Positive and Negative Integers The first step to understanding algebra is to have a solid grasp of what numbers are and how they can be manipulated. Before we can do anything algebraic, we must look back at what we learned in elementary school. The first thing that we learn to do in math is to count. From there we can make number lines, combine numbers together, make charts and graphs, and start understanding patterns and how to write expressions. It makes sense then, to start with the counting numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, .... and so on. We have had plenty of experience adding, subtracting, looking at fractions and patterns that involve whole numbers such as 1, 2, 3 and so on. We hit a point, however, where positive numbers don't make sense for a situation. What happens if you go below zero? Consider the following example. The temperature outside is 3 degrees Celsius. This evening it will drop 5 degrees. How do we deal with this? How would we come up with an answer for 3 – 5 ? It can’t be 2 degrees because it has to drop 5 and that would only be a drop of one degree. This is the point where we have to create a new kind of number...a negative. Negatives are basically the same thing as the positives except that they are below zero.
If you think of a number line, treat zero like the center that cuts the line into two parts, the positives on the right and the negatives on the left. If you have ever played a piano you can compare this to thinking about how the middle C note splits the keys into an upper half (right hand) and a bottom half (left hand). Or if you have seen an American football field where the 50 yard line splits the field into two halves and two directions, a positive one going toward your endzone and a negative one going toward your opponent's.
However you choose to think about it, the important things to realize are: 1. The number line is symmetrical. It looks the same in the positive half as it does in the negative half. 2. Zero is in the middle and is neither positive nor negative. We call it "non‐negative" and "non‐positive". 3. Every positive number has a negative that matches. These values are called opposites. (2 and ‐2 for example). Opposite numbers are always the same distance away from 0. You have heard the term "whole number" before when referring to the positive counting numbers. When we take all those whole numbers and combine them with zero and all the negative counting numbers, we get what is called an integer. In other words, an integer is basically any number (positive or negative or zero) that does not have any decimal values after it. Some examples are below. Definition: An integer is any of the counting numbers 0, 1, 2, 3, .... and their opposites ‐1, ‐2, ‐3, ...
Integers 7 ‐29 427
12 9.00 1
Non‐Integers 3.9 5/8 29.39 π ‐873.001
1 −42 0.0002 97% 200% ‐ 28395 0 2 4
30 ‐15 5
‐30.2 −1
1 100
When you are working with positives and negatives together, the values of the numbers do not change, it is merely the direction that changes. So if you see the number 13, you should now start to wonder: Is this an increase of 13 (moving right on the number line)? Or is this a decrease of 13 (moving left on the number line)? And guess what….you have actually been doing this already and not even knowing it! Take a look at what happens when you subtract two numbers: 10 − 7 Is the 10 going in the positive direction or negative? What about the 7? Positive or negative?
Think about them as two different values: +10 and ‐ 7. If you move 10 in the positive direction followed by 7 in the negative direction, look where you end up. Starting at 0 and moving +10 units and ‐7 units puts us at +3 units. So our answer 10 – 7 = 3. Another way to write this would be 10 + (‐7) = 3. This brings up an important rule: subtracting a number is the same thing as adding it’s opposite. 10 – 7 = 10 + (‐7) 2 – 8 = 2 + (‐8) (‐5) – 6 = (‐5) + (‐6) 2 – 14 = 2 + (‐14) It’s all just about the direction you go! Take the following example: 8 + (‐3) Moving 8 in the positive direction and 3 in the negative direction puts us at positive 5. So any of the following could be true statements: 8 + (‐3) = 5 8 – 3 = 5 (‐3) + 8 = 5 But what if we add two negatives together? What about (‐3) + (‐4) ? This means we go 3 units in the negative direction and another 4 units in the negative direction:
This should make sense since we are starting in the negatives and adding (‐4) which goes even further down in the negatives. Based on the picture on the number line, any of the following equations could represent this. See if you can use the number line to explain why each of the following works: (‐3) + (‐4) = ‐7 (‐4) + (‐3) = ‐7 ( ‐3) – 4 = ‐7 (‐4) – 3 = ‐7 Now let’s try subtraction with some negatives. Subtracting positive and negative numbers can be done the same way, you just have to be more careful of the direction you are travelling on the number line. Take the following example: 6 – 9. First of all, can you see another way to write this? What numbers are we dealing with? Is the 6 positive or negative? Is the 9 positive or negative? This statement is really telling us to combine +6 and ‐9 so let’s look at that on the number line. We can see by counting it out on the number line that the answer will be ‐3. We also could have noticed this by just looking at the numbers +6 and ‐9. Or we could have noticed that this is really just 6 + (‐9). We also know that the 9 is larger which means the answer is going to be a negative number since there are more negatives than positives. How many more negatives are there? Well 6 and 9 are 3 apart so there are going to be 3 negatives left. (See how you can get that off the number line?) Let’s do one more number line example and then look at some general rules and shortcuts. What if we had to do: (‐3) – (‐7). What numbers are involved here? It’s a little tougher with all the minus signs involved. This expression says to start at ‐3 then subtract ‐7. Hmmm. How do you subtract a negative? Remember the examples above where we said that subtraction is the same thing as just adding a number’s opposite? So (‐3) – (‐7) = (‐3) + 7 (7 and ‐7 are opposites)
