Apush Unit 8 Vocabulary

APUSH Unit 8 Vocabulary Chapter 27 #1-15 Chapter 28 #16-31 Chapter 29 #32-48 Chapter 30 #49-62 Chapter 31 #63-73 1. Iron Curtain: Term coined by Winston Churchill to describe the Cold War divide

between western Europe and the Soviet Union's eastern European satellites. 2. Containment: U.S. cold war strategy that sought to prevent global soviet expansion and influence through political, economic, and, if necessary, military pressure as a means of combating the spread of communism 3. Truman Doctrine: President Truman's program of "containing" communism in Eastern Europe and providing economic and military aid to any nations at risk of Communist takeover 4. Marshall Plan: Secretary of State George C Marshall's post-WWII program providing massive U.S. financial and technical assistance to war-torn European countries. 5. Berlin Airlift: Effort by the United States and Great Britain to deliver massive amounts of food and supplies flown into West Berlin in response to the Soviet land blockade of the city. 6. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO): Defensive political and military alliance formed in 1949 by the United States, Canada, and ten Western European nations to deter Soviet expansion in Europe. 7. National Security Act: Congressional legislation passed in 1947 that created the Department of Defense, the National Security council, and the central intelligence agency 8. Taft-Hartley Act: congressional legislation that banned "unfair labor practices" by labor unions, required union leaders to sign anti-communist "loyalty oaths", and prohibited federal employees from going on strike 9. Fair Deal: President Truman's proposals to build upon the New Deal with national health insurance, the repeal of the Taft-Harvey (labor) Act, new civil rights legislation, and other initiatives; most were rejected by the republicancontrolled congress. 10. Dixiecrats: Separated from democrats---pro Jim crow laws 11. NSC-68: A National Security Council document, approved by President Truman in 1950, developed in response to the Soviet Union's growing influence and nuclear capability; it called for an increase in the US conventional and nuclear forces to carry out the policy of containment. Top-secret government report 12. House Un-American Activities Committee: (HUAC) committee of the US House of Representatives formed in 1938; it was originally tasked with investigating Nazi subversion during the Second World War and later shifted its

focus to rooting out communists in the government and the motion picture industry. 13. Alger Hiss: During the Red Scare, he served in several government departments and was accused of being a spy for the Soviet Union. He was convicted of lying of espionage. The case was politically damaging to the Truman Administration because the president called the charges against Hiss a "Red Herring" 14. Joseph McCarthy: In 1950, this senator became the shrewdest and most ruthless exploiter of America's anxiety of communism. He claimed that the US government was full of communists and led a witch hunt to find him, but he was never able to uncover a single communist agent. 15. McCarran Internal Security Act: 1950 - Required Communists to register and prohibited them from working for the government. Truman described it as a long step toward totalitarianism. Was a response to the onset of the Korean war. 16. Federal Aid-Highway Act: Largest federal project in U.S. history that created a national network of interstate highways. 1956 17. GI Bill of Rights: Provided unemployment, education, and financial benefits for World War II veterans to ease their transition back to the civilian world. 1944 18. Suburbia: Communities formed from mass migration of middle-class whites from urban centers 19. Baby Boom: Markedly higher birth rate in the years following World War II; led to the biggest demographic "bubble" in American history. 20. Brown v. Board of Education: 1954 - The Supreme Court overruled Plessy v. Ferguson, they declared "Separate but equal" from plessy v ferguson unconstitutional. that racially segregated facilities are inherently unequal and ordered all public schools desegregated. 21. "Massive Resistance": White rallying cry disrupting federal efforts to enforce racial integration in the South. 22. Montgomery Bus Boycott: Boycott of bus system in Montgomery, Alabama, organized by civil rights activists after the arrest of Rosa Parks. 23. Martin Luther King, Jr.: Leader of the Civil Rights Movement; preached nonviolent approach and demanded equal rights for African Americans. Also led the Montgomery bus boycott. I have a dream speech in the march on Washington 24. Little Rock: Governor Faubus ordered the Arkansas National Guard to surround Central High School to keep the nine black students from entering the school, because he believed black and whites should be segregated, despite Federal laws on integration. President Dwight D. Eisenhower ordered the 101st Airborne Division to keep them safe, and for the first time, the troops were protecting the black people.

