Apush Unit Vi (third Version)

APUSH Unit VI The Civil War and its Aftermath By: Chris Russell, Demi Adejuyigbe, Ragini Mistry, Gokul Mani, Tiffany Shieh, Michael Kraft, and Dakota Reynolds *disclaimer*- There may be errors in this review. If you think something’s wrong, we suggest you look it up. This is shared with others with the current understanding that it cannot be used to cheat in any way. We do not authorize this review to be used for cheating of any kind.

1. Harriett Beecher Stowe- Influenced by the Fugitive Slave Act (which forced escaped slaves back to the south when captured), she wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin. Originally published as Life Among the Lowly in 1852. When put under criticism of only having been to the south once, she published A Key to Uncle Tom’s Cabin showing the documentation that the events were all true. This book put slavery in a different light that had thus far been unseen. As others legalized slavery with “state’s rights” and “popular sovereignty”, this book showed slaves’ humanity, and was even sold in the south. 2. Stephen Douglass- (1813–1861) – The main reason the Compromise of 1850 passed. Democratic Senator from Illinois, drew southern democrats in support of the KansasNebraska Act (1854 which would overturn the Missouri Compromise). The issue was over Kansas as a free state. Douglass’ true motives lied in his occupation as the director of the Illinois Central Railroad and as a land speculator. In this debate, many went into splinter groups, including the new Republican Party, as well as the Nativists.

3. Franklin Pierce- 14th president of the US. Democrat, in the campaign of 1852 against Whig General Winfield Scott. Won hands down as a northern democrat with southern stands but ending up not gaining either side’s favor after taking office. Allowed the proslave people the right to take an offensive against the anti-slavery supporters of Kansas [see “Bleeding Kansas”].

4. "Bleeding Kansas"- Started with Stephen Douglass’ creation of the Kansas-Nebraska Act, which left the decision of slavery in the new state of Kansas up to popular sovereignty. Many moved to Kansas, both in support and against slavery to tip the balance, ending in an illegal and rigged election in which the Border Ruffians of Missouri won (slavery state). Under President Pierce’s support, the town of Lawrence on May 1856 was sacked, with retaliation of Pottawatomie Creek by the anti-slavery people.

5. Millard Filmore- The 13th president of the US. Took office after the death of Zachary Taylor. Passed the bills of the Compromise of 1850. Losing much, if not all, support after passing the new Fugitive Slave Act. Creating much controversy since once free slaves were put at risk again, as well as blacks who were always free. In response to the outbursts across the north to the new Act, he sent troops to Boston to remove a 17 yr. old Thomas Sims, and sent marines to Canada to retrieve some slaves (although the Canadians refused to extradite him). Was later nominated for president again in the election of 1856 for the American Nativists. 6. Compromise of 1850- An issue over the petition of California to become a free state of the US. The southerners not wanting to give a state of the size and wealth of California’s to the north, argued. Henry Clay proposed the Compromise of 1850. Broken up by Stephen Douglass into five bills, and passed by Millard Fillmore who took over after Zachary Taylor’s death (who was holding up the passing of the bills) a. California admitted as a free state b. New Mexico and Utah organized without restrictions on slavery

c.

Texas also had no restrictions regarding slavery, had it’s boundaries set and got $10 million for the land that would be New Mexico d. The slave trade (but not slavery itself) was abolished in the District of Columbia e. A new Fugitive Slave Act provided federal jurisdiction to assist slave owners in the recovery of escaped slaves 7. Fugitive Slave Act- One of the five bills under the Compromise of 1850. This bill allowed for southern slave owners to get federal support in getting their “escaped” slaves back. This portion of the Compromise found much disagreement. It also required the expenses for finding/capturing the slaves to go to the federal government, while all that was needed to prove ownership was an affidavit (basically a witness saying “this is what happened”) not hard to come by when people could easily get neighbors or family to fake one. The accused were also not allowed to have trial by jury and couldn’t defend themselves. And those that aided or concealed the slaves could be punished or fined severely.

8. Pottawatomie Creek Massacre- [see “Bloody Kansas”] Led by John Brown, a group of anti-slavery people in Kansas attacked the pro-slavery town of Pottawatomie Creek slaughtering five settlers at night. This act was in response to the attack on the town of Lawrence.

