Anil--mining And Quarring And Their Impacts On Environment

MINING AND QUARRING AND THEIR IMPACTS ON ENVIRONMENT

INTRODUCTION  Mining is the extraction of valuable minerals or other geological materials .  Materials recovered by mining include base metals, precious metals, iron, uranium , coal, diamonds, limestone, oil shale, rock salt and potash

 A quarry is a type of open-pit mine from which rock or minerals are extracted. Quarries are generally used for extracting building materials, such as dimension stone  Materials recovered from quarrying are Granite ,Gritstone ,Gypsum, Limestone,

Objectives  To know History, and Types of mining  To know the Impacts of mining  To know the Preventive measures

HISTORY  Since the beginning of civilization people have used stone, ceramics and, later, metals found on or close to the Earth's surface.  The oldest known mine on archaeological record is the "Lion Cave" in Swaziland  Mining in Europe has a very long pedigree, examples including the silver mines of Laurium, which helped support the Greek city state of Athens

Mining in India…  56 minerals are exploited including fossil fuels.  The number of mines exceed 4000.  Bihar state contains max mineral resource

Stages in mining        

Area selection Target generation Resource evaluation Reserve definition Profit planning Mine construction Mining Ecological rebuilding

TYPES       

Open pit mining Deep-sea mining Coal mining (strip mining) Mountaintop removal mining Placer mining Hard rock mining Artisanal mining( includes in situ mining)

 Quantity of waste generated ?

 20 tones

Impacts of Mining     

Impacts on Society Impacts on Land Impacts on Atmosphere Impacts on Water Regime Impacts on Ecology

Impacts on Society  Employment opportunities  Infrastructure facilities (health care, education)  Economic upliftment  Displacement of people  Loss of livelihood  Changes in population dynamics  Cost of living  Water scarcity  Health impacts

Health Impacts

 Serious concerns about skin and breathing problems

Broader Community Impacts  Splits communities

 People displaced from homes

Impacts on Land Changes in topography and land scenario Change of land-use pattern Changes in drainage pattern Changes in top soil composition by run off from  overburden dumps  Damage to Archeological / Religious monuments    

Impacts on Atmosphere    



Increase in temperature in the area- due to industrial activity Decrease in vegetation High SPM levels due to vehicle movement . Increase in NOx, hydrocarbons, CO and lead levels due to diesel equipment, generators, vehicle movement etc. Increase in ambient noise

Tolerance limit (air quality) Area category

SPM SO2 mg/m3

CO

NOx

Industrial

500

120

5000

120

Residential 200

80

2000

80

Sensitive

30

1000

30

100

Impacts on Water Regime  Changes in surface and ground water regime  Removal of surface water bodies  Damage of all aquifers above the mineral deposits  Depletion of Ground Water- Pumping of high  pressure aquifers, below the mineral deposits

Tolerance limit (water quality ) Parameters PH value

Into inland surface water 5.59

On –land for irrigation 5.59

TSS mg/l

100

200

BOD mg/l

30

100

COD mg/l

250

Impacts on Ecology  Removal of vegetation, affects fauna too  Pollution of water bodies affects aquatic ecology  High fugitive emissions and release of other gaseous emissions- retard growth Of vegetation  Water scarcity and change in water regimedevastate  agriculture & stunt growth of vegetation  Noise pollution due to blasting and subsequent  vibration – drives away wild animals

Environmental Impacts (1)

Environmental Impacts (2)

Case studies….. EXPLOITATION OF IRON ORE IN KUDREMUKH AREAS, KARNATAKA  close to sea coast, area drained by Bhadra river.  Planned to mine 22Mt of ROM grade ore to produce 7.5Mt con. Ore /yr.  Extensive mining impacts on vegetation and Bhadra river.

LIME STONE QUARRYING IN MUSSOORIE HILLS (H.P)  Doon valley of UP ( lesser Himalayan belt)  Extensive mining results in deforestation of 75% of natural forest,25% of private forest.  Over a year soil erosion results in land and rock slides.  In recent year people shows concern and closed some mines.

EXPLOITATION OF COAL IN JHARIA COALFIELD IN BIHAR  only respiratory metalorgical grade coking coal in India and is unique to environmental problems  Out of 455 sq km, over 35 sq km land has been affected directly.  Ground water regime modification, poor growth of crop, reduction in the milk yield of cattle's.

Preventive measures  Practicing sustainable mining  Generation of dust is minimized by maintaining adequate moisture in the soil.  Use of dust extractors  Optimizing the blasting design  Create awareness among the peoples through proper education.

CONCLUSION..  Mining of minerals, being an environmentally unfriendly activity.  So to reduce its impacts on environment it should be legalized or it should be carried out in proper channel through law and order  Sustainable mining should be carried out.