Anatomy New.docx

Scrotum: It contains the testicles (also called testes), as well as many nerves and blood vessels. The scrotum has a protective function and acts as a climate control system for the testes. For normal sperm development, the testes must be at a temperature slightly cooler than the body temperature

Umbilical cord: The umbilical cord carries oxygenated blood and nutrients from the placenta to the fetus through the abdomen, where the navel forms. It also carriesdeoxygenated blood and waste products from the fetus to the placenta.

Urogenital opening: The urogenital opening is where bodily waste and reproductive fluids are expelled to the environment outside of the body cavity. In some organisms, including birds and many fish, discharge from the urological, digestive, and reproductive systems empty into a common sac called the cloaca.

Soft palate: The soft palate is moveable, consisting of muscle fibers sheathed in mucous membrane. It is responsible for closing off the nasal passages during the act of swallowing, and also for closing off the airway. During sneezing, it protects the nasal passage by diverting a portion of the excreted substance to the mouth.

Sublingual gland The sublingual glands lie directly under the mucous membrane covering the floor of the mouth beneath the tongue. …a slight fold called a sublingual papilla, from which the ducts of the submandibular salivary glands open

Tongue papillae: They are found on the tip of the tongue, scattered amongst the filiform papillae but are mostly present on the tip and sides of the tongue. They have taste buds on their upper surface which can distinguish the five tastes: sweet, sour, bitter, salty, and umami.

Epiglottis: The epiglottis is a leaf-shaped flap of cartilage located behind the tongue, at the top of the larynx, or voice box. The main function of the epiglottis is to seal off the windpipe during eating, so that food is not accidentally inhaled.

Glottis: As the vocal folds vibrate, the resulting vibration produces a "buzzing" quality to the speech, called voice or voicing or pronunciation. Sound production that involves moving the vocal folds close together is called glottal.

Esophagus: The esophagus is a tube that connects the throat and thestomach. If the mouth is the gateway to the body, then the esophagus is a highway for food and drink to travel along to make it to the stomach. This body part has a very simple function, but can have many disorders

Pancreases: It is part of the digestive system and produces insulin and other important enzymes and hormones that help break down foods. The pancreas has an endocrinefunction because it releases juices directly into the bloodstream, and it has an exocrine function because it releases juices into ducts

Pancreatic duct: The pancreatic duct, or duct of Wirsung (also, the major pancreatic duct due to the existence of an accessory pancreatic duct), is a duct joining the pancreas to the common bile duct to supply pancreatic juice provided from the exocrine pancreas, which aids in digestion.

Common bile duct: Its physiological role is to carry bile from the gallbladder and empty it into the upper part of the small intestine (the duodenum). The common bile duct is part of the biliary system.

Spleen: The white pulp is the infection-fighting lymphoid tissue where white blood cells are produced and mature. This pulp is made up of periarteriolar lymphoid sheaths (PALS) and lymphatic nodules. The sheaths surround central arteries within the spleen and contain T lymphocytes that attack foreign bodies as the blood is filtered into the spleen. The lymphatic nodules are where B-lymphocytes predominate, producing antibodies to coat pathogens and flag them up for removal by scavenger cells

Duodenum It receives partially digested food (known as chyme) from thestomach and plays a vital role in the chemical digestion of chyme in preparation for absorption in the small intestine. Many chemical secretions from the pancreas, liver andgallbladder mix with the chyme in the duodenum to facilitate chemical digestion.

Ileum The function of the ileum is mainly to absorb vitamin B12 and bile salts and whatever products ofdigestion were not absorbed by the jejunum. The wall itself is made up of folds, each of which has many tiny finger-like projections known as villi on its surface

Jejunum The lining of the jejunum is specialized for theabsorption, by enterocytes, of small nutrient particles which have been previously digested by enzymes in the duodenum.

Cecum The main functions of the cecum are to absorb fluids and salts that remain after completion of intestinaldigestion and absorption and to mix its contentswith a lubricating substance, mucus. The internal wall of the cecum is composed of a thick mucous membrane, through which water and salts are absorbed.

Colon The colon is part of the large intestine, the final part of the digestive system. Its function is to reabsorb fluids and process waste products from the body and prepare for its elimination. The colon consists of four parts: descending colon, ascending colon, transverse colon, and sigmoid colon.

