p. s]s«¶v Iq^bnse¯Wsa¶v AhÀ A`yÀYn¨p. F¶m {]apJ kzlm_nIÄ Cu \o¡s¯ FXnÀ¯p. lpssk³(d) kv{XoIfpw Ip«nIfpaS§p¶ Fgp]¯nct mfw t]tcmsSm¸w ]pds¸«p. AhÀ Iq^bnse¯pwapt¼ bkoZnsâ KhÀWdmb C_v\pknbmZv AhnsS F¯nbncp¶p. knbmZnsâ `ojWn tI«v Iq^¡mÀ lpssk³(d)\v \ÂInb ]n´pW ]n³hen¨p. am{Xaà lpssk³(d)sâ {]Xn\n[nbmb C_v\pDssJens\ AhÀ knbmZn\v

6

]nSn¨psImSp¡pIbpw sNbvXp. lpssk³(d) Iq^¡mcpsS Cu \S]Snbn \ncmi\mbn a¡bnte¡v aS§m³ Xocpam\ns¨¦nepw {]XnImcZmlapÅ C_v\pDssJensâ ktlmZc·mÀ bm{X XpScm³ \nÀ_Ôn¡pIbmbncp¶p. bq{^«okv \ZoXoc¯pÅ IÀ_ebn F¯nbt¸mÄ C_v\pknbmZnsâ Bbncw `S·mcS§p¶ ssk\yw Ahsc XSªp. lpssk³(d) H«\h[n A\pcRvP\ \nÀt±i§Ä apt¶m«pshs¨¦nepw bkoZns\ ss_A¯v sN¿Wsa¶ Bhiy¯n knbmZv Dd¨p\n¶p. [oc\mb lpssk³(d) AXv k½Xn¨nÃ. Gäpap«ep mbn. {]hmNIcpsS {]nbs¸« ]u{Xs\ AhÀ \njvIcpWw h[ns¨¶p am{Xaà AwKhntÑZw \S¯n, hnPbw BtLmjn¡pIbpw sNbvXpsh¶Xv Gsd ZpxJIcambn. \_n(kz)bpsS ]u{Xt\mSv sNbvX Cu almsXän\p am¸p\ÂIm³ P\§Ä¡mIpambncp¶nÃ. {]apJ kzlm_nIÄ I®oscmgp¡n. aZo\¡mÀ A_vZpÃmln_v\p kpss_À(d)s\ `cWm[nImcnbm¡n. {]XnÚ sNbvXp. CXn tcmjmIpe\mb C_v\pknbmZv aZo\bn h¶v aq¶pamk¡mew Iq« \cta[w \S¯n cu{Z \r¯amSn. CXn\nsS bkoZv acWs¸«Xp ImcWw ssk\yw Xncn¨pt]mbn. bkoZnsâ ]n³KmanIÄ `cWta¡m³ aSn¨p. CkvemanI temIw A_vZpÃmln_v\p kpss_À(d)s\ `cWm[nImcnbmbn AwKoIcn¨p. F¶m kndnbbn bkoZnsâ IpSpw_amb _\qDa¿bpw C_v\pkpss_dnsâ BfpIfpw X½n \S¶ bp²s¯ XpSÀ¶v kndnbbn kpss_À(d)sâ `cWw Ahkm\n¨p. aäp `mK§fn `cWw XpSÀ¶p. CXn\nSbn Daho `cWw iàn {]m]n¡pIbpw A_vZpÂaenIv hnPbw t\SpIbpw sNbvXp. lÖmPp_v\p bqkp^pambpÅ bp²¯n kpss_À(d) acWs¸«tXmsS Hcp bpKsamSp§n.