9. Popular sovereignty- “Leaving the issue up to the territorial governments”. Became a way to side step the issue of slavery by putting it in a legal context. Much like “state’s rights”. This strategy was adopted by the democratic nominee of the 1848 election, Lewis Cass.

10. Free Soil Party- The Free Soil Party merged with the Liberty Party in 1848. They wanted no extension of slavery outside the boundaries of the Wilmot Proviso. The party's campaign slogan was, "Free Soil, free speech, free labor, and free men."

11. Ostend Manifesto- (1854) - Slave owners were worried by the status of Cuba; the Spanish owned island had slaves, but the Spaniards were considering freeing the slaves because of a slave rebellion in Haiti. Many wanted to own Cuba as a part of Manifest Destiny, and to prevent a nearby area of freed slaves. In 1854, three American diplomats met in Ostend, Germany, and warned Spain that it must sell Cuba to the US or risk having it taken by force. This wasn't authorized by the president, and many were angered by the action.

12. Lecompton Constitution- (1857) - The state constitution written for Kansas, as it was trying to become a state in the Union. The citizens of the state were giver the option to vote on two versions, both of which allowed slavery. When the constitution was sent to Congress, it was rejected as not representing the population of Kansas.

13. Uncle Tom's Cabin- (1851) - A novel written in response to the Fugitive Slave Law. Characters are Eliza, a slave who wants to keep her child that is going to be sold, Eva, a daughter of a plantation owner, and Tom, who maintains his dignity while being owned as a slave. Tom hopes to be reunited with his family, who are living in a cabin on a Kentucky farm. Simon Legree is the evil Northerner plantation owner. A large number of copies sold, and racist Tom Shows were conducted after the book became popular. A Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin was later printed to verify the facts in the original book.

14. Kansas-Nebraska Act-(1854) - This legislation shattered all illusions of sectional peace and destroyed the Whig Party, divided the Democratic Party, and created the Republican Party. Stephen Douglas decided that some Indian Reservations should be converted into two states; Kansas and Nebraska. He said that the Missouri Compromise shouldn't apply to the new states, and that the issue of slavery should be decided by popular vote. The

15.

Republican Party battled against slavery parties in the contested state of Kansas. Kansas became an enormous political battleground over the issue of slavery, with violence soon erupting everywhere. John Brown- A Kansas abolitionist that killed five pro-slavery individuals at Pottawatomie Creek, then raided Harper's Ferry in 1859. He hoped to seize the town's federal arsenal and initiate a full-scale rebellion against slavery by distributing its weapons to local slaves. Federal troops under the command of Robert E. Lee ended the raid by capturing Brown and his 17 compatriots.

16. Lincoln-Douglass Debates-(1857) - A debate where Lincoln and Douglass debated the issue of slavery. The most important part was when Douglass declared that people had the right to introduce or exclude slavery, no matter the ruling of the Supreme Court. This wasn't in complete agreement with the Dred Scott case, which reduced support from Southern Democrats when running for president.

17. James Buchanan- President (1856-1860) - The last U.S. president to believe at his inauguration that he could facilitate compromise between pro and antislavery factions to preserve the Union. He was pro-slavery, but rejected the Lecompton Constitution. He poorly handled sectional tension, and refused to reinforce the Northern garrisons in Southern ports. Many blame him for the Civil War starting when it did.

18. Charles Sumner- A Massachusetts senator that was attacked by southern senator Preston Brooks after giving an inflammatory speech insulting the South and Andrew Butler. Brooks attacked Sumner with a thick cane, and Sumner took three years to recover.

19. Roger Taney- In Scott v. Stanford (1857), or the Dred Scott Case, Taney ruled that were not citizens and couldn't sue in federal courts. Taney ruled that the 5th Amendment's prohibition on taking property without due process meant that Congress couldn't prohibit slavery in federal territories. Therefore, the Missouri Compromise had been unconstitutional, along with all other restrictions on slavery in the territories. Also, Congress could not grant territories any powers that it did not possess itself, so territorial governments could not be granted the power to prohibit slavery.

20. Roger Taney- Was the Chief Justice who oversaw the case of Dred Scott. He was eighty years old, a former slave owner and a states’ rights advocate and was appointed by Andrew Jackson. Taney’s decision delivered a hard blow to any antislavery hopes. First of all, he said that blacks were not citizens even if they were free and therefore, Scott had no standing in court. Secondly, slaves were considered as property, and so Dred Scott was still the property of his owner and under the 5th Amendment Congress had no right to deprive citizens of property anywhere in the United States. With this decision, he destroyed any compromises that restricted slavery (Northwest Ordinance of 1787 and Compromise of 1850).