Rectum The key role of the rectal ampulla is to act as a temporary storehouse for feces. The expansion of the rectal walls causes the stretch receptors within the walls to stimulate the urge to defecate. If the defecation process is delayed, it may result in constipation. When the storage site becomes full, the intrarectal pressure causes the anal canal walls to dilate and expand. This results in the feces entering the canal

Anus: The anus is the last part of the digestive tract. It is a 2-inch long canal consisting of the pelvic floor muscles and the two anal sphincters (internal and external). The lining of the upperanus is specialized to detect rectal contents. It lets you know whether the contents are liquid, gas, or solid.

Subscapular vein: The acromial veins are part of a vena comitantes relationship with the acromial branch of the subscapular arteries. This branch, as well as the artery, deliversoxygenated blood to the region of the scapula.

Subclavian vein: While arteries carry blood from the heart to circulate throughout the body, subclavian veins, like any other vein in the body, carry blood to the heart. The function of the subclavian vein is to empty blood from the upper extremities and then carry it back to the heart

Axillary vein: It begins at the lateral border of the first rib, later draining into the subclavian vein. The vein receives the axillary artery's tributaries. The cephalic vein connects with the axillary vein forming the subclavian vein. The vein transports blood from the thorax, armpit, and upper limb

Hepatic portal vein Portal vein. The hepatic portal vein is a vessel that moves blood from the spleen and gastrointestinal tract to the liver. It is approximately three to four inches in length and is usually formed by the merging of the superior mesenteric and splenic veins behind the upper edge of the head of the pancreas

Mesenteric arteries and vein The superior mesenteric artery is a major blood vessel in the digestive system. This artery branches off the abdominal aorta and supplies oxygenated blood to the pancreas and the lower parts of the intestine. This includes the lower duodenum, as well as transverse colon.

Renal arteries and vein renal artery, then, is a blood vessel that carries oxygenated blood to your kidneys. renal veins, then, is a blood vessel that carries de-oxygenated blood away from your kidneys.

External iliac veins and arteries The common iliac vein (created by the union of the internal and external iliac veins) forms in the abdomen, at the level of the fifth lumbar vertebrae. It divides into two branches. The internal iliac vein drains blood from the visceral organs in the pelvic region. The external iliac connects to the femoral veins

Femoral artery and vein These include popliteal, the profunda femoris, and the great sapheneous veins. The femoral artery provides an opposite function, as it delivers the oxygenated blood to the leg and pelvic region. Eventually, the femoral vein transports blood to theinferior vena cava

Umbilical arteries and vein The umbilical vein carries oxygenated, nutrient-rich blood from the placenta to the fetus, and the umbilical arteries carry deoxygenated, nutrient-depleted blood from the fetus to the placenta

External anatomy: Anus: The anus is the last part of the digestive tract. It is a 2-inch long canal consisting of the pelvic floor muscles and the two anal sphincters (internal and external). The lining of the upperanus is specialized to detect rectal contents. It lets you know whether the contents are liquid, gas, or solid.

Genital papilla: In mammals, the genital papilla is a part of female external genitalia not present in humans, which appears as a small, fleshy flab of tissue. The papilla covers the opening of the vagina.

Mammary papilla: The mammary gland is a gland located in the breasts of females that is responsible for lactation, or the production of milk. Both males and females have glandular tissue within the breasts; however, in females the glandular tissue begins to develop after puberty in response to estrogen release.

Cheek dissection: Facial nerve The nerves of the scalp, face, and side of neck. The facial nerve is the seventh cranial nerve, or simply CN VII. It emerges from the pons of the brainstem, controls the muscles of facial expression, and functions in the conveyance of taste sensations from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue.

Mandibular gland The submandibular gland and the other salivary glands are essential for digestion and for maintaining a healthy mouth. Saliva contains enzymes that begin to break down food before it passes to your stomach, and it moistens food so that it slips easily down the esophagus

Masseter muscle The main function of the masseter muscle is to help a person bite down or chew. Specifically, thismuscle helps to pull the lower jaw upward, which causes the jaws to close while chewing. The word 'mastication' (to chew) comes from the wordmasseter

Hard palate It forms a partition between the nasal passages and themouth. On the anterior portion of the roof of the hard palate are the plicae, irregular ridges in the mucous membrane that help facilitate the movement of food backward towards the larynx.