A_vZpÂaenInsâ `cWw CXn\ptijw kndnbbn aÀhm\p_v\p lIw F¶ Da¿m IpSpw_mwKw Jeo^bmbn hmgn¡s¸«p. H¼Xpamks¯ `cW¯n\p tijw AbmÄ acWaSªp. ]p{X³ A_vZpÂaenIv Jeo^bmbn. CdmJn \n¶pw Cdm\n \n¶papÅ JhmcnPn On{ZXIsf At±lw FXnÀ¯p tXm¸n¨p. D¯cm{^n¡bn \n¶pÅ _À_co Iem]§Ä ASn¨aÀ¯n AXns\ ]cn]qÀ®ambn CkvemanI Jnem^¯n sIm ph¶p. HutZymKnI `mj Ad_nbm¡nbpw \mWb§Ä ASn¨nd¡nbpw At±lw CkvemanI km{amPys¯ kzbw ]cym]vXXbnte¡v \bn¨p. lnPvd 86þþ96 ImeL«¯nembncp¶p aenInsâ aI³ heoZv `cn¨ncp¶Xv. CkvemanI km{amPy¯nsâ hym]vXn C§v ssN\bpsS AXnÀ¯n hsc At±lw F¯n¨p. _pJmd, kaÀJ´v, Iohv, ImivKÀ F¶o {]tZi§Ä Pbn¨S¡n ssN\bpsS AXnÀ¯n hsc heoZnsâ tk\m\mbI\mb JpssX_x F¯n¡gnªncp¶p. ssN\bpsS AXnÀ¯nbn \n¶v \b]camb ]S\o¡§Ä¡v XpS¡w Ipdn¡th heoZv A´cn¨p. ssk\yw Xncn¨pt]mbXp ImcWw ssN\mhnPbw \S¡pIbp mbnÃ. CtX ImeL«¯nemWv ]m¡nØm³ CkvemanI km{amPy¯nsâ `mKambXv. Atd_ybn \n¶v e¦bnte¡v hcnIbmbncp¶ GXm\pw kv{XoIfpw Ip«nIfpaS§p¶ I¸Â, AXn hne]nSn¸pÅ ]mcntXmjnI§fp mbXp ImcWw ISÂs¡mÅ¡mÀ ]mcntXmjnI§sfSp¯v bm{X¡msc _ÔnIfm¡n ]nSn¨p. Chsc tamNn¸n¡m³ klmbn¡Wsa¶mhiys¸«p Jeo^ heoZv knÔnse `cWm[nImcnbmb Zmlndn\v Is¯gpXn. ]t£, B I¯v ZmlnÀ ]n¨n¨o´n hens¨dnªp. CtX¯pSÀ¶v apl½Zv _n³ Jmknw F¶ heoZnsâ tk\m\mbI³ knÔv B{Ian¨p. bp²¯n ZmlnÀ sImÃs¸«p. A§s\ ]m¡nØm³ CkvemanI km{amPy¯nsâ `mKambn XoÀ¶p.

7

kvs]bn³, t]mÀ¨pK F¶o {]tZi§Ä IogS¡m\mbncp¶p heoZnsâ ASp¯ DZyaw. aÀ±I`cWIqSambncp¶p A¡me¯v AhnsSbp mbncp¶Xv. dm{kn¡v F¶ `cWm[nImcnbpsS ssk\y¯ns\Xnsc apkvenwIÄ ]S\o¡w XpS§n. Hcp ss{IkvXh t\Xmhv dm{kn¡ns\Xncn apkvenw ssk\y¯nsâ klmbw tXSpIbpw sNbvXp. XzmcoJv_v\p knbmZv F¶ tk\m\mbI³ dm{kn¡nsâ ssk\ys¯ ]cmPbs¸Sp¯n. kvs]bn\pw t]mÀ¨pKepw DÄs¸« A´pepkv IogS¡n. ]ncWokv ]ÀÆX\ncIÄ Xm n {^m³knsâ AXnÀ¯n hsc Cu ssk\yw F¯nbncp¶p. ]ns¶ apt¶m«p t]mIm³ Jeo^bpsS A\phmZap mbncp¶nÃ. kpsseam³ A_vZpÂaenImbncp¶p ASp¯ `cWm[nImcn. heoZnsâ ktlmZc\mbncp¶p Ct±lw. tIm¬Ìmânt\m¸nÄ D]tcm[n¨Xp Cu `cWIme¯mbncp¶p. ISenepw Icbnepw Htc kabw D]tcm[n¡s¸«p. ]t£, Cu D]tcm[¯n apkvenwIÄ¡v \mi\jvSw kw`hn¨p. aªphogvNbpw `£W I½nbpambncp¶p CXn\p ImcWw.

