Anatomi Sistem Pernapasan.ppt

The Respiratory System Dr. Iziddin Fadhil

Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Respiratory System Anatomy 

Structurally 

Upper respiratory system 

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Lower respiratory system 

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Nose, pharynx and associated structures Larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs

Functionally 

Conducting zone – conducts air to lungs 

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Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and terminal bronchioles

Respiratory zone – main site of gas exchange 

Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli

Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Structures of the Respiratory System

Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Nose  

External nose – portion visible on face Internal nose – large cavity beyond nasal vestibule 

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Internal nares or choanae Ducts from paranasal sinuses and nasolacrimal ducts open into internal nose Nasal cavity divided by nasal septum Nasal conchae subdivide cavity into meatuses 

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Increase surface are and prevents dehydration

Olfactory receptors in olfactory epithelium Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Structure of the Nose

Chapter 22, Respiratory System

5

Structure of the Nose

Chapter 22, Respiratory System

Figure 22.2b 6

Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Pharynx 

 

Starts at internal nares and extends to cricoid cartilage of larynx Contraction of skeletal muscles assists in deglutition Functions  

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Passageway for air and food Resonating chamber Houses tonsils

3 anatomical regions   

Nasopharynx Oropharynx Laryngopharynx

Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Larynx  

Short passageway connecting laryngopharynx with trachea Composed of 9 pieces of cartilage  

   

Thyroid cartilage or Adam’s apple Cricoid cartilage hallmark for tracheotomy

Epiglottis closes off glottis during swallowing Glottis – pair of folds of mucous membranes, vocal folds (true vocal cords, and rima glottidis (space) Cilia in upper respiratory tract move mucous and trapped particles down toward pharynx Cilia in lower respiratory tract move them up toward pharynx

Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Larynx

Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Structures of Voice Production 

Mucous membrane of larynx forms 

Ventricular folds (false vocal cords) – superior pair 

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Vocal folds (true vocal cords) – inferior pair 

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Function in holding breath against pressure in thoracic cavity

Muscle contraction pulls elastic ligaments which stretch vocal folds out into airway Vibrate and produce sound with air Folds can move apart or together, elongate or shorten, tighter or looser

Androgens make folds thicker and longer – slower vibration and lower pitch Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Movements of Vocal Cords

Chapter 22, Respiratory System

Figure 22.5 13

Trachea 

Extends from larynx to superior border of T5 

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4 layers    

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Divides into right and left primary bronchi Mucosa Submucosa Hyaline cartilage Adventitia

16-20 C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage 

Open part faces esophagus

Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Location of Trachea

Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Bronchi 

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Right and left primary bronchus goes to right lung Carina – internal ridge 

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Divide to form bronchial tree 

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Most sensitive area for triggering cough reflex Secondary lobar bronchi (one for each lobe), tertiary (segmental) bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles

Structural changes with branching   

Mucous membrane changes Incomplete rings become plates and then disappear As cartilage decreases, smooth muscle increases  

Sympathetic ANS – relaxation/ dilation Parasympathetic ANS – contraction/ constriction

Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Lungs 

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Separated from each other by the heart and other structures in the mediastinum Each lung enclosed by double-layered pleural membrane  

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Pleural cavity is space between layers 

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Parietal pleura – lines wall of thoracic cavity Visceral pleura – covers lungs themselves Pleural fluid reduces friction, produces surface tension (stick together)

Cardiac notch – heart makes left lung 10% smaller than right

Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Relationship of the Pleural Membranes to Lungs

Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Anatomy of Lungs 

Lobes – each lung divides by 1 or 2 fissures 

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Each lobe receives it own secondary (lobar) bronchus that branch into tertiary (segmental) bronchi

Lobules wrapped in elastic connective tissue and contains a lymphatic vessel, arteriole, venule and branch from terminal bronchiole Terminal bronchioles branch into respiratory bronchioles which divide into alveolar ducts About 25 orders of branching

Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Microscopic Anatomy of Lobule of Lungs

Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Alveoli  

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Cup-shaped outpouching Alveolar sac – 2 or more alveoli sharing a common opening 2 types of alveolar epithelial cells 

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Type I alveolar cells – form nearly continuous lining, more numerous than type II, main site of gas exchange Type II alveolar cells (septal cells) – free surfaces contain microvilli, secrete alveolar fluid (surfactant reduces tendency to collapse)

Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Alveolus 

Respiratory membrane     

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Alveolar wall – type I and type II alveolar cells Epithelial basement membrane Capillary basement membrane Capillary endothelium Very thin – only 0.5 µm thick to allow rapid diffusion of gases

Lungs receive blood from  

Pulmonary artery - deoxygenated blood Bronchial arteries – oxygenated blood to perfuse muscular walls of bronchi and bronchioles

Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Components of Alveolus

Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.