Let’s think about this in terms of the number line. Remember that addition means we travel to the right and subtraction means we travel to the left. But wait, subtracting 7 would go to the left, we want to subtract ‐7 so doesn’t it make sense that this would go to the right instead? The two negatives cancel each other out. It’s like you’ve turned around to walk backwards and then turned around again which puts you back in a positive direction. So our solution would be (‐3) – (‐7) = 4. Remember: Subtracting a value is the same as adding its opposite. Take a look at a few more examples below where we have rewritten some expressions with addition instead of subtraction. 4 – (‐5) = 4 + 5 1 – (‐2) = 1 + 2 ( ‐13) – (‐6) = (‐13) + 6 ( ‐4) – (‐9) = (‐4) + 9 This can be a handy little trick if you get into situations where it looks too confusing with all the subtraction and negatives. A lot of times it’s easier to understand addition with negatives so you can always fall back on this method if you need to. Let’s now take a look at some shortcuts so you don’t have to always rely on the number line to add and subtract numbers. There are many shortcuts and patterns to combining positive and negative numbers and it is really up to you to find the one that makes the most sense. Some people like to memorize rules and others just like to use the number line to count. It’s up to you, but the key is to PRACTICE, PRACTICE, PRACTICE so you can eventually do them without needing to rely on a rule or a number line. Here is a common shortcut for adding and subtracting two integers. You need to remember the following rules: 1. Before you start, turn any double negatives into positives (ie. 2 – (‐6) Æ 2 + 6 ) 2. If the signs are the same, you add the values. If the signs are different, you subtract the values. (big – small) 3. Always keep the sign of the biggest number. For this to work, you just ignore the operation and focus on the numbers you are combining. BE CAREFUL….This will always work (even with non‐integers), but this ONLY APPLIES TO 2 NUMBERS AT A TIME so be careful with larger problems.
Here are some examples:
‐15 – (‐5) 1. Turn any double negatives into positives Æ ‐15 – (‐5) = ‐15 + 5
2. We have ‐15 and +5 so the signs are different. We will subtract.
15 – 5 = 10 3. Keep the sign from the larger number. The 15 was bigger and it was negative, so our answer is negative.
‐10
7 + (‐19) 1. Turn any double negatives into positives Æ none, skip this step
2. We have +7 and ‐19 so the signs are different. We will subtract.
19 – 7 = 12 3. Keep the sign from the larger number. The 19 was bigger and it was negative, so our answer is negative.
‐12 ‐3 ‐ 8 1. Turn any double negatives into positives Æ none, skip this step
2. We have ‐3 and ‐8 so the signs are the same. We will add.
3 + 8 = 11 3. Keep the sign from the larger number. The 8 was bigger and it was negative, so our answer is negative.
‐11
‐22 + (‐5) 1. Turn any double negatives into positives Æ none, skip this step
2. We have ‐22 and ‐5 so the signs are the same. We will add.
22+ 5 = 27 3. Keep the sign from the larger number. The 22 was bigger and it was negative, so our answer is negative.
‐27
17 ‐ (‐9) 1. Turn any double negatives into positives Æ 17 – (‐9) = 17 + 9
2. We have +17 and +9 so the signs are the same. We will add.
17 + 9 = 26 3. Keep the sign from the larger number. The 17 was bigger and it was positive, so our answer is positive.
26 13 + (‐7) 1. Turn any double negatives into positives Æ none, skip this step
2. We have +13 and ‐7 so the signs are different. We will subtract.
13 – 7 = 6 3. Keep the sign from the larger number. The 13 was bigger and it was positive, so our answer is positive.
6
This is the only shortcut that we will address here since the more we do here, the easier it is to get confused. There are others out there but, again, it’s a matter of just practicing as much as you can with whichever method makes the most sense to you. If you like the number line, use it. If you like the shortcut, use it. If you know of other ways or if you come up with your own method, fantastic….use it. Whatever you do, just make sure you practice, practice, practice. This is a huge skill that will come up for the rest of your math career so put in the time now to really master it and feel comfortable with it so you don’t have to waste your energy in algebra deciding whether your answers should be positive or negative. That’s all for part 1. We will address multiplication and division with negatives in part 2. The rules for multiplication and division are very simple but it is really easy to confuse them with the rules for addition and subtraction so we suggest practicing this skill a great deal before you jump into part 2 to avoid getting your rules mixed up. Remember to slow down, check that your answers make sense, and don’t be afraid to draw a number line on your paper if you ever get confused about whether a value should be positive or negative. There’s nothing more frustrating than going through all the correct steps on a test or assignment and messing up on the positive/negative sign. Now is the time to really pay attention to detail in your work. Good luck! www.mathmadesimple.org