Dadp_v³ A_vZp Akokv lnPvdx 99þþ101 ImeL«¯n CkvemanI Jnem^¯nsâ t\XrØm\¯p h¶ Dadp_v³ A_vZp Akokv bYmÀY Jnem^¯nsâ ]p\xØm]\¯n\pth n {ian¨bmfmWv. cmPhmgvN P\§Ä¡pta Agn¨phn« {IqcXIfn At±lw Jn¶\mbncp¶p. P\§Ä \nÀ_Ôn¨v At±ls¯ `cWta¸n¨p. bYmÀYhpw CkvemanIhpamb coXnbn At±lw `cWamcw`n¨p. AgnaXnbpw kzP\]£]mXhpw At±lw XpS¨pamän. CXv kz´¡mcn Xs¶ apdpapdp¸pfhm¡n. \n£n]vXXm¸cy§Ä¡v A´x]pc§fn Aeªp\S¡m\pÅ Ahkcw \ÂInbnÃ. amXrIm]camb Dadp_v³ A_vZp Akoknsâ `cWhpw \nb{´Whpw A apkvenwIsf Ckvemante¡m\bn¨p. knÔnse cmPmZmlndnsâ ]p{X³ Pbv nwKv t]mepw Ckvemans\ tXSn h¶p. ]t£, \n£n]vX Xm¸cyw At±l¯n\v Ccn¡s¸mdpXn \ÂInbnÃ. Dadp_v³ A_vZp Akokns\ NneÀ hnjw sImSp¯v sImes¸Sp¯pIbmbncp¶p. ap¸s¯m¼Xv hbÊmbncp¶p {]mbw.

lnimap_v\p A_vZpÂaenIv Dahohwi¯nse {]KÛcmb `cWm[nImcnIfpsS Ahkm\ I®nbmbncp¶p lnimap_v\p A_vZpÂaenIv. Ccp]Xv hÀjambncp¶p `cWImew. ]IzaXnbpw kaÀY\pambncp¶p At±lw. Jpdmkm³, XpÀ¡nØm³, AÀao\nb, AkÀ_Pm³, D¯cm{^n¡ F¶nhnS§fn Xes]m¡nb Iem]w HXp¡n¯oÀ¯p. djybpsS sX¡p`mK¯v XpÀ¡n hwi¯nsâ `mKambn JkÀ hwiw Hcp im]`cWw \S¯n h¶ncp¶p. AkÀss_Pm\nepw AÀao\nbbnepw AhÀ B{IaWw Agn¨phn«p. ZmKnØm³ hgnsb¯nb apkvenw ssk\yw Ahsc ]cmPbs¸Sp¯n. samtdmt¡mbpsS sXt¡ Aä¯pÅ kqkv ]«Ww Ckvemansâ A[o\Xbn h¶Xpw ]Snªmd³ ]m¡nØm\n ImivaoÀ hscbpÅ {]tZi§fpw C´ybn DÖbn³, KpPdm¯v, _kqPv F¶o {]tZi§fpw IogS¡nbXpw lnimansâ `cWIme¯mWv.

