Animal Kingdom

Animalia Kingdom By: Miguel Ángel Blanco Andrés Lacayo Ovidio Valerio Alex Yeung Teacher Gabriela Hernández 2008

General features of animals • • • • • • • •

Heterotrophy Mobility Multicellularity Diploidy Sexual reproduction Tissues and organs Body symmetry Blastula formation

Blastulas A Blastula is a hollow ball of cells, Which will develop into 3 distinct layers of cell: Ectoderm

gives origin to outer layer of skin,nervous system, sense organs.

Endoderm

gives origin to digestive tract,respiratory system,glands,liver.

Mesoderm

gives origin to Most of skeleton,muscles, circulatory system, reproductive organs.

Body Symmetry

Coelom: fluid filled space found between mesoderm and endoderm

Body segmentation: body composed of repeating similar units

Tissues and organs • • • •

•

•

Digestion Respiration Circulation: open or closed Conduction of nerve impulses - nerve net - ganglia : clusters of neurons - brainlike structure Support -hydrostatic skeleton : water contained under pressure in a closed cavity -exoskeleton : rigid external skeleton that encases and protects body -endoskeleton : bones embedded within an animal Excretion -aquatic invertebrates and fish excrete ammonia through skin or gills - terrestrial animals excrete solid wastes

Reproductive strategies • Asexual reproduction -fragmentation -budding -binary fission -Parthenogenesis : female mates once and stores sperm • Sexual reproduction -Hermaphrodites : can auto fertilize -External fertilization : fertilization outside the body -Internal fertilization : fertilization occurs inside the female`s body

Sponges Early naturalists classified as plants,then late 1700s they were classified as animals because of “cell recognition”. Spicules: neddles Spongin: flexible protein fiber

Reproduction in sponges • Asexually Regeneration

• Sexually Collar cells on the recieving sponge`s interior pass the sperm into the mesohyl,where fertilization occurs, where it will develop into a larvae and leave the sponge ,where it will stick to something and develop

Cnidarians

Roundworms • Members of the phylum Nematoda, • characterized by a pseudocoelum which serves as a simple circulatory system and gas exchange system. • They cause economic damage to crops. • 14 species damage humans like Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichinella spiralis often called hookworms.Some that bore through the blood vessels in the intestine and enter the bloodstream,which carries them to lungs, causing respiratory distress, or could wander into the pancreas , or gallbladder causing blockage , where they mature and mate

Mollusks Main characteristics: • Bilateral symmetry • 3 part body plan: viceral mass , mollusk’s organs mantle , outer layer of body foot ,locomotion • Organ systems • Shell • radula

Annelids Main characteristics: • Recognized by their segments ,each contain organs • Primitive brain • Internal body walls called septa separate fragments • wide variety of diets like active and passive hunters, scavengers, filter feeders, and blood-suckers. • Annelids can also grow up to six inches. • Have an organ system which include nephridia,which is a gut that has different regions that perform digestion • They have setae or parapodia for movement

Arthropods • Have Appendage. Unlike annelids, arthropods appendages have joints that bend. • The phylum of arthropods Anthropoda which means “joined feet” • Arthropods share distant common ancestors with the annelids w • The first terrestrial arthropods were scorpions • There may be 5,000,000 or more species of arthropods • Living arthropods are classified in two groups : – Arthropods with jaws – Arthropods with fangs or pincers

Characteristics of Arthropods •

• • • • •

Segmentation: larva’s have many segments , but adults usually divide in 3 : – Head – Thorax – Abdomen Compound eyes: an eye composed of multiple individual visual units, each with its own lens and retina Exoskeleton composed primarily of chitin Molting: a process in which the arthropods produce a new exoskeleton and leaves the old behind Respiration: most arthropods respire through a trachea. Excretion: Terrestrial arthropods have unique excretory systems composed by malpighian tubules

Arachnids • The Arachnids form the largest class in subphylum Chelicerata • The members of the subphylum Chelicerata have mouthparts called chelicerae that are modified into pincers or fangs • The arachnid body is made up of a cephalothorax and an abdomen

Spiders • Six pair of appendages: first one are chelicerae, second one are pedipalps, and the rest four pairs are called walking legs. • Most spiders can secrete sticky strands of silk from appendages called spinnerets located at the end of the abdomen

Scorpions • Have long, slender, segmented abdomens that end in a venomous stinger used to stun their prey • The pedipalps of scorpions are large, grasping pincers

Mites • Are by far the largest group of arachnids • Their head, thorax and abdomen are fused into a single, unsegmented body • Are quite small • Many aquatic mites are herbivores, while terrestrial mites are usually predators • Most mites are not harmful

Insects and their Relatives • Subphylum Uniramnia, an enormous group of mostly terrestrial arthropods that have chewing mouth parts called mandibles (jaws) • Uniramians consist of three classes: – Insecta (insects) – Diplopoda (millipedes) – Chilopoda (centipedes) • The insects are the largest group of organisms on earth • Insects Body: • Head • Thorax • Abdomen