21. Harpers Ferry Raid- On October 16, 1859, John Brown and a group of followers (black and white) attacked the federal arsenal at Harper’s Ferry, Virginia on the Potomac River. They took several hostages and occupied the arsenal, however, no slaves went to join them. The local militia were able to capture Brown and eight other men. John Brown was hanged for his actions, which turned him into a martyr in the North for antislavery. To the South, Brown represented the Northern people interfering in their Southern way of life.

22. Dred Scott Decision- Brought on behalf of Dred Scott who sued for his freedom after his “owner” Dr. Emerson died. He claimed that since he lived in areas where slavery was illegal, he was free. On appeal, the case went to the Supreme Court under Roger Taney.

He ruled that Dred Scott was still considered as property, and didn’t have any rights as a citizen (See Roger Taney #19 for full detail). Taney’s decision ruled that Congress had no right to take away a citizen’s property which included slaves anywhere in the US. Only the state could prohibit slavery within its boundaries. This decision had two results: First it split the Democrats between the North and the South and strengthened the Republicans b/c they grew more defiant. Also, there was a conspiracy theory that President Buchanan and Taney conspired to extend slavery. This theory won approval in the North and advanced the Republican cause.

23. Abraham Lincoln- Born in 1809 in Kentucky. When he was 25 he won a seat in the Illinois legislature while studying for the bar and became a lawyer in 1846. Was a member of the Whig Party and served in Congress for a single term during “Polk’s war.” He rejoined the Republican party in 1856 and won the vice presidential nomination at the first Republican national convention. He delivered his “House Divided” speech in 1858. It was Douglas vs. Lincoln for the Republican nomination and it came down to their views on slavery. Lincoln did oppose slavery but was hesitant about accepting the idea that blacks should vote, have citizenship and interracial marriage. Despite the fact that he lost this election, he was a strong contender for the 1860 election.

24. Jefferson Davis- was a hero on the American side during the Mexican war. He led a Mississippi infantry regiment in the Battle of Buena Vista in a counterattack using Bowie knives.

25. Crittenden Compromise- Was a last minute effort to avoid the Civil War. It was proposed as a constitutional amendment in Dec. 1860 by Sen. John Crittenden of Kentucky.The Crittenden proposal consisted of the following six amendments to the Constitution: • Slavery would be prohibited in all territory of the United States "now held, or hereafter acquired," north of latitude 36 degrees 30 minutes. In territory south of this line, slavery was "hereby recognized" and could not be interfered with by Congress. Further, property in slaves was to be "protected by all the departments of the territorial government during its continuance." States would be admitted to the Union from any territory with or without slavery as their constitutions provided. • Congress was forbidden to abolish slavery in places under its jurisdiction within a slave state, such as a military post. • Congress could not abolish slavery in the District of Columbia so long as it existed in the adjoining states of Virginia and Maryland, and without the consent of the District's inhabitants. Compensation would be given to owners who refused consent to abolition. • Congress could not prohibit or interfere with the interstate slave trade. • Congress would provide full compensation to owners of rescued fugitive slaves. Congress was empowered to sue the county in which obstruction to the fugitive slave laws took place to recover payment; the county, in turn, could sue "the wrong doers or rescuers" who prevented the return of the fugitive. • No future amendment of the Constitution could change these amendments, or authorize or empower Congress to interfere with slavery within any slave state. Crittenden also offered the following four resolutions: • •

That fugitive slave laws were constitutional and should be faithfully observed and executed. That all state laws which impeded the operation of fugitive slave laws, the so-called "Personal Liberty laws," were unconstitutional and should be repealed.

•

•

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That the Fugitive Slave act of 1850 should be modified (and rendered less objectionable to the North) by equalizing the fee schedule for returning or releasing alleged fugitives, and limiting the powers of marshals to summon citizens to aid in their capture. That laws for the suppression of the African slave trade should be effectively and thoroughly executed.

Lincoln's Inaugural Address- Contained three parts.