Dahn¿ hnShm§p¶p lnimansâ ]n³Kmanbmbn h¶Xv A_vZpÂaenInsâ ]p{X³ heoZmWv. kpJtemep]\pw aZy]m\nbpambncp¶p Ct±lw. tKm{X]£]mXnXzw Cu kab¯v Xes]m¡n. AXn IpSp§n At±lw h[n¡s¸«p. heoZv c masâ ]p{X³ bkoZv _n³ heoZmbncp¶p ASp¯ `cWm[nImcn.`cWcwKw CkvemanIam¡m³ At±l¯n\p \nÀ_Ôap mbncp¶p. A[nImcw

8

`{Zambncp¶nÃ. Jnem^¯n\v ]e AhIminIfpw cwK¯v h¶p. Bdpamk¯n\p tijw At±lw acWaSªp. XpSÀ¶v ktlmZc³ C_vdmlow heoZv `cWtasäSp¯p. cmPIpSpw_¯n Xs¶ {]iv\§Ä Xes]m¡nbXv C¡me¯mbncp¶p. Ct±l¯nsâ acWtijw aÀhm\p_v³ apl½Zv A[nImctasäSp¯p. ]t£, B`y´c ØnXnKXn Ipgªpadnªp t]mbncp¶p. \_n(kz)bpsS IpSpw_amb lminw IpSpw_¯n \n¶pw Iem]{ia§fp mbn. AºmknIfpw ioCuIfpw tbmPn¨p. ]ns¶ ]ncnªp. Dahn Jnem^¯ns\Xnsc Iem]w sNbvXp.

Aºmkn bpKw A_vZp Aºmkv k^v^mlv Bbncp¶p H¶mw Aºmkn Jeo^x. \mev hÀjambncp¶p `cWImew. CdmJnse Aw_mÀ ]«Ww BØm\ambn At±lw `cn¨p. Daho `cW¯nsâ Ncn{Xhpw NnÓ§fpw ambv¡m³ Ct±l¯nsâ t\XrXz¯n AcpXm¯ ]eXpw kw`hn¨p. Dahn `cWm[nImcnIfpsS {IqcXIÄ¡ncbmb Aen IpSpw_¯nsâ ]n´pWtbmsS `cW¯n h¶ AºmknIÄ `cW¯nse¯nb tijw Aen IpSpw_s¯ ad¶p. lk³(d)sâ Xmhgnbn s]« C_vdmlow, apl½Zv F¶nhÀ Jeo^x a³kzqdnsâ Ime¯v Iem]s¡mSn DbÀ¯n. ChÀ c pt]scbpw _Ô\Øcm¡m³ Jeo^x ssk\ys¯ Ab¨t¸mtg¡pw ChÀ cmPyw hn«p. ]n¶oSv Xncn¨ph¶p _kzd, aZo\ F¶nh tI{µam¡n Iem]w s]m¡n. ]t£, ChÀ ]n¶oSv h[n¡s¸«p. _KvZmZv \Kc¯n\v ASn¯d ]mInbXv a³kzqdnsâ Ime¯mbncp¶p. Aºmkn Jeo^amÀ¡v BØm\am¡phm\mbncp¶p CXv. ssS{Koknsâ Xoc¯v AØnhmcan« Cu \Kcw CkvemanI Ncn{X¯n Gsd ]pIÄs]äXmWv. Ccp]Xv e£ambncp¶p A¶v _KvZmZnse P\kwJy. ]Xns\«mbnct¯mfw ]ÅnIfpw ]Xn\mbnct¯mfw tdmUpIfpw H«\h[n sXcphpIfpw AhnsSbp mbncp¶p.