Insects Life Cycle

Crustaceans • Includes crabs, lobsters crayfish, shrimps, barnacles, water fleas, and pill bugs • Many crustaceans have a distinctive larva form called hauplius • Only a few crustaceans group have successfully invaded terrestrial habitats ( Pill bugs and saw bugs) • Crustaceans are a major food source for humans and some animals • The head and thorax of decapods are fused into a single cephalothorax • Barnacles are hermaphrodites

Echinoderms • Echinoderms are spiny invertebrates that live on the ocean bottom • Echinoderms have bastropole • Animals with mouths that develop from or near the bastropole are called protostomes • Some echinoderms follow a different pattern of development, the annus changes instead of the mouth and this animal are named deuterostomes • The first deuterostomes were the first animals to develop and endoskeleton • Chordates as well as other small phyla , are also deuterostomes

Echinoderms Characteristics • • • • •

Endoskeleton: Have a calcium –rich endoskeleton composed of individual plates called assicles Five-part radial symmetry: Most adult echinoderms have a five part body plan with arms that radiated from a central point. Echinoderms have no head or brain Water Vascular System: have a water filled system of interconnected canal and thousands of tiny hollows tube Coelomic Circulation and respiration: the echinoderms body cavity functions as a simple circulatory and respiratory system Echinoderms diversity: – Sea Stars – Brittle Stars – Sea Lilies and Feather Stars – Sea Urchins and Sand Dollars – Sea Cucumber – Sea Daises

Invertebrate Chordates • The second major group of deuterostomes are the chordates • The Chordate endoskeleton is completely internal • During the development of the chordate embryo a stiff rod called the notochord develops along the back of the embryo • Phylum chordata is divided in three subphylum: – Vertebrata – Urochordata – Cephalochordata • Chordates that do not have backbones are called invertebrates chordates • Invertebrate Chordates are divided into tunicates and lancelets

Introduction to vertebrates

Chordates common characteristics • The presence of Notochord • They Have a single hollow • They have a series of pharyngeal pouches • Have a post anal tail

Vertebrate organ systems

First vertebrates on sea • Sharks and bony fish

First vertebrates on land

• The amphibians were the first vertebrates, they share a common ancestor with modern lungfishes and other lobe finned fishes

Terrestrial vertebrates

Evolution to dinasours

Triassic dinasours

Evolution to birds

Evolution to modern vertebrates birds

reptiles

Evolution to modern animals

Evolution to primates

Nonhuman primates

Early hominids

The genus Homo

Fishes

Respiration in fishes

Fish's circulation of blood

Regulating the environment

Reproduction

Today’s fishes

Agnatha - Jawless fishes

Chondrinchthyes - Cartilaginous fishes

Osteichyes-Bony fishes

• Key Characteristics • • • • •

Legs Lungs Double-loop circulation Partially divided heart Cutaneous respiration

Amphibians' circulation of blood

Today's Amphibians

Anura- Frogs and Toads

Urodela – Salamanders and Newts

Apoda - Caecilians Specialized group of tropical amphibians Have small scales Live burrowing to the ground

• • • • • •

Strong, bony skeleton Ectothermic metabolism Dry, scaly skin Amniotic eggs Respiration through well developed lungs Internal fertilization

Reptilian circulation of blood

Today’s Reptiles

Squatmata Have a regeneratable tail Shallow their prey Have a lower jaw that Lizards is loosely connected snakes to the skull

Chelonia Have a bony protective shell Don´t have teeth but jaws Their shell is divided into carapace and plastron

Turtles tortoises

Crocodilia Closely related to dinosaurs Most are carnivores Their common environment lies on water

Crocodiles alligators

Sauropsida Belong to the genus sphenodon Native to New Zealand Ancient unchanged beings

tuataras

Birds • • • • •

Have no teeth Can fly Have a short tail They lay amniotic eggs with scales Have hollow bones

Feathers

Bird´s Circulation of blood

Avian Lung structure

Mammals Key characteristics: – – – –

Most live in land and are big enough to be noticed. Some swim (whales and dolphins), others fly (bats). Able to retain water more efficiently than reptiles. The mammalian kidney has the ability to concentrate waste in a small volume of urine. – Main Characteristics: • • • •

Hair Diverse and specialized teeth Endothermic metabolism. Mammary glands that produce milk.

– Only mammals have hair. Hair main functions: • • • •

Insulation Camouflage Some serve as sensors Defensive weapons

Teeth – Usually only 2 sets of teeth – Different tasks: • Chew food • Protection • Threat Signal

– Four different types of teeth • • • •

Incisors : Biting and cutting Canines : Stabbing and holding Premolars : crush and grind food Molars : Chew food

– Teeth are specialized for the food it eats – Size of each type change between the species

Body temperature – Mammals are endotherms (produce heat internally) – Temperature remains relatively constant – May be active during night or day – Can live in very cold climates, where most amphibians or reptiles can’t live. – Mammals have an efficient respiratory and circulatory systems that acquire and distributes oxygen.