First, a spirit of reconciliation to the seceded states. Second, a pledge to defend all federal installations in the seceded states — a direct reference to Fort Sumter. Third, an argument that the Union was indissolvable. Fourth, a promise that he would not be the first to attack, and any force of arms used against the United States would be regarded as rebellion and met with force.

26. Timeline of Disunion27. National Banking Act-

28. Merrimac vs. Monitor29. The Alabama30. Robert E. Lee- One of the most brilliant tacticians in American military history and the embodiment of Southern military prowess during the Civil War. The Confederate States of America could not have lasted as long as it did without his battlefield virtuosity. Lee supported neither secession nor slavery, but he felt deeply obliged to support his native state of Virginia. When President Abraham Lincoln offered him command of all federal armies, he respectfully declined and tendered his resignation in April 1861. By May, he was made a lieutenantgeneral of Confederate forces by President Jefferson Davis. (Confederate)

31. Thomas J. Jackson- A professor of military tactics and natural philosophy at Virginia Military Institute, is given the nickname Stonewall for his leadership of the stand made by his troops that turned the tide of the battle. (Confederate)

32. Ulysses S. Grant- He became a national hero in February 1862 after he led his troops into Tennessee and captured Fort Donelson on the Cumberland River, along with its garrison of approximately 14,000 men. After almost being defeated at Shiloh, Grant devised and implemented a brilliant campaign to split the Confederacy in half along the Mississippi River. He moved 30,000 men south of Vicksburg, ferried them across the Mississippi River without supplies, and then by separately defeating two Confederate armies before they could unite, finally forced the garrison in Vicksburg to surrender on July 4, 1863 after a six-week siege. After Grant snatched victory from defeat by rescuing a large army at Chattanooga, President Abraham Lincoln chose him to command all the armies of the United States. As general in chief of the Union forces, Grant provided the leadership necessary to coordinate the superior military and industrial resources of the North against the South. While his numerically superior forces wore down Gen. Robert E. Lee's army, Grant dispatched other generals to attack elsewhere in the South to ensure that Lee could not receive any reinforcements or supplies. Although criticized for the ruthlessness and destructiveness of his tactics, both in terms of human life and in civilian property, the success of his "total war" approach was proven when Lee was forced to surrender at Appomattox Courthouse on April 9, 1865. (Unionist)

33. George McClellan- George B. McClellan, West Point graduate and Mexican-American War veteran, seemed the logical choice to lead the Union forces in 1861, but his egotism and over

cautiousness cost the Union the chance to end the Civil War quickly and finally forced President Abraham Lincoln to relieve him of command in 1862 but makes him head of Army of the Potomac. Thereafter, McClellan identified with the political opposition to Lincoln and in 1864 ran unsuccessfully for president as a Democrat.

34. George Meade- Only three days after taking charge of the much-battered Army of the Potomac, George Gordon Meade triumphed at the Battle of Gettysburg, one of the most decisive victories in history. He was the first Union commander to administer a check on the previously unbeatable Army of Northern Virginia, but was criticized for failing to pursue the enemy vigorously. Nonetheless, hot-tempered Meade was a competent military leader who served throughout the Civil War with honor and distinction

35. William T. Sherman- He is best remembered as the general who declared "War is Hell." In 1864, he swept across the Confederacy, burning houses and crops, killing livestock, and bringing the hardships of the Civil War home to Southern citizens. His strategy, cruel at first glance, helped break Confederate morale and hastened the war's end. These practices were later applied to Native Americans of the plains region with similar results. Throughout the postbellum period, he also championed a more professional officer corps and established several military schools for that purpose. Brilliant, mercurial, and usually at odds with the press, Sherman is regarded by many as history's first modern general.

36. First Bull Run- Also known as First Manassas. It was in Virginia, between Confederate armies under General Joseph E. Johnston and General Beauregard with Union troops. Confederates win.

37. Antietam- (Sharpsburg, Maryland)- With General John Pope’s retreat, Robert E. Lee takes the offensive, but a copy of Lee’s orders falls into Union hands, allowing McClellan to anticipate Lee’s strategy. In the bloodiest day of the war, McClellan’s Union forces meet Lee’s advancing Army. The dead and wounded exceed 10,000 for both sides. Lee pulls back, his invasion blunted, but McClellan fails to pursue the retreating Confederate army. The battle is a critical turning point. With Lee’s offensive stalled, the likelihood of European recognition of the Confederacy is sharply reduced.