alvZn_n³ a³kzqÀ lnPvdx 158þþ169 ImeL«ambncp¶p alvZn `cWImew. Aen IpSpw_¯n\v s]mXpsh kam[m\¯nsâ Imeambncp¶p. _Ô\Øcm¡s¸« Aen IpSpw_s¯ tamNn¸n¨p. AhcpsS kz¯p¡Ä Xncn¨psImSp¯p. ]t£, ioCu ]£¡mcmb CkvamCuenIÄ Iem]{iaw Ahkm\n¸n¨ncp¶nÃ. lmdq³ dioZnsâ `cWImeambncp¶p XpSÀ¶v. aX`à\mbncp¶p lmdq³. tdma¡mÀ Ime§fmbn \ÂInbncp¶ Icw \ÂIm³ hnk½Xn¨p. CXphsc AhÀ \ÂInb Icw Xncn¨p tNmZn¡pIbpw sNbvXp. lmdq³ ssk\nI \o¡w XpS§n. Jq\nb, A¦md F¶o \Kc§fS¡w tdma³ ssk\ys¯ ]cmPbs¸Sp¯n ho pw Icw \nÀ_Ôam¡n At±lw Xncn¨pt]m¶p.

aAvaq³ lnPvdx c mw \qäm nsâ A´y¯n AenbpsS ]£¡mÀ F¶p ]dbs¸Sp¶hÀ Atd_ybn `cWw ]nSn¨p. apl½Zv F¶bmÄ a¡bnepw kpsseam³ aZo\bnepw B[n]Xyw t\Sn. Aºmkn Jeo^bmb aAvaq³ Hcp XnIª ioCu ]£]mXnbmbncp¶p. ioCuIfpsS F«mw Camamb Aen cnfmsb IncoSmhIminbmbn aAvaq³ \nÝbn¨p. CXv AºmknIsf AkzØcm¡n. HSphn aAvaq\v Xocpam\w ]n³hent¡ n h¶p. lnPvdx 247 Jeo^x apXh¡nensâ acWt¯msS Aºmko Jnem^¯nsâ H¶mw L«w inYneambn. ba\n bAv^qcnIÄ `cWw ]nSns¨Sp¯p. lwZm³ JÀanXzv F¶bmÄ t\XrXzw \ÂIn JdmanXznIÄ _kzdbn Iem]w Agn¨phn«p. CuPn]vXv KhÀWdmbncp¶ AlvaZv Xpeq³ kndnb ]nSns¨Sp¯p.

9

XpSÀ¶v lnPvdx 266 apX 507 hsc CkvamCuenIfpw JdmanXznIfpw amdnamdn Atd_ybpsS `cWw ]nSn¨p. A{Ia¯ntâbpw sImÅbptSbpw ImeL«ambncp¶p CsXÃmw. lnPvdx 402 aqkhnIÄ a¡bn `cWw ]nSn¨p. ]Xns\m¶mw \qäm nsâ Bcw`¯n AZ³, lÀau¯v F¶nhnS§fn aB\nIÄ A[nImcw ]nSn¨p. lnPvdx 447 k³PpJn hwi¯nsâ t\Xmhv XpKvcnbpw 455 kpsselnIfpsS t\Xmhv Aen apl½Zpw a¡ `cn¨p. lnPvdx 470 AÂlkmbnse JdmanXzn `cWw Dssa\nIfpambpÅ Gäpap«en XIÀ¶p. lnPvdx 532 apX 566 hscbpÅ ImeL«§fn AlvaZp_v\p kpsseam³ Caman `cWw \bn¨p. lnPvdx 564 kzemlp±o³ A¿q_n CuPn]vXv KhÀWdmbn A[nImctaäp. 564 At±lw ba³ IogS¡n. Ime{ItaW ss{IkvXh Ic§fneaÀ¶pt]mb ss_Xp aJvZnkv ^ekvXo³ D]tcm[n¨v kzemlp±o³ Xncn¨p ]nSn¨p. ss{IkvXhÀ¡v At±lw A`bw \ÂIn. kp¶nIÄ iàcmhpIbpw ioCuIÄ (AenbpsS ]£w F¶v ]dbs¸Sp¶Xv ChÀ¡mWv) £bn¡pIbpw sNbvXXv Cu ImeL«¯nembncp¶p. lnPvdx 598 lk\o hwi¡mc\mb JXmZXp_n³ CZvcokv AhnsS `cWw Øm]n¡pIbpw sNbvXp. JXmZ¡p tijw A¿q_nIfnÂs¸« akvDuZv bqkp^v a¡ ]nSns¨Sp¯p. A¿q_nIÄ¡p tijw dkqenIÄ lnPvdx 625 apX 850 hsc `cn¨p. dkqen hwi¯nse DaÀ_v³ Aen lnPvdx 626 apX 647 hsc a¡ apX KfÀau¯v hscbpÅ {]tZiw `cn¨p.