25. Southern Christian Leadership Council: Martin Luther King Jr. was the leader.

They coordinated and supported nonviolent direct action to desegregate southern buses. Did things with large groups and organizations, contrary to the NAACP which only dealt with individuals. 26. Massive Retaliation: The "new look" defense policy of the Eisenhower administration of the 1950's was to threaten "massive retaliation" with nuclear weapons in response to any act of aggression by a potential enemy. 27. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA): Intelligence-gathering government agency founded in 1947; under President Eisenhower's orders, secretly undermined elected governments deemed susceptible to communism. 28. Dien Bien Phu: The place that the final battle took place that forced the French out of Vietnam in the first Indochina war 29. Suez Crisis: July 26, 1956, Nasser (leader of Egypt) nationalized the Suez Canal, Oct. 29, British, French and Israeli forces attacked Egypt. UN forced British to withdraw; made it clear Britain was no longer a world power 30. Sputnik: The world's first space satellite. This meant the Soviet Union had a missile powerful enough to reach the US. 31. U-2 Incident: The incident when an American U-2 spy plane was shot down over the Soviet Union. The U.S. denied the true purpose of the plane at first, but was forced to acknowledge it when the U.S.S.R. produced the living pilot and the largely intact plane to validate their claim of being spied on aerially. The incident worsened East-West relations during the Cold War and was a great embarrassment for the United States. Think of that movie "Bridge of Spies" 32. Bay of Pigs: In April 1961, a group of Cuban exiles organized and supported by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency landed on the southern coast of Cuba in an effort to overthrow Fidel Castro. When the invasion ended in disaster, President Kennedy took full responsibility for the failure. 33. Berlin Wall: A wall separating East and West Berlin built by East Germany in 1961 to keep citizens from escaping to the West 34. Cuban Missile Crisis: 1962 stand off between the US and Soviets sparked by the discovery of soviet missile sites in Cuba; the crisis was the closest the world has come to a nuclear war 35. Sit-Ins: protests by black college students, 1960-1961, who took seats at "whites only" lunch counters and refused to leave until served; in 1960 over 50,000 participated in sit-ins across the South. Their success prompted the formation of the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee. 36. Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee: Involved in the American Civil Rights Movement formed by students whose purpose was coordinate a nonviolent attack on segregation and other forms of racism.

37. "New Democrats": Ideologically centrist faction within the Democratic Party that

emerged after the victory of Republican George H. W. Bush in the 1988 presidential election. They are identified with more pragmatic and centrist social/cultural/pluralist positions and neoliberal fiscal values 38. Freedom Riders: Activists who, beginning in 1961, traveled by bus through the South to test federal court rulings that banned segregation on buses and trains. 39. March on Washington: Civil rights demonstration on August 28, 1963, where the Reverend Martin Luther King Jr. gave his "I Have a Dream" speech on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial. 40. Black Power Movement: Militant form of civil rights protest focused on urban communities in the North and led by Malcolm X that grew as a response to impatience with the nonviolent tactics of Martin Luther King Jr. 41. Malcolm X: Charismatic Black Muslim leader who promoted separatism in the early 1960s 42. Civil Right Act of 1964: legislation that outlawed discrimination in public accommodations and employment, passed at the urging of president Lyndon B. Johnson 43. Economic Opportunity Act: Key legislation in President Johnson's "War on Poverty" that created the Office of Economic Opportunity and programs like Head Start and the work-study financial-aid program for low-income college students. 1964 44. Great Society: Johnson proposed legislation to address problems of voting rights, poverty, diseases, education, immigration, and the environment 45. Immigration and Nationality Services Act of 1965: Legislation that abolished discriminatory quotas based upon immigrants' national origin and treated all nationalities and races equally. 46. Voting Rights Act of 1965: legislation ensuring that all Americans were able to vote, the law ended literacy tests and other means of restricting voting rights 47. Tonkin Gulf Resolution: Congressional resolution that granted the president unlimited authority to defend US forces abroad, passed in August 1964 after an allegedly unprovoked attacked on American warships off the coast of North Vietnam 48. Tet Offensive: Surprise attack by the Viet Cong Guerrillas and the North Vietnamese army on US and South Vietnamese forces in 1968 that shocked the American public and led to widespread sentiment against the Vietnam War. 49. New Left: Term coined by the Students for a Democratic Society to distinguish their efforts at grassroots democracy from those of the 1930s Old Left, which had embraced orthodox Marxism.