38. Gettysburg- Confederate troops in search of shoes meet up with a detachment of Union Cavalry. Reinforcements are poured in. In three days of ferocious fighting that mark the final turning point in the war, the Union army takes a strong defensive position and turns back repeated Confederate assaults. Confederate losses reach 28,000 killed, wounded, or missing, a third of the army’s effective strength, to the Union’s 23,000. Now severely undermanned, Lee retreats to Virginia, unable to press his drive against the North. His army in tatters, Lee seems ripe for picking, and Lincoln wants the remnants of the Confederate army destroyed, ending the war. But Meade, licking his own wounds, fails to press Lee, allowing him to cross the Potomac and escape safely into Virginia.

39. Vicksburg- General Grant, in concert with Sherman, began the long siege of the Confederate stronghold at Vicksburg, Mississippi, the key to control of the Mississippi River. Later, General Grant’s long siege ends in victory as he demands an unconditional surrender. More than 29,000 Confederate troops lay down their arms, and the Union now possesses complete control of the Mississippi River, effectively splitting the Confederacy in two, east from west.

40. Sherman's March- The Civil War’s most destructive campaign. It begain in Atlanta, GA in November 1864, and ended in Savannah, GA in December 1864. General William Sherman abandoned his supply line and marched across Georgia to the Atlantic Ocean to prove to the Confederates that its government couldn’t protect them from invaders. He

believed that by marching an army across the state he would show that the Union had a power the Confederacy could not resist.

41. Appomattox Courthouse- The site of the final battle of the Civil War, before Confederate General Robert E. Lee surrendered to Union General Ulysses S. Grant

42. Copperheads- A group of Democrats who heavily opposed the Civil War. They wanted a peace settlement. Their name was given to them by Republicans, named after the copperhead snake.

43. Peace Democrats- Another name for the Copperheads 44. War Democrats- A group of Democrats that supported the military politics of Abraham Lincoln. They nominated Republican candidate Lincoln and Democratic candidate Andrew Johnson for president and vice president as part of the Union Party ticket in 1864.

45. Union Party- A political party from 1864 to 1868 that was an alliance between Republican party members and Northern Democrats.

46. Andrew Johnson- 17th president of the United States from 1865 to 1869, after Lincoln was assassinated. He was also one of the only two US presidents to ever have been impeached.

47. Emancipation Proclamation- An executive order from President Lincoln in September of 1862 that declared the freedom of all slaves in a Confederate State that didn’t become a Union state by 1863.

48. Thaddeus Stevens- Republican leader & a powerful member of the House of Representatives. He was an ardent supporter of the Civil War, and wrote most of the laws that paid for the Civil War.

49. Freedman's Bureau- A bureau set up during the Civil War to help freed slaves. They provided food, shelter, clothing, work, and education for African Americans in the south.

50. Presidential v. Congressional ReconstructionPresidential- Lincoln wanted just 10% of a State's citizens to pledge loyalty to the Union, after which they could be admitted to the Union. This plan was seem as extraordinarily soft, and did not punish the Southern States. Lincoln's attitude was mainly reconcilatory, as he only wanted to get the Union back in place, rather than try to cause further disunion. Congressional- Passage of the Wade-Davis bill, which meant at least 50% of a State's citizens had to pledge loyalty to the Union before being admitted. In addition, the Constitution each State had to have drafted would have to guarantee the rights of the citizens of the state (including blacks), as well as uphold the 14th amendment. 51. Wade-Davis Bill- Alternative plan to Lincoln's Reconstruction plan, it called for at least 50% of the people in a State to take a loyalty oath to the Union before a State could re-enter the Union.