bqtdm]y·mÀ hcp¶p ]Xn\©mw \qäm nsâ A´y¯n bqtdm]y·mÀ Atd_ybnse¯n. 1498 \PvZnepÅ AlvaZv_n³ amPnZmWs{X C´ybnte¡pÅ hgn t]mÀ¨pKokv I¸n¯m\pw IncmX\pamb Kma¡v ImWn¨psImSp¯Xv. AÂ_p¡À¡v Dam\nepw lpÀapkznepw hym]mcm[n]Xyw In«n. 1565 ba³ apgph\pw A_pZpsshcn¡v AÂIkoÀ F¶ Dkvam\n A\pIqenbmb `cWm[nImcnbpsS I¿nembncp¶p. Dkvam\nbmb keow H¶ma³ "JmZnap ldssa³' F¶ t]cn Adnbs¸«p. 1521 t]mÀ¨pKokpImÀ _lvssd³ B{Ian¨p. hnhcadnª Dkvam\n Jeo^x t]mÀ¨pKokpImcpambn s]mcpXn _lvssd³ Xncn¨p]nSn¨p. IcamÀ¤apÅ hmWnPyw \ne¨pt]mbXn\m Dkvam\n Jnem^¯v km¼¯nI {]XnkÔnbnÂs¸«p. Bkv{Snb, bqtdm]y·mÀ F¶nhcpambn XpÀ¡nbnse Dkvm\nbm Jnem^¯n\p Gäpapt« nbpw h¶p. 1602 _lvssd³ IogS¡nb jm Aºmkv H¶ma\pambn 1622 CuÌn´ym I¼\n kJyap m¡n. lpÀapkzse t]mÀ¨pKokv Ip¯I Ahkm\n¸n¨p. F¶m akvJXzn t]mÀ¨pKokpImÀ kzm[o\apd¸n¨p. U¨pImcpw Cw¥ojpImcpw Atd_ybn kzm[o\w t\Sm³ aÕcn¨p. ]Xns\m¶mw iXI¯n Atd_ybn U¨pImÀ¡v hmWnPy kzm[o\ap mbn.

B[p\nI Atd_y ]{´ mw \qäm nsâ Bcw`t¯msS \PvZn apl½Zv_n³ A_vZp hlvlm_v XpS§nsh¨ ]cnjvIcW {]Øm\w Atd_ybn kzm[o\w t\Sn.Ckveman \ncmt£]w \S¶ph¶ncp¶ BNmc§Ä A\mNmc§fm¡n ap{ZbSn¡s¸«p.l¼en aZvl_pImc\mbncp¶p hlvlm_v F¶Xv B[p\nI A\pbmbnIfn \n¶v At±l¯n\pÅ khntijXbmWv. ]qÀÆoI ]WvVnX·mÀ apgph\pw AbmfpsS \o¡§Äs¡Xnsc kapZmbs¯ t_m[hXvIcn¨p. CkvemanI kaql¯n henb kzm[o\anÃmsX hmSn¡cnªpW§nhoWpt]mth B {]Øm\s¯ ]n¶oSv {]Ncn¸n¡m³ tlXpIambXv AXn\p e`n¨ cmjv{Sob ]n³_eambncp¶p. F.Un.1765 ZÀC¿ `cn¨ncp¶ apl½Zv _v\p kDuZv hlm_nsâ Bib§fn BIrjvS\mbtXmsS AbmÄ¡v cmjv{Sob kzm[o\w e`n¨p.AÂlkm, AÂDssb\x F¶o {]tZi§Ä AbmÄ¡v Iognembn. Ccp]Xv hÀjw \o sNdp¯p\n¸n\p tijw dnbmZpw a³^qlbpw hlm_nsâ Nn´m[mc¡v cmjv{Sobambn XeIp\nt¡ n h¶p.