Respiratory system – Lungs aid the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide – Mammalian lungs are much more efficient obtaining oxygen than reptilian or amphibian lungs. – Respiration in mammals is aided by the diaphragm ,drawing air into the lungs – Lungs have small chambers called alveoli

Heart and circulatory system – Mammals have a four chambered heart with a septum that divides the ventricles. – The division creates 2 pumping chambers (one for each loop of the circulatory system) – One chamber pumps oxygen-rich blood to the body. Other pumps oxygen-poor blood to the lungs.

Parental care – Mammals (among vertebrates) are the only ones who nourish the young after birth – Mammary glands produce a nutrient-rich energy source – Having mammary glands give this class it’s name, Mammalia – Milk is rich in proteins, carbohydrates and fat. – Young mammals are dependent on their mother for a relatively long period (depends on each species) – Primates have the longest period of parental dependency of all mammals.

Monotremes • The most primitive of all mammals • Represented by one only order, monotremata. • Live in Australia, New Guinea, and South America only • Three living Monotreme species: – Duckbill platypus – 2 species of Echidnas

• Have shoulders and forelimbs that are reptilian in appearance • Only mammals that reproduce by laying eggs, similar to reptiles

Marsupials • Order Marsupialia • Young are born only days or weeks after fertilization • The young develops on the mothers nipple (usually on the pouch) • After some months the young leaves the pouch. Examples : • Kangaroos, • but wombats, • wallaroos, • koalas • opossums

Placental mammals • The young are developed in the female’s uterus and nourished by blood • The placenta is the organ that allows the diffusion of nutrients and oxygen from the mother’s blood, across placental membranes and into the blood of the fetus. • Some are born more developed than others • Most domestic animals are placental mammals.

Modern placental mammals – There are 19 orders of placental mammals, which include more than 90% of all mammal species. – Placental mammals inhabit all oceans and continents (except Antarctica).

Modern Placental mammal orders • • • • • • • • • • • •

Rodentia Chiroptera Insectivora Cranivora Pinnipedia Primates Artiodactyla Perissodactyla Cetacea Lagomorpha Sirenia Proboscidea

Remaining orders •Edentata – Anteaters, armadillos •Macroscelidea – Elephant shrews •Sandentia – Tree shrews •Pholidota – Pangolins •Hydrocoidea – Hyraxes •Dermoptera – Flying lemur •Tubulidentata – Ardvarks

Order Rodentia • Distinguished by their teeth • They have 2 pairs of large, curving incisor teeth that grow continuously • Herbivores • Examples: – Capybara – Wood mouse – White-tailed Antelope Squirrel

Order Chiroptera • • • •

Only mammals capable to fly Nocturnal They live in groups Examples: – Ghost-faced Bat – Hairy-legged Vampire – Eastern Pipistrelle

Order Insectivora • Most similar to the ancestors of the placental mammals • Eat mainly insects or fruits • Must eat more than two times their body weight daily to fuel their high metabolic rate. • Examples: – Hedgehogs – Desmans – Moles

Order Carnivora • Flesh eating hunters • Generally subdivided in : – The cat family – The dog family

• Their long canine teeth are specializes for capturing prey and eating flesh • Examples – Red Panda – Dogs – Cats

Order Pinnipedia • Marine carnivores • Feed at sea but return to land to mate, rear their young, and rest. • Most species live in colonies called rookeries • Examples: – South American Sea Lion – Southern Fur Seal – Southern Elephant Seal

Order Primates • • • •

Extremely curious Exceptional ability to learn Most are flexible Examples: – Olive Baboon – Emperor Tamarin – Humans

Order Artiodactyla • Walk with their entire weight supported by their hoof-covered toes • Most are herbivores • Have a security system that consists on protecting the herd. • Examples: – White-tailed Deer – Wapiti – Feral Pig

Order perissodactyla • Odd number of toes • do not chew their cud • they have a cecum, a pouch branching from their large intestine • Examples: – Donkey – Burchell’s zebra – Horse

Order Cetacea • Probably descendants of land mammals that returned to the sea 50 million years ago • All marine • They communicate by making sounds that we hear as clicks • Examples: – Humpback Whale – Orca – Beluga

Order Lagomorpha • They have a pair of long incisors • Additional pair of peg-like incisors that grow behind the front pair • Have long hind legs specialized for hopping • Examples: – Rabbit – Pika – Hares

Order Sirenia • All are marine animals • They have front limbs modified as flippers and no hind limb • They eat mostly aquatic plants • Examples: – Amazonian Manatee – Steller’s Sea Cow – Dugong

Order Proboscidea • • • •

Only 2 living species Largest land animals alive They live in herds Examples – African Elephant – Asian Elepant

What is behavior?

Natural selection and behavior – Natural selection favors traits that improve the chance of an individual to survive & reproduce – Traits that provide a reproductive advantage become more common – Traits that do not provide an advantage become less common and may disappear.

Individual Selection • A trait or behavior doesn’t ensure the survival of a species • Natural selection favors traits that contribute to the survival and reproduction of individuals, not species

Genetically influenced behavior • Genes influence animal behavior • Innate behavior, or instinct, is the behavior that is genetically programmed on an animal.

Learning and behavior

Genetic and learned aspects of behavior • Imprinting : The type of learning that can only occur at a specific period of time in the early life of animal