52. Black Codes- Codes passed by the Southern States post-Civil War to try to hamper the movement and freedoms of slaves; this led to the convincing of Northern States that a constitutional amendment and laws were necessary to prevent the continuation of unlawful treatment of blacks. 53. Sharecropping- Farmers would be loaned land that they would normally be unable to afford; in payment for using their land, the landowners required a portion of the crop that was produced on the land as payment- the rest of the crop could be used as the farmer saw fit. This system allowed for a lot of poorer people to get land (a valuable commodity) and also have a significant source of income otherwise unavailable. 54. Civil Rights Act (1866)- Declared that all blacks were citizens and denied the rights of States to restrict the powers of the now-freed blacks. Andrew Johnson vetoed this bill, but the Republican majority overrode his veto, leaving Johnson powerless. This was the first of many Reconstruction acts that Congress passed despite Johnson's objections. 55. Fourteenth Amendment-People of the United States are subject to its rules, and cannot have their rights invalidated by laws set by the state that directly contradict the rights set by the federal government. -Representation in the federal government will be based on all males in a state 21 and older, except Indians not taxed. -Any official of the United States government may not take up arms or open rebellion against the US. -The Federal Debt incurred by the US government in fighting against rebellion is negligible, as well as debts incurred by States that are causing such rebellions. The US government or any other State will not pay any such debts of other States in rebellion against the United States. 56. Military Reconstruction Act- Plan to rebuild Southern governments fashioned after Northern governments. Required that Southern constitutions included the rights of free blacks within, so no racial discrimination could be incurred. Divided the South into 5 districts- Virginia, North Carolina/South Carolina, Georgia/Alabama/Florida, Mississippi/Arkansas, and Texas/Louisiana. Southern governments were placed under the control of Northern military, and all had to elect new representatives. Finally, all States had to ratify the 14th amendment, clarifying citizenship and guaranteeing all citizens the right to due process. 57. Fifteenth Amendment- Guaranteed all black citizens the right to vote, effectively making suffrage available to all male citizens.

58. Slaughterhouse Cases- Important set of cases that defined what rights the State governments could and could override. The actual case was between independent butchers in the Louisiana area against larger companies in the area that had a monopoly on the butchering industry, as independent butchers could pay to use their facilities but could not conduct their own operations. The Louisiana State Court ruled in favor of the large companies, but the Supreme Court ruled in favor of the independents.

59. Scalawags- The name given to anyone who supported the Reconstruction; the term was mainly used in the South in a derogatory fashion, as most people did not

want Reconstruction as it appeared to take away their liberties from their perspective. 60. Carpetbaggers- Northerners who had migrated to the south during or after the civil war were in alliance with freedman and scallywags (white southern republicans) that had gained power in just about every confederate state except for the state of Virginia. Also according to myths and stereotypes, carpetbaggers were dishonest fortune seekers. Contrary to these myths, carpetbaggers were people that were NOT impoverished people that only wanted easy money. Instead, they were formal soldiers that had migrated to the South in order to seek a livelihood. The reason why for the hostility is because they supported the Republican Party and defended the civil and political rights of the freedman.

61. Redeemers-Known as white southern democrats, was a political coalition during the 62.

Reconstruction Era. They were people who sought to undo the changes and overthrow Republicans, carpetbaggers, and scallywags to “redeem” the south. Ku Klux Klan- Founded in Tennessee during 1866 were people that were dedicated to the ending of Republican rule and they were against the right for blacks to vote. Members of this group contained lawyers, judges, clergymen, poor whites, and yeoman farmers.

63. Force Acts-Was passed by congress between 1870 and 1871 which gave the president power to use the federal troops to prevent the denial in voting rights with the Ku Klux Klan. Even though of this Act Ku Klux Klan activity was still going on….just not as much.

64. Tenure of Office Act-barred president Jackson from the removal of officeholders, appointed by the advice and consent of the Senate, without the Senate’s approval. Though in August 1867 President Jackson tested the Act by removing Edwin Stanton who was the Secretary of war which had made congress find a way to seek and impeach the president.

65. Impeachments-Johnson was impeached because he had broken the Tenure of Office Act and for denouncing that congress was unfit to legislate. Though these reasons was only to mask the real issues that was most important to the congressional Republicans. Jackson had vetoed a total of 20 bills and had asked the Southern congress to veto the 14th amendment, and had even ordered that an African American family to be evicted from where they lived.

66. Hayes-Tilden Election- During the election of 1876, Republicans had chosen Rutherford B. Hayes while the Democrats had chosen Samuel J. Tilden. Even though Tilden had won the presidential election, many Republicans refused to believe so and accused the Democrats for bribery to discourage the African Americans to vote. To resolve this dispute, Congress had then established an electoral commission made up of five U.S. representatives, five senators, and five Supreme Court justices on January of 1877. In the end Hayes was elected president. Then during a meeting in February of 1877 Democratic leaders had accepted Hayes election in exchange that the Republicans promised to remove federal troops from the south and to provide federal fundings for internal improvements in the South, and as well as to have a prominent Southerner to the president's cabinet.