Nasopharynx

The nasopharynx is the space above the soft palate at the back of the nose and connects the nose to the mouth, which allows a person to breathe through the nose. The soft palate separates the nasopharynx from the oropharynx, which sits just below the soft palate.

Parotid gland They are the largest of the salivary glands. Each parotid is wrapped around the mandibular ramus, and secretes saliva through the parotid duct into the mouth, to facilitate mastication and swallowing and to begin the digestion of starches.

Throat and body cavity dissection:

Larynx The larynx houses the vocal folds, and manipulates pitch and volume, which is essential for phonation. It is situated just below where the tract of the pharynx splits into thetrachea and the esophagus

Trachea Trachea (Windpipe) The trachea (or windpipe) is a wide, hollow tube that connects the larynx (or voice box) to thebronchi of the lungs. It is an integral part of the body's airway and has the vital function of providing air flow to and from the lungs for respiration

Esophagus The esophagus is a tube that connects the throat and thestomach. If the mouth is the gateway to the body, then the esophagus is a highway for food and drink to travel along to make it to the stomach. This body part has a very simple function, but can have many disorders.

Thymus

The thymus gland is located in the neck above the heart. The function of the thymus gland is to generate mature T lymphocytes (white blood cels that help theimmune system fight off illness).

Thyroid gland The thyroid gland is a vital hormone gland: It plays a major role in the metabolism, growth and development of the human body. It helps to regulate many body functions by constantly releasing a steady amount of thyroid hormones into the bloodstream

Lungs

The main function of the lungs is the process of gas exchange called respiration (or breathing). In respiration, oxygen from incoming air enters the blood, and carbon dioxide, a waste gas from the metabolism, leaves the blood. A reduced lung function means that the ability of lungs to exchange gases is reduced

Heart The heart is located in the thoracic cavity nestled between the lungs on the body's midline. Pigs like other mammals have a four-chambered heart. The right side of the heart pumps blood to the lungs (pulmonary circulation), and the left side pumps blood out to the rest of the body (systemic circulation)

Diaphragm The diaphragm separates the thoracic cavity, containing the heart and lungs, from the abdominal cavity and performs an important function in respiration: as the diaphragm contracts, the volume of the thoracic cavity increases and air is drawn into the lungs

Liver The liver's main job is to filter the blood coming from the digestive tract, before passing it to the rest of the body. The liver also detoxifies chemicals and metabolizes drugs. As it does so, the liver secretes bile that ends up back in the intestines

Gall bladder The gallbladder, which has been slightly removed from theliver, can be seen in the picture on the right. The gallbladder stores bile, which can be released into the small intestine to help emulsify fats to allow for digestion.

Stomach he stomach is a muscular organ responsible for storage, initiating the breakdown of nutrients, and passing the digesta into the small intestine

Mesentery The mesentery in a fetal pig is a transparent, thin sheet of tissue that is connected to the peritoneum. It supports the internal organs. Located near the mesentery are veins and arteries that transport blood to and from the small intestine

Cardiovascular system: Pericardial membrane The pericardium is divided into three membrane layers: Fibrous pericardium is the outer fibrous sac that covers the heart. ... Parietalpericardium is the layer between the fibrouspericardium and visceral pericardium

Ventricle, left and right During systole, the ventricles contract, pumping blood through the body. During diastole, the ventricles relax and fill with blood again. The left ventricle receivesoxygenated blood from the left atrium via the mitral valve and pumps it through the aorta via the aortic valve, into the systemic circulation.