50. Betty Friedan: feminist author of "The Feminine Mystique" in 1960. Her book

sparked a new consciousness among suburban women and helped launch the second-wave feminist movement 51. Roe v. Wade: 1973 Supreme Court decision that ruled first trimester abortions were permitted *All state laws prohibiting such abortions were made unconstitutional *The decision was based on a woman's right to privacy *Led to criticism from Roman Catholics and right-to-life groups 52. Cesar Chavez: Non-violent leader of the United Farm Workers from 1963-1970. Organized laborers in California and in the Southwest to strike against fruit and vegetable growers. Unionized Mexican-American farm workers. 53. Red Power: Activism by militant Native American groups to protest living conditions on Indian reservations through demonstrations, legal action, and, at times, violence. A sense of identity. Resulted from Alcatraz democrats 54. Stonewall Riots: - New York city - Triggered activist protests among gays and lesbians - police raided gay bar - people fought back - became symbol of oppression of gays, began the gay pride movement 55. Southern Strategy: Nixon's reelection plan designed to appeal to conservative whites in the South. He assured southern conservatives that he would slow the federal enforcement of civil rights laws and appoint pro-southern justices to the supreme court - he fulfilled these promises as president 56. Affirmative Action: programs designed to increase minority participation in some institution (businesses, schools, labor unions, or government agencies) by taking positive steps to appoint more minority-group members 57. Environmental Protection Agency: Federal environmental agency created in 1970 by Nixon to appease the demands of congressional Democrats for a federal environmental watchdog agency. 58. Vietnamization: President Richard Nixon's strategy for ending U.S involvement in the Vietnam war, involving a gradual withdrawal of American troops and replacement of them with South Vietnamese forces 59. Kent State: During the spring of 1970, students on college campuses across the country protested the expansion of the Vietnam War into Cambodia. At Kent State University, the National Guard attempted to quell the rioting students. The guardsmen panicked and shot at rock-throwing demonstrators. Four student bystanders were killed. 60. Detente: A policy of reducing Cold War tensions that was adopted by the United States during the presidency of Richard Nixon. 61. Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT I): Agreement between the United States and Soviet Union intended to prohibit the development of missile defense

systems in both, and also limiting the quantity of nuclear warheads for both as well. 62. Watergate: Scandal that exposed the criminality and corruption of the Nixon administration and ultimately led to President Nixon's resignation in 1974. 63. War Powers Act: Legislation requiring the president to inform Congress within 48 hours of the deployment of US troops abroad and to withdraw them after 60 days unless congress approves their continued deployment. 64. Camp Davis Accords: Peace agreement in 1978 between Prime Minister Menachem Begin of Israel and President Anwar of Egypt, the first Arab head of the state to officially recognize the state of Israel. 65. Iranian Hostage Crisis: Storming of the U.S. embassy in Tehran in 1979 by Iranian revolutionaries, who held fifty-two Americans hostage for 444 days, despite President Carter's appeals for their release as well as a botched rescue attempt. 66. Moral Majority: Televangelist Jerry Falwell's political lobbying organization, the name of which became synonymous with the religious right-conservative evangelical Protestants who helped ensure President Ronald Reagan's 1980 victory. 67. Supply-Side Economics ("Reaganomics"): An economic philosophy that holds the sharply cutting taxes will increase the incentive people have to work, save, and invest. Greater investments will lead to more jobs, a more productive economy, and more tax revenues for the government. Decreased government spending 68. Sandra Day O'Connor: She was the first woman to serve on the Supreme Court of the United States and was appointed by President Reagan. Reagan's critics charged that her appointment was a token of gesture and not a sign of any real commitment to gender equality. 69. Strategic Defense Initiative ("Star Wars"): Ronald Reagan's proposed spacebased anti-missile defense system, aroused great controversy and escalated the arms race between the United States and the Soviet Union 70. Grenada: A tiny Caribbean island seized by a radical military council in 1983, which Reagan ordered the U.S. military to reclaim-a quick action that made him appear decisive and gained much popular support from both Americans and Grenadans. 71. Iran-Contra Affair: Reagan administration scandal in 1987 over the secret, unlawful U.S. sale of arms to Iran in partial exchange for the release of hostages in Lebanon; the arms money in turn was used illegally to aid Nicaraguan rightwing insurgents, the Contras. 72. Mikhail Gorbachev: In the late 1980's, this Soviet leader attempted to reform the Soviet Union through his programs of perestroika and glasnost and pursued a

renewal of detente with America, signing new arms-control agreements with President Reagan. He allowed the velvet revolutions of Eastern Europe to occur without outside interference. Eventually the political, social, and economic upheaval he had unleashed would lead to the breakup of the Soviet Union. 73. Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty: Agreement signed by U.S. president Ronald Reagan and Soviet premier Mikhail Gorbachev to eliminate the deployment of intermediate-range missiles with nuclear warheads. 74. Operation Desert Storm: Assault by American-led multinational forces that quickly defeated Iraqi forces under Saddam Hussein in the First Gulf War, ending the Iraqi occupation of Kuwait.