10

1765 apl½Zv_v\p kDuZv acWs¸Spt¼mÄ Atd_ybpsS a[yIng¡³ {]tZi§Ä apgph\pw At±l¯nsâ {]Øm\¯n\p Iognembnt¸mbncp¶p. kDuZn\p tijw A_vZp Akokv 1803 A[nImctaäp. _lvssd\pw Ham³ Xochpw kDuZv `cW¯nsâ Iogn h¶Xv A¡me¯mWv. 1814  _kzd, IÀ_e, kndnb F¶o \mSpIÄ IqSn kDuZv_n³ A_vZp Akoknsâ t\XrXzw ]nSns¨Sp¯p. CXn\nsS Dkvam\n¿m Jnem^¯pambn Gäpap«n. 1811 apX 1818 hsc Gäpap«Â XpSÀ¶p. A_vZpà kpDuZv ]cmPbs¸«p. CuPn]vXnse KhÀWÀ apl½ZenbpsS ]p{X³ C{_mlow ]mj ZÀC¿m ]«Ww IogS¡n. ]t£, Dkvam\n¿m Jnem^¯nsâ {]Xn\n[nIÄ XoÀ¯pw A\nkvemanI `cWw \S¯nbXn\m B `cWIqSw kDuZnbn \n¶pw XpS¨pamäs¸«p. 1824 apl½Zv_v\p kDuZnsâ ]p{X\mb XpÀ¡n CuPn]vXpImcn \n¶v dnbmZv tamNn¸n¨p `cWw ]p\xØm]n¨p. 1834 XpÀ¡nbpsS ]p{X\mb ss^k A[nImc¯n h¶p. C¡me¯v {_n«ojv km{amPyw Atd_ybnse ]e Øe§fnepw kzm[o\apd¸n¨p. 1865 ss^k acn¨p. ]p{X·mÀ X½n A[nImc InSaÕcambn. 1865 ss^k acn¡pwap¼v Xs¶ XpÀ¡nIÄ InSaÕcw apXseSp¯v Atd_y ]nSn¨ncp¶p. 1875  A_vZpà c ma³ dnbmZn A[nImc¯n h¶p. B[p\nI Atd_ybpsS `cWm[nImcnsb¶dnbs¸Sp¶ C_v\pkpDuZv A[nImctaäXv 1876 emWv. 1904  XpÀ¡n kJys¯ tXm¸n¨p A[nImcw `{Zam¡n. 1919  lnPmkv A[o\Xbnem¡n. 1925  aZo\bpw Pn±bpw ]nSns¨Sp¯p. 1928  kwbpà Atd_ybpsS `cWm[nImcnbmbn. CXmWv kDuZn Atd_y F¶ t]cn Adnbs¸Sp¶ cmjv{Sw. 1934 se bp²¯n ba\nse Camw blvbmsb ]cmPbs¸Sp¯n kDuZn Atd_y \Pvdm³ ssIhis¸Sp¯n. 1953  C_v\p kpDuZnsâ acWs¯¯pSÀ¶v XpSÀ¶v ss^k _n³A_vZp Akokv, `cWkmcYytaäp. 1982 Pq¬ 13\v `cWtasäS¯ 31 \v acWaSªt¸mÄ, IncoSmhIminbmb BKkvXn `cWtasäSp¯p.

kDuZv_v\p A_vZp Akokv cmPmhmbn. JmenZv_n³ A_vZp Akokv F¶nhÀ ^lZv _n³ A_vZp Akokv 2005 Pqsse A_vZpÃm_n³ A_vZp Akokv 2005

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