Coronary arteries The atrioventricular nodal artery (AVN) and the posterior interventricular artery(PIV) were branches of RCA. The coronary arterial circulation in the pig was found to be similar to that in human. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION: By and large the coronary arterial pattern of the pig was similar in that of the humans

Vena cava The inferior vena cava is a vein. It carriesdeoxygenated blood from the lower half of the body to the right atrium of the heart. The corresponding vein that carries deoxygenated blood from theupper half of the body is the superior vena cava

Auricles

One auricle is attached to each of the anterior surfaces of the outer-walls of the atria (that is, the left atrium and the right atrium). Visually, they look like wrinkled pouch-like structures. Their purpose is to increase the capacity of the atrium, and so also increase the volume of blood that it is able to contain

Atrium Blood enters the heart through the two atria and exits through the two ventricles. Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium through the inferior and superior vena cava. The right side of the heart then pumps thisdeoxygenated blood into the pulmonary arteries around the lungs

Common carotid arteries The carotid arteries are major blood vessels in the neck that supply blood to the brain, neck, and face. There are two carotid arteries, one on the right and one on the left. In the neck, each carotid artery branches into two divisions: The internal carotid artery supplies blood to the brain

Pulmonary artery and vein

the blood within your arteries is oxygenated. The exception to this rule is found in the pulmonary arteries, which carrydeoxygenated blood away from your heart to your lungs, where it will becomeoxygenated before returning to your heart through the pulmonary veins

Aorta The aorta is the largest artery in the body. The aorta begins at the top of the leftventricle, the heart's muscular pumping chamber. The heart pumps blood from the left ventricle into the aorta through the aortic valve.

Ductus arteriosus his short vessel in the fetal pigpasses from the pulmonary artery to the aortic arch. Before birth it is used as a shunt to bypass the lungs, which are collapsed.

Brachiocephalic vein and trunk The left and right brachiocephalic veins (or innominate veins) in the upper chest are formed by the union of each corresponding internal jugular vein and subclavian vein. This is at the level of the sternoclavicular joint. ... The brachiocephalic veins are the majorveins returning blood to the superior vena cava

Juglar vein These veins functions to carry oxygen-depleted blood from the brain, face, and neck, and transport it to the heart through the superior vena cava. Generally, theleft vein is somewhat smaller and thinner than the right, but both contain valves that assist with blood transport

Cephalic vein blood flows from a variety of smaller veins, draining into the cephalic vein. This is the large vein in the upper arm that runs from the hand to the shoulder, along the outer edge of the biceps muscle

Adrenal gland Located at the top of each kidney, the adrenal glands produce hormones that help the body control blood sugar, burn protein and fat, react to stressors like a major illness or injury, and regulate blood pressure. Two of the most important adrenal hormones are cortisol and aldosterone

Kidney The kidneys remove wastes and extra water from the blood to form urine. Urine flows from the kidneys to the bladder through the ureters. The wastes in your blood come from the normal breakdown of active muscle and from the food you eat. Your body uses the food for energy and self-repair.

Ureter The ureters are narrow, hollow, muscular tubes, approximately nine inches long, that connect the kidneysto the bladder. Each kidney has its own ureter through which urine passes. Urine does not flow in a slow, steady stream along the length of the ureters into the bladder

Urethra The urethra is the tube that carries urine from thebladder to outside of the body. In males, it has the additional function of ejaculating semen when the man reaches orgasm. When the penis is erect during sex, the flow of urine is blocked from the urethra, allowing only semen to be ejaculated at orgasm

Urinary bladder

The urinary bladder is a muscular sac in the pelvis, just above and behind the pubic bone. When empty, the bladder is about the size and shape of a pear. Urine is made in the kidneys and travels down two tubes called ureters to the bladder. The bladder stores urine, allowing urination to be infrequent and controlled

Bulbourethral gland Bulbourethral gland, also called Cowper's Gland, either of two pea-shaped glands in the male, located beneath the prostate gland at the beginning of the internal portion of the penis; they add fluids to semen during the process of ejaculation

Epididymis The epididymis is a long, coiled tube that rests on the backside of each testicle. It transports and stores sperm cells that are produced in the testes.

Penis: The penis is the male sex organ, reaching its full size during puberty. In addition to its sexual function, the penis acts as a conduit for urine to leave the body. The penis is made of several parts: Glans (head) of the penis: In uncircumcised men, the glans is covered with pink, moist tissue called mucosa

Seminal vesicles: Prostate with seminal vesicles and seminal ducts, viewed from in front and above. The seminal vesicles (Latin: glandulae vesiculosae), vesicular glands, or seminalglands, are a pair of simple tubular glands posteroinferior to the urinary bladder of some male mammals. Seminal vesicles are located within the pelvis.